DS10_02.3: BURN
wewanttolearn.wordpress.com
marina karamali
system description
university of westminster I london 2011/12 3
4
contents: introduction system components
7 9
joint combinations
10
system identification_01.a
13
system identification_01.b
21
system identification_01.c summary of results_01.
29
system identification_02.a
39
system identification_02.b
47
system identification_02.c
55
summary of results_02.
62
mesh assembly_01
64
mesh assembly_02
66
36
5
6
introduction
the
present paper occupies itself with the study of structure
based on multiple joined components and their variables. the aim is to identify the flexibility and endurance of each system when tested under compression and tension.
for
testing purposes, 3mm wooden components of various lengths and angles were employed and their breaking points were monitored under tension and compression.
finally, some component assemplies were constructed, employing 3mm plexiglass pieces.
7
8
system components
9cm
7cm
5cm
angle
length
60°
45°
30°
different types of components will be tested further in order to explore the possibilities of the system’s curvature behaviour.
9
joint combinations
length
angle 60째
9 cm
7 cm
5 cm
case(a)
10
case(b)
case(c)
case(a)
45째
case(b)
case(c)
30째
case(a)
case(b)
case(c)
three
types of joint combinations occur for each of the angle and length categories, when identical components are joint together. 11
12
system identification_01.a
size_1
size_1
size_1
six identical components are combined in a linear manner. 13
system identification_01.a
tension
compression
original position
6 identical components_60o
01.a_60o all three lengths on a grid
14
(1) 9cm length
(2) 7cm length
(3) 5cm length
no fracture
the
fracture point was the same for all five cases. from these experiments it derives that both for tension and compression the weakest point is located near the middle
node of the component. here, the most flexible system, which did not break was the structure of 9cm length components. 15
system identification_01.a
tension
compression
original position
6 identical components_45o
01.a_45o all three lengths on a grid
16
(1) 9cm length
(2) 7cm length
(3) 5cm length
no fracture
1st 2nd
5th 6th
3rd 4th
similarly
to the previous case, here again the only combination which did not break was the 9cm components when tested under compression. it should be mentioned, that the weakest component when compressed was the second from left for both 7cm and 5cm combinations. when extended, the weakest component for both the 7cm and 5cm was the forth from left. 17
system identification_01.a
tension
compression
original position
6 identical components_30o
01.a_30o all three lengths on a grid
18
(1) 9cm length
(2) 7cm length
(3) 5cm length
no fracture
once more the only case with no fracture was the longer combination at compression.
19
20
system identification_01.b
size_2 size_1
size_2 size_1
eight components, of two sizes are combined in pairs of two in a linear arrangement.
21
tension
compression
original position
system identification_01.b
22
8 components 2 lengths_60o
(1) 9cm - 7cm length
(2) 7cm - 5cm length
(3) 9cm - 5cm length
no fracture
in
this experiment, the most flexible combination which did not break was the 9cm - 7cm, when tested under tension. 23
tension
compression
original position
system identification_01.b
24
8 components 2 lengths_45o
(1) 9cm - 7cm length
(2) 7cm - 5cm length
(3) 9cm - 5cm length
9cm (longer) 9cm (longer)
5cm (shorter) 7cm (longer)
9cm (longer) 9cm (longer)
here
all cases broke for both compression and tension. it is interesting to mention that for five out of six cases, fracture occurred at one of the longer components of the combination. 25
tension
compression
original position
system identification_01.b
26
8 components 2 lengths_30o
(1) 9cm - 7cm length
(2) 7cm - 5cm length
(3) 9cm - 5cm length
the results for the experiment of 30° were almost the same as with the ones of 45° and 60°. in the case of tension, fracture consistently occurred at the longer component, while in the case of compression, more complicated results emerged. for the 45° and 30° experiments, at the 1st and 3rd combinations fracture occurred at the longer component, while at the 2nd fracture occurred at the shorter. 27
28
system identification_01.c
size_3
size_3 size_2
size_2 size_1
in
the final experiment of the first series, a more complicated
linear structure was assembled. sizes were employed.
here, components of all three 29
system identification_01.c
10 components 3 lengths_60o
30
5 cm - 7cm - 9cm - 7cm - 5cm length
tension
compression
7cm
no fracture
for this experiment of 60째 components, there was no fracture under tension. when under compression however, the 7cm
component, third from the left, broke first.
31
system identification_01.c
10 components 3 lengths_45째
32
5 cm - 7cm - 9cm - 7cm - 5cm length
compression
9cm
tension
9cm
for this experiment of 45째 components, fracture occured at the same component for both compression and tension. that was the 9 cm (longest) component, fifth in the row from the left.
33
system identification_01.c
10 components 3 lengths_30째
34
compression
7cm
tension
5 cm - 7cm - 9cm - 7cm - 5cm length
9cm
in
this experiment, under compression, the 7cm component, forth from left broke first, while under tension, the 9cm component, sixth in the row, failed first. 35
summary of results_01.
weakest point on component
01.a 6 identical components same length
in
the case of compression there was similar behaviour for the structures of all
three degrees. the 9cm didn’t fracture while at the 7cm and 5cm it was always the 2nd component from the left that failed first.
in the case of tension, the results were more random regarding the first component to fail.
01.b 8 components two lengths
in
the case of compression the mean fractured component was the second from
left. here the length ratio of broken components was 4:5 short to long, so it did not really affect the behaviour of the system.
in the case of tension, there was more flexibility observed as there was no fracture for the 9cm-7cm 60°, and here the component that broke was always the longer one.
01.c 10 components three lengths
in the case of compression the tendency was for the 7cm component to break first. in the case of tension, there was a lot of flexibility. here the longest components of 9 cm fractured first.
36
fracture analysis
compression
1st
1st
2nd 3rd
2nd 3rd 4th
1st 2nd 3rd
4th
5th
4th
5th
6th
5th
6th
6th 7th 8th
7th
8th 9th 10th
tension
9cm
7cm
5cm
9cm
7cm
5cm
60°
no fracture
2nd
2nd
2nd
4th
5th
45°
no fracture
2nd
2nd
5th
4th
4th
30°
no fracture
2nd
2nd
5th
3rd
2nd
9cm - 7cm
7cm - 5cm
9cm - 5cm
9cm - 7cm
7cm - 5cm
9cm - 5cm
60°
short (3rd)
long (5th)
long (2nd)
no fracture
long (5th)
long (6th)
45°
long (2nd)
short (2nd)
long (2nd)
long (5th)
long (4th)
long (6th)
30°
short (2nd)
short (2nd)
long (3rd)
long (3rd)
long (4th)
long (4th)
5 cm - 7cm - 9cm - 7cm - 5cm
5 cm - 7cm - 9cm - 7cm - 5cm
60°
7cm (3rd)
no fracture
45°
9cm (5th)
9cm (5th)
30°
7cm (4th)
9cm (6th)
from
the first set of experiments, it derives that the flexibility and the strength of each structure depend on both the angle
and the length of the components. the bigger the angle and the longer the component, the more flexible the system is and vice versa. 37
38
system identification_02.a
size_1
size_1
size_1
size_1
in
the second part of the experiments, the components were
assembled in a vertical configuration of six pieces. in the first experiment all six components were of the same length. 39
original position
system identification_02.a
1 point of fracture
compression
2 points of fracture
4 points of fracture 1 point of fracture
in this experiment, for the case of tension there was a similar fractural behaviour. in both 9cm and 5cm structures, there were identical breaking points. in the case of extention, there was no fracture in the 7cm structure, but similar breaking points for the 9cm and 5cm structures. 40
tension
4 points of fracture
6 identical components_60o 9cm length
7cm length
5cm length
no fracture
41
original position
system identification_02.a
1 point of fracture
compression
2 points of fracture
2 points of fracture 2 points of fracture 3 points of fracture
in
ture. regarding the case of tension, there were two broken components for both 9cm and 7cm structures, and three fracture points for the 5cm structure. 42
tension
this experiment, for the case of compression there was no fracture for the 9cm structure, one broken component for the 7cm structure and two broken components for the 5cm struc-
6 identical components_45o 9cm length
7cm length
5cm length
no fracture
43
original position
system identification_02.a
1 point of fracture
compression
1 point of fracture
2 points of fracture 3 points of fracture
most flexible structure within the 30° system was the one
with the 9cm components. that didn’t cause fracture when tested under compression.
at the 7cm and 5cm there was only one
fracture point. when tested under tension, it seems that the number of points of fracure were dependent on the length of the components. the longer the components, the less points of fracture. 44
4 points of fracture
tension
the
6 identical components_30o 9cm length
7cm length
5cm length
no fracture
45
46
system identification_02.b
size_1
size_2
size_2
size_1
size_2 size_1
size_1
size_2
six
components of two sizes are combined to form a vertical
structure. each length combination was examined for the two possible arrangements. 47
system identification_02.b o
6 components 2 lengths_60
(1a) 9cm - 7cm
(2a) 7cm - 5cm
(3a) 9cm - 5cm
flexible components along vertical axis
stronger components along horizontal axis
48
(1b) 7cm - 9cm
(2b) 5cm - 7cm
(3b) 5cm - 9cm
less flexible structures
according
to the previous experimentation, it derived that the
longer components can extend or shrink more. the paramorphosis of the vertical structure is caused primarily at the top and
bottom components. thus, in this case the first set of structures (1a-2a-3a) would be more flexible than the second one (1b-2b3b). 49
system identification_02.b o
6 components 2 lengths_45
(1a) 9cm - 7cm
50
(2a) 7cm - 5cm
(3a) 9cm - 5cm
(1b) 7cm - 9cm
(2b) 5cm - 7cm
(3b) 5cm - 9cm
same principles apply for the 45째 structures as for the previous ones.
51
system identification_02.b o
6 components 2 lengths_30
(1a) 9cm - 7cm
52
(2a) 7cm - 5cm
(3a) 9cm - 5cm
(1b) 7cm - 9cm
(2b) 5cm - 7cm
(3b) 5cm - 9cm
same principles apply for the 30째 structures as for the previous 45째 and 60째. however, the percentage of flexibility would be less as it is also dependent on the angle of the component.
53
54
system identification_02.c
size_2 size_1
size_3
size_2 size_1
size_3
size_3 size_2
size_1
size_2 size_3 size_1
in
this final vertical arrangement, six components were employed, in pairs of all three lengths. 55
system identification_02.c
56
o
6 components 3 lengths_60
(1) 9cm - 7cm - 5cm - 9cm
(2) 5cm - 9cm - 7cm - 5cm
(3) 7cm - 5cm - 9cm - 7cm
longer components along vertical axis
in
this case where all three lengths are combined, the way of
assembling greatly affects the flexibility of the system. when longer components are set along the vertical axis the structure will become more flexible. 57
system identification_02.c
58
o
6 components 3 lengths_45
(1) 9cm - 7cm - 5cm - 9cm
(2) 5cm - 9cm - 7cm - 5cm
(3) 7cm - 5cm - 9cm - 7cm
shorter components along vertical axis
the stronger structure is the one which employed shorter components along its vertical axis.
59
system identification_02.c
60
o
6 components 3 lengths_30
(1) 9cm - 7cm - 5cm - 9cm
(2) 5cm - 9cm - 7cm - 5cm
(3) 7cm - 5cm - 9cm - 7cm
same
principles apply for the 30째 structures. the system here becomes less flexible as the angle decreases. 61
summary of results_02.
compression
in the case of compression the two components lying along the vertical axis were more prompt to fracture first.
62
tension
in the case of tension, the whole structure was almost equally
affected as four points of fructure occurred for most of the cases.
the length of the components along the vertical axis is primarily responsible for the overall flexibility of the structure. the angle here again affects flexibility as well. the bigger the angle the more flexible the system.
63
mesh assembly_01
5cm
7cm
5cm
64
an
assebly was constructed by employing two different sizes of 30째 components. 7cm and 5cm long pieces created a strong but not flexible assembly. 65
mesh assembly_02 the structure
66
identical components of 30째 and of 7cm length were employed in order to create a bigger structure. by varying
the number of components at each row, the assembly acquired different curvatures. 67
mesh assembly_02 photos
68
when
hanged, the structure adoptes a natural, smooth
curve. the assembly is becoming 3-dimensionalised, resting on its own flexible capacities. 69
70
71