P U B L I C S P E A K I N G W O R K S H O P HANDOUT
ARTEMISSZIÓ FOUNDATON - MIRA -
C O N T E N T S
04 06 08 A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE NGO
ARTEMISSZIÓ FOUNDATION
AN INTRODUCTION
TO PUBLIC SPEAKING
PUBLIC SPEAKING
THE COMMUNICATOR
C O N T E N T S
14 16 18 PUBLIC SPEAKING
THE MESSAGE
PUBLIC SPEAKING
THE AUDIENCE
RECOMENDED BOOKS
A R T E M I S S Z I Ó
A
F O U N D A T I O N
THE ORGANIZATION
Artemisszió Foundation has been operating since 1998 as a non-profit organization of public interest. The founders were young anthropologists who wanted to apply their theoretical knowledge and the results of their scientific research to foster social and personal development and open-minded thinking. The Artemisszió Foundation is aiming to achieve its objectives through the research, promotion and use of the theory and practice of intercultural communication. The goals of the Artemisszió Foundation are: - to encourage continuous dialogue and interaction between culturally, ethnically and socially diverse groups and to foster their mutual understanding, - to support the social integration of socially and culturally disadvantaged groups, - to strengthen scientific and cultural relations internationally - to develop and disseminate intercultural training courses, educational materials and methods The mission of the Foundation is to provide an opportunity for the widest possible section of society to take part in activities that develop competencies that strengthen relations among people, improve communication and conflict-resolution skills, and contribute to the development of tolerance, mutual understanding and cooperation.
For us it is a priority to include socially disadvantaged groups - the unemployed, people living in rural areas, the Roma and immigrants - to increase their equal opportunities and to fight social exclusion. In a culturally ever more complex world, learning about cultures "other" than our own and acquiring the ability for dialogue are not only important tools for preventing conflicts but are also an essential means to self-knowledge, open-minded thinking and independence. The Foundation considers it a vital task to offer the opportunity to the widest possible part of society to take part in activities that contribute to the development of the above skills. Artemisszió Foundation devotes special attention to creating equal opportunities for ethnically or socially disadvantaged groups. Our activities are aimed at encouraging the social integration of these groups (unemployed young people, the rural population, the Roma). In line with these aims, the Foundation has been using various means of approaching and involving in its activities the representatives of these groups as well as the organizations in contact with them. The Artemisszió Foundation is aiming to achieve its objectives through the research, promotion and use of the theory and practice of intercultural communication.
M I R A ARTEMISSZIÓ'S COMMUNITY PROGRAM
WE HAVE CREATED MIRA! COMMUNITY TO HELP MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES LIVING IN HUNGARY, AS WELL AS EACH OTHER TO BUILD TOGETHER A STRONGER, MORE COHESIVE SOCIETY, A WORLD WHERE THERE IS MORE HAPPINESS AND SATISFACTION, A WORLD WHERE IT IS GOOD TO LIVE. The mira! community is an initiative of the Artemisszió Foundation. Artemisszió has been engaged for many years in helping the social inclusion of migrants, refugees and youth coming from disadvantaged backgrounds. Migrants and refugees belong to our society. Supporting their social integration is of elementary importance for everybody. By social integration we mean financial independence as well as living in harmony with oneself and with one’s environment. We all know that people who feel that they are in the right place can be more creative, productive and can give more to the community. We think that if we want to live in a strong, supportive community which is proud of its diversity, we need to create such a community. Artemisszió has been doing community building for a long time, our goal now is to open up the community even more and make it more colourful, providing more people with the opportunity of participation. For this reason we would like to create a space – for this colourful, exciting and joyful community, which is mira!
COLOUR YOUR MIND, COLOUR YOUR WORLD.
P U B L I C
A
S P E A K I N G
THE HISTORY
Public speaking (also called oratory or oration) is the process or act of performing a speech to a live audience. This type of speech is deliberately structured with three general purposes: to inform, to persuade and to entertain. Public speaking is commonly understood as formal, face-to-face speaking of a single person to a group of listeners When we speak about Public Speaking, we speak about Communication. It the basic communication process you have three elements: the sender of the message, the message, and the receiver of the message. In Public Speaking there are five basic elements that are described in Lasswell's model of communication: the communicator, message, medium, audience and effect. In short, the speaker should be answering the question: "WHO SAYS WHAT IN WHICH CHANNEL TO WHOM WITH WHAT EFFECT?"
Although there is evidence of public speech training in ancient Egypt,[3] the first known piece[4] on oratory, written over 2,000 years ago, came from ancient Greece. Lasswell's model of communication (also known as Lasswell's communication model) describes an act of communication by defining who said it, what was said, in what channel it was said, to whom it was said, and with what effect it was said. It is regarded by many communication and public relations scholars as "one of the earliest and most influential communication models. The model was developed by American political scientist and communication theorist Harold Lasswell in 1948 while he was a professor at Yale Law School, in his 1948 article "The Structure and Function of Communication in Society".
Public speaking can serve the purpose of transmitting information, telling a story, motivating people to act or some combination of those. Public speaking can also take the form of a discourse community, in which the audience and speaker use discourse to achieve a common goal. Public speaking plays a large role in the professional world; in fact, it is believed that 70 percent of all jobs involve some form of public speaking.
Source: Wikipedia
THE
This Handout Has the main goal to just incite your curiosity towards Public Speaking.
ELEMENTS
We will not approach the theory into depth, but yes the experience of the trainer on the matter, since if you want to go deep into theory and what has already been published you can get acssess to the bibliography, in the end of the handout.
“YOU CAN SPEAK WELL IF YOUR TONGUE CAN DELIVER THE MESSAGE OF YOUR HEART.” JOHN FORD
These elements are going to explore just the big bullet points that need to be a reminder and some usefull tips. Don't forget to use the trainers email and the facebook group to get in touch if you have any question at all. RITABRITO.ARTEMISSZIO @GMAIL.COM
ENJOY!
THE COMUNICATOR
One of the most important things in Public Speaking is the Posture of the communicator/Public Speaker. In the element of Posture you have to consider how to be influential, how to give emphasis to our message so that the audience is both empathic and engaged and really how to make the audience fall in love with you. This is called Pathos - which was talked about on the first workshop. Pathos is means passion or feeling and it considers the ‘how’ we appeal to our audience’s emotions and persuade them of our argument. There are some categories that are important to enhance in this field, which are: the voice, the facial expression, the body expression and the movement in the room/stage.
IMPORTANT: - Be prepared - think about your non verbal communication and smile - confidence builds confidence - be confortable - show enthusiasm!
“BE STILL WHEN YOU HAVE NOTHING TO SAY; WHEN GENUINE PASSION MOVES YOU, SAY WHAT YOU’VE GOT TO SAY, AND SAY IT HOT.” -D. H. LAWRENCE
VOICE
Voice is as importante as posture or body expression. It’s not just what you say, it’s how you say it. When we speak, other people “read” our voices in addition to listening to our words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud you speak, your tone and inflection, and sounds that convey understanding, such as “ahh” and “uh-huh.” Think about how someone's tone of voice, for example, can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence. You have to think about the following items: Projection Volume Enunciation As you know, projecting your voice is different from yelling and that is intimately conected with the volume of your voice - the tip is to reach the back of the room you are having your Public Speaking speech. About the ennuciation, you have to choose your words wisely. Mouth traps like ‘’Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? ‘’ are very easy to get wrong so please avoid them. You still have to put some words that cause impact, and can be complicated, but not as many as the ‘’regular’’ words. Still, these mouth traps are good to work your diction, so you can still try them on: I saw Susie sitting in a shoe shine shop. Where she sits she shines, and where she shines she sits. I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won't wish the wish you wish to wish. One-one was a race horse. Two-two was one too. One-one won one race. Two-two won one too. Imagine an imaginary menagerie manager? Imagining managing an imaginary menagerie. Bellow, you have some voice projection exercises. TIP: There are some words that we use as crutches on our speech, such as: 'ahhh', 'huuum', 'ok', 'so' and so many outhers in our native languages. ,ake sure you are aware of them, so you can avoid repeting them a lot.
VOICE EXERCISES
“LET THY SPEECH BE BETTER THAN SILENCE, OR BE SILENT.” DIONYSIUS OF HALICARNASSUS
Good posture In addition to the above, whether standing or sitting, it is essential that we adopt a good posture. A good posture helps with breathing and reduces any unnecessary neck, shoulder and back muscle tensions. Avoid slouching and leaning forwards or to one side. We often tend to slump when we are tired, so be vigilant. A trick to remind you to check your posture regularly is to select some action or event that occurs fairly regularly, e.g. switching on a kettle, flicking a light switch, checking the time on the office clock. Every time you perform this action, use it as a reminder to also check out your posture, e.g. ‘Am I relaxed?’, ‘Am I sitting in an easy, upright position with my spine vertical?’, ‘Am I clenching my teeth together?’ Sitting or standing in the correct posture should feel fairly effortless. It should be relatively easy to maintain. No straining :) Adopting a good posture will go some way to helping you avoid unnecessary strain when projecting your voice. It is important to remember that good vocal technique does not involve excessive effort, pushing or straining of any muscles. In reality, the voice will be strongest when you relax. The keyword in all voice improvement work is gentleness. If you are straining in order to project your voice then you may need to revise your technique. Some simple voice projection exercises General instructions To reiterate, there should be no straining when working with your voice, this is especially true of working on the loudness of the voice. The energy required to increase your loudness should be directed to controlling your diaphragm. You should, therefore, use a good diaphragmatic breathing technique throughout. Your throat should be open – if you feel it closing then introduce a yawn before taking a breath, this will open up the back of the throat. There should be no increased tension in your larynx. You are aiming to relax the muscles in the head and neck area, open the throat, use a proper diaphragmatic breath and use the upper chest as a resonator to amplify the sound. Varying the loudness using vowel sounds: Take a breath and say the vowel sound /ah/ as follows (in American English this is the vowel as it sounds in the word body; in British English it is the sound as it appears in the word bard): 1. /ah……/ (soft → loud) Start softly and then gradually, and as smoothly as possible, increase your loudness. Remember, you are not trying to shout or scream but to create a contrast between a soft conversational voice (e.g. talking to someone just one meter away) and a louder conversational voice (e.g. talking to someone about three meters away). If it helps, imagine that there is a wire extending from your mouth that is tied to some object in a room about three meters away. As you increase your loudness, imagine that you are sending the sound along the wire to meet the object. This may help to create a mental image of projecting the voice across a short distance. 2. /ah……/ (loud → soft) This is the reverse of Exercise 1. As you are staring loudly this time, be careful that you do not use a hard attack when initiating the vocalization. Remember to use easy onset at all times. If you do find that you are hitting the vowel too harshly, simply put a short /h/ sound (as in the word house) before the vowel. This should help to bring the vocal folds together gently before they start to vibrate. 3. /ah……/ (soft → loud → soft) Doing this exercise gently and smoothly almost sounds a little like a car approaching you and then passing by and away – the engine is quiet to begin with, it gets louder as it approaches and then quiet again as it moves off into the distance.
VOICE EXERCISES
“WHAT WE SAY IS IMPORTANT… FOR IN MOST CASES THE MOUTH SPEAKS WHAT THE HEART IS FULL OF.” JIM BEGGS
4. /ah……/ (soft → loud → soft → loud → soft ……) This exercise sounds a little like an ambulance siren – alternating between soft and loud, soft and loud. Repeat with different vowel sounds When you have completed all four exercises repeat them again, this time using the following vowels: /oo/ as in the word booed /oh/ as in bode /or/ as in bawd /ay/ as in bayed /ee/ as in bead Varying the loudness using numbers: 1. Count and gradually increase the loudness 2. Count and gradually decrease the loudness 3. Count and increase the loudness on every 2nd number 4. … on every 3rd number 5. … on every 4th number 6. … on every 5th number NB: When performing the above counting exercises, you will need to divide up each utterance into manageable lengths – of a size that you can speak comfortably on one breath, without straining. For example, Exercise 1 requires you to count to 10. If your breath control is such that you cannot currently perform this exercise comfortably on one breath, then you can divide it into two – taking a breath after ‘5’. It is usually easier to replenish your breath supply after speaking a loud sound. Projection using words and phrases: In these exercises the idea is to sustain and project the voice by intoning words and phrases. This means that you exaggerate the vocalization of the vowel sounds by lengthening each vowel and continuing the voicing through the whole word. Imagine you are filling the room with a rich, resonant sound but be careful that you are not increasing the muscle tension in the head and neck area or in your general posture. single words 1. moon moan mourn mane mean 2. mooning moaning morning mining meaning 3. memory minimum marmalade maneuver manager phrases When speaking phrases, imagine that you are speaking just one long word and keep the vocalization going from the start of the phrase until its end. There should be an almost continuous voicing with no breaks between the words. 1. many men munch many melons 2. Mandy made marinade in May 3. Major Mickey’s malt makes me merry 4. my mom’s marvelous modern manicure 5. Mervin Maclean’s mess marred my marmalade sequences Using the same intoning technique recite the following. Again, you will need to give some thought as to when you will take a breath, e.g. after every three words when reciting days of the week and months of the year; after every five numbers when counting. • numbers 1 to 20 • days of the week • months of the year • etc
FACIAL EXPRESSION
The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures. In facial expression we can look into three main key elements: Remember to SMILE! It is said that a smile is a gateway to communication and that is absolutely true! It makes so much easier to create empathy when you are smiling. Again, you need to think about the topic of your presentation and adequate it to the smile, since it would be weird to smile during a second world war presentation. Even so.. a smile makes everything better - so don’t forget it! Look into people’s eyes! As we already talked about, when you lock eyes to other people it makes them feel that they are being considered and heard and for that reason, in all Public Speaking Manuals, keeping eye contact is a MUST DO! If you find it hard to look into people’s eyes, look into their foreheads because it makes it much easier. Don’t forget also to gaze into everybody in the room - not only does it creates impact, as well as to make everybody feel connected to your presentation. Twitchs... There are a lot of us which possess some habits that we don’t even realise, like snapping the tongue or popping your lips together, amongst others - try to identify which ones you do and after you become aware of them is much easier to stop doing them.
TIP: record yourself and see how you behave in camera. You can also try it with a mirror. This helps not only with the facial expression but with the communicator aspect in general.
BODY LANGUAGE
DO'S DONT'S
Consider how your perceptions of people are affected by the way they sit, walk, stand, or hold their head. The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of information to the world. This type of nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements. Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. We wave, point, beckon, and use our hands when we’re arguing or speaking animatedly—expressing ourselves with gestures often without thinking. However, the meaning of gestures can be very different across cultures and regions, so it’s important to be careful to avoid misinterpretation. The main thing about body language is to do it moderately so, not too much and not to less. When we are nervous it is normal to move a lot and to become a bit cahotic in our movements or actually, the exact opposite. So, try to move as in a slow motion video. There are some tips that can be shared to help you move enough and with emphasis: - lock your elbows to your hips so they don’t move too much; - put your legs open (when you are standing) in the same direction as your hips so if you need to move you can do it easily; - don’t create blocking postures, like: crossing your arms, crossing your legs, closing your hands, amongst others; -prepare yourself in a intercultural way, considering your audience.
MOVEMENT Try to occupy the space in the stage, since it will look fake to just be standing in the middle throughout your entire presentation. Movement is as body language not too much and not too less.
THE MESSAGE
The message is one of the main parts of the communication process, but it is touched by numerous aspects, such as posture, for example. There are a lot of examples of public speakers that with a terrible message but a great pathos, could persuade entire crowds, and the opposite as well great messages, lacking persuasion, could influence no one. For this, it is important to think about this aspects: - always have a hook - turn your goal into something catchy! - be creative - be honest! - avoid unnecessary words - structure your presentation - provide facts and arguments, not opinions (you can do it, but not in excess and always being clear that it is YOUR opinion)
“THERE ARE ALWAYS THREE SPEECHES, FOR EVERY ONE YOU ACTUALLY GAVE. THE ONE YOU PRACTICED, THE ONE YOU GAVE, AND THE ONE YOU WISH YOU GAVE.” DALE CARNEGIE
STRUCTURE OF THE MESSAGE
Although the structure can be vary in a lot of ways, there are some elements that are crucial to be in any presentation. Amongst them, are: Introduction (to the theme, yourself) Goals (general and/or SMART*) Body of the Presentation Conclusion Sources THANK YOU! The order of these items are up to you but still try not to put the introduction after the conclusion :) You can also had: Activity (if you wish I can send some) Questions to the audience others SMART GOALS are Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Time specific Example: I want to be rich (general goal, not specific enough) I want to be rich by having a house, two cars, two shops in two years - this gives an idea of what the general goal is. The goals also need to be applied according to your presentation depending on the theme and the relevance, you use either the SMART goals or the general (STATEMENTS) ones. TIP: to improve your message, search for 'CREATIVE WRITING' exercises because it will allow you to improve your speechs you can also ask the trainer for some :) Â
THE AUDIENCE
The audience is the one element in this group which you can not actually do too much about. By having a good message and a good posture and trying to empathise with them, is the most assurable strategy of success. As long as you are honest - people are going to react much better to you and if you apply the tips above explained that will be for sure accomplished! Practice and by being prepared, you can surely conquer any place you want! You are ready, you are fabulous and you are a beautiful human being - so there is nothing to be insecure about! Get to stage, it your space and your time to talk!
“THERE ARE THREE THINGS TO AIM AT IN PUBLIC SPEAKING: FIRST, TO GET INTO YOUR SUBJECT, THEN TO GET YOUR SUBJECT INTO YOURSELF, AND LASTLY, TO GET YOUR SUBJECT INTO THE HEART OF YOUR AUDIENCE.” – ALEXANDER GREGG
T H E W O R K S H O P THANK YOU
IT WAS A PRIVILEGE TO BE ABLE TO WORK WITH YOU IN THESE SO SHORT, 4 DAYS. YOU ARE ALWAYS WELCOME TO CONTACT ME WITH ANY QUESTIONS OR DOUBTS, OR ANYTHING MAINLY. I HOPE YOU ENJOYED AS MUCH AS I DID AND I ALSO HOPE IT WAS BENEFICIAL IN SOME WAY CONSIDERING THE LIMITED TIME WE HAD. THANK YOU AGAIN! RITA BRITO The gals of the workshop were very general: - to empower women on the public speaking art. The methodology behind it was based on sharing useful and relatable tips, that everyone can apply, no matter the professional context. Here you have some contacts, in case you wish to share some news, or again to put some questions or doubts. CONTACTS: RITABRITO.ARTEMISSZIO@GMAIL.COM RITACAMEIRABRITO@GMAIL.COM +351 916 199 747
B I B L I O
USEFUL READING
1. Speak Like Yourself… No, Really! Follow Your Strengths and Skills to Great Public Speaking, by Jezra Kaye 2. Executive Presence: The Missing Link Between Merit and Success, by Sylvia Ann Hewlett 3. Interview Like Yourself… No, Really! Follow Your Strengths and Skills and GET THE JOB!, by Jezra Kaye 4. Make Your Point: Speak Clearly and Concisely Any Place, Any Time!, by Bob Elliott and Kevin Carroll 5. How to Get Your Point Across in 30 Seconds or Less, by Milo O. Frank 6. The art of Public Speaking by Stephen Lucas 7. Talk Like TED: The 9 Public-Speaking Secrets of the World's Top Minds by Carmine Gallo 8. A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking by Hannah Rubenstein There are many others and also in your own native languages.