UNIT
3 Land
& Sea
Grammar 1A Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous Complete the text with the correct form of the verb in brackets. In recent years, heavy rains (1)
(fall) over
much of West Africa. These rains (2) (lead) to some of the worst environmental and health problems seen in the region for years. Of course, when we hear the word Africa on the news most people think drought. And when we hear the words ‘Africa’ and ‘rain’ we assume it’s good news – unfortunately this isn’t always the case. Although the rains (3) (mean) an increase in agricultural production the rains (4) (also cause) widespread flooding and this (5) (spoil) many of the crops. With the rains a new problem (6) (arrive) – locusts. Experts who (7) (work) in the region for years say it’s one of the worst natural disasters they (8) (see). People (9) (wait) for years for the rains and now they (10) (come) the situation is actually worse than before.
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8
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Temperatures in the world’s oceans rose / have risen / have been rising over the past 30 years. In recent years scientists became / have become / have been becoming concerned with the melting ice at the polar regions. In 2010 temperatures in the Arctic were / have been / have been being the coldest for many years.
Grammar 1C Present perfect simple, present perfect continuous and past simple Are these sentences correct (✔) or incorrect (✘)? Circle the correct answer. 1 2
3
4
5 6 7
I’ve been interested in sharks since I was a child. ✔ ✘ A few years ago I have been bitten by a shark, but luckily I wasn’t badly hurt. Yesterday there were some reports of a big shark off the coast. I was never frightened as there’s more chance of being hit by a car than being bitten by a shark. I’ve been studying hammerhead sharks last year. My first dive was in 2001 in Australia. I haven’t been back there for years, but I’m going there later this summer. I didn’t see a great white yet.
✔ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘
Grammar 1B Present perfect simple, present perfect continuous and past simple
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Choose the correct verb form to complete the sentences. Circle the correct answer.
Choose the correct option to complete the phrases. Circle the correct answer.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sharks lived / have lived / have been living in the sea for millions of years. One in five people were / have been / have been being afraid of water since they were a child. When did you last swim / have you last swum / have you last been swimming in the sea? Man changed / has changed / has been changing the environment since he first appeared on Earth. One of the biggest environmental disasters took / has taken / has been taking place off the coast of Alaska in 1989. Did you ever stand / Have you ever stood / Have you ever been standing on a jellyfish?
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Grammar 2A Adjective order
1 2 3 4
5
6
7 8
a grey rough / rough grey Atlantic sea an old round silver / old silver round compass an ancient strange / a strange ancient sea mystery a green small glass / small green glass / small glass green bottle with a message inside a lovely 19th century / 19th century lovely poem about the sea a sailing modern big / big modern sailing / modern big sailing / big sailing modern yacht a beautiful cool / cool beautiful morning breeze a wooden old red rowing / a red rowing old wooden / an old red wooden rowing boat
Unit 3
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UNIT
3 Land & Sea
Grammar 2B Adjective order Put the words in the correct order. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
blue / dark / deep / sea / the an / Viking / old / ship / wooden
from the depths / giant / a / monster / mysterious beautiful / boat / a / long / sailing woollen / long / colourful / a / scarf ancient / atlas / Italian / small / a a / breeze / cool / lovely / sea
Choose the correct option to complete the sentences. Circle the correct answer.
2 3
4 5 6
7
8
Hannibal crossed the snow-capped / rolling mountains with his elephants. The Amazon is a very dense / broad river. I come from a town in the south-east of Australia that is surrounded by rolling / high hills. Mount Kilimanjaro is a broad / high mountain in Kenya. Antarctica is actually a very dry / snow-capped desert. The hills in many Mediterranean countries are quite barren / dry. Throughout the mid-west of the USA you see mile after mile of rivers / fields of corn. Up to 50 per cent of all species of animals and plants live in the grassyforests / rainforests.
Vocabulary 1B Natural world Complete the sentences with the correct word. The first letter is given for you. 1
2
4
5
6
noisy / a / seagull / white
Vocabulary 1A Natural world
1
3
Only 20 per cent of the world’s d are covered in sand. Many of the largest are covered in ice and snow. Around 45 per cent of Canada is covered in f .
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The g fields in central and northern Argentina are known as the Pampas. The longest r in North America is the Mississippi. The landscape in many Mediterranean countries is quite b . The tallest m in the world is Mauna Kea in Hawaii at 33,465 ft, but only 13,796 is above sea level. Some areas of the Atacama d in Chile have not had any r for hundreds of years.
Vocabulary 2 land Match the two parts of the sentences. 1
I thought we were going to crash,
2
I’m going for another job interview tomorrow When Sam had his accident Pull it in really slowly When your application landed on my desk
3 4 5 a b c d
e
I knew you were the right person for the job. he landed up in bed for a week. but in the end we landed safely. and I’m really hoping to land this one as I need the money. and I’ll help you land it.
Vocabulary 3A The sea Complete the sentences about the sea with the words in the box. There are two extra words you do not need. currents dive jellyfish sands seaweed shellfish snorkel tide wave
There are probably around 2,000 different species of (1) in our seas, but of these only around 100 are dangerous to humans. A jellyfish can move or swim, and even (2) by opening and closing its bell (a bit like an umbrella), but much of its movement is dictated by the ocean (3) . This is one reason why many are washed up on the (4) of a beach when the (5) comes in. They usually eat small fish, some (6) like shrimps and zooplankton (very small animals), but they don’t eat (7) . Unit 3
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UNIT
3 Land & Sea
Vocabulary 3B The sea
Listening An important change
Complete the puzzle with words connected to the sea.
1.05 Listen to a radio programme and complete the phrases with the adjectives in the box.
1
2
amazing beautiful dramatic easy good rolling sudden whole
3
4 5
6
7 8
I’ve always loved the (1) the mountains. It holds a lot of (2)
Across 2 a loose pale brown substance that you find at a beach, formed from very small pieces of rock (4) 3 a common grey and white seabird (7) 5 a piece of equipment with a tube that fits into your mouth so that you can breathe while swimming under water (7) 6 a large expensive boat that is used for racing or sailing (5) 8 a green or brown plant that grows in the sea (7) 9 the way that the level of the sea regularly rises and falls during the day (4) Down 1 a strong movement of water in one direction (7) 2 the empty shells of sea animals (9) 4 a large ship that carries oil or petrol (6) 7 a line of water that rises up on the surface of the sea (4)
Extend your vocabulary country or land? Choose the correct option to complete the sentences. Circle the correct answer. 1
2
3 4 5 6
I didn’t know you came from the same country / land as Maya. For a long time America was seen as the country / land of opportunity. How many countries / lands have you lived in? They sailed for 42 days, but finally they saw country / land. The country / land around here is quite hilly. Did you know that Canada is the second biggest country / land in the world?
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memories.
It must have been quite a(n) (3)
change
moving from the city to the country. I had a(n) (4)
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hills and
home, a car …
It wasn’t a(n) (5)
decision.
I was spending my (6)
life looking at
a screen. The view is (7)
.
I’ve learned to live without electricity which hasn’t been (8) .
Pronunciation 1 Spoken forms 1.06 Listen and circle the word you hear in each sentence. Didja gotta gimme didya gotta Doncha
1 2 3 4 5 6
Doncha gonna gonna kinda gonna Didja
Pronunciation 2 Sounds 1 Before listening, put the words in the box in the correct group depending on their sounds. allowed cry day fear feel grey guide here key loud night now pier sea take
sea 2
/iː/
/aʊ/
/aɪ/
/eɪ/
/ɪə/
1.07 Listen and check your answers.
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UNIT
3 Land & Sea
Reading The messengers of Poseidon 1 Choose the correct answer to test your knowledge of dolphins. 1
2 3
In mythology, dolphins have often appeared as bringers of … a food b good luck c bad luck Dolphins are marine … a mammals b shellfish c fish They belong to cetaceans, a group which also includes … a sharks b whales c jellyfish
4 5 6
7
There are almost … species of dolphin. a fourteen b forty c four hundred The best known dolphin is the … a Risso’s b black c bottlenose These dolphins live in every ocean of the world except the Arctic and … oceans. a Antarctic b Mediterranean c Pacific The dolphin’s greatest enemies are … a humans b sharks c tuna
2 Read the first two paragraphs of the article to check your answers to exercise 1.
The messengers of Poseidon Sea creatures have always played an important role in human culture, especially dolphins. Because of their intelligence and friendly attitude, dolphins have often appeared in different mythologies as bringers of good luck. They are common in Greek mythology and were the messengers of Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea. Dolphins are marine mammals and belong to cetaceans, a group of mammals which also includes whales. There are almost 40 species of dolphin and one of the best known is the bottlenose dolphin which lives in every ocean of the world except the Arctic and the Antarctic oceans. Dolphins don’t have many enemies. In fact, their greatest threat comes from humans. One of the world’s most controversial dolphin experts is Richard (Ric) O’Barry. In the 1960s O’Barry worked at the Miami Seaquarium in the US where he trained dolphins. He then captured and trained five dolphins for a television series called Flipper which became a huge success around the world. The series told the story of a bottlenose dolphin called Flipper, the friend of a park warden and his two young sons. The part of Flipper was played at different times by the five dolphins, one of which was called Kathy. It was when Kathy died that O’Barry’s attitude to dolphins changed. He decided it was wrong to train dolphins in captivity and started to campaign against the dolphin industry. Ironically, it was the success of Flipper that led to the opening of water parks around the world, encouraging the capture of dolphins. In 1989 Ric O’Barry founded The Dolphin Project to study Atlantic bottlenose dolphins. Since then the organisation has studied over 850 different individual bottlenose dolphins. O’Barry has also written several books to raise awareness about dolphins in captivity including Behind the Dolphin Smile Glossary (1989) and To Free a Dolphin (2000). He has campaign (verb) – to try to achieve political or also been the subject of the award-winning social change by persuading other people or the documentary film, The Cove. The 2009 film government to do something told the story of O’Barry’s campaign to stop mammal (noun) – an animal that is born from its the hunt of dolphins and increase the public’s mother’s body, not from an egg knowledge and concern for our marine warden (noun) – someone whose job is to be environment. responsible for a particular place or thing
Unit 3
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UNIT
3 Land & Sea
3 Read the rest of the article and decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F). Circle the correct answer and correct the false sentences. 1
2
3
4
5 6
Richard O’Barry trained dolphins before working on Flipper. The part of Flipper was always played by a dolphin called Kathy. O’Barry’s attitude to dolphins changed after his wife died. He then started campaigning against something he had helped start. He joined the Dolphin Project in 1989. To Free a Dolphin was an award-winning film.
T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F
4 Write the verbs in the correct form. 1
2
3 4
5
6
Sea creatures (always play) an important role in human culture. Dolphins (often appear) in different mythologies. Dolphins (not have) many enemies. Their greatest threat (come) from humans. Since 1989 the organisation (study) over 850 different individual bottlenose dolphins. O’Barry (also write) several books because he wants (raise) awareness about dolphins in captivity.
5 Read the article to check your answers to exercise 4. 6 Answer the questions in your own words. 1
2
3
Why do you think Ric O’Barry’s attitude to dolphins changed? Have you ever seen a dolphin? Describe where and when. Do you agree with Ric that dolphins shouldn’t be kept in captivity?
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Unit 3
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UNIT
3 Land & Sea
Writing A website comment
4 I’ve just returned from a ten-day holiday in Playa del Carmen and the weather was near perfect. I’d agree with other postings that February to May is the best time there. The sea is calm for swimming and there isn’t much rain. There are a lot of tourists though, especially at Easter.
Reading 1 Answer these questions. 1
2
3
When you visit a place or restaurant for the first time, do you find information about it on the internet before going? Do you read comments posted by people who have been there? Do people’s comments affect your choice of places to go?
5 If you want to try the local cuisine then you should definitely visit Carboncitos. The food is great and the atmosphere is relaxing. Ask for the El Pastor tacos. They are quite simply delicious and the service is touristfriendly. Don’t miss it.
2 Read the comments posted on a travel website and write the name of the section each comment is from. When to visit Arriving & departing What to do Where to eat Getting around
3 Match the words and say what they refer to in the comments. 1 2 3
1
4
If you want to leave the beach or hotel pool then head for ‘La Quinta’ (Fifth Avenue). It’s the main shopping street and a good place for restaurants too. It’s a pedestrian walkway which makes it a stress-free place to shop. If you want to explore ruins then Chichen Itza is undoubtedly the best place to start.
5
2 It’s not a large town and you’ll probably spend most of your time around the beach area anyway. You can walk almost anywhere and the taxis are very reasonably priced. A lot of the locals use colectivos to get to other resorts in the area. These are passenger vans and they stop at the major hotels.
6
air conveniently near reasonably stress tourist
a b c d e f
free friendly perfect conditioned priced situated
Writing skills (1): expressing degrees of certainty 4 Complete these sentences with adverbs expressing degrees of certainty. Then read the comments again to check your answers. 1
2
3
3
4
The best way is arguably to take the bus. It’s certainly the cheapest! It’s air-conditioned, there’s space for luggage, and it will leave you at the Playa bus station conveniently situated on 5th Ave and Juarez. You can also buy vouchers for taxi rides inside the airport terminal building.
5
If you want to explore ruins then Chichen Itza is u the best place to start. It’s not a large town and you’ll p spend most of your time around the beach area anyway. The best way is a to take the bus. It’s c the cheapest! If you want to try the local cuisine then you should d visit Carboncitos.
5 Which two of the adverbs in exercise 4 express a lower degree of certainty than the others?
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3 Land & Sea
Writing skills (2): being brief 6 The most useful website comments are often brief in order to communicate the information and writer’s opinion as concisely as possible. Look at the whole comment below and identify the most important information. Then rewrite it in 20 words or less. I’ve just returned from a 10-day holiday in Playa del Carmen and the weather was near perfect. I’d agree with other postings that February to May is the best time there. The sea is calm for swimming and there isn’t much rain. There are a lot of tourists though, especially at Easter. Preparing to write 7 Read the Writing task below. Keep your comments brief, but make sure you include your personal opinions and suggestions. Writing Write a series of comments for a website about the place you live or a place you have visited recently. Write comments for the following sections. When to visit Arriving & departing What to do Where to eat Getting around
Useful language • If you want to explore … then … • … is a good place for … • In my opinion … • Don’t miss it. • The best way to … • You should definitely visit … • Ask for …
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Unit 3
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