As greek grammar notes by magister_tps

AS Greek Grammar Notes

I":

Updated Sep 2012

1 .

PERFECT tENSE The Perfect tense (I have released) is used for a past action, the effect of which is still continuing e.g. u&vr)Ke. He has died (= he ~s dead}

oO'tpa:nfY~ u).utce 't'O'U~ &>u~ The general has released the staves (and they are still free} .

'eA.uoe' would mean that on a certain date the slaves were released, stated .as a historical fact. . The initial consonant is repeated (reduplfqat~dJ with~~ an.d the person endings are normally preceded by K. Verbs beginning wlth a vuwel.can't be reduplicated, so are augmented Instead. e.g.Ketc£M'UIC<l (tceA.euro), VSVO~«(WfJ.Ltm}, ~Ka ('tl.f.W<O), UYY£hKg (ayyeU.OO)· The Pluperfect tense (I had released) - see Grammat Booklet - is not commonly used.

Perfect

Middle and e~e

MAUK<l AeA'UKa; heA'UK£ (v)

A.e).uprn A.e).~

maaco ~ W"C«X«

A.e).ucat.

A.ei.:uKap.ev

AE~:u~

3tp«aaco ..;. ~aya .,j,.aaoro ~ m+uA.axa

MA'UK<l't£ heA'UK<lOL

MA1.1Vt(X.L

AEA.uoea

Same wmmon perfects

(a3t0}9vrJOKCO- 't£6vfiKa ooot;oo - oeoroKa I

ypa.+m -yeypaq,a A.etnoo -A.eA.oL3t<l flar.vco -flefl't')Ka , ayco- fiX« )

3t£f..Ut(t)--3t63tOJ.tfa

cpwyoo -mcpwya

···················································~·························--····,.······························································!_,······ .,

•

2. 1tou eattv o 'OOuootu~; 1tecpevyev. o floA:u+rlf.t~ '::levous KaKa 3t01£t..

..........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................

·························································~···························"'····1'•••·······················································

o'O&uooeus f'Ef.L0.8t]Kev :ot'tt.ves KaKa 1t£3t0Lf1Kaot 'tt)V yvvat.Ka•

......................................................................,................................................................................. 2

·.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'!'" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.........................................................................................................................................................

.................................... ................................................................................... ... ,.............................. "'

teatccx nouco nva - I do someone ill, mistreat teatecx M!yco nvcx - I insult; abuse someone u8vT)te<ms - Petfect participle - the dead

All participles E!ctsent 6QI

AVOCOV-aovaa-aov

AVCOV-OUO'a-os

M1Q

AVOfA.evos-'1-o,v

AVOOjA.EV()b-T)-OV

A'UOj.tEVO!;-fj-OV

A'UBT)Ooj.l.evos-TJ-OV

Perfect Agiye participle AEAVKVLa MA:UK~ MA:UKOOs; A£A:ux:<na Ae.Avrcvt.av MAUKOS AEAVKV~ AeAVKVLa

MA'UKO't'OS

.M!A.'UK<nt

Avacxs-oaaa-oav

A£AVKCO£-te'Uta-teos;

AVOUjA.EVOS-t)-O'V

A£A'Uj.l.EVO£-'t')-OV

A'U8ets;-6t: taa-8ev

A£A'Uj.l.£VO!;-t)-OV

A.e.Avrcvtat As.AvKVta, MA'UKOtr.OV MAVKVUDV MAUKOO't (v) .A.e.Avrcvtat' A£A.uK01:es

MAUKO't'<>s; A.sluK<nt.

A.slvK~S

A£A'UK<na MA'UKO't'a MAUKO"tCDV MA'UKOot (v)

All infioitivu ACI

MIQ

Pra&ent

.Ei.ll.urA

Amilt

AVet.'V

AVO'!: LV

Avaat

A£AVKtvat

AvaapScn

A£A'Uo6at.

AU8fJV<Xt.

AeAvo6ut.

i..vea&~a.

·fASS AVto6ai.,

' AVO£o6uL Av6fjoeo6ut.

Pmfect Forms with a Present meaning

d..oo. 1eoa.x:a

6e&>tKa

b:vwya

ekea

~A.roA.a ne+ux:a

know (really the perf. of old vb. ei.M> (vkleo), I see) I am like .(impersonally - fos lotKe, as is fitting, likely) I fear I order I am accustomed I am ruined, undone (from ~Uvf.tat, I am being destroyed) I am by nature (from qruoo, I am bom) 3

USES OF THE ARTICLE

.........................................................................

"' OLV'UV

Article +adverb

··-········································~~'······················ ·····················~··········••!"••••····························

Article + phrase

OL S'V

...

t'!l

').

3t0A.St

' , ot. f.tt't' amou

··············~··"'·················································

...................................................................... ··-···············. ···•!"••••·····························~········ ........................................................................

' OtVUV Co

Ot'V'U'V c

OLVU'V

.....................................................................

Article + adjective

....................................................................

oL oo<PoL c

.......................................................................

OL KOKOL (

OL "tfJtaKOvta

ot eA.Sovte~

.................................................................... ...............,..................,.....................................

" napouaat at

......................................................................*

Article + participle

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¥ ... ~························

OL f.tO.XOJ.tSVOL c

"ta. napovta "t(l )'SVOJ.tEV(l

····~······························································ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . If . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ro + infinitive makes a neuter noun >

'tO E'U AtyEtV XaAE3tOV SO"tLV C1'U'ttl/·

................................................................................................................".................................. 'tO

e~OEVat {f ~O'UAT]t 1tOLELV

························-······,.,··················!-•·•······················································································

..................................................................................................................................................... '\

'tW 3tOLELY J.tC1V9C1VOf1SV.

'tW VLKaV SAsU6spoL )'EVT)OOf.U:Sa.

····························--···············......................................................................................................... ,

··········~·········

, .................

························-~t~···········

············~'~················

.......... •*•••• ••••••••••••• •••••••

'tW 1tetSeoSat 'tOL~ oo(j>ot~ amot oo<Pot ytyvof.teea. L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~NFINITIVES

Verbs followed by the infinitive KSM'UOO

I order

JJ.SUoo

I intend

n:stBro

I persuade

)

avayKaf;ro

I force

s9sA<o

f wish, want

apxoJJ.at t:

Oto~

I begin

't£ ELJJ.t

I am able

riKxtVOJJ.O:t

I seem

KOOA'UOO

I prevent

3tO:UOfJ.O:t

I cease

UL'tOO

I ask, beg

OLO~ 't'e LIJ L

I am able

6'U!JO:fJ.CU

I am able

XP't'J !J.E

I ought

6et. fJ.E

I ought

6oKEL JlOI..

it seems good to me/1 decide

ESEO'tt fJ.OL .

it is possible for me

3tp£3tSt fJ.Ot.

it is fitting, proper

it is fitting, proper ,aya9ov, KO:KO'V, )(UAe3tO'V, , pa6tov, ULO')(pO'V SO'tt npoOl)KEt fJ.Ot

(..

Indirect Questions • Indirect questions can be introduced not just by verbs of asking, but knowing~ finding out (e.g. 'I know why... I found out who...) • The question word in indirect questions .IIlin! be written with<> in front {e.g.

mJ£••

Otro£)

• The tense in the question clause is the same as the tense the questioner used:

~roaav (0a~ eCTCW ·o&x:raev~ They realised who Odysseus was (Who i~ 0?) ~ooot

)

.·.

evot.Kot otKovot ev6aae; yycqqoyat. noaot- oc.rcovat.v Ev8a~e. < ..

yvwqouat OIWClOt otJCovatv evOa~E

....................................................··· ................................................... ".................................................. ................ _..

~o'te A.nwovtut. 't'YJV noA.LV; inv8e-r:o ;rme AtJ1/JOVT:(U T:tJV ;roA.tN.

l1tV8e-r:o

l»r<ns A.nfJ!ovr:aL T:rJV noA.tv.

...... . ........... ' ............. .-.................................................. .. ··:·· ..................... •.• .............. ......................... .,. . "

~ro~ 1tap~::OKeuacrav

't'Y)V

~·

' vavv; tap.ev nco~ :rapem<evaaav T:t}V vavv. :>

«'

tap.sv ~ ttapsm<evaaav T:rJV vavv•

• • • •• • .. .... •• .... ••• • •• • •'• ................. •<P• ' .. - .............. -...... "'" ......................... ,. .......... ,. .,. .................. ·-· .......... - ........ -. ........................ .

• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-• • • • • , . . . . . . . . . . . <i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '• ... .

~OOOV XPOVOV

OLKT}O'tt; EKEt;

OR • tl' t•·• •••• _. .......-., •• ..-.-•• 4·••• • • • • .... "e.-.... e "'" • i<il•

...

SfJtE P,Ot o.trOO'OV XPOVOV OtKflGEt~ EKE£• ""~" • • I ••••••-•.• ._.,. •• • • • •i '!-•.··~ It

• • ._. • • • • • • • • 1111 • • 1111-1111·· • • • I I •• til

I·~ • • • • I ' I . . . . . . . . j

• •• • 1 •

1:!,; ~o1')6f)O£t. -.1p.tv; yvwaop.ev n~ {3Q'f/8f1att ~JliN. OR yvaxrop.ev Om-" {3of18r]au ~p.tv. • • • 1• jo ll 1 • • • .- • • • 1• • • • ,. • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . lilllil • • • j,,; t

6 . . . . • • • .... -.

)

eme P,OL .1t'OGOV XPOVOV 0£K1]G8t~ EKE£.

)

.-it-t

ll • • ll- ••• 1"1 Ill i l l f . . . . . I I.~~

.. ·

li- lit; I II I

lill

I I . i1o J .,. ·-···ltltl<lfl •1111. il Iii illill It .. Ill ll I ••• oi •Ill •• 10•. 1111 • . 1 I"'"" I! It It

'tLV£g Et.Ot EKEtV<lt ct.t yuvatKES; rJpet:O

OR lill'

lill' 1i11 •

"1111 •• li'•c.t•-ll-"'"11111 llill······ ••• • •

't'LVB~

·'

.i e 'f •.•• a" lit I

&LGI-V at yvvaLKE;.

~pno ai-nve, si(J'l.V ai yvvatKe~.

"*II' <I I 1-i. • • • !',•. I" il'lllt'-'t'•••'llli• •• I .. ill, . . . . "~ •• .-~.-•••• lolo •

I •'• il • • • • • 110 ••,•••. ll II il11 .- •• .- •• I 1.-01 . . . . . . . " 'lilllill • . I •II .;._I

lilllill

fl lill-t I

Direct questions 'JtOL;

to where. whitlu~r!

2t01.0£ -a -ov; m9sv; ooaoc; -TJ -ov;

ofwhat kind?

....

wherefrom. whence? howlmge? howmany? when?

2'a.?0"01. -at -a; 'JtO'tE;

.....

where?

1IDU;

how?

who. what? when? asks a questWn whether. if surely? surely not? why?

Review of common verbs used to introduce indirect ~peech Present

N::yro

Fut11re ~

Aorist ' > aoov (£A.Esa)

rutOKptVOUJ.lttl

ltm!Kptvcq.1t1V

I say I announce I answer

TCE'UCJOflCll

bru9oJ.l'l1V

lleam.jind out

J,.W.v8avro vopttro

J..W.artao).La.t

~m~

~mro

4ta.aov SVOJ.ttaa. '

UTCLO'KVEOJ.10.l ') a.

UTCOCJX'l'}<YOJ..W.l.

~aKOJ.lT}V

oparo

ata9a.voJ.1a.t a.KOUOJ '

' O'f/OJ.1Clt :1 OCta9TyOOJ.10Ct ') a.KOUOO!J.Cll

Ucr9of.l1'}V iJKouaa.

YL'YV(1)(fKOJ

yvcocrop.a.t

l!yvcov

I learn, find out I think I hope I promise I know I see I notice/realise/perceive I hear I recognise

~ )

Wt01CptvOJ,1ttt 7t'Uv9ClVOJ..W.l .

ow <.. '

£PID

~EMo ')

vw.u.ro

)

T)Amcra.

Eiaov )

NB P

llPEtO 1tOU ecrnv o ttat<;. '>

llPS'to ocrnc; scrnv o n:a.tc; .

)

llPEtO 01l:OU EcrtW 0 n:atc;.

)

t:cp AA&~avop~ EPOf.lSV<e <ltttvsc; stcrtv at "(UV<llli:&<;, S~ll"f'YS\A& nc; 'ro f3acrtl...su3... '

e..

';>

<..

llJY&ABfJ tot<; ~tp<lt:llYOt<; o~n:u;; sf3ofJO'I'}cre T~ n:oJ..tt'[1 spof.iEVOt<; on st.; 1:rov

atutaA.rotcov ef3o11B11<n:v a6totc;.

Compare: uxori roganti cur laetus esset, Salvius rem explicavit.

â&#x20AC;˘

' c. O'tL/ro'

(with i..fyoo)

• after a past main verb use the Indicative or the Optative (indic, always OK)

1. "'"' ..........................., .......... ,.,., .......... ' ............. *"' ......... "' ................. .,

01.

"""'"'"'~

.... " ...........

)

···~"'····

.. ,. ......... * ........ ""'"'"'""'"'"•••

J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

)

3tOAn;m emov on o 'EK'trop av6pet.01:epo; ecrn (n'tl) ,;ou Ilaptoo;.

...... .., ............. ....................................... ,......................... ... . .........................., ................ ................. "

""'""

• J • • • • • ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

•·1011'••• *• .......... * ............. ~.

"' "''"

fl; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "'"' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · · · - · · ·

·····Jo········· ............... .

.·······"·····················........

···················"~······.

··-J·················· ......................................... '' ....... ,.

Ac.Qusative and Infinitive (whh 4>'fl1.u, vo~Ll;al) ) Ecp'fl, " :> • O'UK nO t;t<l>'fl ••••.O'U

• use a future infin after eA3ttJ;co, u3tt<JXVtOJ.W.L, o~vuf.tt, <i3t£LAEro • no accusative used if subject of main vb. is same as subject of the infin .

... " •• ••* .................... -··"'· ....

jiO • • • • • • · - · . . . . . " " ' " · · · · . . . . . . .

to•• ........ ;, ~ •••••••• , •••.••• " "'"' ........................................................................ ' .... .

. •. "" ....... ······••-*•

..........

;;.;;..

··~~····

.................... "............................ "'" .......,..........................

..... ,....... .,,. ..... ,. ...........

• . . . . • . . . • ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :0" • • •

'·······~···"""'

.. .. '

. . . . . . . . "'" • • · - · · - · · · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

" ,.

110 .. " " " ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "'"' . . . . . , .. ,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ~

...... .,.................. ""'"'"' .................................................... ......... .

••• , •••

*""'"'"" *'": .... "" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '

•••

t, ... •••••••••• ......

10 . . . . . . . . .

Accusatiye and Participle after verb$ of lsOQwiog. QNCeiving

"'""

....................................... "' ................... .................... ········ ................................ ........ ....................... "

. 2. 9

Practice of Indirect Statement 1.

The guide said he would lead the Greeks to the sea on the next day

,. .. "' ,.

•

,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. -'• ,. ;o

o•

~ 4 " •

·············~······

•

.o ,. w. • • • • • • • • • e •

··········

"11',.,. ,. o",.,. ,.

• "' ,. " •

•

~ •

•

~ •

•

• ,. a

•

• " • "t ,. • t

" ,. ,. • " •

10 •

., ,. ,.. ,. ., ,. ., "

,. " ..... " ..... "' ............. "' .... " • ., ..... ._ ......

•

••••• * ....... " .. ",. ,.......

•,• . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.. ...... " . . . . . ,.. ~ .. ~ . . . . . . "

•

" " ' " ' , . " .... "

If "

•

,., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·- 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

. . . . . . . "., .......... "

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . If • •

l " " 1 " " . " .. " 'fr" • " • • • • • • II

1'1. •

J l

• " I * " " . • • It II • t • " ' !0 -\0

""''II 11 I

• II 1t '*I.,. • .. ., if 4 "'-.111 1J • .. " • " • •

•

a •""' .. "' ~ ... • •" • " • • •

1<"" l!t.,"" • " "

..... "

·-~

.... ,. •

......................... ~ .. - ~ ~ •• _..................... ,. ...................................... "-*

l' . . . . . . . . . . "

..... "

... "

.. "

.. ,. . . . '

it . . . . . . . . . . . . . " •

··~

"'""'" ............. ·"····· •*•. """ .......... ...

., . . . . . . . " .. "' " ' . . . . . . . . ,. ...... _.. .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .. "' "

.... " • " . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ,.

They thought the enemy would destroy the city and kill all the inhabitants .

.... .......

•

•• •

,. ., ,. ,.

He promised not to hurt the chilldren

......... •••>Jt.

.. "

• " •

We know our brother is in danger

•

10 to •

... ··············--·,.······~················~····················~··················

" ............ " ...... ",.. \ ..................... "

•

+ • ,._ • • • • "' • • • • •

The king knew he was in danger

' " " ......... " ....... - .._ • " .....

"" 0

* • "'• • "' • • • • • • •

.............. ................. ....................................... ",.. " ... ,.. :·· ...... ··~

'"'

• . . . . . . . • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10- , , . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. •

~,."

"'"'""""' ,.

....... .............. -. ...... .., ... ,.. ............ . _..

" ... " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Verbs of Knowing and Perceiving

1. 1know that these children are wise.

2. The teacher noticed that the young men had left

He knew he had done wrong

The women didn't know they were in danger.

5. We know that you fought bravely in Troy.

6. They discovered that he was Odysseus.

When they boarded the ship they didn't notice the old man had died. ' ., \

We did not know we had entered the cave of a terrible giant. ('ro avtpov}

Purpose Clauses

' + future participle 00' 1. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~'f, ...... ,. ""' . . . . . . . . . . ~· . . . . . . . ..,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ··~ ••o~~••••

-<I! ................... ···~ ..................... ~ .. ..

2. ••••P•••••II t•••••• ••••••••• ~"" ••••••••••• """"""" "" "' ._. ........................ ""*""" """'"'"'*til*•••••••• """" ••••••• •••••••••••• """ •••~>•* "* "" ... .

............. "...... ... .................. ................... ""

"'"

·~·····

............................. ............................................... . ~

.. " crrocrrov -rous cpt..Aovs;• Ka.utsp Ka.Kros; (3A.a.cp9st.s;, sn:st.pa.cra.-ro &pa.J.Wt.V ros ............................................. 01, ................................................................. , ................................... .,.,.

cLVglc /c · . OrtOO' 00' + subiunctive (optative may used after past main verb) Negative - J.t'YJ 1. •

•c~~••••

,. ...... . _ ..... •* ··"'" .. ""' ................. ' ............. '"" ""' .............................

·~·","

., ...................... "*"'··-"' .......................................... .

2. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ....... ,. ...... J• ........... ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ··~·········

3. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •~~"··· . . . . . . . . . ' • • • • "' ~······· • • • - · • • • • • • • • • • • • • ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

••• ..... .. .- ....... ,. ................................................. "'"' •••• , .......................

·••••~>•

•••••••••••••• ., ........ , .................... ..

.................. ........... ........................... .............,................................................... ............................ ,..

6. . .................

···~··············

.................. ,.........................................................................

~·················--···

N_otes for Purpose Clauses SubJunctive Present A.'UCO A.'U'!}S A.vn • AUCOf.'EV AU'fjt& A.vroat (v)

AQr. Pa~~· A.u6ro A.u61]s • A.uSn• A.u6o.>JASV A.u&rrrs A.u6roat(v)

Aorist_

1-.:uaro A.uons I AUCJ!l , A'UOOOJASV AUOt)'t£ J..u(J(.t)cn. (v)

'to , lu~· (0

•

n I

OOf.'EV )

rrtS

<hcrt(v)

LOO ~

Lfl~

'I L1J

LOOJASV • Lfl'tS troat (v)

Notice: NO augment in Past tense of the Subjunctive

Qptatlve er~~~ot

A1JOLf.U. A'UOLS AUOL AUOLJA2V A'UOL'tS A'UOLSV

AQrist A.vaatf.tt A.ucrats A.ucrat A.vcratfA&V A.vaat'te J..vcratsv/ -crstaV

&J.r. Pa~~i~ 'to , b~' A.u6et..fJV SLflV • Et'fl; A.u6n11~ t ELT) l.:u6&t'fl • A'U8Stf.UV Stf.UV • SL'tS A'U8SL'tS • J..v(:)swv SLSV

'to gg'

LOL

• tOL'tS • t0t£V

Notice: NO augment in Past tenses of the Optative If you use the

oo; +future participfe'method (which impresses examiners and can

eam you a style point), you need to know that some very common verbs have a_ middle form in the future. }

A.aJ.t~avro

' oparo cpeuyro J.tav6avro

£creu:o f3awro .

aKOUro ytyVOJO'KOJ nA.ero xaoxro "tpexro "WtoBvT}crKro

A:qtpoJ.tat ' O'li'OJ.t<XL cpeutoJ.t<Xt J.t09T)O'OJ.t<XL l £60J.tClL f3flO'OflOL aKOUO'OJ.taL yvrocroJ.tat. nA.euooJ,tat XELO'OJ.tat ~p<XJ.tOUJ.t<XL

. Cmo8aVOUJ.t<XL

eA.a~ov

,EtOOV

e~ov )

EJ.ta9ov £.payov £{3t}V l T)KOUO'Q eyvrov ~xA.euoa £na8ov e6pCXJ.tOV wte6avov )

)

Practice of Purpose Clauses 1.

They decided to go forward in silence, to save (our) allies.

•YI#e•••·············································4•f••·······················································

•;~-······················

............................................................................................... .

We listened to Socrates in order to be wiser.

·························································································~·······················

••••••••••• ........................ t ................................................................ ······-·-··· ........... .

3. t •

The young men must eat a lot of food to become stronger. * • *a

ll> I * " •

•

'."

e t

'lO •

o • • a • • "•

......... * ............ Ill."' ............ "'.

II:* • "•

It« •

•

• •

•

II •

•

11 I' 11

"tt • • "'• •. "•

It . . . ,. • • • • • • • • II' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

11 •

•

tt • " lio •

•

............ "

•

I" •

•

io •

•

. . . . . . . 0' • • "

It 110 •

•

110 •

11 It •

•

•. •

11"., l

11 1

I".," 11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "' . . . . . .

We'll send ten ships to help our friends.

- " t 1l " 11 • " 11 11 ., • • • 11 1r t • • o • 11 • 1 1t •

11 11 11 11 11 1t •

lr ill ill 11 11 •

"' 11 l

•

t " " • • "' " .

II 11 "

•

11 11"

a • a

11 It '

.~. " •

• 11

t! 11 •

1J •

•

ill 11 -. •

11 •

1J Or 11 11

* • 11. 11 11

11 •

11 11 • 11 0. 1' 111 •

11 •

" .t "

..................... .......................... , ........................................................................ . ,_

The soldiers were drawn up to be sent into war.

·~································~·-···························~················································

·······························"'·~,···················-············"·············································

"' OOO't'E + Indicative (for an actual result) • The negative is o.O .

. ........ ....

.... ... .. ..

~···

....................................... " .......... "" ................................................................................................................... ,. ......... '" . . .

. . . . . . . . . • • • • • • ... • • .. • • " , , . . . . . . "., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t • • • " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " • • • • • •

"""*·······································"""""'""""·······,······"·············. ,.............................."............................ 4

...... ............ ·~~~··

··-·~

........... "............... ".,......... "" ........................ "...... ,. ...... .......................... ,.................................. . ,.

I;.

OOO"t£ + Infinitive (for a possible I likelv result) • The subject of the Infinitive goes into the Accusative case • The negative is 1'11 4.

ou,;:ro ,;:axfro~ f.fJpaJ.Lov O>ats fA.TJ&va a&tous A.at3sw.

"'"' .......•... ,.•. -·

...

···~·~ ····~

......... "' ·•·•·•· -·········· ............. ·······' ..•...•.....•. '"'""···· .•.•.•.•....•.•....•. ····.10··· ,...... .

.... .... ... ...... '""'" ...................... '"" ........ .......................................................... "'" ....... ,. .......,....................... ' ....... ····~

6. •...................................,. ...................... "'"'' ••••••••••••••••••••• •••*"'""'*""'"'''""' •••• ••••••'~••• ........................... ~··

.................................................................................................······· ················· .................

......................................................

~····················~···

. ·························································,.,·

The difference between these two types of result (actual or likely) is hard to distinguish sometimes. Just 4

recognise (J)O'tS and translate both types

'that' I 'with the result that....'.

When wrting in Greek, the indicative as always OK Signposts: ~w(~).

'tOOO'IJ'tOS -'1')

-ov,

'tOt01J't~

-1')

-ov,

'tOOO'IJTOL -Q.l

-a 15

Practice of Result Clauses 1.

The slave was so weak that he was unable to leave the house.

·····~·······························································~··············~·····························

• • • • " • • • • • • ,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IJii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The women provided such beautiful gifts that the guest wasamazed.

.......,.•••.•.•......••.•.............••.•.•••.•.••..•..•.••.•••....•.•••••...••..•..••..•......•..•••.•........ •.... ~ .••...••...•...•...•...... ~ ..........••.....•. ~·····························*~······························

The soldiers fought so bravely that all the citizens were saved.

································································-····································~········~··

··•••·•··•··•·········••··············•·····••······•········•····•·•·····•·······•···········•·····•········•···

The storm was so great the ships could not leave the harbour.

·····················~···························································································

··········································~·················~·······~·············································

The woman was of such a kind that all feared her. (i.e. the sort of woman that everyone feared)

·················································································~································

····················································~···············~·····~·······································

' '

16'

1st Pftrson Imperatives

{in Latin, known as 'Jussive Subjunctive') Let us not run

away

Let us go

Deliberative Questions (expressing perplexity, not really expecting an answer) What are we to do? Am t not to answer? Where are we to go?

Future Open Conditions

•

iav +Subjunctive (as there is indefiniteness about outcome)

Aof\9--

sav -&otrro E1Jt11S, ot 9sotlfiii!M.fJOOOO't oot. . I If you say this (really 'if you will say this'), the gods will help you.

)

sav f.LfJ ypmprotJ.Ev mLO'&oA..rrv, fJ E!J.ll f.L'YJ"tllP opyWS"tat•. If we do not write a letter (really 'if we will not write'), my mother will be angry.

1. •••• '""'" ••••••••• •••• ••• • ••••-" ••••w•• •••• ~• ••• ••••••••• ••••••"""'""''"'""""' ""'"""""*"'" '*"" • ••• •• "" •• • "" •• ••••••••••••••••• •••••• """'""'"""'"""

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "~ . . . . . . . "".,. • • • • ' " . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . " " " " ' " ' . . . . . . .

••I' ....

!tjt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

3. .. ... t . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ··~··· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

* ··~*'·······

..................,.............................................,., . . . . "'

!> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,..~ ..

4. •.............., ....................... *"""" .................... ,......

'! .....

~ . . . . ' ~"············· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

...... .............................................................................. ;-~

·······~·

· · · · · · · · · · " · · · · ............. .

................................................................"...............

......... ............ .............. .................. ,. .............. "'

,,.

~·

····~···

........... ··- ..................................

·······~

......................... . ,..

.. .... ..... .. .. .. .. ,............................. ........... "............... ........................... .. ····-· .................................. "'

.... ,., ..................,.............................. .................... .................................................. ,.....,............. """""'

""'".

Practice of Uses of the Subjunct-ive

let us make a pJan so that we. can drive· the enemy out of Greece.

...... ...........'\' •••••••• *** ...............................................................................................,., • ••·•·• •••••••••••• .: ....... .

If they tell the truth, everyone will respect them .

........... ... ••• "** * ............ .., ...... • lo

••*·····

I! • •

* •• ·~-- ••••••• • 01 * *"'***•ir••••••• I'* 41••••••••• •••*•* ***

*". ·~· * •••.•• *** * ••• • **It'* ****• •• •••••

What are we to do? If we stay'* here, no one will help us .

................................................... * .............................................................................................

Where are we to escape to, to be saved?

........................................................................................................................................................... 5.

If he finds us, he will do us harm .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., • • • • • • . • • 6'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

rf you say this you will be punished .

............................................................................................................................................................ * NB

:1 .

OJtOK'tELVOJ,

Wt£K"t£LV<l

ayyeJ...A.ro,

'r)yyetA.a

JLEVOJ,

l::IJ.ELV<l

Practice of GenHive Absolute

1. fit.t£pas "f£VOIA£Vl1S, olmxt6es Ka,;ef311crav n:po; tt)V 8aA.aocrav. ..............................•..............•.........•...........................•...•••••.................. J

2. ,;mv veavtmv an:oSvnOK:onmv , at flfJ't£PES el>aKpuaav.

·············~································································~·······~············~·········· (I 'l C! )

3. tov EK'topo; a3to8avonos, ot 3tOAL'taL ecpo(3ovvto.

·············································~·································································

•·•·······•··•••••••··•·••···•·•••••••••••••••·•··••··•••••·•·····•·········••·••••···••·····•··•·······•·····

···················································································~··························

...............................................................................................................

·····~···········································~····························································

8. Ot 3tOA£J.tLOL £(30TJO'<lV 't'rJb 3t0Atm; VLKTJ8ELO"YJS· ·····························································••+••············································

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••P••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

·····~······~··································································································

11. 'tmv Tpmrov vtlC116t'V'tmv, OL 'EAA...,ve; &3t..,t..eov n:pos tt)V sctmmv xoopav.

······~···········~······························································································ l ' 'I .> ::1

12. 'tEAOb 6s

EL~

I8aK:fJV, :n;avtrov 'trov ~tAOJV a3to8avovtmv, acj>tKE'to•.

•••....•......••...•.•••••••.••..•••.•••........•........•...••.........•....•.•••••••.•.....•......•..•.•..•• 19

01:

········~·············~·········~·····························~·············································

·ADoltfj3013 f' 'o.oAarioADeo1n Aaqo.o so:x'O"(ncp o.o:.a. 'A1'1(01C Atu s1a saALtTI-a 10 ·o£ ' c . . .: .'-\~ ······································~··-······-·····························~································

.........•............... .............................................................••.•..........•......... ~

'. AOB~U1£D 53:.a.AOX3 ' Ddroq Dl- '1X>l.o.DA 10 '5o:.tAOqnaeD:x norl3 porl1o, 'aoltoga Saaooago o ·6z; (

":>

t:.

·····-··················~······················································································

, ~50.1AOlCD 0.0.1ftD ' t1

a a

to I

a a

I I+

noqo~a

Itt

a a

I • If •

'Deano~n3<j>)l3 c

a a • a a a • a a a • • •"' • a •"' •"' • • •

t."'

t1 •

• t1 •

•

Srolt, 'ADOD<j>3 /10TI10, 10'1(1<j> 10 ~

t 't ~.It.,. t

*II\

t t

t •

t •"'. t. t t ~ •

t •. • t ••

t"'

f t •

t"'"'. •.

..,.

·gz

t " fl' ~-·

t • •

Slu. OlCD A091"( A.0.1 a~13<j>D SDA1A o 'SltAarloAaA 5Ddarilt 3Q 5lu. ·LZ t&'

)

.•........•••........•...•.••............•..•...•... ....... ••••.•.•..•......•..................•...••••....•. ~

···································································································~···········

, ~roXac MDA AD1ri3QO.O, 'ucpa, '~DAD ro, 50A3riOA1d)l01CD (. c .. c. f: <. Srogo.act\ Snaooo.qo o, '5o:.tADoluroda( Dl.o.Dl.. So:.a.AnJ.1A. ag no.1 ·9z ~·

······················~······················~··········~···················~·································

•o.o1g O.Ol..1d3lC A31CJ.3 A3Q'}O 'AO>UDOlu.\D AOO"('(O!It d31C1D)l '50A3~

'SZ

·······~························~·~·······-···~·······················~···········~·················~····-······

·o:.a.An.ogocpa 1ndo:x 'lD 'SoMDfj)la ArodgAag Aro.1 )1.3 Sroaooo.go ao:.a. ••........••••••••..•...•...•.•...••.. I

}

·(.

·vz

~~················~··*•·····~············~····-················~·········

·o11agocP.a ,_no 'So.1AOA1Dfloodu Sroaoongo n.o:L 'DD)l10nDN Lt ·rz; ~

CONDITIONS

Open/Possible Conditions Present >

If you know this1 you are wiser than I am. ~

EL +.lndic ..... lndjc; (or Imperative)

EL ot.a9a, 路tou'to, aro<j>povem:epo~ Et !J.O'U.

If you know this, raise your hand .. )

)

Et OL09a, 'tOU'tO, avatpE 't'Y)V :XBtpa.

Past:

If he said this. he was mistaken. ,

)

+ lndic.. ... . lndic.

EL BlJtE 'tOU'tO, 11f..l.<lp't8.

Future:

If you steal (n.b. really =wilt steal), you will be punished

ea.v + Subj ...... Fut. lndic.

tav KAE3t't'fl~, OtK'YJV oroaet~. 1.:

Remote conditions Present: : If he were here now (but he's not), he'd be drinking and laughing. ::>

Et + Imp. lndic ..... lmp.lndic. + av

Past:

If he had helped ,.,

us (but he didn't), we would have won.

;)

st + Aor.lndic..... Aor.lndic. + av

81 E~O'YJ9'YJO'E f)J,ttV, EVLK1)0'QJ,tEV av

Future:

.拢~+Optative..... Optative+ b:v

If you were to listen (but you won't) you would learn.

, ., EL

aKO'UOL~,

e , J,tav avot; av

Negatives:

always J.t'YI in the 'if clause,

ov in the main

clause

Practice of Conditions 1.

............... ................................................................................................... ................................................. ,.

............................................................................................................................:··········································· 3

£L

)

ae et.Oov, ouK eypatpa av.

····················"'··············································-·········-·········"~································ ....

) EL

A.eyot.; I

)

·······,.···············"'·············

ElJtOL~, aKOUOLJ..tL av.

-···············-···......................,....................................... ................................................................................. ~

................,..... .......................................................................................................................................,........ ,.

......................... 7.

·······················"'······································~······················ ···········41·····~·'"'······················

........

et ot TJJ.LE'tepot cJ>tA.ot napT)crav, T)cretov 'te Kat entvov av J.tee TJf..LOOV .

····························-···································································--···················································-·········

Practice of Conditions {continued)

If you think this, you are making a mistake. (&J.t<Xp-ra.vro) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ • • • • • !1' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

'!' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

If you were to command me, I would not obey .

................................................... ......................... ....................................................... . 3.

lfthey had done this, they would.have been punished/paid the penalty

.................................................................................................................................... · 4.

If I had seen you, I would not have written. ",. _. * * tF. *'" •••• _.." • • 0 • • * . I • • "'"' 0 ....... 0 W .. ~ ,..,. •

• • • • •

0 • • • • I-~ f

* lO. 0 • • • • • • •

f *_.'~

•• I . It.*"." •. * •• • e • • '• •. * •• ,.,.. •. • "''".e.' '0 . . . -"' . . .

If I write to you, come once .

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If I had helped the women, these things would not have happened. ·····•·<~••·····

. ·······································. ······ . ·······························································································

If we do not arrive within ten days, the city will be taken.

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If the children had arrived safely, all would have been well.

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If you had plotted against us, you would have been punished

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10.

If you were saying this, you would be lying ('tPsvOo~Aoa.t.) '

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