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LIFE MAGAZINE
TOP LETTERS TO THE EDITOR FROM THE DECADE Dear Editor, Thank you for being a good editor. It was an interesting piece and it made me very excited reading it. I realize your frustrations with the females and the way they are dressing these days. As a female editor like yourself, I think that you are only seeing one side of this issue. You say that it is wrong in the way they are dressing and that it is very discriminating to women, but in my mind I think it is just a way of expressing themselves. I think there is nothing wrong with this revealing clothing and it makes me happy to finally seeing girls setting themselves apart from others. Thank you for your opinion about the “flappers”. It was fun to hear another side of the topic. Thanks, Person responding.
To the editor: I wanted to give praise to this current magazine issue. After reading through all of events that happened in the 1920s, it was really great to sit there and reminisce about those times. You did an excellent job of covering all of the major topics that occurred in the 20s. But my favorite by far, was the article about the Red Scare. The article was extremely detailed and it captured the intense feeling that the citizens of the United States were feeling at that time. Thanks, Person responding. Dear Editor, Subject: The Harlem Renaissance For the jitterbug, jazz is an orgy of epileptic exhibitionism. For the casual collegian or cafe socialite it is a moony, soothing stimulus to social pleasures. To a third, and smaller group of jazz fans, good jazz is a serious art with its own history, traditions and standards of criticism. Centered in New York’s Harlem district, Blacks trumpeted the role of the “New Negro” as being assertive and proud of their African heritage. Jazz began in New Orleans as a mixture of rhythmic African drumbeats and European instruments making it a uniquely American music. It moved with the migration of African Americans from the south to cities in the north and then around the world in the past few years. Famous jazz musicians over the past few years include Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and Jelly Roll Morton. There were a lot of lasting effects that Jazz had on America. Harlem became popular and lively, many whites flocked to the music clubs and some adopted the music themselves. It established a growing sense of black pride in the United States. Thanks, Person responding
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THE RED SCARE By: Navya Kondetti
Whose country is this, anyhow? That was a frequently asked question when the Red Scare was in effect a few years ago. The Government orchestrated organized attacks on the radicals, immigrants and other foreigners which became known as the “Red Scare.” Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer organized thousands of federal, state, and local officials to deport the so-called “reds.” A small portion of radicals sought to destroy political order and promote anarchy. There were various radical groups that wanted to change the political structure of the U.S. The communists promoted the end of private property to common ownership of property. The socialists promoted government ownership of property. The anarchists promoted no rules at all. And the pacifists were opposed to war. During 1919 and 1920 the radicals delivered a series of bombs to political officials’ homes and offices nationwide. This caused public hysteria against all communist and radicals. In 1920 a massive bomb killed 33 people and injured 200 others on Wall Street, the U.S. symbolic center of capitalism. In 1919 Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer’s house was bombed. General Palmer led raids against the radicals. In 1921, the Johnson Act limited immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe by placing limits on the annual immigration of any given nationality to
3% of the number of immigrants from that nation living in the U.S. in 1910. In 1924, the National Origins Act limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who are currently living the United States. The Act halted “undesirable “immigration by quotas. During the 1880s up until the World War I, over eighteen million people immigrated to America. President Wilson inflamed anti-foreign sentiment warning “citizens…born under our flags [inject] the poison of disloyalty.”
The U.S. placed many restrictions on immigrants and this is a political cartoon from the time showcasing the restrictions
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LIFE MAGAZINE
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LABOR UNIONS By: Kimberly Lu
In this article, you will see answers to various questions that our readers have asked us. We have invited a member of a labor union to help us answer these questions, due to the fact that they fully understand everything that there is to know about the labor unions. Q: We know that in 1919, a very big controversy started and it had to do with labor unions. Can you elaborate on what happened? A: In 1919, that is when a lot of labor union members had strikes and protested against the wage cuts, the long hours, and the fact that they didn’t get paid for working overtime. Q: Do you know any specifics about this? A: If I recall correctly, there were roughly 4 million workers that went on strike. I believe they held around 3,600 strikes. Q: Wow, those are some big numbers. So did any of these strikes work? A: Unfortunately, they weren’t as effective as we hoped. Many of the times, the companies refused to listen and the government would just have to send out troopers in order to end out strikes. Q: I also know that the labor union’s membership decreased around that time. Why is that? A: Well, a lot of members ended up leaving after they realized that these strikes
were not working. We lost about 1.6 million members. Q: I know that communism has something to do with this. Can you talk about that? A: Well, since many of the people in the labor unions were foreigners, we caused a lot of fear among the people of America. The Americans were scared that the foreigners were actually communist trying to take over America. Q: Tell me some about a specific labor union. A: Well, one very big labor union that most everybody has heard about is the American Civil Liberties Union. These people are against Anti-Immigration Acts which reduce the number of immigrants coming into America to a tiny amount. This angered a lot of people. A big controversy was also the Palmer Raids, which people felt like the foreigners were being treated unfairly because they were foreigners. So the ACLU’s job is to protect these people in court to ensure that they are being tried fairly. If you have any further questions, please find our address on this magazine and mail them in. We are really glad that this member was able to share with us some of his inside knowledge about labor unions. Once again, if you have any further questions, please mail them in.
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LIFE MAGAZINE
PROHIBITION: FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE? By: Maggie Gross
One of the biggest struggles of the decade was the fight against alcohol. Beginning at the end of the last decade, this battle has continued and appears as if it’s going to go on into the next decade as well. Prohibition, a widely debated issue, has left many people questioning whether the 18th Amendment has had the desired effect. The Temperance Movement began when women started noticing the negative effects alcohol had on families. Social reform groups were formed, mainly composed of white, middle class women, who believed that alcohol was tearing families apart by causing men to be violent, unemployed, and economically and morally bankrupt.
A social reform group advocating for prohibition.
The movement began to grow, and starting in 1916, many states supported prohibition and in 1919, the 18th Amendment was ratified, outlawing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors. In January of 1920, to start off this decade, the 18th Amendment became effective and police officers and government officials began enforcing the law. Although prohibition has banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol, it is not illegal to buy, possess, or consume. Regardless of the 18th Amendment, people have still found ways of acquiring alcohol. Some of the most popular include: speakeasies, bootleggers, moonshine, and doctor’s prescriptions. Smuggling alcohol in from neighboring countries, such as Canada and the Bahamas, has also been occurring, but it’s a riskier option and a messier business to get involved in. Al Capone, one of the most commonly heard names throughout the decade, is a gangster known for smuggling in alcohol. He gained major publicity this year after the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in February, when 7 men were killed. Al Capone was suspected to be behind the murders of the men, who happened to work for George Moran, his rival in the alcohol smuggling business.
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PROHIBITION: FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE? By: Maggie Gross
Although Al Capone was suspected for the crimes, he hasn’t been charged because of insufficient evidence linking him to the murders. Currently, Al Capone is in jail, after being arrested and sentenced to 1 year in prison for carrying concealed deadly weapons. Although Al Capone has received lots of media coverage, he hasn’t been the only one involved in illegal activities. Since the 18th Amendment, Americans have seen an increase in fighting and crime overall, just to acquire alcohol. Many lawabiding citizens, upset with the crime rates, have been criticizing the government and police officers, blaming them for the troubles. The truth of the matter is that prohibition is hard to enforce, especially when some law enforcement officers might not agree with it. As the decade comes to a close, prohibition is still a hot topic, with many varying opinions on the issue. It appears as if Americans are questioning whether prohibition has provided positive changes to society, or if the increase in crime and lawlessness has outweighed the good effects. Since our last survey in 1926, over 80% of the public are in favor of repealing the law. Protests and anti-prohibition groups are becoming more frequent, but for now, the 18th
Amendment is still intact. It looks like Americans will just have to wait to see what changes the next decade brings!
Al Capone, gangster and alcohol supplier
Police officers posing with the alcohol after a raid.
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LIFE MAGAZINE
RACIAL PREJUDICES By: Navya Kondeti
In the past few years, immigration to the United States increased. Many different cultures and people of different ethnicities came together, merging their cultural traditions. While multiculturalism spread throughout the United States during the 1920's, animosity among "white" Americans also grew towards the immigrants. Racism was horrific in the past few years. By 1925 there were half a million members in the Ku Klux Klan and lynchings were commonplace. Non-whites were not respected and segregation was still taking place.
The Ku Klux Klan holds a meeting.
He heard the smack, followed by the intense pain along the side of his face. He sputtered out the blood in his mouth and gasped for breath. He braced himself for another hit but instead felt the ground disappear from underneath him and his body was slammed down. Within seconds O’Neil blacked out. “It started out as just another
warm and sunny day at the beach.” O’Neil said. “My friends and I were just joking around. All of a sudden a rock was thrown at us. We heard laughter and we saw four white boys throwing rocks at us. We thought it was funny so we started avoiding the rock, we thought of it as a game. They stopped throwing so we let our guard down. Out of nowhere, we hear a low thud and Caleb was nowhere to be seen. The water rapidly turned red and we dove into the water and found his body at the bottom. We pulled him out of the water and laid him down on the sand. There was no response from him. He was dead. I looked over at the other side of the beach and saw the four guys laughing. Rage flow through me and I ran across the beach, crossing the border between us blacks and them whites. I threw a punch at the guy who I thought has thrown the rock. And that’s what started it. What started off as me punching one guy, turned into almost everyone on the beach fighting. And then the guy punched my face and the last thing I remembered was the ground disappearing from underneath me.” O’Neil grimaced as he finished his story.
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RACIAL PREJUDICES By: Navya Kondeti
In the past few years incidents of racial violence broke out across the nation. Most often white against blacks, lynchings usually attracted thousands of spectators who traveled to the scenes “waiting for the show to start”. What happened to O’Neil and his friends was just one out of many examples of lynching.
Colored people were required to use different water fountains than the white.
It is on the issue of racial superiority, physical and mental, that all of mankind bitterly divides. Such value judgments are largely subjective and lack any solid scientific foundation, but that has never stopped men from making them. The Negro, who reached the U.S. in bonds, has ever since been classified in some quarters as a member of an intellectually inferior race.
It seems probable that before society solves the thorny problem of race prejudice, advancing science—or even the continuing evolution of the human species—will beat society to it. The world's population is already threefifths colored—that is, other than white. Until the world accepts the proposition that the universality of mankind outweighs the differences, speculation about the meaning of the diversity will continue. The human physical variety is self-evident, so is the wide spectrum of human achievement. It is wellestablished that the controlling factors are cultural and environmental. Nothing that man has discovered about himself so far provides any sound scientific foundation for the conclusion that one race is innately superior to any other. No one knows. And the men of tomorrow, looking back, may wonder why anyone was ever concerned with such comparisons.
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LIFE MAGAZINE
POLITICAL CARTOON OF THE DECADE By: Jordan Herrera
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THE SCOPES TRIAL By: Kimberly Lu
The Scopes Trial, formally known as The State of Tennessee vs. Scopes began in 1925. It was ruled on July 21, 1925, that John Scopes was guilty; however, due to a technicality, the verdict was overturned, and the issue was never brought back to trial.
tial candidate a part of this trial but the lawyer on the defensive side, Clarence Darrow, was also another big name on this trial. This trial originally wasn’t a big deal, but since there were multiple celebrities that were a part of this trial, the public became more aware of this topic.
The big controversy began because of the 24 year old, high school biology teacher, John Scopes. From the Butler Act, it was ruled unlawful to teach evolution to student. However, John Scopes decided that he was going to start teaching evolution to his students; he did not just randomly decide this though. Scopes was approached by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) to test the limits of the new Tennessee law. John Scopes agreed to this and he began teaching his students the theory of evolution.
During the trial, Darrow, being the famous lawyer that he was, found a way to invalidate Bryan’s thoughts. Darrow had asked Bryan about the miracles of the Bible, and it caused Bryan to contradict himself. However, no matter what Darrow said, John Scopes was still deemed guilty. But the people against Scopes and Darrow also believed that Bryan’s thoughts about faith over facts were good, but some things were found to be disappointing. After the final ruling, it was then decided that Scopes was no longer guilty or not guilty. 6 years later, the trial was never brought back to life, so Scopes remained innocent.
Shortly after this incident, a trial began to argue teaching evolution in school. William Jennings Bryan, the former presidential candidate was the primary witness for this prosecution. Bryan also did everything in his power to have this case treated as a constitutional issue in order to question the validity of evolution on a national scale. Not only was a former presiden-
But since William Jennings Bryan was found to have contradicted his idea against evolution, it caused the public to start thinking about evolution. This trial brought attention to fundamentalism and science on a national scale. Whereas, before, no one paid much attention to that theory, it was now being looked at more as a very big possibility. So in the end, ACLU was able to bring light to the topic, but they did not successfully gain the right to teach it in schools.
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LIFE MAGAZINE
MOVIE REVIEW OF THE DECADE By: Kimberly Lu
One of the best movies of this decade was by far, The Big Parade (1925). It was about a young man that fought in WWI. The movie perfectly incorporated accurate facts. The emotions that the actors used were so powerful that you felt like you were right there with them in experiencing the pain and the love. Then when James Apperson (the main soldier) has to leave his new love, the Frenchwoman, the emotion that the actor portrays is undeniably the most realistic of all of the movies in the 20s. You feel the pain that he feels, and you feel the joy that he feels. If you have not yet seen The Big Parade, it is an excellent movie that is highly recommended to everyone.
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LIFE MAGAZINE
TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL By: Kimberly Lu
In the 20th century, the US Navy began to use oil fuel instead of coal because of its efficiency. This caused a very large desire for petroleum. Then to make sure that the US Navy would never run short of oil, they began oil reserves. This was done all under President Taft. However, after the new President Harding came, and executive order was issued to have the control of Teapot Dome transferred to the Department of Interior.
did seemed legal on the outside, but deep down, everything that Fall was doing was highly illegal. The leader of the investigation was Thomas J. Walsh, a democrat from Montana. He realized that records on these sales were disappearing. Walsh was successful in cracking open the scandal. It was then ruled in court that the oil reserves were to be rightfully returned to the Navy.
When this scandal became public, it wasn’t widely known that Harding was part of this, but President Harding How do you turn all of when evidence proved that the United States against you Harding was a part of this scandal, his all at one time? If you need any advice, you public relations plummeted . He single can certainly ask President Warren G. handedly managed to get all of America Harding. From 1921-1923, one of the worst to turn against him. presidents in history was experienced by the nation. Not only did President Harding cause the nation to hate him, he also The Teapot Dome Scandal all started caused America to economically and sowith a bribe. It included the Secretary of cially disintegrate. If Harding and Fall Interior, Albert B. Fall and the former hand never had made the mistake of enpresident, Warren. G. Harding. Fall began gaging in these acts, then the U.S. could to give US Navy petroleum reserves to prihave potentially been in a better state vate investors. This scandal was known as than it is. the “greatest and most sensational scandal The Teapot Dome Scandal not in the history of American politics”. only nationally embarrassed a president, At first, when allegations were first but it also greatly hurt the United States. created, everyone believed that Fall was Thanks to President Harding, the citiinnocent and without full proof, this story zens of the United States may never faded from the public eye. The public then know what it would have been like to be stopped worrying about the topic, but the economically stable. Senate did not stop. Everything that Fall
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LIFE MAGAZINE
WOMEN’S RIGHTS: MARGARET SANGER By: Maggie Gross
While working as a nurse, Margaret Sanger got called to a woman’s house. She was in bad condition after performing a self-induced abortion and died later that night. It was the same woman Margaret Sanger had seen a couple times before, both for the same problem: a selfinduced, illegal abortion. When the woman had asked her doctor what she could do to prevent a pregnancy, the doctor suggested abstinence. Obviously, that didn’t work out for her and she stuck to her method of self-induced abortions, which was a dangerous procedure and eventually led to her death. Since Margaret was a nurse, she had seen multiple cases like this, and knew of many women in the same situation. She knew she couldn’t stand by and watch women put their lives in danger anymore, thus her work began. A powerful and inspirational woman, Margaret Sanger, has empowered and changed the lives of many women over the past decade. Her books, the opening of her clinic, and her overall dedication to educating women has made her a well respected woman. At a time when so much is changing for women, politically and socially, Margaret Sanger is stepping in and adding her beliefs to mix, allowing for women to have more control over their bodies and their futures with the promotion of birth control. She believes women should be educated and allowed to make their own decisions re-
garding birth control, in order to be safe and protect their health and well-being. Margaret was one of 18 children and she saw how her mother’s health deteriorated after the birth of each child. She just wants women to be able to make smart decisions and have access to birth control, if that’s what they choose to do. She has dedicated her life to these women, facing harsh criticism and judgments from people, as well as being arrested and even jailed for short periods of time for her work. Margaret’s work really began back in 1914 with the publication of a monthly newsletter called, The Women Rebel, which promoted birth control. Following the newsletter, came a few books, also promoting birth control and educating women on their bodies and how to prevent things like an unwanted pregnancy. The start of this decade also began with Margaret’s work founding the American Birth Control League, whose goal was to educate women on the dangers of unsafe sex, as well as to organize and conduct clinics where doctors can give away free birth control to women. Through research, she found a loophole in the law, which then allowed her to open a birth control clinic for women. It was staffed with entirely female doctors, so women would be more
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VOLUME 1, I SSUE 1
WOMEN’S RIGHTS: MARGARET SANGER By: Maggie Gross
comfortable coming in for help. It was the first legal birth control clinic in the United States and was a huge step for women’s rights. In 1928, Margaret Sanger resigned as president from the American Birth Control League to take full control of the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau, which is where she is currently working and continuing her work advocating for birth control and women’s rights. Margaret’s work has opened up so many doors for women and has given them a choice that has changed their lives. Before her work, women could not get birth control because it was looked down upon and many men believed that a woman’s sole purpose was to have and raise children. Now the times are changing, and attitudes are too. Women are now more independent than ever and hold jobs that at one point only men could have. They are making their own decisions and have their own personal beliefs about sex. Without birth control as an option there are going to be unwanted pregnancies that either end in dangerous, self-performed abortions, since it is illegal to get the procedure done, or a bad upbringing for a child. It is better to prevent the situation before it even occurs, so that lives are spared and there isn’t the difficulty of raising a child that was unplanned. When talking about education of birth control and unwanted pregnancies, Margaret says, “It is
a vicious cycle; ignorance breeds poverty and poverty breeds ignorance. There is only one cure for both, and that is to stop breeding these things. Margaret Sanger Stop bringing to birth children whose inheritance cannot be one of health or intelligence. Stop bringing into the world children whose parents cannot provide for them. Herein lies the key of civilization. For upon the foundation of an enlightened and voluntary motherhood shall a future civilization emerge.” Within 10 years, Margaret has given women so much more freedom and control over their own lives, allowing them to pursue their education and careers without being held back by children of an unwanted pregnancy. She takes pride in the fact that she has given women the power they need to take ownership of their lives and have more opportunities than they would have otherwise had. Margaret cannot help but think of the difference this would have made in the woman’s life that she couldn’t save so many years ago. If she had been given the option of birth control, she would still be here today. “I do it for her”, says
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LIFE MAGAZINE
THE FINAL COUNT By: Jordan Herrera
One of the most memorable events of this decade was the boxing match between jack Dempsey and Gene Tunney on September 23, 1926. A crowd of 120,000 stood in Philadelphia to watch this fight. This fight would be the first of two, but was never forgotten. Tunney had beaten Dempsey by a ten round unanimous decision to lift the world heavyweight title three years ago. As all know, a rematch did happen. Gene Tunney and jack Dempsey would step into the ring again one year later. What transpired between the ropes that day would generate so much debate and controversy that it will be forever known as the “the long count.” The beating that Tunney had administered in their first fight was so great and decisive, that Dempsey would have to fight another ranked heavyweight in order to prove himself worthy of another title shot. Jack Sharkey, a top contender whose most noteworthy victory was over harry wills, was chosen as Dempsey’s opponent. The two met in Yankee stadium on July 21, 1927. Dempsey attacked the body viciously, and in the seventh round landed a punch that Sharkey claimed to be low. As Sharkey turned to the referee to protest, Dempsey connected with a smashing left hook that sent his opponent crashing to the canvas for a 10 count. Despite Sharkey’s protests, the referee upheld the decision. For those who believed the three year layoff had much to do with Dempsey’s performance in the first fight, the fight did not
get off to a promising start. Dempsey was easily kept at bay by Tunney’s jabs and counterpunching. Despite Dempsey’s best efforts, the fight was progressing much the same as the previous one. Dempsey looked sluggish slow and was being totally outclassed by the superior boxer for the first six rounds of the fight. Blow after blow connected against Tunney’s chin until the champion finally collapsed onto the ground. As Tunney struggled to regain his composure, the crowd roared in anticipation of seeing Dempsey crowned the first ever two time heavyweight champion. There was only one problem: the referee wasn’t issuing a count. Once he knocked Tunney down, Dempsey refused to go to a neutral corner. By the time the referee had ushered Dempsey refused to go to a neutral corner. and began his count, the ringside timekeeper had already reached the count of five. Tunney rose to his feet as the referee reached the count of nine, but it had actually been 14 seconds since the champion was knocked down. Much controversy arose from this because it gave Tunney a chance to recover and come back to win the fight. The excitement and shock that resulted from the seventh round knockdown was enough to cause one radio listener to have a heart attack. This was that fans, final count. Boxing has been known to injure people but this was the first death resulting from a boxing match.
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THE SACCO VANZETTI TRIAL: VIOLATED OF THEIR RIGHTS, UNFAIR TRIAL AND EXECUTION By: Maggie Gross
In one of the biggest trials of the decade, The People of Massachusetts vs. Sacco and Vanzetti, two men were convicted and sentenced to death because of a robbery that resulted in the death of a paymaster and a guard at a factory. In August of 1927, Nicola Sacco and Bartolommeo Vanzetti, both Italian immigrants, were put to death by electric chair. Suspicions surrounding their arrest, as well as comments made by people presiding over the case give reason for concern. Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested because of subscriptions to an anarchist newspaper; not because they were at the scene of the crime. However, the fact that the two men were both carrying guns at the time of the arrest and could not come up with a written alibi, helped the prosecution’s case. Judge Webster Thayer, who supported the suppression of radical speech, and Attorney General Palmer, served on the case. Even after 6 years of protests and appeals, they refused to retry the case, believing that Sacco and Vanzetti “deserved no consideration”. Because these men were Italian immigrants, anarchists, and had protested the Palmer raids, they faced harsh judgments and criticisms in court. Walter Ripley, foreman for the jury, said that regardless of the men’s actual innocence or guilt, “Damn them, they ought to hang anyway.” Although there were some valid suspicions surrounding the robbery and murder, Sacco and Vanzetti’s rights were violated in court. There was a lot of questionable material presented against the men, such as ballistics evidence and a hat found at the crime scene. When trying to match Sacco’s gun shells to the artillery found at the scene of the crime, witness reports suggest that bullets were switched in order to indicate a match. There was also some confusion when trying to match Vanzetti’s gun to the crime because the bullets fired at the guard were a different caliber than the bullets in Vanzetti’s gun. Some possibilities of Vanzetti stealing the guard’s gun were given, and although
there was never enough support to back it up, the jury believed it. The last piece of evidence was a hat found at the scene of the crime, which was claimed to be Sacco’s. Witness reports state that when he tried it on in court, the hat was too small for his head, but the prosecution insisted that it fitted and belonged to Sacco. Furthermore, no witnesses could truly clarify that it was Sacco and Vanzetti that they saw at the scene of the crime. Despite all these gaping holes in the evidence, Sacco and Vanzetti were sentenced anyway, suggesting alternate motives for the conviction. The derogatory statements made by the judges and attorney serving on the case suggest that a big part of the conviction was due to the men’s background. Because of previous bombings and the Red Scare there was a hatred of immigrants and radicals. During the last hearing in April 1927, Bartolommeo Vanzetti said, “I would not wish to a dog or to a snake, to the most low and misfortunate creature of the earth– I would not wish to any of them what I have had to suffer for things that I am not guilty of. But my conviction is that I have suffered for things that I am guilty of. I am suffering because I am a radical and indeed I am a radical; I have suffered because I am an Italian and indeed I am an Italian...if you could execute me two times, and if I could be reborn two other times, I would live again to do what I have done already.” The rights of Nicola Sacco and Bartolommeo Vanzetti were violated during the trial. Two, potentially innocent men, were presumed guilty and given an unfair reputation before even stepping foot in court, due to their nationality. Two lives could have been saved if the men had been given a fair chance and had all their rights. If immigrant hatred doesn’t stop now, how many more lives are we going to lose?