HOW WILL NEW TECHNOLOGY ADVANCE THE CREATIVE ECONOMY? THE TRANSFORMATION OF ‘WORK’
EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYMENT FREELANCE NOMADISM
SHARING ECONOMY
CO-WORKING
INTROVERTS & EXTROVERTS
85 PEOPLE ALONE command the same wealth as the poorest half of the world (Hardoon, Fuentes-Nieva, and Ayele, 2016)
$
$
$ $
$ $
$ $
47%
of the world’s currently existing jobs are likely to be automated over the next two decades (Frey et al., 2016)
AUTOMATION
CREATIVE WORK
“…schools themselves need to be changed, to foster the creativity that humans will need to set them apart from computers.” (The Economist, 2014)
FREELANCING THE NEW NORMAL?
3014% 426% <30
30-39
266% 40-49
377% 50>
% GROWTH RATE OF FREELANCERS UNION MEMBERS SINCE 2007 (Freelancers Union, 2014)
CONSUMER
MIDDLE MAN
PROVIDER
SHARING ECONOMY “These platforms enable consumers (for instance, a tourist) and service providers (an Airbnb host) to form short-term relationships.” (Martin, Fellow, and Open, 2015)
CREATIVES
AGENCY
FREELANCE
CLIENT
SMALL SHOPS (ETSY)
SHARING (AIRBNB)
SMALL JOBS CREATIVE
GIG ECONOMY
“This on-demand, or so-called gig, economy is creating exciting economies and unleashing innovation. But it is also raising hard questions about workplace protections and what a good job will look like in the future.” (Sundararajan, 2015)
INDIVIDUAL
CO-WORKING SHARED SPACE INDIVIDUAL
Traditionally, society forces us to choose between working at home for ourselves or working at an office for a company. If we work at a traditional nine-to-five company job, we get community and structure, but lose freedom and the ability to control our own lives. If we work for ourselves at home, we gain independence but suffer loneliness and bad habits from not being surrounded by a work community. (Sundsted, Jones, and Bacigalupo, 2009, p. 9)
RISE OF THE DIGITAL NOMAD FAST, CHEAP INTERNET
CHEAPER AIR TRAVEL
MORE FREELANCE
LESS MARRIAGE & HOUSES
(levels.io, 2015)
“Limited resources force you to make do with what you've got. There's no room for waste. And that forces you to be creative.” (Fried and Hansson, 2010)
HOUSES MARRIAGE
FEWER TIES
"A decline in the incidence of marriage mechanically lowers home ownership.” (Gervais and Fisher in The Atlantic, 2013)
“The share of adults who are married has been steadily declining for decades. In 2014, just half of Americans were married, down from 57% in 2000. In 1960, 72% of U.S. adults were married.” (Pew Research Center, 2015)
$442.88 1979
FLIGHT COSTS $291.30 2014
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Including reservation change fees and bag fees, the average round-trip domestic journey price fell from $442.88 in 1979 to $291.30 in 2014â&#x20AC;? Airlines for America (2014)
Shyness is the fear of social disapproval or humiliation, while introversion is a preference for environments that are not overstimulating. Shyness is inherently painful; introversion is not. (Cain, 2011)
64% OF CREATIVES CONSIDER THEMSELVES INTROVERTS (When to wake up, what to drink and how to work: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;how to live like a creativeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; unveiled, 2016)
“Some people turn to independent work in pursuit of control, because it lets them do what they want, does away with a boss, and because they are put off by inflexible work schedules. Some get what they want. However, it seems that many do not.” (Pocock, 2012)
LIST OF REFERENCES Airlines for America (2016) ‘Annual Round-Trip Fares and Fees: Domestic’. Available at: http://airlines.org/data/annual-round-trip-fares-and-fees-domestic/ (Accessed: 23 February 2016). Cain, S. (2011) Quiet: The power of introverts in a world that can’t stop talking. New York: Crown Publishers. Freelancers Union (2014) INDEPENDENTS UNITED THE NUMBERS BEHIND THE NEW WORKFORCE. Available at: https://fu-web-storage-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/content/ filer_public/81/42/8142e03e-3add-4585-8dcf-eeaecba7f980/fu_surveyinfographics_membershipgrowth_v2.pdf (Accessed: 22 January 2016). Frey, C.B., Osborne, M.A., Armstrong, S., Bostrom, N., Chinellato, E., Cummins, M., Dewey, D., Dorn, D., Flint, A., Goldin, C., Muellbauer, J., Mueller, V., Newman, P., Héigeartaigh, S.Ó., Sandberg, A., Shanahan, M. and Woolcock, K. (2016) THE FUTURE OF EMPLOYMENT: HOW SUSCEPTIBLE ARE JOBS TO COMPUTERISATION? *. Available at: http:// www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf (Accessed: 20 January 2016). Fried, J. and Hansson, D.H. (2010) Rework. New York: Crown Business of the Crown Publishing Group, a division of Random House. Hardoon, D., Fuentes-Nieva, R. and Ayele, S. (2016) An economy for the 1%: How privilege and power in the economy drive extreme inequality and how this can be stopped. Available at: https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/file_attachments/bp210-economy-one-percent-tax-havens-180116-en_0.pdf (Accessed: 20 January 2016). The Economist (2014) ‘Coming to an office near you’, The Economist (January), pp. 1–5. levelsio (2015) ‘There will be 1 billion digital nomads by 2035’. Available at: https://levels.io/future-of-digital-nomads/ (Accessed: 23 February 2016). Martin, C., Fellow, C.M.R. and Open, T. (2015) The sharing economy could end capitalism – but that’s not all. Available at: http://theconversation.com/the-sharing-economy-couldend-capitalism-but-thats-not-all-45203 (Accessed: 22 January 2016). Pew Research Center (2013) Marriage. Available at: http://www.pewresearch.org/data-trend/society-and-demographics/marriage/ (Accessed: 23 February 2016). Pocock, B. (2012) The imperfect freedoms of the freelancer in the changing world of work. Available at: http://theconversation.com/the-imperfect-freedoms-of-the-freelancer-inthe-changing-world-of-work-8312 (Accessed: 22 January 2016). Sundararajan, A. (2015) The ‘gig economy’ is coming. What will it mean for work? Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/26/will-we-get-by-gigeconomy (Accessed: 22 January 2016). Sundsted, T., Jones, D. and Bacigalupo, T. (2009) I’m outta here: How Co-Working is making the office obsolete. Not an MBA. Thompson, D. (2012) The end of ownership: Why Aren’t young people buying more houses?. Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/02/the-end-ofownership-why-arent-young-people-buying-more-houses/253750/ (Accessed: 23 February 2016). When to wake up, what to drink and how to work: ‘how to live like a creative’ unveiled (2016) Available at: http://www.itsnicethat.com/news/how-creatives-live-survey-format-samisland-050216 (Accessed: 20 February 2016).
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BIBLIOGRAPHY CONT. One Way Ticket (2016) Tim Ferriss and Matt Mullenweg: The smartest people in the world will work remotely. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=rZ8XOcvPPTQ (Accessed: 22 January 2016). Pew Research Center (2013) Marriage. Available at: http://www.pewresearch.org/data-trend/society-and-demographics/marriage/ (Accessed: 23 February 2016). Pocock, B. (2012) The imperfect freedoms of the freelancer in the changing world of work. Available at: http://theconversation.com/the-imperfect-freedoms-of-thefreelancer-in-the-changing-world-of-work-8312 (Accessed: 22 January 2016). Rhodes, M. and Innovations (2014) A publishing tool that builds Websites powered by AI. Available at: http://www.wired.com/2014/10/publishing-tool-builds-websitespowered-ai/ (Accessed: 19 January 2016). Robot art raises questions about human creativity (2016) Available at: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600762/robot-art-raises-questions-about-humancreativity/ (Accessed: 20 January 2016). Smith, A. (1776) An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Available at: http://www.ifaarchive.com/pdf/smith__an_inquiry_into_the_nature_and_causes_of_the_wealth_of_nations%5B1%5D.pdf (Accessed: 22 January 2016). Sundararajan, A. (2015) The ‘gig economy’ is coming. What will it mean for work? Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/26/will-we-get-bygig-economy (Accessed: 22 January 2016). Sundsted, T., Jones, D. and Bacigalupo, T. (2009) I’m outta here: How Co-Working is making the office obsolete. Not an MBA. The Economist (2014) ‘Coming to an office near you’, The Economist (January), pp. 1–5. The future of robot labor is the future of capitalism (2014) Available at: http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-future-of-robot-labour-has-everything-to-do-withcapitalism (Accessed: 20 January 2016). Thompson, D. (2012) The end of ownership: Why Aren’t young people buying more houses?. Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/02/theend-of-ownership-why-arent-young-people-buying-more-houses/253750/ (Accessed: 23 February 2016). U.S. Government Accountability Office, http://www.gao.gov (2015) GAO-15-168R, contingent workforce: Size, characteristics, earnings, and benefits. Available at: http:// www.gao.gov/assets/670/669766.pdf (Accessed: 22 January 2016). Union, F. and Horowitz, S. (2015) ‘Need more proof that the era of big work is over? Here it is’, Freelancers Union, 21 May. Available at: https://www.freelancersunion.org/ blog/dispatches/2015/05/21/need-more-proof-era-big-work-over-here-it/ (Accessed: 22 January 2016). Waye, A. (2016) Why AI can still hardly pass an eighth grade science test. Available at: http://motherboard.vice.com/read/why-ai-can-still-hardly-pass-an-eighth-gradescience-test (Accessed: 20 January 2016). When to wake up, what to drink and how to work: ‘how to live like a creative’ unveiled (2016) Available at: http://www.itsnicethat.com/news/how-creatives-live-surveyformat-sam-island-050216 (Accessed: 20 January 2016).