Strategic Report - Woven Banana Textiles Factory by Mai Smith

Strategic Report B A N A N A T E X T I L E S FA C T O R Y

Kinbarra Mai Smith DS10 w1657474

Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Design Studio Overview 1.2 Design Intention 2.0 Design Development 2.1 Brief 1: Learning From Nature 2.2 Brief 2: Thinking Beyond Profit 2.3 Project Brief 2.4 Project Time Horizon 2.5 Site 3.0 Legislative Framework 3.1 Legislative Frameworks 3.2 National Policy 3.3 Regional Policy 3.4 Local Policy 3.5 Parish Policy 3.6 Planning Procedure 3.7 Sustainability 3.8 Reflection 4.0 Project Management 4.1 Stakeholder Analysis 4.2 Project Team 4.3 Project Programme 4.4 Building Regulations 4.5 Health and Safety/CDM 4.6 Risk Assessment 4.7 Equality Act 5.0 Procurement & Cost 5.1 Procurement Analysis 5.2 Procurement Route 5.3 Funding 5.4 Cost 5.5 Value 6.0 Conclusion 6.1 Critical Reflection 6.2 Evolution of Design 6.3 Bibliography

1.0 Introduction

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

1.1 Overview DS 1 0

aimed at sustainable practices: university researchers exploring

DS10 believe that architecture should be joyful and that architects

a plant (azolla) that could be used as a sustainable food source in

should think like makers and act like entrepreneurs. The studio has

the future; a floating farm, an aquaponics farm; a circular economy

a strong focus on sustainability and learning from nature. To test

programme; and a sustainable fashion exhibition.

ideas, the studio uses a combination of physical experiments and digital tools for analysis, formal generation and fabrication. The

The studio takes an active role in Climate change, and at the

studio values combinations of ‘conceptual bravery matched with

beginning of term 1 the studio created an installation for the

architectural reality, and seek an architecture of playfulness and

Extinction Rebellion Protests in October 2019. Using left over material

beauty which responds intelligently to its environment, and sits

from the summer exhibition and sourcing leftover household paint

within the wider cultural and environmental context.’

from Camden Recycling Centre we created a module system called Treehugger. It was constructed around a tree on Millbank, which

U P -CYCLIN G ARCHITEC TUR E: DESI G N I N G FO R CLIMATE CHAN GE

‘hugged’ the tree without damaging the tree to allow it to stand. We invited passers-by to share their own messages and thoughts about

Global warming is responsible for the melting of the ice caps,

the current climate crisis. By taking an active part we felt like we had

rising sea levels, extreme weather events, droughts and floods with

a much stronger connection to others who are just as concerned

dramatic consequences for nature and our lives. We are quickly

about the climate crisis.

squeezing the earth of its resources and along with its ecosystems and the extinction of species.

P RO P O S A L A Banana Textiles Factory, converting a waste product (the pseudo-

The studio’s focus this year was how we could respond to the

trunk of the banana plant) into useful banana fibres which can be

climate crisis. Through detailed research and experimentation

spun into yarn or rope and woven into fabrics. The proposal aims

with sustainable materials, our main brief asked us to propose a

to disrupt the cotton industry whilst also providing a new source of

programme/building that will contribute positively to sustainability

income to the banana industry of Ecuador.

and the environment.

SITE

To start our initial research for Brief 1 we studied a plant rigorously. I

The site is a banana plantation in the province of Los Rios, Ecuador.

chose the banana plant studying it’s form, structures, systems and its

It is located in the coastal region of the country so the temperature is

socio/political and economic context. For Brief 2 we developed our

consistent and receives 12 hours of sunlight per day making it ideal

findings from our plant and used the plants structure or systems to

conditions for banana growing.

inform our architecture and even use the plant itself as a sustainable construction material.

Ecuador was chosen as its the world’s largest exporter of the Cavendish banana so has an abundance of wasted pseudo-trunk

COLLABORATION & SH AR I N G K N O WL ED G E

waiting to be transformed into useful fibre.

Our tutors encourage sharing ideas between one another and online with the rest of the world through our studio blog, We Want to Learn. They find value in sharing research and experiments online to build networks and start conversationd with others who have similar interests. They want our studio projects to inspire and contribute to the wider design community. Just as our studio likes to share our knowledge with others, our tutors wanted us to learn from others on experts in various disciplines our field trip. We visited Rotterdam, Utrecht and Amsterdam where we met with not only architects but designers, researchers,creators and innovators to share their knowledge with us. We visited architecture and design studios whilst also complementing our trip with visits Sources: DS10 Brief Eco-Visionaries Exhibition 6

01// Introduction

Fig 1.11 Fashion for Good Exhibition in Amsterdam

" Conventional cotton production accounts for 1/6 of all pesticides used globally, impacting farmers and local communities with harmful chemicals" Fig 1.10 Azolla being studied as a potential future food source at the University of Utrecht

Fig 1.12 Floating Farm, Rotterdam

Fig 1.13 Treehugger installation for Extinction Rebellion

Fig 1.14 Passrs-by writing personal messages

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

1.2 Design Agenda U T ILISIN G A WASTE PR O D UC T

The Employee Hub - where employees can come to relax, eat,

Ecuador is the world’s top exporter of the Cavendish banana (the

shower, use computers for work and socialise with their colleagues.

one we know and eat from supermarkets) which means the country

The Cotton Industry

also produces a lot of waste from the fruit production. For every

The proposal will be situated along a meandering path, mimicking

hectare of banana plantation there is 220 tonnes of biomass waste

the near by river, and immersed amongst the banana trees.

created. To dispose of this waste, it can be left to rot, dumped in Stats. lakes and rivers or even burned. If this waste across the country was

The structures will be made primarily from banana rope, where it will

turned into fibre it has the potential to disrupt the cotton industry.

be used to form structural arches and woven for façades. The new

It takes up to 20,000 litres of water to produce 1kg of cotton, in

73be% development will a way to celebrate the banana fibres versatility 50%

comparison to banana fibre where no extra water isPEOPLE required due to PEOPLE IN DEVELOPING

TEXTILES MADE FROM COTTON

the trunk being a waste by-product of the fruit production.

through to textiles.

PROVIDES INCOME FOR

250 million

EMPLOYS LABOUR FOR

2.4 % 24 % plantation 11workers %

Historically banana

IRRIGATED LAND

Water-usage

OF THE WORLD’S ARABLE LAND IS PLANTED WITH COTTON BUT ACCOUNTS FOR

P R OVIDIN G BETTER L I VI N G AN D WO R K I N G CONDITION S

OF GLOBAL COTTON

through real life examples of using it in architecture all the way HARVEST COMES FROM

COUNTRIES

TYPICAL REQUIREMENT (LITRES) PER 1KG OF CROP

OF THE WORLD’S INSECTICIDE MARKET AND

The Cotton Industry

have been poorly treated:

OF GLOBAL SALE OF PESTICIDES

working long hours, a low wage, little time off and no protection (in

20,000 litres

particular when using pesticides). There have been improvements in AMOUNT OF WATER NEEDED

Stats.

TO PRODUCE 1KG COTTON,

EQUIVALENT 1 T-SHIRT the industry, however there is much TO that stillAND needs to change. The PAIR OF JEANS

proposal aims to improve working conditions with communal areas

PROVIDES INCOME FOR

250 million

of eating and socialising and learning spaces should employees wish

Cotton 7%

PEOPLE

to learn new skills i.e. weaving, sewing, designing. The proposal also implements organic farming procedures in order to protect workers

2.4 % 24 % 11 %

and the environment from harmful agro-chemicals. R E DUCIN G EN VIRO N M EN TAL WASTE & PR O M O T I N G

OF GLOBAL COTTON HARVEST COMES FROM 3,000-5,000 IRRIGATED LAND

Water-usage

OF THE WORLD’S ARABLE LAND IS PLANTED WITH COTTON BUT ACCOUNTS FOR

TYPICAL REQUIREMENT (LITRES) PER 1KG OF CROP

Sugar

OF THE WORLD’S INSECTICIDE MARKET AND

20,000 litres

S US TAIN ABLE MATER I AL S

1,500-3,000

Soya

Wheat

2,000

AMOUNT OF WATER NEEDED TO PRODUCE 1KG COTTON, EQUIVALENT TO 1 T-SHIRT AND PAIR OF JEANS

Not only will the textiles factory prevent environmental waste but it

900

Potatoes 500

will also be creating a sustainable material which can be used for a variety of uses including: yarn, rope, bags, baskets, clothes and as a

Rice

TEXTILES MADE FROM COTTON

PEOPLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

OF GLOBAL SALE OF PESTICIDES

73 %

50%

EMPLOYS LABOUR FOR

7,000-29,000

Fig 1.20 Water usage (litres) per 1kg of crop

Cotton 7,000-29,000

Environmental Impact

composite material being a reinforcing fibre in construction.

DE S I GN Comprising of three elements:

Soya 2,000

The Textiles Workshop - where the fibre will be extracted, spun into yarn, twisted into rope

Agrochemicals or weaved into fabric and (esp. pesticides)

Water made into consumption

clothes. This whole process will be on display as a way to promote PESTICIDES ARE BOTH

HARMFUL TO and celebrate the process of this sustainable material. B I O D I V E R S I T Y, THE Q U A L I T Y O F W AT E R AND SOIL AND IS HARMFUL TO WORKERS AND N E A R B Y P O P U L AT I O N S

Destroying habitats for agriculture use

Diversion and pollution of water

Environmental Impact

S O M E E X P E R T S S AY COTTON IS THE LARGEST USER OF W AT E R A M O N G A L L A G R I C U LT U R A L COMMODITIES. S U R FA C E A N D G R O U N D W AT E R I S DIVERTED TO I R R I G AT E C O T T O N FIELDS LEADING TO F R E S H W AT E R L O S S THROUGH E VA P O R AT I O N A N D I N E F F I C I E N T W AT E R MANAGEMENT

The Learning Hub - where training and learning about banana

S E V E R E LY I M PA C T I N G MAJOR ECOSYSTEMS INCL. THE ARAL SEA IN CENTRAL ASIA, THE I N D U S D E LTA I N PA K I S TA N & T H E M U R R AY D A R L I N G RIVER IN AUSTRALIA

textiles will be conducted; design, research and development for

the banana textiles; and a café that will be available to students and

Agrochemicals (esp. pesticides)

the visiting public. There will also be a lecture space/event space to be used for events and talks.

PESTICIDES ARE BOTH HARMFUL TO B I O D I V E R S I T Y, T H E Q U A L I T Y O F W AT E R AND SOIL AND IS HARMFUL TO WORKERS AND N E A R B Y P O P U L AT I O N S

Soil erosion & degradation

Sources: https://www.worldwildlife.org/industries/cotton

Soil erosion &

Water consumption S O M E E X P E R T S S AY COTTON IS THE LARGEST USER OF W AT E R A M O N G A L L A G R I C U LT U R A L COMMODITIES. S U R FA C E A N D G R O U N D W AT E R I S DIVERTED TO I R R I G AT E C O T T O N FIELDS LEADING TO F R E S H W AT E R L O S S THROUGH E VA P O R AT I O N A N D I N E F F I C I E N T W AT E R MANAGEMENT

Destroying habitats for agriculture use

Pota

01// Introduction

Fig 1.21 Meandering route through site towards fibre production

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

KEY Fibre Production 1. Fibre Extraction 2. Fibre Store 3. Yarn Spinning 4. Yarn Store 5. Rope Production 6. Rope Store and Staff Facilities

7. Fabric and Yarn Dying 8. Dying Hut garden 9. Fabric Weaving 10. Dress Making/ Sewing Room 11. Quality Control & Packaging Learning Hub 12. Practical Teaching Space 13. Exhibition/ Breakout Space 14. Lecture/ Event Space 15. Shop 16. Design & Research Studio

10 11

17. Office

Employee Hub

18. Employee Canteen 19. Employee Chill out Space 20. Employee Showers 21. Cafe 22. Nature Trail

17 20

Fig 1.22 Ground Floor Plan

01// Introduction

40.91 m

Site Plan 1:200 @ A2 0

10m

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

Fig 1.23 Aerial View of proposal facing South

01//Introduction

2.0 Design Development

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

2.1 Brief 1 Learning From Nature B RIE F

RE V I E W

1. Environmental materials studies through physical and digital

Choosing one plant to study in-depth allowed us to become experts

model making.

and know our plant in-side out. We gained a detailed understanding

2. Studying a plant and its ecosystem in detail at Kew Gardens.

of not only the plant but the historic, social, economic and political

3. Weekly Grasshopper workshop with Radiance/Daysim and

context in which it sits. Thorough this research, it allowed me to

evolutionary solving.

anchor my next proposal into real life.

R E S PON SE We each chose a plant that we were interested in from our visit to Kew Gardens. So that we could study the plant’s form, structure, systems and environment in detail we needed one that we could physically study through sketching, photography and model making. I chose the banana plant to study as this is a huge international industry with the crop being the 4th most important in the world after rice, wheat and corn. We needed to be conscious of the materials we were choosing for our physical model explorations as they needed sustainable credentials. We explored our plant not only through form and structure, but in terms of life-cycle, economic impact, where the plant comes from and it’s potential as a sustainable material for construction. Research of the banana plant revealed the negative humanitarian and environmental effects of the industry including the poor treatment of workers, devastating use of pesticides and harm to the environment. It also revealed an abundance of underutilised material from the banana growing industry - the pseudo-trunk of the banana plant. Banana plant’s produce fruit only once, so the whole plant is chopped down after. The fate of the plant is usually either being burnt or left to rot. However, the banana’s pseudo-trunk can be stripped down to be used as useful fibre, which can be turned into rope, yarn and other textiles. This research gave me my sustainable material: banana fibre. We studied the form of the plant through physical and digital model making and where possible created physical models from the plant itself. In my case, I was able to make models from the banana fibre paper, yarn and rope. By using the plant fibre for models enabled me to generate real life solutions for building with a more sustainable material.

Sources: DS10 Brief

02// Design Development

Fig 2.10 Banana Fibre Inside a banana plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pseudo-trunk are natural fibres which can be extracted and turned into yarn, material and various other textiles.

Fig 2.11 Banana Yarn

Fig 2.12 Banana Rope (Manila Rope) The rougher bits of fibre found on the outer layers of the pseudo-trunk are used for making products like rope.

Fig 2.13 Banana fibre fabric Woven from the soft fibres found in the centre of the pseudo-trunk

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

Fig 2.14 & 2.15 Banana Rope & Banana Yarn Model Replicating the structure of the pseudo-trunk and exploring structural qualities

02// Design Development

Fig 2.16 Weaving Banana Yarn for Construction Exploring spatial qualities of the fibre for the potential to recreate this for the next brief

Fig 2.18 Woven Banana Yarn and Rope Facade study

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

2.2 Brief 2 Thinking Beyond Profit B RIE F

environmentally friendly farming practices.

Brief 2 is directly linked to Brief 1 where we use the knowledge gained from our plant studies to inform our design and proposal

4. Educating the banana farms in Ecuador in how to set up their own

for Brief 2.

banana textiles arm at their own farm and being at the forefront of research and development for the material.

There were three key aims for this brief: 1. Find and analyse a site/business/operation that does not meet

5. Introduce organic farming methods to the current banana

U.N. sustainable goals (i.e. polluting, unethical)

plantation to reduce harmful effects of pesticides to banana workers

2. Propose an alternative building/process/programme on my site

and to the environment

that contributes positively in demonstrable sustainable terms. 3. Understanding LEEDS, BREEAM Metrics to inform studies to meet

RE V I E W

high standards.

Brief 1 sets up the base for brief 2 through the initial research of the industry and what sustainable materials to build with. The

R E S PON SE

prior research was important to test how to build with sustainable

A banana textiles factory situated in the heart of the banana growing

materials for brief 2.

regions of Ecuador. The proposal will convert a waste product into a useful fibre which aims to compete with the unsustainable practices

Brief 2 asks us to develop the use of our chosen sustainable material

of the cotton industry.

whilst also choosing a programme and designing a building which will contribute positively to the current climate crisis.

The sustainable material used for the construction of the project will be banana fibre rope, used for its sustainable credentials but also as a way to promote banana fibre as a sustainable construction material. The proposal will be a source of education for others (tourists, professionals, students, researchers) about how banana textiles are made, designing with banana fibre and how to implement a textiles arm to their own plantations. This proposal gives an opportunity for growth for the plantation and its employees by creating jobs, a new source of income and new skills gained. I chose a banana plantation in Ecuador for my proposal for the following reasons: Fig 2.20 The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals Required for Brief 2 is to find a business/site/operation that does not meet these goals. I have chosen the cotton industry.

1. Ecuador is the world’s largest exporter of the Cavendish Banana which is the banana most of us eat in the UK. 2. Improve banana workers’ current conditions by providing them with on-site facilities for resting,eating and learning. 3. Disrupt the cotton industry which violates some of the U.N.’s sustainable goals. This will be done by using the banana pseudotrunk waste and turning it into textiles whilst implementing more

02// Design Development

Banana Textiles Hub

RRO O PEPP D D OE U U C C RORP TTIO ION N

SSS

Textiles Workshop

IN RESPONSE TO

The Cotton Industry

AVIIN WEEA NGG CW BIRCI FBAR FA

GG KIINN AK A M M

S SH HOOPP

EEXX TT

SSPPIIN NN NIIN NGG FFI BI

E BRER

E RE RIB FTIBF T C C AA RR

DRD ERSE

THE COTTON INDUSTRY

INININ TRRAAIN T GG

LE L

RREE U TU CETC

LLE EAA

NG G INI N N R R

EE ACC

TNT ENE M PM P O LO

CCAFFEE

ACCEE SSPPA

Banana Industry Waste

EEVVE E N N T TS PPA

Learning Hub

IN RESPONSE TO

ESEARCH & RESREARCH & DDEEV VEEL

WASTE FROM THE BANANA INDUSTRY

Bad Treatment of Workers

IN RESPONSE TO

EEM MP

OEN AC SAPTI DYD UO

RS ER S/WC WE SHOOW SH

Employee Hub

CCAA NF T

/ FFICE S A EENO C CO NT MS CNA T M EE/E

NGE GE LO NU ELEOU EYE O Y PLOL

LA U N O F FIDCRE ESTT E

BAD TREATMENT OF BANANA INDUSTRY WORKERS

Fig 2.21 Programme for the Banana Textiles Factory Development of Brief - Three key elements to the proposal.

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

2.3 Project Brief The Banana Textiles Factory The proposal aims to create a new central hub in Ecuador for the

P RO G RA M M E

learning and development of the banana textiles industry. It will be a

•

Fibre extraction

resource of learning not only for Ecuadorians, but for people all over

•

Yarn spinning

the world. It will bring new opportunities to the current workers, but

•

Rope Production

also create new jobs and teach new skills through the setup of the

•

Fabric Production

banana textiles arm within the industry of banana growing. It will be

•

Yarn and Fabric Dying

a place not only for banana workers, but also for locals and tourists

•

Dressmaking

to enjoy.

•

Staff facilities (WC, showers, laundry etc)

•

Cafe

The proposal will be situated within a forest of banana trees blending

•

Practical teaching space

into its surrounds with the material in which it is constructed from

•

Lecture space

being grown around it. The fibre will be spun into yarn, which will

•

Cafe (public and staff use)

then be twisted into rope and will be used to form structural arches

•

Staff canteen

and for woven façades.

•

Staff chill out space

•

Employee housing

The proposal will have three key elements: The textiles factory, the learning hub and the employee hub. CLIE N T Dole Food Company who own the banana plantation. The company have been in the banana trade since the 50s. They are one of the world’s leading suppliers for exported bananas and have a revenue of 4.4 billion dollars a year with a net income of 38.4 million dollars. U S E RS •

Banana workers

•

New employees for the textiles factory, cafe and learning hub

•

Tourists

•

Researchers

•

Students

•

Families

•

School children

OB JECTIVES 1. Celebrate the banana fibre textiles industry through exhibiting the process of the fibre extraction, the manufacturing of the material and the creation of clothing and crafts. 2. Improve workers’ quality of life by introducing a place to relax, eat and learn. 3. Generating more jobs and a new source of income

02// Design Development

Fig 2.30 The Employee Hub

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

Fig 2.31 The Dying Hut Garden

02// Design Development

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Hub

2.4 Project Time Horizon

FEBRUARY 2020

Strategic Definition and Preparation & Briefing Client requirements and project brief confirmed for the Banana Textiles Factory.

DECEMBER 2019

Spatial Coordination Architectural and engineering information spatially coordinated.

Concept Design

Architectural concept approved by client, aligning with project brief. Project brief outlining spatial requirements, project and sustainability outcomes and quality aspirations.

De con

APRIL 2020

02// Design Development

JUNE 2020

NOVEMBER 2021

Manufacturing & Construction Construction of the proposal and manufacturing of joinery and any other speacialist equipment and furniture.

echnical Design

Handover & Use

etailed design information prepared for nstruction of the textiles factory.

Textiles factory completed, building contract concluded and textiles hub in use.

JULY 2020

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

2.5 Site Dolores Plantation, Los Rios The site chosen is Dolores banana plantation in Los Rios, Ecuador. The site is a huge expanse of banana trees, owned by the huge food supplier, Dole Food Company. The plantation covers over 1km2 of land which is equivalent to about 143 football fields. The site was chosen for its size and central location in the banana growing region in Ecuador and proximity to one of international shipping ports, Guayaquil. The expanse of the plantation will ensure a large supply of banana pseudo-trunks and therefore a large quantity of fibre can be produced. The central location within the banana growing regions was chosen so that other banana workers could reach the plantation easily for training and learning. Located near the main shipping port means there are less carbon emissions embodied in the banana textiles production and can be transported with bananas that are travelling out of the plantation anyway. It also means the site is easy for people to reach for any visiting tourists, researchers and students. Los Rios is one of 3 provinces which are part of the banana growing regions. It is located within the canton of Vinces and near the rural town of Antonio Sotomayor. The areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main source of income is agricultural industries including banana, corn, cacao and soya. The site is located on flat land so there are no issues in regards to challenging terrain, although it means the area does have a high flood risk. The textiles factory will need to be designed to mitigate any flood risks and choose construction methods to protect the proposal from flooding. Access to the site is the same route used for the transportation of bananas from site. The construction material for the proposal banana fibre rope - is all produced on site so logistics transporting construction materials is reduced as is carbon emissions.

02// Design Development

100m 100m

Scale Scale 0

200

400

200

600

400

800

600

1km

800

1km

800

1km

100m

S IT E : Scale DOLOR E S BAN ANA FARM TR E E S 0

200

400

600

F IELDS / LAN D F OR CROP S WATE R WAYS B UILDINGS /H OUSE S R OAD S & PATH WAYS

Fig 2.50 Site Location Plan

3.0 Legislative Framework

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Hub Factory

3.1 Legislative Frameworks Ecuador and UK Legislative Frameworks Legislative frameworks set out the Government’s planning policies and planning law and how they should be applied. The frameworks range from National, to regional, to local and down to neighbourhood/parish policy. This section will look at the planning systems for both the UK and Ecuador and outline the priorities for each of their development plans. E CU ADOR’ S N ATION AL D EVEL O PM EN T PL AN

T H E U K’ S N AT I O N A L P L A N N I N G P O L I CY F RA MEW O R K

Ecuador’s National Development Plan outlines the government’s

Ecuador’s National Development Plan is not solely for planning and

goals for the country, including the development goals. The plan is

development but more of the government’s vision for Ecuador and

updated every four years and is viewed as the country’s ‘roadmap’

the plan to get there. It covers economic, social and environmental

which realises the mandates of the Constitution and ‘the aspirations,

agendas. In comparison, the UK’s development plan called the

desires and dreams of the people, always with the purpose of

National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) defines legislation

ensuring development in a way that is organised, transparent,

directly related to building development and conservation. It does

supportive co-responsible efficient and progressive’.

also cover economic, social and environmental goals too, however this is directly focused on planning policies.

The most recent plan, “National Development Plan 2017-2021 A Lifetime” is the main tool that the Decentralized National System of

The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) is a simpler and

Participatory Planning (SNDPP) uses for planning frameworks. The

more accessible document of planning policies which replaced a

SNDPP is responsible for planning and development and ran by the

wide range of previous planning policy statements and planning

National Planning Council, who set the guidelines and policies that

policy guidance in 2012. The NPPF sets out the government’s

guide the system and approve the National Development Plan.

planning policies for England and how they should be applied. It provides a framework for local councils to create their own local and

The country has now produced four revisions of the development

neighbourhood plans for housing and other development.

plan (2007,2009,2013,2017) and were first introduced when the new government were voted in. The development plan was published in

It also provides a framework on decision-making for planning

response to the country’s neo-liberal past which brought Ecuador

applications stating that ‘local planning authorities should approach

into a financial crisis causing social and economic repercussions.

decisions on proposed development in a positive and creative way.’ Planning law dictates that planning applications are decided in

Unlike Ecuador’s previous National Development Plans which were

accordance with the council’s local and neighbourhood plans or any

written with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in mind, the

spatial development strategies.

current plan has been written in conjunction with the Agenda 2030 and the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SNDPP is headed up by a National Council of Planning, made up of representatives of the Central Government and of the Decentralised Autonomous Governments (GAD) - parishes, cantons and provinces - together with citizens taking an active role and the Technical Secretariat coordinating it. The main role of the Technical Secretariat is to generate guidelines to guide national planning and approve the National Development Plan. The President or the President of the Republic will chair the Council.

Sources: Plan Nacional de Desarollo 2017-2021: Toda una Vida

03// Legislative Framework

ECUADOR PLAN

AGENDAS FOR EQUALITY

SEMI-ANNUAL E VA L U AT I O N REPORT OF THE G E N E R A L S TAT E BUDGET

ZONE AGENDAS

N AT I O N A L TERRITORIAL S T R AT E G Y

N AT I O N A L S Y S T E M F O R E VA L U AT I N G PUBLIC POLICY (SNEPP)

PRESIDENT OF ECUADOR

N AT I O N A L DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2017-2021

ZONE AGENDA

N AT I O N A L S TAT I S T I C A L AND GEOGRAPHIC SYSTEM

TERRITORIAL C O O R D I N AT I O N AUTHORITY

PUBLIC INVESTMENT I M PA C T STUDY

N AT I O N A L PLANNING COUNCIL INTERSECTORAL C O O R D I N AT I O N AUTHORITY INTERSECTORAL C O O R D I N AT I O N AGENDA

Planning

N AT I O N A L I N F O R M AT I O N SYSTEM

INSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY

M U LT I - Y E A R PUBLIC INVESTMENT PLAN

INTERSECTORAL GOALS

INSTITUTIONAL PLANNING OF THE POLICY STRUCTURAL AND TERRITORIAL GOALS

Implementation Tracing Evaluation

Fig 3.10 The National Decentralised Participatory Planning System (SNDPP)

C O O R D I N AT I O N MINISTRIES

ECUADOR PLAN

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Hub Factory

3.2 National Policy Ecuadorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s National Development Plan This section will look at the goals and objectives of both the Ecuador

Objective 5: Boost productivity and competitiveness for

and the UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s national planning frameworks and how the Banana

sustainable economic growth in a redistributive and supportive

Textiles Factory responds to the policies.

way. 5.1. Generate decent work and employment by promoting the use

Ecuadorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development plan is structured with three main axis and

of built infrastructures and installed capacities.

broken down into 9 objectives:

5.2 Promote the productivity, competitiveness and quality of national products, as well as the availability of related services and other

Axis 1: Rights for All Throughout Life

inputs, to generate added value and industrialization processes in

Objective 1: Guarantee a decent life with equal opportunities for

the productive sectors with a focus on satisfying national and export

all people.

demand.

Objective 2: Affirm inter-culturality and plurinationality, revaluing diverse identities.

5.3 Promote national industrial development by improving

Objective 3: Guarantee the rights of nature for current and future

production chains with the participation of all actors in the economy.

generations. 5.4 Increase productivity and generate added value by creating Axis 2: Economy at the service of society

differentiated incentives for the productive sector, to satisfy domestic

Objective 4: Consolidate the sustainability of the social and solidarity

demand, and diversify the exportable supply in a strategic way.

economic system, and strengthen dollarisation. Objective 5: Boost productivity and competitiveness for sustainable

5.6 Promote research, education, training, development and

economic growth in a redistributive and supportive way.

technology transfer, innovation and entrepreneurship, the protection

Objective 6: Develop productive capacities and the environment to

of intellectual property, to promote the change of the productive

achieve food sovereignty and good rural living.

matrix by linking the public, productive sector and universities 5.8 Promote national production with social and environmental

Axis 3: More society, better State

responsibility, promoting the efficient management of natural

Objective 7: Encourage a participatory society, with a State close to

resources and the use of durable and environmentally clean

the service of citizens.

technologies, to guarantee the supply of quality goods and services.

Objective 8: Promote transparency and co-responsibility for a new social ethic. Objective 9: Guarantee sovereignty and peace, and strategically

The Banana Textiles Factory responds to the above policies by

position the country in the region and the world.

building a development that will boost productivity for the country in a sustainable way. It will transform a waste product of the banana fruit industry and create a new product that can be exported to the

Most of the Banana Textiles Factory responds to Objective 5 and

rest of the world.

Objective 6 of the National Development Plan. The following goes into more detail of both Objectives and how the proposal responds

The proposal promotes research, development, education, training

to them.

and technology transfer with the Learning Hub having its own research and development space along with a practical teaching and lecture space to educate those in the banana industry and the wider community on banana textiles and how to utilise it as a material.

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Objective 6: Develop productive capacities and the environment

National Planning Council

to achieve food sovereignty and good rural living. 6.1 Promote decent work and employment with an emphasis on rural areas, enhancing productive capacities, combating precariousness and

strengthening

targeted

State

support

and

National Development Plan â&#x20AC;&#x153;Plan Nacional: Toda Una Vida 2017-2021â&#x20AC;?

promoting

entrepreneurship. 6.2 Promote the redistribution of land and equitable access to the means of production, with emphasis on water and seeds, as well as the development of infrastructure necessary to increase productivity, trade, competitiveness and the quality of rural production,

Zonal Sector Planning Council

Zone 5: Santa Elena, Guayas, Bolivar, Los Rios, Galapagos

Provincial Planning Council

Los Rios

considering the territorial competitive and comparative advantages. The proposal will generate more jobs in the rural area in Antonio Sotomayor Parish. It will enhance productive capacities from using the waste products of the banana industry whilst supporting entrepreneurship through the exploration of the possibilities and applications of banana fibre.

Cantonal Planning Council

Vinces Planning Council

Rural Parish Planning Council

Antonio Sotoymayor

Fig 3.20 Ecuador Planning System Hierarchy For design project situated in the parish of Antonio Sotomayor

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

3.2 National Policy The UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) For this section, the proposal will be analysed in a surrogate site in Hyde Park, London with the proposal being a temporary pavilion.

Environmental

The NPPF main aim is for sustainable development. To achieve this,

The factory will be built from banana fibre, promoting the sustainable

the planning system has three overarching objectives:

material to the wider public and displaying the potential of a fairly new construction material.

1. Economic - building a strong, responsive and competitive economy by ensuring that sufficient land of the right types is available

The NPPF details guidance on the following sub-headings to achieve

in the right places at the right time to support growth, innovation

sustainable development:

and improved productivity; and by identifying and coordinating the provision of infrastructure.

1. Achieving sustainable development 2. Plan-making

2. Social - supporting strong, vibrant and healthy communities by

3. Decision-making

ensuring a sufficient number and range of homes is provided and

4. Delivering a sufficient supply of homes

will meet the needs of present and future generations. Fostering a

5. Building a strong, competitive economy

well-designed and safe built environment, with accessible services

6. Ensuring the vitality of town centres

and open spaces reflecting current and future needs and support

7. Promoting healthy and safe communities

communitiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; health, social and cultural well-being.

8. Promoting sustainable transport 9. Supporting high quality communications

3. Environmental - protecting or enhancing our natural, built and

10. Making effective use of land

historic environment. This includes making effective use of land,

11. Achieving well-designed places

improving biodiversity, using natural resources prudently, minimising

12. Protecting Green Belt land

waste and pollution, and mitigating and adapting to climate change,

13. Meeting the challenge of climate, flooding and coastal change

including moving to a low carbon economy.

14. Conserving and enhancing the natural environment 15. Conserving and enhancing the historical environment 16. Facilitating the sustainable use of minerals.

The Textiles Factory responds to the NPPFâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s three overarching objectives for the following reasons:

The three sub-headings highlighted in green have been chosen to be discussed in relation to the banana textiles pavilion.

Economic By creating a tourist attraction in Central London by raising awareness

Promoting healthy and safe communities

and educating others on banana fibre. It will bring tourists, students,

a) promote social interaction, including opportunities for meetings

researchers, professionals and schools to London who will

between people who might not otherwise come into contact with

not

only visit the textiles factory, but spend their money travelling into

each other.

London and the local area, on food, in the shops and other tourist

b) are safe and accessible, create high quality public space and

attractions, therefore supporting the local economy.

encourage active and continual use of public space. c) enable and support healthy lifestyles, especially where this

Social

would address identified local health and well-being needs - e.g.

The textiles factory will provide a meeting point, a place to gather

through the provision of safe and accessible green infrastructure,

and a place to share ideas bringing a mixture of people who would

sports facilities, local shops, access to healthier food, allotments and

not have been brought together were it not for the factory. It will

layouts that encourage walking and cycling.

support communities by educating them about banana textiles by experiencing the building itself, learning about the fibre extraction

The proposal will be an architectural piece to show off banana fibre

process, creating the textiles and taking part in workshops or events.

not only as a new material for textiles, but as a construction material.

Sources: National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)

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The purpose of it being as a place to gather, for social interactions and to learn. The existence of the pavilion will create opportunities for strangers, friends and professionals to mix with one another.

English Planning Law and Regulations

Town and Country Planning Act (1947) superseded by Town and Country Planning Act (1990)

National Plan

National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)

Regional Plan

The London Plan

Local Plan

City of Westminster Local Plan

By introducing the banana textiles factory to its site in Hyde Park it will encourage the active and continual use of Hyde Park itself. The location of the factory is only accessible via walking or cycling which promotes healthier modes of transport, supporting healthier life styles. Achieving well-designed places 124. The creation of high quality buildings and places is fundamental to what the planning and development process should achieve 127 b) are visually attractive as a result of good architecture, layout and appropriate and effective landscaping; The proposal of the textiles factory has been carefully thought through

with the spaces designed appropriate for use and

environmental conditions considered to maximise solar energy and shading where needed. The building will be carefully crafted from the banana fibre direct from the banana plantation in which itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s original site is. The banana rope structure will be a unique and attractive spectacle for all to visit. Conserving and enhancing the natural environment a) protecting and enhancing valued landscapes, sites of biodiversity or geological value and soils (in a manner commensurate with their statutory status or identified quality in the development plan);

Neighbourhood Plan

The proposal will enhance the current landscape of Hyde Park by building from a natural material in an innovative way fitting in with its surroundings whilst also showcasing the material in an exciting way.

Fig 3.21 UK Planning System Hierarchy If project was situated in Hyde Park

Knightsbridge Neighbourhood Plan Mayfair Neighbourhood Plan

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

3.3 Regional Policy Los Rios Development Plan and Territorial Legislation The agriculture sector is very important in the Los Rios province,

8.9 Establish a management system for human activities that

where crops like bananas, rice, soya beans, corn, cocoa and coffee

affect negatively to the environment, in order to conserve our

are all grown. Agriculture is the main activity of the province with 42%

natural resources and mitigate climate change.

of the population working in this sector. The Los Rios Development Plan sets out the broader goals for the smaller cantons to strive for.

The project is actively seeking to convert a banana farm into an

The development plan, like the national plan has a strong focus on

organic one and therefore will not use any harmful pesticides. A

protecting the environment and increasing productivity.

variety of plants will be introduced to the plantation to increase the biodiversity and therefore introduce bugs that will eat bugs that are

The following guidance is from the development plan and

pests to banana plants. This is just one way the plantation will be

demonstrates how the Banana Textiles Factory responds:

able to stop using harmful pesticides.

8.3 Increase productivity and crop diversification, giving value

The proposal will also have a rainwater harvesting irrigation system

added

so that water can be collected in the wet season and used in the dry

production,

encourage

collaboration,

business

management and technological innovation.

season, reducing pressure on water resources in the area.

The banana textiles factory adds value to the banana crop through production of textiles, encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship. This is achieved by educating other banana workers with banana textiles and research & development facilities which provide opportunities to research and test the fibre, enabling innovation and designing better products. The development plan notes that tourism has not yet developed in the province but looks to find ways of encouraging tourism through gastronomic, agro-tourism and eco-tourism. The banana textiles factory has been designed with the view that it will be visited by tourists, students and other professionals as a tool to educate and raise awareness of banana textiles, bringing in money to the area. 8.6. Strengthening roads and transforming tourism, creating agricultural livestock development, increasing productivity and crop diversification,granting added value to production, stimulating associativity, business management, promoting research, education and technology in the province in order to establish the best living conditions for the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Rio-senseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; community The proposal increases productivity by turning a waste product (banana pseudo-trunks) into a useful fibre which can be turned into profitable products like clothing. There is added value by using something that would have gone to waste.

Sources: Plan Desarollo y Ordenamiento Territorial 2015-2029: Los Rios

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PLAN DE DESARROLLO Y ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL 2015 - 2019

LOS RÍOS

Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial 2015/2019 Dirección de Planificación del GADP de Los Ríos

Fig 3.30 Los Rios Development Plan

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

3.4 Local Policy Vinces Development Plan Vinces

development

and

Territorial

Planning

Plan

their

The following policies are met in the Banana Textiles Factory:

“transformation path to generate change and improve living conditions”.

Policy 1: Ensure coverage of basic services in the canton with criteria of territorial equity - access to clean water and quality

As with the regional planning, the local plan of Vinces is written in

and water management.

conjunction with the National Plan. Again, the plan isn’t specifically in relation to just building development but a more holistic document

The proposal has a rainwater harvesting irrigation system which

addressing socio/economic and environmental factors.

will collect water in the wet season and use it in the dry months via an irrigation system. Although a small contribution to the water

The following policies are contained within their development plan:

management in the area, it reduces the pressure for water supply in the dry months.

Policy 1: Ensure coverage of basic services in the canton with criteria of territorial equity - access to clean water and quality and water management.

Policy 4: Define areas for land and use according to the productive aptitude of the territory in accordance with local and national politics.

Policy 2: Creation and strengthening of public spaces. The policy goes into more detail saying the production of bananas Policy 3: Ensure a cantonal mobility system with principles of equity

and other similar crops struggle to add value due to production

- Investing in road networks to improve quality of life in rural areas.

chains and competitiveness amongst other growers. By converting a waste product into banana textiles adds value that would have

Policy 4: Define areas for land and use according to the productive

been wasted and opens up new markets into the world of textiles

aptitude of the territory in accordance with local and national politics.

and fashion.

Policy 5: Design regulations that allow the conservation of the canton’s heritage according to its potentialities and limitations Policy 6: Develop and establish mechanisms for inter-institutional cooperation that allows access to services to the population within the framework of planning education in Vinces. Policy 7: Develop and establish inter-institutional cooperation mechanisms that allow access to services to the population in the framework of planning Policy 8: Define regulations that regulate and guarantee quality and safe housing. Policy 9: Implement a participatory planning system

Sources: Vinces Development and Land Management Plan

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PLAN DESARROLLO Y ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL DEL CANTON VINCES

Elaborado por:

GOBIERNO AUTONOMO DESCENTRALIZADO DEL CANTON VINCES

Econ. Sergio Dutan Econ. Jorge Amaya Ing. Fredy Nugra Ing. Bolivar Palacios 1

Fig 3.40 Vinces Development Plan

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

3.5 Parish Policy Antonio Sotomayor Development Plan According to the development plan, the document fights to ‘reduce social inequalities and satisfy basic needs through an endogenous development strategy and management process’. It articulates the objectives and goals of the National Plan of Good Living, fulfilling and enforcing (at different levels of government) the objectives and goals from the local level. OB JECTIVES: Objective 1 Improve the health of the population through control and reduction of factors that affect water contamination. Objective 2 Reduce pollution. Protecting and restoring the flora, fauna and quality of water and soil . Objective 3 Increase the access to fair and equitable means of production that ensure decent work for ‘Good living’. Objective 4 Reduce the level of citizen insecurity and flood risks through organisational coverage and protection and regulation of the channels of the water system. Objective 5 Increase the access and coverage of essential public services, as well as their quality and control. The following policies are met in the Banana Textiles Factory: Objective 1 Improve the health of the population through control and reduction of factors that affect water contamination The proposal aims to reduce water contamination by stopping the use of harmful agro-chemicals which contaminate waterways and can cause disabilities in humans. This will be done by the introduction or organic farming methods. (Explained further in section 3.7 Sustainability). Objective 2 Reduce pollution. Protecting and restoring the flora, fauna and quality of water and soil As mentioned above, the switch to organic farming and not using harmful agro-chemicals will reduce contamination to water ways which will restore areas of flora, fauna and soil. Pollution will be reduced directly by the textiles factory converting the fruit production waste into fibre. (Explained further in section 3.7 Sustainability). Sources: Antonio Sotomayor Development and Land Management Plan 2012-2020

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PLAN DE DESARROLLO Y ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL DE LA PARROQUIA ANTONIO SOTOMAYOR

2020

20122020 PLAN DE DESARROLLO Y ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL DE LA PARROQUIA ANTONIO SOTOMAYOR

MANCOMUNIDAD DE MUNICIPIOS PARA EL MANEJO SOSTENIBLE DEL HUMEDAL ABRAS DE MANTEQUILLA 0

Fig 3.50 Antonio Sotomayor Development Plan

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

3.6 Planning Procedure Ecuador It has been extremely difficult in finding a straight forward answer

Planning requirements for a minor developments (60sqms or less):

for how the planning process is conducted in Ecuador. It seems that

•

Correct fee

many do not bother with applying for permission, especially if the

•

Filled in application

building is self built. I have managed to find some information in

•

Proof of ownership of land

order to build in Ecuador, if the owner decides to do it by the book.

•

Copy of ID card

•

Copy of owners voting card

3 licenses need to be obtained for the whole process: And to be submitted with the application: Construction License

•

3 sets of architectural plans

The client will need to obtain a construction license, similar to the

•

Construction area (in m2) and whether it is a new build or

UK’s planning permission. The license can cost around 250 US

extension

dollars.

•

Site Plan with proposal

•

Roofing material

Before getting a construction license, the client must request a

•

Start and end date of work

report, known as the Metropolitan Regulation Report (IRM), which

•

The architect must also present a certificate that his/her degree

shows the outline of the ownership of the land, the name of the

is certified by the National Council of Higher Education.

owner, the area of the land, the property number and zoning indicated. With this information it is determined whether or not the

The documents need to be submitted to the local governments

land is suitable for construction. Once the IRM is obtained, the next

office with the fee.

step is submitting the plans of the proposal in order to obtain the construction license.

Reflection As mentioned it has been difficult to find a lot of information on

Building License

the planning process as a lot of people building do not bother

The second license is to obtain a building license. A guarantee value

getting the correct licensing. It is not clear what the consequences

must be paid to the ‘Housing Bank’ and the cost of this will depend

are if buildings are built without planning permission, but Antonio

on the construction area. A deposit paper and a form no.5 will also

Sotomayor is a very rural and poor parish so there may not be

need to be included.

resources to enforce this.

During construction the landowner must request three visits during

The planning process itself seems quite straight forward and a

construction from the local municipality.

simple process. I think the only barriers for people wanting to build is the cost of the licenses and perhaps a lack of education for

Habitability License

planning & building process. If 250 US dollars is the fee across the

The final license required is the a habitability license. It is issued

country, then it enables the rich to develop and prevents the poor.

if the finished building meets all the standards established by

Or those unable to afford the licenses could end up constructing

the Municipality. If the construction is adequate, the value of the

dangerous buildings. A way to mitigate this gap could be to adjust

guarantee is returned.

the licensing fees across each parish or canton instead of having one price nationally.

It is worth noting that houses built from cane or wood do not need planning permission, only those made from reinforced concrete.

Sources: https://www.eloficial.ec/requisitos-para-construir-una-casa/ https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/quito/construir-vivienda-necesitan-permisos.html 44

03// Legislative Framework

Request Metropolitan Regulation Report (IRM)

Detailing ownership of land, owner and area

Construction License

Planning permission

Building License

To begin construction and ensure 3 visits from the local municipality are conducted

Habitability License

Issued when building meets standards of the municipality

Fig 3.61 Ecuador Planning System Diagram

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

3.7 Sustainability Antonio Sotomayor Parish LOCATION AN D LAN DSC APE O F SI TE:

rubbish which causes air pollution affecting peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health and the

Ecuador experiences only a wet and a dry season. In the summer

environment.

(June to November) the weather is dry and temperature cool whereas in winter (December to May) the season is very rainy and

The waste produced from banana fruit production is usually burnt or

hot. The Parish is relatively flat meaning in the wet season the area

thrown into rivers. The whole idea behind the banana textiles factory

experiences flooding and in the dry season, drought.

is to resolve the issue of waste from the banana fruit industry. Using the leftover pseudo-trunks of the plant and turning that into a useful

E NV IRON MEN TAL P R O B L EM S:

fibre not only reduces waste but also re-purposes this rubbish into a useful fibre which can be used for textiles and construction.

Water A lot of the land in the parish is used for growing crops meaning

The factory will also be built from banana fibre rope made on site so

there is a huge demand on water for crops in the dry season.

there is a huge reduction in carbon emissions building from a waste

Bananas are a thirsty crop and so the need for a sustainable way to

product.

water the crops is important. N AT I O N A L P L A N G U I D E L I N E S F O R E N V I RO NMENTA L S U S TA I N A BI L I T Y:

Drip irrigations systems are a much more sustainable way to maintain crops during the dry season. My proposal has a rainwater harvesting collection point at the centre of every woven structure where the

Below are 3 sets of guidelines form the Nation Plan (Plan Nacional

water is collected in an underground tank and then pumped up to

de Desarollo 2017-2021: Toda una Vida) :

the irrigation system within the plantation. b.12. Stop the degradation processes of the natural courses in Use of Harmful Chemicals

rural areas and encourage agro-ecological practices that promote

The growing of monoculture crops, like bananas, significantly

recovery of these ecosystems

affects the water quality of the wetland due to the use of spraying pesticides. Agriculture has the highest use of soils and the lack of

The proposal has a rainwater harvesting irrigation system to collect

appropriate crop management guidelines means the appearance

rain in the wet season in order to reduce the pressure of water

of pests has caused huge amounts of pesticides to be used going

resources in the dry season.

over national and international regulations. The most common are c.3. Consolidate populated centres in rural parishes with social,

insecticides, herbicides and fungicides.

cultural, environmental, tourist and productive, with a view to strengthening rural development

The proposal introduces a plethora of trees and plants to increase biodiversity. Certain plants have been chosen which bring insects which eat banana plant pests (which cause disease) and the process

The banana textiles factory is not only a business but also an

of hand weeding will be introduced to stop the need for herbicides.

educational resource. The proposal includes a Learning Hub which is

This means that the need for agro-chemicals is omitted - aerial sprays

a combination of theoretical and practical learning. You can learning

are no longer required which harm people, wildlife and waterways.

how to sew, design or learn the business and management of a

The organic approach to banana farming makes it more sustainable

textiles factory. The factory will be open for tourists, students and

and environmentally friendly for the economy and environment.

researchers to learn how the fibre is created and what applications the fibre can be used for.

Waste Only 14% of households in the parish have a rubbish collection system so rubbish is normally burned or even thrown into streams and rivers which contaminates water. 75% of the Canton burn their Sources: Plan Nacional de Desarollo 2017-2021: Toda una Vida Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Terrirtorial de la Parroquia Antonio Sotomayor 2012-2020 46

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d.2. Promote alternative productive initiatives that sustain the base and food sovereignty, manage-negating employment and inclusive economic circuits;guaranteeing or promoting the conservation of agro-biodiversity existing in the country and promoting research and innovation The proposal will increase productivity and employment in the area through the production of the banana fibre and associated textiles products. The sustainable practices implemented in the proposal are a rainwater harvesting & irrigation system; organic farming practices and ceasing the use of harmful agro-chemicals. This will protect the contamination of soils and waterways, of peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health and create a more sustainable practice of banana farming meaning peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s livelihoods are protected. Irrigation System

Pump

Water tank

Rainwater harvesting collection

Fig 3.70 Rainwater Harvesting Irrigation System At the centre of each woven structure is a water collection point which leads to a main water tank. The water is stored here until the dry season where the water is pumped up to the plantation irrigation system.

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

3.8 Reflection There has been a lot of repetition in regards to how the banana textiles factory responds to Ecuador’s national, regional, local and parish development plans. This shows that there is consistency from the very top of the government structure all the way down to the very bottom. Of course development plans will vary depending on each areas social, economic and environmental situations and become more specific at parish level, but it does display a cohesive approach to the country’s overall development. There is a strong focus on protecting the biodiversity, water ways, reducing pollution and reducing pressure on resources. This is most likely a reflection of the country’s economic reliance on commodities like agriculture and how the country is feeling the effects of global warming more so than the UK. It’s interesting that the agriculture sector which is affected by contaminated water, pollution and soil erosion are the ones causing it. This highlights that educating and implementing systems to prevent this are important to maintain livelihoods and protect the environment.

03// Legislative Framework

4.0 Project Management

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

4.1 Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholders are either an individual, group or organisation which impact the outcome of the design. They have an interest in the success of the project and can be within or outside the organisation that is funding the project. There are different types of stakeholders in the design, planning, construction and occupation of a project. The spider diagram on the right (fig 4.10), shows the stakeholders for the banana textiles factory which are divided into five categories: Funding Stakeholders (client), Interest Stakeholders (parties who are highly interested about the success of the proposal), Professional Stakeholders (members of the design and construction team), Occupying Stakeholders (parties directly using the pavilion after completion) and End Users (an array of different people who will use the pavilion after completion). It is important to identify who the stakeholders are early on in the project so that the needs of each are incorporated throughout the design process. For the success of the project, key stakeholders need to be regularly engaged with consultations in order to steer the direction of the project so that it meets their needs. Stakeholders expectations must be managed during the project as it isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t easy aligning all stakeholdersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs, so compromises will need to be made.

04// Project Management

Banana Link Ethical Trading Initiative

Antonio Sotomayor Parish Government

Dole Food Company

Los Rios Municipal Government

Association of Textiles Industrialists of Ecuador (AITE)

INTEREST STAKEHOLDERS

FUNDING STAKEHOLDERS

Fairtrade

Clean Clothes Campaign

School Groups Local Residents

University Groups

Dole Food Company

BANANA TEXTILES FACTORY

Staff

OCCUPYING STAKEHOLDERS

Association of Textiles Industrialists of Ecuador (AITE)

Tourists

END US ER S

Work Groups Professionals

Families Event/ Lecture Attendees

Students

Workshop Attendees

Teachers Architect

Mechanical and Electrical Consultant

Main Contractor

Project Manager

PROFESSIONAL STAKEHOLDERS

Furniture

Health & Saftey

Structural Engineer

Subcontractors

Cafe fit-out

Building Control Planning Consultant

Plumber

Quanitity Surveyor

Fig 4.10 Stakeholder diagram

Electrician

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

Key Stakeholders Objectives

Dole Food Company

Antonio Sotomayor Parish Government

The American company was founded in 1851 in Hawaii and is the

The parish where the Banana Textiles Factory is located, in the Los

largest producer of fruit and vegetables in the world. They began

Rios region of Ecuador. It has a population of 16,739 and covers an

producing bananas for the market in 1964 and are now one of the

area of 143km2. The rural government’s mission ‘fosters and protects

biggest banana export companies in the world. They source bananas

the autonomy and unity of parish governments, brings together

from its own plantations, from plantations in which it has shares and

and forges citizen participation and promotes the integral and

other independent suppliers in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras,

sustainable human development of rural communities’.

Ecuador, Colombia, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, the Philippines and Ghana.

Los Rios Municipal Government

Association of Textiles Industrialists of Ecuador/ La Asociación de

The province in which the Banana Textiles Factory is located. It is

Industriales Textiles del Ecuador

one of the top three provinces in the country for banana production.

A non for profit trade union in Ecuador for the textiles industry.

It has a population of 921,763 and covers an area of 7,100km2.

Ecuador’s textile industry dates back to the colonial era when

The government’s objectives are to ‘execute plans, programs

sheep’s wool was used. The main fibres now used for manufacturing

and projects that guarantee the social, economic and productive

in Ecuador include cotton, polyester,nylon, acrylics, wool and silk.

development of the province and the country.’

The main provinces in Ecuador dedicated to textile activity are Pichincha, Guayas, Azuay, Tungurahua and Imbabura. The textile and clothing industry contributes to more than 7% of the national manufacturing GDP.

Fairtrade

Banana Link

Fairtrade was founded in 1992 with the aim to get better prices,

A small campaign group based in Norwich, UK, who promote

decent working conditions, local sustainability and fair terms for

ethical practices in the tropical fruit industry including bananas and

farmers and workers in the developing world. Fairtrade products

pineapples. They work for fair and equitable production and trade

include bananas, chocolate, coffee and cotton. By buying fairtrade

based on environmental, social and economic sustainability.

certified products, it means producers are guaranteed a minimum price, get an extra premium to invest in their community and improve workplace conditions. Fairtrade bananas have been available since January 2000. If bananas from Ecuador can be fairtrade, then banana textiles can be too - further improving pay and working conditions.

04// Project Management

Clean Clothes Campaign

Ethical Trading Initiative

Launched in 1989 due to the challenges brought with globalisation

The Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) is a leading alliance of companies,

where they are dedicated to improving working conditions and

trade unions and NGOs that work together to tackle the many

empowering workers in the global garment and sportswear

complex questions about what steps companies should take to

industries.

trade ethically, and how to make a positive difference to workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; lives.

Stakeholders Power: Interest Matrix

Keep Satisfied

Key Players

Influence/Power of Stakeholders

Design & Construction Team

Dole

Antonio Sotomayor Parish Government

Minimal Effort

Keep Informed

End Users

Clean Clothes Campaign Ethical Trading Initiative Fairtrade Banana Link Los Rios Municipal Government AITE

Interest of Stakeholders

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

4.2 Project Team The Banana Textiles Factory is unique in its form of construction

harvested so that the plantation can workout how much water they

using banana rope and requires specialist knowledge working with

will need in the dryer months

rope for construction. BU I L D I N G CO N T RO L A RCHITECT

To check the building is safe to be used throughout the build process

The architect and architectural team are in charge of producing the

and once it is occupied.

design, the architectural drawings and specification of the project. The architect will be in charge of all design decisions to ensure the

CO S T CO N S U LTA N T

built project stays as true as it can to the original design whilst

Provides estimates and advice for the cost of the construction works.

making design decisions if the project is over-budget.

They help define the project budget and conduct feasibility studies. They prepare cost plans which will evolve alongside the project

MA NAGEMEN T CON TR AC TO R

developing in detail and accuracy as more information becomes

To coordinate, manage and deliver the project.

available.

R OP E SPECIALIST

E N V I RO N M E N TA L CO N S U LTA N T

On site setting up a temporary rope production workshop to

With high temperatures year round, an environmental consultant

ensure the rope produced for construction is of good quality and

will be required to work out how much shading and ventilation is

appropriate for the structural arches and faรงades.

required for each space to reduce overheating for the users.

WE AVIN G SPECIALI ST Although a very old craft, the way that the rope is being woven for faรงades and at different densities to provide solar shading and waterproofing mean that the faรงades need to be carefully designed and constructed. S T R UCTURAL EN GIN EER To workout span of rope arches to ensure the diameter of the bundled rope arches is structurally safe. They will also need to workout foundation depths for the steel driven screw piles and the infrastructure required to house the rainwater harvesting system. H ORTICULTURIST With a special knowledge in plants that bring insects which eat banana pests and encouraging more diversity. This will enable the plantation to stop using harmful agro-chemicals. LA NDSCAPE ARCHI TEC T To develop the overall landscaping of the proposal, including the proposed Nature Trail. They will be required to design good quality outdoor spaces that employees and visitors will enjoy. R A I NWATER HARVESTI N G & I R R I G ATI O N C O N SULTA N T They will need to workout size requirements of the system to maximise the amount of water that can be collected with the available land. They will be able to work out how much water can be

04// Project Management

Project Team

Architectural

Consultants & Specialists

Contractors

Lead Architect

Structural Engineer

Main Contractor

Architectural Assistants

Horticulturist

Subcontractors

Architectural Technicians

Landscape Architect

Rope Contractor

Cost Consultant

Weaving Contractor

M&E Consultant

Suppliers

Environmental Consultant Rainwater Harvesting & Irrigation consultant CDM Officer

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

4.3 Project Programme RIBA Plan of Work The table below shows the RIBA Plan of work 2020 which organises the process of briefing, designing, constructing and operating building projects into eight stages. At each stage it defines the outcomes, core tasks and information exchanges. The updated 2020 version is based on 7 years of feedback gathered by the RIBA, from the construction industry. The 2020 version includes the following: •

Expanded glossary

•

Comparison to international plan of work equivalents

•

Guidance on core project strategies: Conservation, Cost, Fire Safety, Health and Safety, Inclusive Design, Planning, Plan for Use, Procurement, Sustainability - including detailed tasks aligned to the RIBA Sustainable Outcomes Guide.

RIBA Plan of Work 2020

The RIBA Plan of Work organises the process of briefing, designing, delivering, maintaining, operating and using a building into eight stages. It is a framework for all disciplines on construction projects and should be used solely as guidance for the preparation of detailed professional services and building contracts.

Strategic Definition

Preparation and Briefing

Concept Design

Spatial Coordination

Technical Design

Manufacturing and Construction Handover

Stage Boundaries:

Stage Outcome

The best means of achieving the Client Requirements confirmed

Stages 0-4 will generally be undertaken one after the other. Stages 4 and 5 will overlap in the Project Programme for most projects. Stage 5 commences when the contractor takes possession of the site and finishes at Practical Completion. Stage 6 starts with the handover of the building to the client immediately after Practical Completion and finishes at the end of the Defects Liability Period. Stage 7 starts concurrently with Stage 6 and lasts for the life of the building.

Planning Note: Planning Applications are generally submitted at the end of Stage 3 and should only be submitted earlier when the threshold of information required has been met. If a Planning Application is made during Stage 3, a midstage gateway should be determined and it should be clear to the project team which tasks and deliverables will be required. See Overview guidance.

Procurement: The RIBA Plan of Work is procurement neutral – See Overview guidance for a detailed description of how each stage might be adjusted to accommodate the requirements of the Procurement Strategy. ER CP

Employer’s Requirements

at the end of the stage

Prepare Client Requirements

during the stage

Develop Business Case for feasible options including review of Project Risks and Project Budget

Project Strategies might include: – Conservation (if applicable) – Cost – Fire Safety – Health and Safety – Inclusive Design – Planning – Plan for Use – Procurement – Sustainability See RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview for detailed guidance on Project Strategies

Core Statutory Processes

Ratify option that best delivers Client Requirements

Project Brief approved by the client and confirmed that it can be accommodated on the site

Prepare Project Brief including Project Outcomes and Sustainability Outcomes, Quality Aspirations and Spatial Requirements Undertake Feasibility Studies Agree Project Budget

Architectural Concept approved by the client and aligned to the Project Brief

Architectural and engineering information Spatially Coordinated

The brief remains “live” during Stage 2 and is derogated in response to the Architectural Concept

Agree Project Brief Derogations

Source Site Information including Site Surveys

Undertake Site Appraisals

Prepare Project Programme

Undertake Design Reviews with client and Project Stakeholders

Prepare Project Execution Plan

Prepare stage Design Programme

Undertake Design Studies, Engineering Analysis and Cost Exercises to test Architectural Concept resulting in Spatially Coordinated design aligned to updated Cost Plan, Project Strategies and Outline Specification Initiate Change Control Procedures

Planning Building Regulations Health and Safety (CDM)

Prepare stage Design Programme

Prepare and coordinate design team Building Systems information Prepare and integrate specialist subcontractor Building Systems information

Finalise Site Logistics Manufacture Building Systems and construct building

Rectify defects

Resolve Site Queries as required

Complete initial Aftercare tasks including light touch Post Occupancy Evaluation

Building handover tasks bridge Stages 5 and 6 as set out in the Plan for Use Strategy

Review design against Building Regulations

Submit Building Regulations Application

Carry out Construction Phase Plan

Prepare and submit Planning Application

Discharge precommencement Planning Conditions

Comply with Planning Conditions related to construction

Option: submit outline Planning Application

Implement Facilities Management and Asset Management Undertake Post Occupancy Evaluation of building performance in use Verify Project Outcomes including Sustainability Outcomes

Comply with Planning Conditions as required

Adaptation of a building (at the end of its useful life) triggers a new Stage 0

Comply with Planning Conditions as required

Prepare Construction Phase Plan Submit form F10 to HSE if applicable Tender

Appoint design team

Undertake review of Project Performance

Inspect Construction Quality

Agree route to Building Regulations compliance

Appoint client team

Hand over building in line with Plan for Use Strategy

Undertake seasonal Commissioning

Undertake Commissioning of building

Building used, operated and maintained efficiently

Stage 7 starts concurrently with Stage 6 and lasts for the life of the building

Monitor progress against Construction Programme

Obtain pre-application Planning Advice

Management Contract Construction Management

Building handed over, Aftercare initiated and Building Contract concluded

There is no design work in Stage 5 other than responding to Site Queries

Initiate collation of health and safety Pre-construction Information

Design & Build 1 Stage

ER CP

Appoint contractor

Pre-contract services agreement

Appoint contractor

Appoint Facilities Management and Asset Management teams, and strategic advisers as needed

Appoint contractor

Contractor-led

at the end of the stage

Manufacturing, construction and Commissioning completed

Source pre-application Planning Advice

Traditional

Design & Build 2 Stage

Use

Prepare Building Manual Specialist subcontractor designs are prepared and reviewed during Stage 4

See Planning Note for guidance on submitting a Planning Application earlier than at end of Stage 3

Information Exchanges

Develop architectural and engineering technical design

Prepare stage Design Programme

No design team required for Stages 0 and 1. Client advisers may be appointed to the client team to provide strategic advice and design thinking before Stage 2 commences.

Strategic appraisal of Planning considerations

All design information required to manufacture and construct the project completed Stage 4 will overlap with Stage 5 on most projects

Prepare Architectural Concept incorporating Strategic Engineering requirements and aligned to Cost Plan, Project Strategies and Outline Specification

Review Feedback from previous projects

during the stage:

Procurement Route

Projects span from Stage 1 to Stage 6; the outcome of Stage 0 may be the decision to initiate a project and Stage 7 covers the ongoing use of the building.

If the outcome determines that a building is the best means of achieving the Client Requirements, the client proceeds to Stage 1

Core Tasks

Preferred bidder

Client Requirements

Project Brief

Project Brief Derogations

Signed off Stage Report

Manufacturing Information

Business Case

Feasibility Studies

Signed off Stage Report

Project Strategies

Construction Information

Site Information

Project Strategies

Final Specifications

Project Budget

Outline Specification

Updated Outline Specification

Project Programme

Cost Plan

Contractor’s Proposals

Procurement Strategy

Residual Project Strategies

Updated Cost Plan

Building Regulations Application

Planning Application

Responsibility Matrix

Practical Completion certificate including Defects List

Feedback on Project Performance

Feedback from Post Occupancy Evaluation

Final Certificate

Updated Building Manual including Health and Safety File and Fire Safety Information as necessary

Feedback from light touch Post Occupancy Evaluation

Asset Information If Verified Construction Information is required, verification tasks must be defined

Information Requirements Core RIBA Plan of Work terms are defined in the RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview glossary and set in Bold Type.

Building Manual including Health and Safety File and Fire Safety Information

Further guidance and detailed stage descriptions are included in the RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview.

Fig 4.31 RIBA Plan of Work 2020

Sources: https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/resources-landing-page/riba-plan-of-work

04// Project Management

Programme The project programme reflects the project timeline at the beginning of this report. The project programme is an indicative programme using the RIBA stages as a reference for what stages of the design need to happen and when. The planning application is submitted early, after Stage 2 Concept Design, so the project can be on site in time for the dry season. The RIBA Plan of Work states that a planning application is usually submitted after Stage 3 Spatial Coordination, but if an application is submitted earlier then â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the threshold of information requiredâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs to have been met. To ensure the threshold of information is met for an early planning application, consultants, specialists and the main contractor will be appointed early on in the design stages making it easier to coordinate information.

Winter - Dry Season

Planning Strategic Definition Preparation & Brief Concept Design Spatial Coordination Planning Application Pre-Construction Technical Design Construction Manufacturing and Construction In Use Handover Occupancy Evaluation

Fig 4.32 Indicative project programme

28/12/2020

21/12/2020

14/12/2020

07/12/2020

December 30/11/2020

23/11/2020

16/11/2020

09/11/2020

02/11/2020

November 26/10/2020

19/10/2020

12/10/2020

October 05/10/2020

28/09/2020

21/09/2020

14/09/2020

Spetember 31/08/2020

24/08/2020

17/08/2020

10/08/2020

03/08/2020

August 27/07/2020

20/07/2020

13/07/2020

06/07/2020

29/06/2020

July 22/06/2020

15/06/2020

08/06/2020

01/07/2020

June 25/05/2020

18/05/2020

11/05/2020

04/05/2020

May 27/04/2020

20/04/2020

13/04/2020

06/04/2020

April 30/03/2020

23/03/2020

16/03/2020

09/03/2020

02/03/2020

March 24/02/2020

17/02/2020

10/02/2020

03/02/2020

February 27/01/2020

20/01/2020

13/01/2020

06/01/2020

23/12/2019

16/12/2019

09/12/2019

02/12/2019

Task

January

07/09/2020

Summer - Wet Season December

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

4.4 Building Regulations Ecuador and UK Regulations E CU ADOR BUILDING C O D E Ecuador began adopting building codes in the 1970s but they were not comprehensive and rarely enforced. The country is situated in the Ring of Fire, an area that is susceptible to earthquakes. The lack of enforcement of building codes means that buildings are not constructed for earthquake resistance which has had devastating consequences to the country. In 2016, Ecuador was hit by a 7.8-magnitude earthquake, 700 people were killed and 29,000 houses collapsed. This earthquake evidenced that the buildings were not constructed with adequate materials or construction methods. The building code was updated in 2000 by a group of researchers from Ecuadorian universities and more recently in 2015 (refer to fig 4.40). Although the more recent versions of the building code specify in detail how to design for earthquake prevention, there still seems to be a big gap between the code and ensuring the code is enforced. U K BUILDIN G REGU L ATI O N S UK Building Regulations 2010 (refer to fig 4.40) issued by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG). The regulations are minimum standards for design, construction and alterations to almost every building. The regulations are a series of approved documents that give general guidance on specific aspects of building design and construction in order to comply with the regulations. Building Control Officers enforce the building regulations which is done in two ways: 1. For larger new-build projects a ‘full-plans’ application is made where the proposed works are submitted for approval before the works have begun. 2. Smaller projects and changes to existing buildings. Approval can be sought by giving a ‘building notice’ meaning that the building control officer will approve the works through a series of inspections during construction. Full plans applications will also be subject to inspection during the construction stage to ensure the work is carried out in accordance with the approved design.

Sources: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/approved-documents https://www.habitatyvivienda.gob.ec/documentos-normativos-nec-norma-ecuatoriana-de-la-construccion/ https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/requisitos-construccion-manabi-terremoto-ecuador.html 60

04// Project Management

Ecuador Building Code

UK Building Regulations

Capítulos de la NEC (Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción)

Approved Documents

S T RUCTURAL SAFETY O F B UI L DI N G S

Part A: Structure

NEC-SE-CG: Loads (non-seismic)

Part B: Fire Safety

NEC-SE-DS: Seismic Hazard, earthquake resistant design

Part C: Site Preparation and Resistance to Contaminates and Moisture

NEC-SE-RE: Seismic Risk, Assessment, Rehabilitation of Structures

Part D: Toxic Substances Part E: Resistance to sound

NEC-SE-GC: Geo-technics and Foundations

Part F: Ventilation

NEC-SE-HM: Reinforced Concrete Structures NEC-SE-AC: Steel Structures

Part G: Sanitation,Hot Water Safety and Water Efficiency

NEC-SE-MP: Structural Masonry

Part H: Drainage and Waste Disposal

NEC-SE-MD: Wood Structures

Part J: Combustion Appliances and Fuel Storage Systems

NEC-SE-VIVIENDA: Homes up to 2 floors with spans up to 5m

Part K: Protection from Falling, Collusion and Impact

NEC-SE-GUADÚA: Guadúa Structures

Part L: Conservation of Fuel and Power

H ABITABILITY AN D H EALTH

Part M: Access to and Use of Buildings

NEC-HS-GLASS: Glass

Part P: Electrical Safety

NEC-HS-CI: Against Fire

Part Q: Security in dwellings

NEC-HS-AU: Universal Accessibility

Part R: High Speed Electronic Communication Networks

NEC-HS-EE: Energy Efficiency B ASIC SERVICES NEC-SB-IE: Electrical Installations NEC-SB-TE: Common Civil Telecommunications Infrastructure

Fig 4.40 Comparative Analysis of Building Regulations between Ecuador and The UK

Sources: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_regulations

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

4.4 Building Regulations Compliance with Part B Fire Safety PA RT B FIRE SAFETY V OLUME 2: BUILDIN G S O TH ER TH AN DWEL L I N GS Part B details all precautionary measures to provide safety from fires for occupants of a building, people within the vicinity of the building and firefighters. It covers the following: •

Means of escape in case of fire

•

Fire detection & warning systems

•

Fire resistance of structural elements

•

Fire separation

•

Protection

•

Compartmentation & isolation to prevent fire spread

•

Control of flammable materials

•

Access & facilities for firefighting

Means of warning and escape B1. The building shall be designed and constructed so that there are appropriate provisions for the early warning of fire, and appropriate means of escape in case of fire from the building to a place of safety outside the building capable of being safely and effectively use at all material times. The Banana Textiles Factory is a single story complex made up of six separate buildings. The building types fall into three categories: purpose group 3 - Office; purpose group 4 - Shop & commercial;

Fig 4.41 Approved Document B - Fire Saftey document

purpose group 5 - Assembly and recreation and purpose group 6 - Industrial. The proposal has taken into consideration the different types of buildings to ensure safe travel distances for fire escape is achieved. The more high risk areas operating machinery have two fire escapes and all spaces have a sprinkler system linked to a fire alarm as shown in the diagram on the right (fig. 4.42). The project is only one storey so protected stair cores are not required. The main structure and façades, made from banana fibre, are treated with a fire-retardant to prevent the spread of fire. The main route through the proposal, accessed off the existing vehicular road to the banana production buildings, is wide enough for a vehicle to drive meaning that fire services can get to any potential fires.

Sources: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/approved-documents https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_regulations 62

40.91 m2

04// Project Management

Fire Escapes Sprinkler system linked to fire alarm GSEducationalVersion

Fig 4.42 Diagram of Ground Floor Plan showing fire exists and sprinkler systems

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

4.4 Building Regulations Compliance with Part M Access to and Use of Buildings PA RT M ACCESS TO AN D USE O F B UI L DI N G S V OLUME 2: BUILDIN G S O TH ER TH AN DWEL L I N GS This

document

provides

guidance

Building

Regulation

requirments so that buildings are accessible and usable so that individuals regardless of age, gender and disability are able to gain access to buildings and the buildings facilities for people who visit, live and work in them. The document provides guidance on regulations such as: •

Provisions for people to gain access into buildings, including wheelchair users.

•

Sanitary facilities on entrance level.

•

Provisions for buildings with a range of potential occupants, including older people with reduced mobility and wheelchair users.

•

Provisions for people to use outdoor space, parking and communal facilities with ease.

The proposal is lifted off the ground for flood prevention and ventilation, so the main access route through the site is also raised allowing a flush threshold from path to building. Having a flush threshold means there is no trip hazard and does not present a barrier for wheelchair users.

Fig 4.43 Approved Document M - Access to and Use of Buildings

The main route through site is ramped at beginning and end to ensure wheelchair users and people with less mobility can access the buildings with ease. The ramps are in line with regulations where the maximum gradient is 1:20 for a 500mm elevation as shown in the diagram on the right (fig 4.45). A handrail will be provided to give stability and warning of presence of a change in level. There is external stair access to only one building - the dying hut which has risers of 150mm high and a going of 300mm and a handrail at a height of 900mm, aligning with Part M guidance, see fig 4.44.

Sources: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/approved-documents

04// Project Management

Fig 4.44 External steps and stairs - key dimensions

Handrail height above pitch line 900mm to 1000mm Landing 800mm Going 280mm to 425mm Riser 150mm to 170mm

Limits for Ramp Gradients

Gradient = 1:20

Fig 4.45 Ramp gradient

Going of a flight

Maximum Gradient

Maximum Rise

10m

1:20

500mm

1:15

333mm

1:12

166mm

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

4.5 Health & Safety/CDM The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015,

construction site which does not comply with the requirements of

introduced in April 2015, aims to improve health and safety

paragraph (1) or (2).

conditions in the construction industry. CDM applies to all types of construction projects no matter the size of project or duration of

(4) A construction site must, so far as is reasonably practicable, have

build.

sufficient working space and be arranged so that it is suitable for any person who is working or who is likely to work there, taking account

Construction is a high-risk industry so proper planning of work and

of any necessary work equipment likely to be used there.

careful assessments of hazards involved is vital to ensure the safety of those on site.

Correct PPE will be provided to ensure safe access in and around the construction site. The site is located at the centre of the 1km2

For the CDM to achieve its objectives, the regulations give duties to

plantation, making it more difficult to be accessed by non-workers.

almost everyone involved in the construction work, in particular key

A boundary and code to access the construction site will be installed

members of the project team such as the client, Principle Designer,

to ensure only authorised project team members can enter.

Principle Contractor, designers and contractors. These key members Regulation 34: Temperature and weather protection

under CDM are known as dutyholders.

34.—(1) Suitable and sufficient steps must be taken to ensure, The CDM is divided into 5 parts:

so far as is reasonably practicable, that during working hours the temperature at a construction site that is indoors is reasonable

Part 1 The application of CDM 2015 and definitions

having regard to the purpose for which that place is used.

Part 2 Duties of clients for all construction projects. These duties apply in full for commercial clients. However, the duties for domestic

(2) Where necessary to ensure the health or safety of persons at work

clients normally pass to other dutyholders

on a construction site that is outdoors, the construction site must, so

Part 3 Health and safety roles for all dutyholders including: designers,

far as is reasonably practicable, be arranged to provide protection

principle designers, principle contractors and contractors.

from adverse weather, having regard to—

Part 4 General requirements for all construction sites. Part 5 Transitional arrangements and revocations.

(a)the purpose for which the site is used; and (b)any protective clothing or work equipment provided for the use of

There are 39 regulations within the 5 parts. The following regulations,

any person at work there.

taken from Part 4 General requirements for all construction sites, are regulations most relevant to the Banana Textiles Factory::

The site is situated in a tropical climate where temperatures vary between 23-26°C. Workers on site will wear protective clothing from

Regulation 17: Safe places of construction work

the high angle sun and staff rooms to provide areas for shade, rest

17.—(1) There must, so far as is reasonably practicable, be suitable

and rehydration. Work will be avoided in the middle of the day when

and sufficient safe access to and egress from—

the sun is strongest to reduce sunburn, heat stroke and dehydration.

(a)every construction site to every other place provided for the use of any person whilst at work; and (b)every place construction work is being carried out to every other place to which workers have access within a construction site. (2) A construction site must be, so far as is reasonably practicable, made and kept safe for, and without risks to, the health of a person at work there. (3) Action must be taken to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that no person uses access to or egress from or gains access to any Sources: https://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/cdm/2015/index.htm

04// Project Management

CDM Dutyholders

Main Duties/ Roles

Commercial Clients

•

Ensuring other dutyholders are appointed.

Organisations or individuals for whom a construction project is carried out that

•

Sufficient time and resources allocated.

•

Relevant information is prepared and provided to other dutyholders .

•

The principal designer and principal contractor carry out their duties.

•

Welfare facilities are provided.

is done as part of a business.

Domestic Clients

home of a family member) that is not done as part of a business.

Domestic client duties are usually transferred to the contractor for single contractor projects or the principle contractor for projects with more than one contractor. The client can choose to have a written agreement with the principle designer to carry out the client duties instead.

Principle Designer

•

People who have construction work carried out on their own home (or the

They plan, manage, monitor and coordinate health and safety in the pre-construction phase.

Principle designers are appointed by the client to be in charge of the preconstruction phase of a project involving more than one contractor. They will influence how risks to health and safety are managed throughout the project.

•

Identify, eliminate or control foreseeable risks.

•

Ensure designers carry out their duties.

•

Prepare and provide relevant information to other dutyholders.

•

Liaise with the principal contractor, keeping them informed of any risks that need to be controlled during the construction phase.

Designers

•

When preparing of modifying designs eliminate, reduce or control foreseeable risks that may arise during construction, the maintenance

Organisations or individuals who as part of a business, prepare or modify

and use of a building once it is built.

designs for a building, product or system relating to construction work.

•

Provide information to other members of the project team to help them fulfil their duties.

Principle Contractors

•

Contractors appointed by the client to coordinate the construction phase of a

• • •

project where it involves more than one contractor.

Plan, manage, monitor and coordinate health and safety in the construction phase of a project. Liaise with the client and principal designer. Prepare Construction Phase Plan. Organise cooperation between contractors and coordinating their work.

Ensure: • Suitable site inductions are provided. • Reasonable steps are taken to prevent unauthorised access. • Workers are consulted and engaged in securing their health and safety. • Welfare facilities are provided. Contractors

•

Those who carry out the actual construction work, contractors can be an

•

individual or a company. •

Plan, manage and monitor construction work under their control so it is carried out without risks to health and safety. For projects involving more than one contractor, coordinate their activities with others in the project team – in particular, comply with directions given to them by the principal designer or principal contractor. For single contractor projects, prepare a construction phase plan.

Workers

Workers must:

Those working for or under the control of contractors on a construction site.

•

Be consulted about matters which affect their health, safety and welfare.

•

Take care of their own health and safety, and of others who might be affected by their actions.

•

Report anything they see which is likely to endanger either their own or others’ health and safety.

•

Cooperate with their employer, fellow workers, contractors and other dutyholders.

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

4.6v Risk Assessment Hazard

No planning consent

Likelihood

Low

Risk Assessment

Control Measure

Low

Thorough research into development guidance at national and local level will ensure the local municipality approve of the proposal. Engaging early on with the local municipality

and

working alongside them to ensure the best development for client and community is built.

Client Funding Cut

Low

Medium

Although it would stall the project if client funding was cut, it is highly unlikely as the client funding the proposal also owns the plantation. This textiles factory is an investment to the company which is going to be low cost to build and create profit from waste. If the client were to cut funding it could be difficult to find another investor as it is being built on the clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s land.

Loss of supply

Low

It is unlikely to happen as the main construction material is

materials

produced on site directly from banana waste. If the plantation were to have a sudden disease rip through the plantation, preventing fibre from being made, then there are plenty of banana plantations in the area that the raw material could be sourced from and at a low price due to the nature of it being inherently waste.

Site is flooded

Medium

High

The area is known in a flood risk area. If the site became flooded it would bring the project to a halt and have disastrous knockon effects for the project time line and whole project team. To mitigate this risk, the project will be built in the dry season to prevent the risk of the site becoming flooded and bringing the project to a halt. The building itself is lifted off the ground, again preventing permanent damage of the finished factory.

Regulatory Issues

Low

It is highly unlikely there will be regulatory issues due to the fact that Ecuador has a history for not enforcing their own building codes. The Banana Textile Factory will of course be designed to a high standard following regulations to ensure safety and accessibility for all, so the risk for this is also low.

Main contractor goes

Medium

High

It is hard to predict if the main contractor will go bust, but to

bankrupt

prevent this, it will be important to find out how many other projects the contractor is running on site and if they have the cash flow to sustainably run their business. In the event that it does occur then the client can go back to other contractors considered for the project or tap into the design teamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s network to find a new contractor.

04// Project Management

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

4.7 Equality Act The Equality Act 2010 (EA) legally protects people from

on site like the learning hub, cafe and nature trail will improve

discrimination in the workplace and in wider society. The act sets

relationships with the surrounding community fostering a welcoming

out different ways in which it is unlawful to treat someone. The

and safe environment.

EA brings together existing inequalities legislation, including the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 into one document to deliver better outcomes for the protected groups listed in the act. The legislation covers the following: •

The Equal Pay Act

•

The Sex Discrimination Act

•

The Race Relations Act

•

The Disability Discrimination Act.

•

The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations.

•

The Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations.

•

The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations.

As described previously, Part M of the Building Regulations gives guidance for how buildings must be accessible and usable for individuals regardless of age, gender or disability. Although if guidance is followed in Part M it will demonstrate compliance of Building Regulations, it does not necessarily mean compliance with obligations set out in the EA. The Act does require ‘reasonable adjustments’ to be made for providing access to goods, facilities, services and premises. To ensure the textiles factory is accessible to all, design considerations for accessibility were considered early on in the design process. This makes it easier to integrate requirements in the design process instead of having to add elements in after. Under section 149 of the EA - planning authorities - through the execution of their functions have a duty to have regard to the need to: •

Eliminate unlawful discrimination, harassment and victimisation.

•

Advance equality of opportunity.

•

Foster good relations between communities.

By designing the textiles factory that is accessible to people of all capabilities opens up opportunities for people to work that may not have been able to previously. Having design elements like on site parking, ramped access, wide door openings and disabled toilet facilities will give potential employees reassurance and confidence that they can do their job just as easily as anyone else. This accessibility to the banana textiles factory and the facilities Sources: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/equality-act-2010-guidance

04// Project Management

5.0 Procurement & Cost

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

5.1 Procurement Analysis Procurement is the process by which the design brief is developed in to a design and then constructed. There are many types of procurement routes for construction, but the main types that will be discussed in this document are: 1. Traditional (General Contracting) 2. Design and Build (Contractor Design) 3. Management Contracting 4. Collaborative Factors that affect the procurement method are: •

Stakeholder profile

•

Funding

•

Complexity and scale of project

•

Project timescale

•

Design complexity

Traditional Traditional procurement routes are the

Employer/ Client

most commonly used in construction design the project in detail first and then the main contractor is appointed following a tender process. Going to tender with several contractors aims to get the best price for the client for constructing the project.

Direct contractual relationship

works. The client appoints the architect to

Surveyors Architect/ Contract Administrator

Engineers Other Consultants

Main Contractor

Sub-contractor

Pros: • •

Greater certainty of the design and cost Flexibility - through issuing Architectural Instructions (AI) and variations

Sub-contractor

Cons: • •

Risk of costs rising if lots of design changes made Responsibility on client and architect

05// Procurement & Cost

Design & Build The main contractor is appointed to de-

Employer/ Client

sign and construct the works. The contractor is responsible for the design, planning, organisation, control and construction of the works to the client’s brief.

Design & Build Contractor

The architect does not have a contract administration role. They coordinate information to the design & build contractor and manage the design team. The architect is still responsible for planning conditions, building control and health & saftey.

Architect

Consultants

Pros: • • •

Sub-contractors

Cons: Single point of responsibility for delivery the project Reduces delivery time as design and construction stages can overlap Client has control over cost as contractor will take on design and construction for a preagreed price

• •

Contractor may try to make savings on cost which impacts the design Architect may not control detailed design development or design decisions.

Management Contracting Better suited for larger projects, a man-

Employer/ Client

agement contract procurement route is similar to a traditional route however the

Architect Engineers

management contractor does not take the risk of a fixed price, is reimbursed the amounts paid to work contractors and is

Management Contractor

paid a fee usually in the form of a per-

Other Consultants

centage. The management contractor is usually appointed early on in the design process so that their expertise can improve cost and buildability of the design

Works Contractor

proposal.

Works Contractor

Pros: • • •

Works Contractor

Cons: Early start on site due to overlap of design and construction Architect and client retain design control Highest-quality delivery - each package appointed to the best-suited sub-contractor

• • •

Not suitable for inexperienced clients Work usually commences before design is completed Uncertainty with cost.

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

5.1 Procurement Analysis Collaborative Procurement The collaborative route brings together

Client

the whole design and construction team to procure work, services and materials through shared expertise. Contractor

Architect

By establishing a collaborative alliance between all parties early on means the whole design and construct team can work together to improve cost and buildability without the design and quality of build being compromised.

Engineers

Consultants

Project Manager

Pros: • • • • •

Cons: Increases efficiency Reduce waste (time, effort and materials) Achieve value (maximum output from minimal resources) All parts of supply chain share benefits Improved certainty of delivery time and cost

•

Personal or professional fallouts with members of the collaboration, possibly halting the project Might not be suitable for all design and construction projects, in particular smaller projects

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5.2 Procurement Route Collaborative Procurement & Collaborative JCT ‘ Constructing Excellence’ 2016 P R OCUREMEN T

Rope itself is not a new material, but the way it will be used for

The procurement route chosen is collaborative. This is due to the

construction is not common practice. The collaboration and shared

scale of the project, the different consultants and sub-contractors

resources within the whole team will help achieve the desired result

required to construct it and the time scale with only the dry season

of the design intention.

for construction to be completed. CO N T RA CT Although the Management Contracting route would be suitable for

The type of contract chosen for the collaborative procurement is the

the scale of project and time frames, there is less cost certainty.

Collaborative JCT ‘ Constructing Excellence’ 2016. The contract develops a partnership between client, designers

For the collaborative route there are Design & build elements

and contractors. It encourages collaborative and integrated team

allowing the project to start on site even if parts of the design still

working and gets all participants to recognise the importance of

need to be completed. The dry season lasts for 6 months, so the

managing risks. This type of contract increases efficiency across

project will need to begin as soon as the season starts so that the

the project, reduces wasted time, effort and materials by sharing

project does not come in to difficulty with completion if it is still

knowledge and resources and all parts of the supply chain share the

being built in the wet season.

benefits of the collaboration.

Client

Architects/ Architectural Assistants

Main Contractor

Sub-contractors

Structural Engineer

Banana Textiles Factory Collaborative Contract Weaving Specialist

Landscape Architect

Other Consultants &

Horticulturist

Specialists

M&E

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

5.3 Funding Dole Food Company is the sole funder for the design project with the plantation also being owned by Dole. Although the local parish, Antonio Sotomayor is a stakeholder in terms of interest for the project, the economic responsibility lies with Dole. There should not be many risks for issues with funding as Doleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s revenue recorded for 2019 was 4.566 billion US dollars. In addition to this, labour is cheap in Ecuador and the raw material of the banana fibre is technically free since being a waste product, which will reduce materials costs substantially. If Dole were to abandon the project for whatever reason, the local community could apply for funding from the local parish or canton government to support the new business as it would have economic benefits for the whole area. Alternatively, funding could be applied for from international organisations i.e. Foundation Ensemble. The French organization Foundation Ensemble finances projects in natural conservation and sustainability in Peru and Ecuador. Foundation Ensemble aims to promote projects in countries outside of France in sectors such as sustainable agriculture, sustainable fisheries, biodiversity conservation and sustainable technologies. Financing can be delivered for two to four years. The maximum amount for each year can be approximately EUR â&#x201A;Ź 50,000 (USD $ 532,000 approx.) Another alternative to get external funding would be to approach establishments within the Shareholders network who have an interest in the project in succeeding such as Fairtrade, BananaLink or Clean Clothes Campaign to see if they would like to be investors. These companies promote ethical standards within the banana growing and fashion industries so it would be in their favour to support sustainable practices of banana farming and clothes production.

Sources: https://gestionandote.org/ensemble-financia-proyectos-en-conservacion-y-sostenibilidad/

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Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

5.4 Cost It’s hard to have accuracy when determining the cost of the project

CO S T E S T I M AT E

due to the construction material of banana fibre not having any

As mentioned, there is no precedent for this type of construction or

precedents for architectural construction. I will discuss below what

project, however to even give a rough figure for what this project

things to consider surrounding the cost of the project, even if I can’t

could potentially cost, I have taken the cost of a school constructed

be accurate with the type of construction.

from bamboo in Bali. Green School, situated near Ubud in Bali, is constructed mainly from bamboo, grass and mud. It strives to be

B ANAN A FIBRE

energy independent where possible with a micro-hydro power

The banana fibre is a local material so is sustainable, inexpensive

generation, solar panels and using cow manure to fuel stoves. The

and there is zero transport as it is processed on site.

campus is covered by an organic perma-culture system and many crops are grown on site. The campus consists of several structures

It will be necessary to train up a workforce in how the banana fibre

including classrooms, a gym, conference rooms, faculty housing,

will be used for the construction of rope arches using plant resin

offices, kitchen, cafés and bathrooms.

as a way to strengthen and using the rope to weave water-tight façades. There will be an element of risk working with the fibre for

There are many similarities between Green School and the banana

construction due to its experimental nature, so time and resources

textiles factory including the use of locally sourced natural materials,

will be required to test and prototype the best way for construction.

natural ventilation, planting and buildings scattered across the site. The total area of the school site is 7542 sq m, however the only

T I MBER

cost information available was for the construction for the Heart of

Timber is used extensively throughout the proposal including

the School (see fig 5.40) which is a three-storey building housing

external and internal locations. Sustainable locally sourced timber

the school library, IT laboratory, meeting rooms, exhibition spaces

will be required for the main route through site, internal flooring, the

and offices. It is built from 2,630 bamboo poles and 10,000 strips of

cafe decking and the joinery. The joinery will be the most expensive

alang-alang roofing.

timber element as it is in every building, has a level of detail and Heart of the school = 2000 sqm, costing 225,000 US$

requires precise measurements to fit correctly into spaces.

= 112 US$ per sqm. P LA NTIN G & LAN D SC API N G

= £ 88.69 per sqm.

This includes the re-landscaping of the plantation to allow for the Banana Textiles Factory Area Breakdown:

nature trail, the planting across the site which nestles in between buildings and the new trees introduced for shading and contribution for organic farming practices. The main costs will be for the

Fibre Production = 600 sq m.

actual plants and trees, the expertise of the landscape architects

Dying Hut = 159 sq m.

and horticulturist and finally the labour to implement the whole

Weaving & Sewing Building = 430 sq m.

landscaping scheme.

Learning Hub = 192 sq m. Shop, Design Studio & Offices = 270 sq m.

F OUN DATION S

Cafe = 105 sq m

The screw driven foundations will require hire for machinery to screw

Employee Hub = 266 sq m.

the piles into the earth and the steel for the foundations themselves TOTAL = 2022 sq m.

will be another substantial cost.

TOTAL Outdoor Landscaping = 6,200 sq m. R A I NWATER HARVESTI N G & I R R I G ATI O N The whole infrastructure to install

the underground rainwater

The precedent only gives the cost for the construction of the Heart

harvesting collection points across the proposal will be a big cost

of the School, so I am unable to include the outdoor space within

due to the excavation and digging required whilst also expert

my calculations.

knowledge to install the rainwater harvesting and irrigation system correctly. Special machinery will need to hired for the digging and

Banana Textiles Factory = 2,022 sqm @ £88.69 per sq m

experienced contractors for installing the system. Total cost of building construction = £179,331

05// Procurement & Cost

Fig 5.40 Heart of the School Building at Green School, Bali.

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

5.5 Value The Banana Textiles Factory’s value is not based solely on it’s economic gain for the client, but also it’s value for the wider community and benefits to the environment. To understand more about the value, the project will be analysed for is economic, social and environmental benefits. E CON OMIC The project will provide a new source of income for the client, it will create new jobs for the community and it will bring tourism to the area boosting the economy for the parish in which it is located. Creating new jobs and situating not only a textiles production factory, but a Learning Hub and an Employee hub will make the town more appealing for potential employees and businesses. This knock on affect will benefit employees, employers and the wider community. S OC IAL The proposal aims to make banana workers’ conditions better by introducing an Employee Hub. This will introduce a new work culture, where colleagues are able to gather to eat and relax on lunch breaks and after shifts. Providing employee only spaces will boost morale and potentially productivity due to better working conditions. The introduction of organic farming and omitting the use of harmful agro-chemicals will improve workers’ health meaning they are happier and stronger to better perform at their job. This in turn will boost economic productivity for the company. E NV IRON MEN TAL Turning banana production waste into a useful and profitable fibre will benefit not only the client, but also the environment. By utilising the waste, it reduces the amount of waste that could have been destined to be burned, thrown into the river or left to rot. The production of a natural fibre will also contribute to sustainable fashion, where the fibres will not harm wildlife and can bio-degrade at the end of it’s life cycle. The plantation ceasing to use harmful chemicals for farming will protect waterways, flora, fauna and wildlife. The environmental impact from the proposal will truly benefit many and contribute to more sustainable practices to allow the plantation to sustainably run and keep workers in jobs and protect the local resources and environment. The rainwater harvesting system, although small in comparison to the plantation will reduce pressure from water supplies in the dry season, freeing up resources for those more in need.

Sources: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Value_in_building_design_and_construction

05// Procurement & Cost

6.0 Conclusion

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

6.1 Critical Reflection This report has provided an opportunity to reflect on my design project through many lenses and with a lot of rigour. Brief 1 was well setup for the development and proposal for brief 2. The direct link from the plant I studied in brief 1 and actually using it as a construction material meant that a lot of research from brief 1 came into fruition for brief 2. Covering the national, regional, local and parish legislation allowed me to hold my design accountable for what the parish needed and that it would contribute positively on a local and national scale. Considering the design team in depth allowed me to realise the importance of getting the right consultants and specialists on board at the early design stages in order to work collaboratively in achieving a successful rope structure. The stakeholder analysis was a really powerful process to work out who actually has an interest in the project other than the client and the users of the building. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important to think of the bigger picture and how my proposal can influence factors outside of the bubble of client and users. Considering the economic, social and environmental impacts of the proposal really highlighted how architecture really can be an engine of change and how it can affect people more deeply than just the building itself.

06// Conclusion

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

6.2 Evolution of Design There is more of a fluidity constructing with a material like rope. It gives a sense that more parts can be woven and attached to expand the building and other spaces altered to suit needs as they evolve. With an abundance of the natural fibre available on site, I can see the proposal expanding with the success of the natural fibre. New techniques will be developed for constructing with the fibre so the proposal could gradually mould into a completely different entity. A key idea of the textiles factory is the hope that other banana plantations will set up their own textiles factories, where they might build their factory with a slightly different technique or a completely new design. Each new textiles factory could set up their own design and research facilities where they can share their findings amongst the network and truly improve the banana textiles industry and become the chosen natural fibre over cotton.

06// Conclusion

Strategic Report // Banana Textiles Factory

6.3 Bibliography Building Regulations Part B

planificacion/sistema-nacional-descentralizado-de-planificacionparticipativa-de-ecuador

Building Regulations Part M

https://www.planificacion.gob.ec/

Capítulos de la NEC

http://www.solaripedia.com/13/311/bali_green_school_designed_

(Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción)

with_bamboo.html

Ecuador’s “National Development Plan 2017-2021 A Lifetime”

https://sni.gob.ec/inicio

Plan Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Terrirtorial del Canton Vinces (2015) Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Terrirtorial de la Parroquia Antonio Sotomayor 2012-2020 National Planing Policy Framework (NPPF) https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/resourceslanding-page/riba-plan-of-work https://constructingexcellence.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2015/01/Collaborative_Procurement_Guide.pdf https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Value_in_building_ design_and_construction https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_regulations https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/quito/construir-viviendanecesitan-permisos.html https://www.eloficial.ec/requisitos-para-construir-una-casa/ https://www.gob.ec/ https://gestionandote.org/ensemble-financia-proyectos-enconservacion-y-sostenibilidad/ https://www.gov.uk/guidance/equality-act-2010-guidance https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/approved-documents https://www.loja.gob.ec/ https://observatorioplanificacion.cepal.org/es/sistemas-

06// Conclusion