Power and Communication on one Cable Transmit to your devices by Mahesh Chandra Manav

With development in various technologies the energy footprint of many electronic equipment has reduced drastically and with this the feasibility of powering equipment over ethernet has increased and opened new horizons

What is Power Over Ethernet? Power over Ethernet (POE) is a technology that lets network cables carry electrical power. Let me quickly explain this using an example of a CCTV camera.

As we can see that a normal IP camera would have a network cable and a separate power cable, however a POE IP camera uses the pairs in the network cable to draw the power instead of having a separate power cable

How does it work? Network cables, such as Cat 5e and Cat 6, comprise eight wires arranged as four twisted pairs. In 10 and 100 BASE-T Ethernet, two of these pairs are used for sending information, and these are known as the data pairs. The other two pairs are unused and are referred to as the spare pairs (Gigabit Ethernet uses all four pairs). Because electrical currents flow in a loop, two conductors are required to deliver power over a cable. POE treats each pair as a single conductor

and can use either the two data pairs or the two spare pairs to carry electrical current. Power over Ethernet is injected onto the cable at a voltage between 44- and 57-volts DC, and typically 48 volts is used. This relatively high voltage allows efficient power transfer along the cable, while still being low enough to be regarded as safe. This voltage is safe for users, but it can still damage equipment that has not been designed to receive POE. Therefore, before a POE switch or midspan (known as a PSE, for power sourcing equipment) can enable power to a connected IP camera or other equipment (known as a PD, for powered device), it must perform a signature detection process. Signature detection uses a lower voltage to detect a characteristic signature of IEEE-compatible PDs (a 25k Ohm resistance). Once this signature has been detected, the PSE knows that higher voltages can be safely applied. Classification follows the signature detection stage and is an optional process. If a PD displays a classification signature, it lets the PSE know how much power it requires to operate, as one of three power classes. This means that PSEs with a limited total power budget can allocate it effectively. Some of the POE power classes are as follows:

The differences between power delivered by the PSE and power received by the PD account for power that is lost as heat in the cable. If a PD does not display a signature, it is class 0 and must be allocated the maximum 12.95 watts. POE Plus equipment has a power class of 4. If a regular 802.3af POE source detects this class it will simply enable power as if it was a class 0 device. However, an 802.3at PSE will not only recognize the PD as a POE Plus device, it will also repeat the classification stage, as a signal to the PD that is connected to a power source with full POE Plus power available. (In theory the PD should also be able to request the extra power by communicating across the network link.) POE Plus PSEs can supply up to 30 watts and available device power is 25.5 watts.

The final stage after detection and classification of a newly connected device is to enable power: the 48V supply is connected to the cable by the PSE so the PD can operate. Once enabled, the PSE continues to monitor how much electrical current it is delivering to the PD and will cut the power to the cable if too much, or not enough, power is drawn. This protects the PSE against overload and ensures that POE is disconnected from the cable if the PD is unplugged. The powering capabilities over ethernet has increased over time since 2002 and so have the standards. This increased capacity has also increased the horizon of equipment that can be powered over ethernet and has be shown graphically below

Why Use POE? Time and cost savings.  

No need of having electrical power cabling. Network cables do not require a qualified electrician to fit them and can be located anywhere.

Flexibility 

Without being tethered to an electrical outlet, devices such as IP cameras and Wi-Fi points can be located wherever they are needed most and re-positioned easily if required.

Safety

 

POE delivery is intelligent, and designed to protect network equipment from overload, under powering, or incorrect installation. The voltages involved are low and so is the probability of a electrical shock.

Reliability  

POE power comes from a central and universally compatible source, rather than a collection of distributed wall adapters. It can be backed-up by an uninterruptible power supply or controlled to easily disable or reset devices.

Scalability 

Having power available on the network means that installation and distribution of network connections is simple and effective.

Myths and misconceptions POE is a recently developed technology, and many people are put off adopting it by the raft of conflicting or out-of-date information that is available on the subject. Here are the most common misconceptions:

POE has compatibility problems. Not so. It is true that the early days of POE, many home-brewed and proprietary schemes were employed to get power over network cables. However, the IEEE 802.3af standard has gained universal adoption as POE's popularity has spread, meaning that compatibility between all modern POE equipment is assured.

POE requires electrical knowledge. Again, early ad-hoc implementations may have required careful design, but IEEE 802.3af POE is designed to ensure reliable operation in any configuration that would be possible with regular Ethernet. All the user must do is wire up the network as normal, and the equipment will take care of power delivery.

POE requires special wiring. Not at all, the same cabling - Cat 5e, Cat 6, etc - and "RJ45"-style connectors are used for both regular and PoE-enabled local area networks.

Power is forced into devices. This misconception is surprisingly common; however, it is important to remember that power ratings quoted by manufacturers are upper limits and are not fixed. Plugging a 5-watt camera into a 15-watt injector does not result in 10 watts of power being lost somewhere; the camera will simply draw as much electrical power as it needs.

Conclusion With artificial intelligence and IOT being integrated into day to day systems, POE would be the logical progression in the development towards systems with smarter and integrated controls. The adoption of power and data over ethernet cable is inevitable and is going to only increase in various horizons for times to come.

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CCTV and it’s Importance in our Life • • • •

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Responsibilities and Reasons: We need to consider privacy issues when creating surveillance policies. For one, cameras should avoid or mask inappropriate views of private areas, such as yards and windows of bedrooms or washrooms. Crime, Cost and Benefits: Public surveillance camera systems can be a cost-effective way to deter, document, and reduce crimes Document and Publicise Policies. The law enforcing agencies must formulate on how surveillance cameras can be used and what are the disciplinary consequences for misuse. Likewise, officers should be thoroughly trained on these policies and held accountable for abiding by them. Forecasting and Post-Event Investigations: The usefulness of surveillance technology in preventing and solving crimes depends on the resources put into it. The most effective systems are those which are monitored by trained staff, have enough cameras to detect crimes in progress, and integrate the technology into all manner of law enforcement activities. Use of correct video-analytics can actually raise alarms about crimes or accidents before they take place. Correct management software will help in tagging, archiving and retrieving the authentic data for post-event investigation. Mix of Man and Machine: People should be out on the streets and work-places trying to prevent crime or losses. CCTV cameras are just a less effective alternative to having police walk the streets or security personnel on patrolling and physical surveillance. As with any technology, the use of cameras is by no means a substitute for good old-fashioned ground work. The camera footage provides additional leads in an investigation and aids in securing witness cooperation. The video footage serves as a complement to – but not a replacement for – eyewitness evidence in the courtroom.

• Dark Fighter Technology Cameras These cameras can pick up colored images in very low-light conditions. Dark fighter technology can be used in the day and night and offer optimal performance thanks to its wide range of capabilities. They are equipped with ½” CMOS progressive scan sensors which allows the device to pick up high-quality images and doesn’t require an extra light source – which makes the perfect night time security surveillance camera. • ANPR/LPR Cameras ANPR and LPR cameras are used to read and store data on registration plates. They offer a simple and efficient solution to many organizations including tolling, hotel overstay management and the obvious: car parking. ANRP stands for Automatic Number Plate Recognition (LPR cameras stands for License plate cameras) and these devices help to obtain copious information in a high traffic area to keep any premises secure. • Internal and External Dome Camera The dome camera is one most commonly used for indoor and outdoor security and surveillance. The shape of the camera makes it difficult for onlookers to tell which way the camera is facing, which is a strong piece of design, deterring criminals by creating an air of uncertainty • Bullet Camera Bullet cameras are long and cylindrical in shape and are ideal for outdoor use. Their strengths lie specifically in applications which require long distance viewing. Installed within protective casings, the cameras are shielded against dust, dirt and other natural elements. The cameras can easily be mounted with a mounting bracket, and come fitted with either fixed or varifocal lenses depending on the requirements of its intended application

• C-mount Camera Coming with detachable lenses, C-mount cameras allow for simple lens changes to fit different applications. C-mount cameras can cover distances beyond 40 ft thanks to the possibility to use special lenses with these cameras, whereas standard CCTV lenses can only cover distances of 35-40 ft • Day/Night Camera Capable of operating in both normal and poorly lit environments, these cameras benefit from not requiring inbuilt infrared illuminators as they can capture clear video images in the dark thanks to their extra sensitive imaging chips. For this reason, these cameras are ideal for outdoor surveillance applications in which IR cameras are unable to function optimally. • PTZ Pan Tilt & Zoom Camera PTZ – Pan/tilt/zoom – cameras allow the camera to be moved left or right (panning), up and down (tilting) and even allow the lens to be zoomed closer or farther. These cameras are used in situations where a live guard or surveillance specialist is there operating the security systems. • Discreet CCTV These types of cameras allow for discreet placement which means you can capture good footage of theft and criminal damage. Discreet CCTV cameras beneficial because criminals will be less likely to spot them and therefore, they are less likely to be damaged in the process. • Thermal Image Cameras/Infrared Cameras One of the best 24 hour surveillance cameras around providing airports, seaports, boards and many other critical infrastructures with quality images, no matter what time of day it is. Infrared cameras have small LEDs surrounding the lens to help pick up moving figures in pitch black. Thermal image cameras can see over long distances, up to 300 meters away! • Varifocal Cameras With the ability to zoom in and out without forfeiting its focus. Varifocal cameras allow you to adjust the focal length, the angle and increase or decrease the zoom – ideal for obtaining footage in a square room where you would normally experience a ‘dead zone’ with any alternative, fixed lense camera.

• Network Camera These cameras share the images across the internet, so CCTV footage can be easily accessed. Network cameras are ideal for both domestic and commercial purposes because you can see what’s going on whilst away from the property. • High Definition Cameras High definition cameras have such a high resolution that they’re mainly used in high risk establishments such as banks and casinos. This is to capture a good image of anyone who enters and exits to maintain high security and maximum safety. These cameras are great for spotting misconduct and allows the user to zoom in for extra clarity, should the footage need to be used in court

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Fire Alarm for your Valuable Assests • .TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR FIRE ALARM SYSTEM GENERAL DESCRIPTION a) Provide Fire Detection and Alarm System in accordance with NFPA 72 (Latest edition) and requirements of the Contract Documents. Provide a complete operable and intelligent analog addressable Fire Alarm and Detection System with associated communication and notification systems. The system shall include interfaces for foreign systems, as described herein and in accordance with the Contract Documents, and all applicable Codes, Standards and local Regulations, and be approved by Fire Services. b) All Plant furnished shall be new and the latest state-of-the-art, products of a single Manufacturer engaged in the manufacturing of analog fire detection devices for at least 5 years. c) All software licenses shall be supplied as part of the contract. Renewable & subscription license are not acceptable. d) The system shall be supplied, installed, tested, and approved by the local Authority Having Jurisdiction, and turned over to the Contractor in an operational condition. e) The subcontractor shall contract with a single supplier for the fire alarm Plant, engineering, programming, inspection and tests, and shall provide a “UL Listing Certificate” for the complete system. f) Drawings: The Drawings shall serve to indicate the general arrangement of the various Plant and their generic functional interconnections. However, layout of Plant, accessories, specialties, conduit system and wiring, are diagrammatic and do not necessarily indicate every required device, fitting, etc., required for the complete installation. SCOPE: A new intelligent reporting, microprocessor controlled fire detection system shall be installed in accordance to the project specifications and drawings. Basic Performance: Alarm, trouble and supervisory signals from all intelligent reporting devices shall be encoded on NFPA Style 6 (Class A) Signaling Line Circuits (SLC). Initiation Device Circuits (IDC) shall be wired Class A (NFPA Style D) as part of an addressable device connected by the SLC Circuit. Notification Appliance Circuits (NAC) shall be wired Class A (NFPA Style Z) as part of an addressable device connected by the SLC Circuit. On Style 6 or 7 (Class A) configurations a single ground fault or open circuit on the system Signaling Line Circuit shall not cause system malfunction, loss of operating E‐tender for Construction of Integrated Check Post at Nepalgupower or the ability to report an alarm. Alarm signals arriving at the FACP shall not be lost following a primary power failure (or outage) until the alarm signal is processed and recorded. NAC speaker circuits shall be arranged such that there is a minimum of one speaker circuit per floor of the building or smoke zone whichever is greater. Audio amplifiers and tone generating equipment shall be electrically supervised for normal and abnormal conditions. NAC speaker circuits and control equipment shall be arranged such that loss of any one (1) speaker circuit will not cause the loss of any other speaker circuit in the system. Two-way telephone communication circuits shall be supervised for open and short circuit conditions.

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The main objectives of sensing and collecting information in IoT-aided SG systems using a variety of devices. It is comprised of various kinds of IoT sensing devices, such as RFID tags, cameras, WSN, GPS and M2M devices, in order to collect data in a SG. It is categorized into two sub-layers, a perception control sub-layer and a communication extension sub-layer. The perception control sub-layer realizes the perception of the physical world by processing IoT devices, information acquisition, monitoring and control, while the communication extension sub-layer has a communication module which connects IoT devices with the network layer.

Smart location-based automated energy control IoT framework for energy efficiency, changing the current static and centralized energy control to dynamic and distributed energy control. It is comprised of four main components, i.e., multi-source energy saving policies, monitoring and control via mobile devices, location-based automatic control, and a cloud computing platform for data storage and computation Web-enabled SG architecture comprised of web services on the top of IoT devices [129]. It has two types of energy sources, renewable and nonrenewable, both of which are connected to digital energy meters. The digital energy meters collect household energy consumption data which is further collected by IoT gateways to communicate to the server containing the web services

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