WATER JUSTICE
LIMA, PERU REPORTS 2013
Development Planning Unit University College London
LIMA, PERU REPORTS 2013
This research was co-ordinated by the staff of the MSc Environment and Sustainable Development at the Development Planning Unit, University College London; Adriana Allen, Liza Griffin, Rita Lambert, Etienne von Bertrab and Matthew Wood-Hill. This has been organised in association with Cities for Life Fora based in Lima. Many people have contributed to research findings and strategy development: local facilitators and translators, academics, researchers, public officials, colleagues and friends in Lima and in London, and above all, women and men residents who warmly opened up to us and patiently shared their knowledge and experience.
Table of contents
Finally, the students of the MSc Environment and Sustainable Development 2012-2013 enthusiastically engaged with this action-research project to generate valuable and detailed primary information, produced a range of outputs, and put forward interesting insights which further the understanding of the actual and potential role of urban agriculture in contribution to the environmentally just urbanisation of cities in the Global South, and specifically Lima, Peru. This compilation of reports is the final product of their work. To all, many thanks. Water Justice (Lima-Peru, Reports 2013) Editorial Coordinator
Matthew Wood-Hill General Coordinator
Preface 5
Cover and Editorial Design
Chapter 1: Turning to the Sea
Revision and Style First Edition, London 2013 Development Planning Unit University College London-UCL Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment 34 Tavistock Square London WC1H 9EZ T+44 (20) 7679 1111 - Fax: +44 (0)20 679 1112 The DPU’s mission is to build the capacity of professionals and institutions to design and implement innovative, sustainable and inclusive strategies at the local, national and global levels, that enable those people who are generally excluded from decision-making by poverty or their social and cultural identity, to play a full and rewarding role in their own development.
www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/dpu
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Chapter 2:
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Chapter 3:
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Chapter 5:
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WATER JUSTICE IN LIMA
TURNING LIMA, PERU TOREPORTS THE SEA 2013
Preface
T
hese reports have been produced as part of the MSc Environment and Sustainable Development programme at the Development Planning Unit (DPU), University College London (UCL) in response to terms of reference for the ‘Environment and Sustainable Development in Practice’ module, 2012-13. The five student groups worked in distinct areas within the city of Lima and its broader metropolitan area to understand the water justice in the city. The study areas represent a series of different realities facing urban dwellers.
4 THE WAY PLANTS ARE WATERED IN LIMA PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N
The research has included a four month deskstudy followed by two weeks of in-country fieldwork and meetings with key stakeholders and community, local, municipal and national levels. It has been conducted in collaboration with the Cities for Life Fora. For more information, and to read reports from previous year, please visit: www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/ dpu.
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Chapter 1
Turning to the sea
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TABOADA
COSTA VERDE BAS PARIS CECILE FARAUD ELENI INTZIDI JAMES YOO MAKINZIE CLARK MARTIN LICHTENEGGER NORA NEBELUNG
THE COSTA VERDE PHOTOGRAPH BY JAMES YOO
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Table of Contents 1 Acknowledgements 2 Abbreviations 3 Executive Summary 4 Background 5 Methodology, Objectives and Limitations 5.1 Methodology and Objectives
6 Conceptual Framework and Hypothesis 6.1 Hypothesis and Research questions 6.2 Conceptual Framework
7 Research Findings 7.1 Geographies of Hope and Despair 7.2 Spatialisation
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7.3 Long-term Impacts REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N
7.4 Opportunities for Change
8 Strategies 8.1 Improve Environmental Awarness and Education 8.2 Develop a Culture of Urban Citizenship
9 Conclusion Reference List Appendices Shadow Appendices
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1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without our facilitators: Liliana Miranda, Isabel Fernandez, Liza Griffin, Adriana Allen, Étienne Von Bertrab, Rita Lambert and Matthew Wood-Hill who together provided us with insight, guidance and continuous support. We would also like to express our sincere thanks to the following people and institutions who through interviews, presentations, tours and patience provided us with their valuable knowledge and insights: Marco Vargas, Josué Cespedes Alarcon, Ivan Rodriguez (SEDAPAL), Luiz Gallego (CREDEMAV), Irene Hofmeijer (LOOP), Julio Echazu (Regional Government of Callao), Juan Espinola (IMP), Milagros Verastegui, Sofia Hidalgo (Ministry of Environment), Angela Icumina (Municipality of La Perla), Juan Carlos Takahesu, Jimmy Sanchez (Municipality of San Miguel), Oscar Lineares Alva (Municipality of San Miguel), Ruth Fernandez Gonzales (Costa Verde Office), Gustavo Riofrio (Ministry of Housing and Sanitation), Oscar Quincho (Municipality of Ventanilla), Alfonso Aguirre (ACS).
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The passion of residents in all of our case study areas has continuously amazed us, specifically in their desire to protect their living environment and have a say in the development of their living space. In particular we would like to thank Miranda de Valencia whose struggle, and successful victory, to prevent the opening of the collector in La Perla is an inspiration to all of us. Moreover, we would like to convey our gratitude to Alberto Ibanez and Cecilia Estevez for providing us with insights and an overview into the workings of the city. Throughout our project we came in contact with a large number of activists fighting for their right to the city. We would like to thank Bart Klaar, Issy Marina Barsallo, Lenin Valencia and Jose Rodriguez for inspiring us and reminding us of the importance of defending your rights.
DURING FIELDWORK AT THE TABOADA TREATMENT PLANT VISIT PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N
AFTER THE FINAL PRESENTATION PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N
2 ABBREVIATIONS ACS
Actividades de Construcciòn y Servicios
Activities Construction and Services
APCV
Autoridad del Projecto Costa Verde Coordinadora Regional de Defensa del Medio Ambiente y de la Vida
Autority of the Costa Verde Project Regional Coordination of the Defense of the Envrionment and Livelihoods Environmental Impact Assesment Life Out Of Plastic
Ministerio Nacional del Medio Ambiente Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales Servicio de Agua Potable y Acantillado de Lima
National Ministry of Environmental of Peru Waste Water Treatment Plant Potable Water and Sewage System Service of Lima Sustainable Development Forum
CREDEMAV EIA LOOP MINAM PTAR SEDAPAL SDF
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3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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This project explores the practices and discourses shaping Metropolitan Lima’s coastal development, with a particular focus on the injustices that it creates, reinforces or maintains. Despite its seaside location, Lima’s historic background reveals a unique relationship with the sea. Instead of benefiting from it, disciplinary buildings and urban development blocked coastal access, which is illustrative of a discourse and practice that regards the sea solely as a commodity. This trend is being partly reversed, with the city and its residents “turning to the sea” along the Costa Verde coast, while Callao’s coast remains disregarded. By focusing on the districts of San Miguel, La Perla and the areas around the PTAR Taboada in Callao, it is possible to identify trends and injustices arising following the implementation of megaprojects (Costa Verde Project, Avenida Costanera, Airport expansion, etc.).
OCUPACION CIVICA BARRANCO PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N.
It is argued that an inherent environmental perception, merged with ambitions for a worldclass city, gives ground to the neoliberal ideology to operate as a driving force formulating Lima’s coast. By positioning neoliberalism as an environmental project, which asserts particular values on nature that are consistent with its economic objectives, we analyse how its influence is effectuated in Metropolitan Lima’s coastal development.
the role of the fragmented governance system in how issues are addressed, reinforcing the current social and spatial fragmentation. Furthermore, considering the disregard of longterm impacts, this report stresses that Lima’s development is unsustainable and non-resilient. Simultaneously, limited and localised alternatives and opportunities for change that already exist in Lima are identified; internationally funded projects concerned with the reuse of wastewater, civil society organisations involved in resisting development projects and contesting the appropriation of public spaces, the creation of the MINAM in 2008.
The report also proposes several strategies to challenge the current trend of development and to overcome the injustices produced by its course. These strategies aim at raising environmental awareness through providing a political ecology analysis concerning the way coastal development is advancing. Additionally, an online platform that encourages participation and debate around environmental issues has been created. Finally, a significant shift can be achieved by enhancing a culture of urban citizenship, which entails strengthening environmental activism and engagement through different means.
Moreover, this report attempts to provide a holistic understanding of the socio-ecological changes at play, through the lenses of political ecology and theoretical interpretations of neoliberalism. In doing so, we examine several important themes: How do the changes in the built environment affect the inhabitants of the coastal zone through processes of gentrification and the loss of public space; the relationship that citizens have with water and the water metabolism in Lima; and
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COSTA VERDE AND COSTA NERO CELEBRATION BY A ROAD SIGN PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N.
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4 BACKGROUND
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Peru’s geostrategic position, with access to to the poor public dialogue and communication emerging markets in Asia and connections which appear to exist between these authorities. to global markets through the Pan-American economic corridor, places Lima at the national economic and political centre of the country. Callao Lima’s growth parallels the district too often accepted path of economic development, La Perla district relying on neoliberalism (see App. 4.2.) as the accelSan Miguel erating force for its vision to district become a world-city. This process commenced in the early 1990s with Fujimori’s presidency. Peru’s export-driven economy facilitates the flow of millions of dollars into Lima, especially through the financing of megaprojects focusing on infrastructure, waste management improvement and coastline redevelopment. While few localised plans for development exist, Lima’s authorities lack a holistic vision of the city which is illustrated by the absence of an integrated urban development plan. The complex network of public agencies and the different levels on which public authorities run the City are other factors of complexity, particularly due
MAP 1_STUDY AREA
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5 METHODOLOGY, OBJECTIVES AND LIMITATIONS
LIMITATIONS Questionnaire This questionnaire is anonymous and data will be used only for academic purpose. We are students from a master on environment and sustainable development from London, UCL. 1. Gender Male
5.1 Methodology and Objectives
2. Age 5 to 19
3. Occupation
Female 20 to 29
30 to 59
60 to +
4. Where do you live? (street – district) 5. Since when do you live there? 6. Housing Owner
Renter
7. How many persons live in the house? 8. How many rooms?
9. Is the house connected to piped water? Yes No 10. If no, how do you get water? Water tank Private vendor
During the three phases of research (pre-fieldwork, fieldwork and post-field-work) our group aimed at identifying the ways in which Lima’s current path of development is producing injustices. 16
PRE-FIELDWORK PHASE The first phase was concerned with identifying how certain injustices were associated with the proposals for wastewater solutions (specifically the PTAR Taboada), and became sensitive to a complex process of environmental management in Lima. The fragmented city planning prompted us to focus on the different motivations amongst the districts in Lima and Callao. Our original research objective was then aimed at ‘localising’ the injustices associated with wastewater management.
FIELDWORK PHASE During the fieldtrip phase, we designed questionnaires to test the validity of our assumptions and hypotheses. These were geared at identifying the injustices we associated with the PTAR construction. After consulting the residents within our three research areas, it became evident that the issues of water access and of wastewater were partial to a larger process of coastal transformation. Subsequently we aimed to uncover the ways in which Lima’s coastal development as a whole, including the
PTAR, translates into socio-ecological injustices. This forced us to reflect on the impact of the Costa Verde Project, along with other megaprojects positioned along Lima and Callao’s coasts. By interviewing representatives from public authorities (at national, regional and municipal level), civil society and the private sector, our analysis was redirected towards understanding the forces at play, the prevalent discourses and the practices involved in coastal transformation. The material produced, such as our analytical video and website, was presented to a wide range of partners and was positively received.
Leaks of community system
11. If you use water tank or private vendor, how much does it cost you per litter? 12. What kind of toilet is used in the house? Inside Outside Flushed system
Other
13. Is the house connected to sewerage network? Yes No 14. If no, how do you dispose of wastewater? House garbage Community garbage
Other
INTERVIEWING JIMMY SANCHEZ (MUNICIOALITY OF SAN MIGUEL) PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N.
• Lack of prior research on Lima’s coastal development, inducing a lack of secondary sources. • Spatial constraint: Our three study areas are found along the long coast of Lima and Callao; the northern districts of Callao are not easily accessible from San Miguel and La Perla. • City fragmentation and time constraints: San Miguel, La Perla and the neighbouring areas of the PTAR Taboada in Callao are experiencing dissimilar socioeconomic conditions, contexts and dynamics. Within the time frame of our research, we only managed to reach the first layer of public authorities and civil society representatives. • Security restriction: Northern districts of Callao and La Perla’s west border were particularly unsafe, which prevented an extensive transect walk and more intensive engagement in interviews or focus groups with residents. • Inherent biases created from our desk research, especially concerning education, environmental perception, etc.
TABLE 1_LIMITATIONS
POST-FIELDWORK PHASE On completion of the fieldwork, we developed a theoretical interpretation of neoliberalism’s influence in the transformation of Lima’s coasts, and drew connections between economic motivations and the manifested injustices that we had identified. Therefore, through our analytical framework, we identify how economic impulse, coupled with a complex environmental discourse, results in the displacement of socioenvironmental injustices.
SIGN ENCOUNTERED ON THE WAY TO REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENTS PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N
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6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESES
6.1 Hypothesis and Research Questions
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According to the current process of Lima’s development, we hypothesise that the power relations that influence the decision-making process support several layers of economic motivations that outweigh environmental concerns. Therefore, environmental management is shaped around economic interests, which leads to the displacement of environmental injustices to areas of least economic benefit. This translates to unsustainable and unjust institutional and everyday practices.
Why are opportunities for positive transformation and environmental/water justice consciously and unconsciously disregarded?
The prevailing hegemonic discourses impose megaprojects as the main path for the city’s development. Over-represented in the political space, they foreclose envisioning alternatives to conceive the city differently. The power relations in place instead reduce alternatives for positive and integrated transformation at a very localised and disconnected scale, greatly reducing their chances to address the socio-environmental injustices that are currently only displaced.
How are environmental injustices manifested in the coastal development of Lima? What causes and reproduces these injustices? What opportunities of change can we identify?
6.2 Conceptual Framework The network of socio-ecological relations in Lima is powerful and uneven urban geographies are continuously reformed, demonstrating cross-scale power relations between several urban agents (Swyngedouw & Heynen, 2003). Consequently, these compounded relations are creating benefits for some that tend to generate burdens for others, as represented in Figure 1.
NEOLIBERALISM AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT Neoliberal ideology restructures social relations to nature by confining the value of natural space within the realm of privatization, asserting its objective purpose of economic gain. In doing so, it constructs a new matrix for social actors to interpret and use nature, in ways that are inherently tied to the neoliberal ideologies that determine nature’s value. Therefore, neoliberalism is necessarily an environmental project (McCarthy, 2003), as, through its valuing of and use of nature, it constructs a particular understanding of the natural environment. Therefore, we aim to identify to what extent neoliberal ideology is shaping Lima’s coastal development - through its imposition on environmental management and city planning - and how this translates into social and environmental injustices. Furthermore, we will reveal the discourses surrounding these developments, that serve to encourage, or support, this neoliberal path of development in Lima. In doing so, we are better able to analyse the processes of social transformation that parallel this coastal development, and to draw links between neoliberalism, socio-ecological change, and the injustices that are produced.
ENVIRONMENTAL DISCOURSE The natural environment is viewed through a neoliberal lense, which not only highlights its economic value, but also, serves to direct attention
FIGURE 1_ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
away from environmental realities; namely, the concept of limits, the fragility of water systems, and the issues of risk. “This [the taboada treatment process] is a clever treatment because it takes out the solids while nature is capable of efficiently recycling the rest of the waste.” (Aguirre, 2013, App. 3.3.1) The presumption of a limitless environment and the belief that nature will take care of itself play a detrimental role in directing the course of development. Additionally, Lima’s paradoxical relationship with water reflects a fragmented water metabolism (see App. 4.2.) and reveals the particular discourses around water that shape environmental management. Hannigan (1995) argues that while environmental problems are real, they are only noticed, and, therefore, only addressed, when they affect particular social interests; labelled ‘soft constructionism’. Accordingly, Lima is taking a soft constructionist approach instead of integrating the environmental problems in their institutional and everyday practices. This is evident through the juggling of wastewater solutions between the different districts (NIMBY) (see App. 4.3). These patterns lead to the creation of
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Planning through Megaprojects The Costa Verde project is positioned as a necessary and qualified solution to Lima’s traffic problems. Arguments for its physical location along the coast are situated in reasoned responses concerning its inevitability (see App. 3.3.17.). However, it is apparent that there is some awareness over the issue of risk along Lima’s coastline - specifically concerning the probability of earthquakes and tsunamis. Given that those involved in its development are at least topically aware of this issue, the validation for the Costa Verde project reaffirms our assumption that environmental issues are conveniently ignored for economic gain; risk areas
along the coast are mapped according to interests (see App. 1.1). This highlights the way in which environmental issues come to be framed in Lima. The PTAR construction (see App. 2.3.) was defended in a similar manner, with explanatory descriptions concerning the flow of natural currents in the Pacific Ocean, and its location in an isolated – or rather, neglected – area of Callao. The PTAR is defended on the basis of its technological assurance and its symbiosis with ‘the natural.’
“The decision to put the treatment plant in La Taboada was because it is at one of the lowest elevations along the coast, thus all the wastewater can naturally flow in this direction.” (Rodriguez, 2013, App. 3.3.5)
“With the strength of the current [Humboldt] it travels directly to the centre of the pacific where it is introduced in the biological cycle.” (Aguirre, 2013, App. 3.3.1)
20 socio-environmental injustices and, consequently, their displacement instead of addressing and tackling them. The development of Lima’s coast displays this process through the positioning of several megaprojects and waste flows to the extremities of the city, as represented on the map 2. “The hegemony of neoliberalism is made most evident by the ways in which profoundly political and ideological projects have successfully masqueraded as a set of objective, natural, and technocratic truisms.” (McCarthy, 2003) The Case of San Miguel In San Miguel, the Costanero collector had been polluting the ocean with untreated waste for 40 years. Furthermore, the presence of material waste on the beach suggests that there was a general maltreatment of the coast. The continuous pollution of both the ocean and the beach resulted in the spatial separation of residents from the ocean, manifested through a symbolic barrier of large buildings that, in effect, blocked residential life from the natural environment.
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MAP 2_MAP OF THE MEGAPROJECTS ALONG THE COAST
This separation from the ocean follows the trend of placing environmental problems ‘out of sight’ - or, not in my backyard - that is prevalent throughout Lima. This disconnect further amplified the lack of environmental awareness amongst the residents. Only in 2008, when the collector collapsed, the residents of San Miguel became concerned about the pollution that the collector was releasing into the ocean. Now facing direct impact from the pollution, they demanded the complete closure of the collector. Conveniently, the Costa Verde Project (see App. 2.2.) ould position San Miguel as a site for coastal development, upgrading the area that was once polluted, and increasing its value. Therefore, environmental concerns are not among the highest priority and tend to generate reaction only when public authorities and residents are directly affected, which reveals the socially constructed perception that they hold for the environment. Furthermore, this emphasises the way in which environmental management is organized around economic interests.
COSTA VERDE PLAN SOURCE:AUTORIDAD DEL PROYECTO COSTA VERDE 2007
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7 RESEARCH FINDINGS
7.1 Geographies of Hope and Despair QUESTIONNAIRE IN SANTA BEATRIZ PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N
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The unequal distribution of megaprojects and of waste flows reflects a spatio-temporal maldistribution of benefits and burdens. This is exemplified through the development of a coastal highway, with green spaces, shopping malls and restaurants, that would connect South Lima to North Lima; the upgrade of waste management with the construction of a new wastewater treatment plant; and the expansion of the airport and the port. All of these projects tend to push the injustices towards the northern part of Metropolitan
Lima, reinforcing the contamination of Callao’s coast and threatening citizens’ livelihoods and environment. The lack of opportunities for participation in the decision-making process results from and reinforces the synergy between neoliberalism, public policies and citizens’ perception of both the build and natural environment. This allows for the certain objectives towards city development to prevail, suggesting that power relations in
ACS ENGINEER EXPLAINING THE TABOADA TREATMENT PLANT PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N
FIGURE 2_ACTORS OF WATER GOVERNANCE IN LIMA AND CALLAO
OCUPACION CIVICA PICNIC PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N.
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Lima are influencing the political and economic rationality behind its development.
By examining how these processes and discourses translate into flows of public and private investment and of waste, it becomes apparent that Lima is positioning its southern coast for positive development, while its northern coast remains a dumping ground for waste infrastructure, trade points, factories, the airport and the port, all of which tie into Lima’s geopolitical strategy to position itself as an important actor GARBAGE ALONG THE COAST PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N. within the global economy.
Relating this to Bryant’s (2008) argument, when unequal power relations influence the politics of environmental management, they establish as a solution - geographies of hope and despair. This displaces injustices spatially to the peripheries of the city, which, in the case of Lima, are areas of least economic benefit and least socioeconomic power. This is fuelling the creation of landscapes of hope and despair: Hope through the enhancement of Lima’s southern coast, and despair through the consolidation of wastewater in Callao. “This very specific prioritisation of problems, then, becomes the ‘natural’ agenda of contemporary spatial planning through the seemingly necessary production of market-friendly places (detached from the city’s social problems)” (Baeten, 2012).
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National Government of Peru
Regional Government of Callao
Municipality of Callao
Metropolitan Municipality Government of Lima
The mapping of flows allows us to identify a wide range of injustices that are displayed along the two coasts. While we mapped the spatial dimension of injustices, our purpose is also to highlight their often intangible aspects. The injustices have socio-economic, socio-political, and environmental layers. By making them visible, we intend to propose strategies that can address them. These flows are symbolic of the different influences acting on, and the consequences of, the coastal transformation. The map displays the different flows that we have identified, their direction, which reveals the particular motivations of decision makers, and their spatial consequences.
INVESTMENT FLOWS
7.2 Spatialisation
Ministry of Housing and Sanitation
Ministry of Environment
The flows of foreign investments illustrate how the city development is shaped by megaprojects, while the flows of public investment emphasise the neoliberal vision that the public authorities hold for the city. As the Costa Verde extends, we can notice trends of public investment that
finance its construction, while trends of predominantly international investment flow into real estate development along the coast. This is evidenced by the augmenting number of real estate companies, especially in San Miguel, like Imagina and Terrazas de la Costanera, building apartment complexes along the coast intended to be sold to investors. On the other hand, the positioning of the supportive industrial infrastructure in Callao, along with the flows of waste towards the North, demonstrates the strong contrast between Lima’s southern and northern coastal development, rendering Callao as a place where opportunity for positive development is hindered. Put another way, if we look at Metropolitan Lima as a metabolism, where all elements are interdependent and interconnected, Callao would represent the sink area of the city, where all the flows of solid and liquid waste are sent to and dealt with.
District Municipal Governments of Callao (six): Bellavista, Callao, Carmen de la Legua Reynosos, La Perla, La Punta, Ventanilla
District Municipal Government of Lima (forty-‐three; including San Miguel)
•
LIMA ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
NGO’s
FIGURE 3_ILLUSTRATION OF THE ACTORS INVOLVED IN ENVIORNMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN LIMA AND CALLAO
Big Infrastructure (Airport, Port) Planned expansion Costa Verde Avenida Costanera Discovered injustices Foreign Investment Public Investment Future/Needed Investment
MAP 3_MAP OF TRENDS OF INVESTMENTS (SEE APP.1.3.)
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GENTRIFICATION However, other processes at play suggest there may be potential negative outcomes of the Costa Verde development, despite its support by the six municipalities. As the districts along the coast are transitioning towards more commercial and high income development, trends of gentrification (see App. 4.2.) can be identified, as defined by Smith and Williams (1986) and Davidson and Lees (2005). Therefore, this shift in socio-economic conditions could lead to homogenisation and a change in character of the coastal districts. While the developers of Costa Verde promote an overall improvement of living conditions, the low to middle income residents may be unable to access these benefits or might even face the possibility of residential rehabilitation. It was made clear that the decision making procedures were non-transparent,
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“Wherever the city invests in infrastructure poor people can’t afford to live in these areas anymore and are pushed further and further to peripheral areas. As the project Costa Verde develops currently see and will continue to see that the poorer residents of San Miguel and La Perla will be forced to move to peripheral areas.” (Estevez, 2013, App. 3.3.16) further emphasizing the concern that the project would serve to benefit some, but neglect many. The widespread set of neoliberal values and policies in Lima, like private property rights, free markets, privatisation, etc., favours the creation of urban environments that would serve the needs of capitalism at the expense of the least advantaged (Slater, 2010). The ‘regeneration’ that Lima is currently facing, driven by the capitalist urban land business and policies and creating injustices, can be encapsulated in the term gentrification.
Big Infrastructure (Airport, Port) Planned expansion Costa Verde Avenida Costanera Discovered injustices Displacements Gentrification Expected Gentrification
Gentrification is inextricably connected to the economic, spatial and social redevelopment of an urban centre (Smith and Williams, 1986 cited in Slater, 2010). A very good representation of this process is the profitable redevelopment that is currently taking place in Lima: The creation of spaces for recreational and other activities, the rise of hotels, convention centers, restaurants and casinos, the building of high apartment blocks for investment. Arguably, in order for all these developments to materialise, residential rehabilitation is necessary. Therefore, gentrification cannot be understood as separate from the processes of neoliberal development that encourage it. The process of gentrification along the Costa Verde is a product of the spatial restructuring of Lima’s coast that follows the neoliberal ideology, suggesting the link between neoliberal ‘planning’ and processes of social exclusion. Analysing this trend, we see that “gentrification is a visible spatial component of this social transformation” (Smith and Williams, 1986: 3 cited in Slater, 2010). Referring back to the example of San Miguel, real estate developers construct high rise commercial buildings in low income, residential areas, benefiting higher income residents, and disadvantaging the economically vulnerable along the coast. Increases in land prices will most likely force current residents to leave.
LOSS OF PUBLIC SPACE As argued above, neoliberalism is necessarily an environmental project (McCarthy, 2003), as it molds the constitution of the built environment and the interpretation of nature (environmental perception). Therefore, megaprojects are a determinant of the socio-ecological transformation along Lima’s coast, constructing new ‘spaces’ that become reflective of neoliberal ideology - for instance, reserving land for private investment, rather than for public use (Urry, 1995).
MAP 4_MAP OF TRENDS OF GENTRIFICATION AND DISPLACEMENT (SEE APP.1.3.)
LACK OF PUBLIC SPACE PHOTOGRAPH BY CECILE FARAUD
APCV, national and foreign investments flow into the development of the Costa Verde, visible through the opening of commercial outlets (APCV, 2013). This restricts access to certain places on the coast to people who cannot afford it and contradicts the vision of ‘Costa Verde Para Todos’ . In the case of Callao the airport and port extension as well as the Avenida Costanera and Gambetta Project have serious implications on the livelihood of residents. These developments limit the possibility of using land for public use, emphasising private-led development rather than reflecting the wider social interest of the community. Therefore, the ‘right to the city’ is deprived. “We are loosing it [public space] all the time through invasion [by commercial interests]. We [activists] invade for one day, as they do it all the time.” (Barsallo, 2013,
Along the coast and especially in the areas where megaprojects (see App. 2.1) are implemented, open spaces are under constant threat from being lost to private sector development. Along the southern coast of Lima concessions are given to the private sector to occupy and develop spaces. Despite regulations at the city level and from the “COSTA VERDE PARA TODOS” ADVERTISEMENT PHOTOGRAPH BY CECILE FARAUD
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7.3 Long-term Impacts
The displacement of injustices perpetuates negative long-term impacts, which in turn accentuate injustices produced in Lima. This vicious cycle also reinforces the social and spatial fragmentation of the city, feeding the disintegration process already at stake. The fragmented water metabolism leads to unsustainable development
28 OCUPACION CIVICA PICNINC BEING INTERRUPTED BY THE POLICE PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N.
of the city. The Costa Verde project, along with other megaprojects promoting green public space, Via Parque Rimac for instance, requires increasing amounts of water. With the rise of water prices, municipalities have to find new resources, which might lead them to seek even further for private investments and neoliberalism solutions. Furthermore, the densification along the Costa Verde will lead to great increases in
amount of waste produced in those areas, adding further pressures on Callao’s infrastructure to support Lima. While economic arguments prevail, the city appears blind to environmental risks. Prone to earthquakes and tsunamis, Lima also faces significant climate change issues of rising sea levels, aggravated by its sinking trend. By putting these considerations aside, Lima appears particularly vulnerable and non-resilient. Moreover, the lowest income districts are the ones facing the highest level of risk; for instance, La Perla’s geographical location places it in the direct path of projected tsunamis, inducing another layer of injustice on the area. The lack of awareness about these long-term impacts prevents positive change. Regarding wastewater management, the worse-case scenario could lead to another environmental crisis, such as the one that happened with the Collector Costanero in San Miguel. Another example concerns the only pre-treated waste water which is pumped from the Taboada Treatment plant into the Humboldt current. The discharge of the wastewater might currently create an invisible environmental pollution, which could even worsen in the future due to constant accumulation.
7.4 Opportunities for Change The continuous displacement of socio-environmental problems requires a need for a transition that would consider alternatives, since, without environmental integration in institutional and everyday practices, the current
socio-political construction of the environment will be a hindrance to transformative change. Isolated instances of resistance are challenging the dominant neoliberal and hegemonic environmental discourses.
CIVIL SOCIETY RESISTANCE Civil society resistance was found to be strongest in Barranco. Public space appropriation and the (illegal) construction of private properties are, for instance, challenged by neighborhood associations.
reuse of effluent for agricultural applications in the new wastewater treatment plant that was built in the Manchay district in 2009. These initiatives are stepping-stones towards a change in environmental discourses and perceptions.
In La Perla and San Miguel, social organizations exist, but they are much less organised. Due to the campaigning about the benefits of the Costa Verde project and, also, a lack of communication between public authorities and citizens, residents lack a broader and long-term perspective of the potential negative consequences of the Costa Verde. However, some civic organisation has proved effective, such as CREDEMAV’s (see App. 3.3.19) role in preventing the opening of the collector in La Perla. Environmental organisations working in Peru and Lima mainly focus on wildlife protection and nature conservation, which is said to be a question of available resources (Hofmeijer, 2013, App. 3.3.9). Few environmental NGOs operate in Lima, as confirmed by LOOP, a local NGO working in recycling programs and beach cleaning activities. Furthermore, according to the president of CREDEMAV, very few organisations exist in Callao. (see App. 3.3.19)
REUSE OF WASTE-WATER – CHANGING THE DISCOURSE Complementary to these civil society movements, alternative visions within the environmental sphere exist to challenge the current development of the city. International projects, such as LIWA and SWITCH, have initiated the process of change by increasing the prominence to reuse wastewater. SEDAPAL is building two wastewater treatment plants with a view to reuse wastewater in La Atarjea and Santa Clara (see App. 3.3.5/6). SEDAPAL also promoted the
REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT ADVERTISEMENT
Another indicator for change is the creation of the Ministry of Environment in 2008 and the laws and regulations protecting the environment that it passed. It is important to note that the Ministry is still developing new standards and regulations for environmental protection, which The Decreto Supremo, number 042-2008 PCM sets standards on the quality of treated waste water, prior to each release into nature.
(MINAM, 2008)
reflects the ongoing nature of this endeavor. The major drawback identified is the incapability of the Ministry to enforce these regulations, such as the fining of mining companies contaminating the river Rimac.
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8 STRATEGIES
8.1 Improve Environmental Awareness and Education PROVIDE A POLITICAL ECOLOGY ANALYSIS OF LIMA’S COASTAL DEVELOPMENT
30
As our analysis highlights, there is significant spatial and social fragmentation in Lima which has not been addressed in an integrated way, neither academically nor in practice. To break the trend of seeing the emergence of megaproject development, waste and water management and coastal development as separate entities, it is necessary as a first step to provide an analysis which, through the lens of environmental justice, will provide an understanding of the connectivity of the different processes at stake in the urban
WATER FILTERING IN THE TABOADA TREATMENT PLANT PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N.
development of Lima.
Through our research we were not only able to identify trends but also the points where those trends can be challenged in a way which makes change possible. Our report’s analysis as well as further findings from our research is also accessible through our website ‘Turning To The Sea’ (see Strategy 8.1.2). Section 8 details a number of strategies for reversing certain trends we have and offer an alternative development path for the city with the implementation of policies and activities by the numerous actors engaged in our study area.
REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT ON THE COAST PHOTOGRAPH BY CECILE FARAUD
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STRATEGY
RECOMMENDED INDICATORS ACTIVITIES/POLICIES
1. Improve Environmental Awareness and Education
Political Ecology Analysis of the case study - San Miguel, La Perla and certain areas within the region of Callao
Develop an Online Platform for the dissemination of Environmental Research and Information for Local Stakeholders
32
Policy: Dissemination of Environmental Information by National and Local Authorities to residents by strengthening Environmental Dialogue and Best Practice at the national and local levels
MAIN OUTPUTS AND OUTCOMES
-Publication of Final -Costa Verde-Taboada Final Report and distribution to Report local partners in Lima -Research project videos (pre-Comments and observa- and post fieldwork) tions on the Final Report are received from the local partners
- The website and blog is live and the research findings are uploaded onto the new website
- Development of the online platform ‘Turning to the Sea’: www. turningtothesea.weebly. com
- Publicise the new online Platform with local - Locally engaged partners partners and stakeholders provide comments on research
RESPONSIBLE ACTORS
TIME FRAME
- Costa VerdeTaboada Project Team (UCL-DPU)
Short and Medium Term
- Foro Ciudades Para la Vida
• Costa VerdeTaboada Project Team (UCL-DPU) • Foro Ciudades Para la Vida • Research partners in Lima
- Environmental awareness raising programmes are established by the national government and municipal authorities (e.g. water, waste)
-National and local environ• National mental awareness programmes Government (MINAM) - Improved environmental awareness of local residents • Municipalities of San Miguel, La - Campaigns for good Perla, Ventanilla practices in waste disposal - Local resilience building and water consumption are • Regional programmes for residents implemented (e.g. reuse of Government of are established wastewater) Callao - By municipal authorities on environmental risks/hazards
- Stronger accountability and transparency framework for development projects (e.g. Costa Verde project) in Lima - Environmental and publication of reports reporting guidelines and with use of international requirements for public evaluation tools (e.g. SEA, and private developers are EIA). strengthened.
Short term
Medium -long term
• Metropolitan Government of Lima • SEDAPAL • Private Companies
TABLE 3_ STRATEGY TO IMPROVE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARNESS AND EDUCATION
DEVELOP AN ONLINE PLATFORM FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND INFORMATION FOR LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS
POLICY RECOMMENDATION: GREATER DISSEMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION BY NATIONAL AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES TO RESIDENTS
As our analysis has highlighted, Lima’s existing development pattern gives little opportunity for alternative discourses and the potential impacts of such developments to be advanced by residents, activists and environmental campaigners.
Without structural changes to the existing development system (ie bereft of a regime of checks and balances) and should existing practices continue unchanged, environmental risks may be further displaced not only spatially within Lima’s districts but also temporally in the medium to long term, affecting the welfare of future generations. In order to avert environmental crises in the future, therefore, the following policy actions are proposed that aim to improve the environmental management of the city, increase support for environmental issues and chart a better, more sustainable course for the city.
In order to support alternative visions for Lima, a key priority is to raise greater awareness about the key issues emerging from our analysis, namely the spatial and social fragmentation of the city, the socio-environmental consequences of the development path being followed and the lack of risk management that threatens the welfare of the residents who live along the coast. One of the means through which this can be achieved is the creation of an online participatory platform for change, Turning to the Sea: www.turningtothesea.weebly.com. This platform is a tool to build awareness of social, political and environmental issues associated with Lima’s rapid development, and to illuminate the potential negative impacts. First, it seeks to engage different actors through information dissemination and provide a space for dialogue and debate; and, second, it aims to connect actors who are already advocating for change, building upon existing pockets of resistance.
Strengthen Environmental Dialogue and Best Practice at the national and local levels While our primary research with national government and local residents in the study area showed that some environmental education currently exists in Lima with the inclusion of environmental classes in secondary school curricula (MINAM, 2013), it is evident that there is little awareness of environmental issues at the local level in the districts of San Miguel, La Perla and in the residential areas of Callao where primary research was conducted. This was confirmed during interviews conducted with local officials in
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the municipalities of La Perla and Ventanilla.
private companies so that environmental evaluation, such as SEA or EIA are undertaken both prior to and during a development project. This is fundamental to the long term environmental management of Lima.
The following strategies are therefore proposed: •
•
34
•
Our primary field research determined that public awareness of risks is low, as local authorities provide little or no information to residents on the issue of earthquakes and tsunamis. It is therefore strongly recommended that the Municipal Authorities deliver information workshops and public awareness campaigns in collaboration with the MINAM to build better awareness of the risks and how they can be managed and advise residents and businesses of practical steps and opportunities to factor in resilience in their habitual practices and assets to mitigate future practices. Furthermore, local municipalities, supported by the MINAM, should be required to include environmental awareness as a component in their respective Programmes of Work. In practice this would mean holding periodic public consultations with residents on local and national environmental issues. This would include preparing and distributing written information to residents on planned and ongoing development projects in the respective District and offering consultation sessions for residents who wish to avail of further information. While environmental reporting standards and requirements already exist for the private sector, they are largely conducted in a nontransparent, ad hoc manner. The national Ministry of Environment and local municipal authorities require additional resources to enforce these standards from
•
Lima’s projected growth implies that demand for natural resources such as water and sanitation, as well as public services including transport will increase steadily in the coming years. These trends, however, stand in stark contrast to the popular perception of the environment in Lima which often does not recognise the concept of environmental limits (see e.g. Aguirre, 2013, App. 3.3.1). Considering the current water supply which according to SEDAPAL only has roughly 15 years of its remaining lifetime (Vargas, 2013), it is essential that more conservative environmental practices are promoted. It is recommended that authorities undertake public campaigns to promote good practices in water conservation by households and businesses alike, building upon the research work of LiWa and SWITCH. These could include public messages encouraging businesses and residents - particularly in more affluent areas - to use water more sustainably. Additionally, it is recommended that similar campaigns are carried out promoting good practices in waste disposal and recycling for a cleaner urban environment. Public authorities could also lead the way in paying more attention to the amount of water used to water green public spaces.
RECYCLER PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N
COMMUNITIES NOT PROFITING FROM THE COASTAL DEVELOPMENT PHOTOGRAPH BY MARTIN LICHTENEGGER
PEOPLE PLAYING THE DRUMS TO REAPROPRIATE PUBLIC SPACE AT THE OCUPACION CIVICA PICNIC PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N
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STRATEGY
RECOMMENDED INDICATORS ACTIVITIES/POLICIES
MAIN OUTPUTS AND OUTCOMES
RESPONSIBLE ACTORS
TIME FRAME
2. Develop a Culture of Urban Citizenship
Document the loss of - Highlight areas of Public Space re-appropriation of public land through the talking map
-The Talking Google Map is uploaded onto the online platform
- Costa Verde-Taboada Project Team (UCL-DPU)
Short and Medium Term
Provide Knowledge Tools and Resources for Environmental Activism (waste management, pollution, water)
36
- Local residents based in the study area
- Invite local people/ civil society organisations to contribute to the map highlighting on going developments
- Contributions of local stakeholders on public space appropriation
- Mobilisation of civil society groups within the study areas
- Support provided by national/local authorities for environmental activism
• Costa Verde-Taboada Project Team (UCL-DPU)
- Mobilisation of civil society groups within the study areas on local environmental issues
• National Government (MINAM)
- Provision of knowledge tools: Leaflets, environmental/progress reports, website construction, public meetings and seminars
• Foro Ciudades Para la Vida
Short and Medium Term
• Municipalities of San
Miguel, La Perla, Ventanilla • Regional Government of Callao
• SEDAPAL • Private Companies Development of a Partnership Mechanism
- Invite all public and private sector project partners to contribute their feedback on the research project’s key findings -Communication and dialogue is established through a range of communication channels between residents and public authorities/private developers on national and local environmental issue (e.g. water quality)
-Stakeholders (residents, SMEs, corporations, national, regional, local) are engaged in dialogue on issues of mutual interest at all levels -Public debates on environmental issues - Establishment of a new Sustainable Development Forum (SDF) for Lima hosted by the Talking to the Sea online platform
• National Government (MINAM)
• Municipalities of San
Medium -long term
8.2 Develop a Culture of Urban Citizenship INTERLINKING ALTERNATIVE VISIONS AND POCKETS OF RESISTANCE
DOCUMENTING THE LOSS OF PUBLIC SPACE
Looking at the social impacts of the development in Metropolitan Lima and the Region of Callao, our analysis shows that while there is evidence of civic activism (see App. 3.3.8/9/19) and movements challenging the current trend of development, they remain very localised (see App. 3.3.9) despite similar issues of public concern in the different areas of Lima, such as the loss of public space and exposure to environmental hazards.
To raise awareness and make the loss of public space visible, a ‘talking map’ has been created, which allows local stakeholders to document in a participatory way different types of development and losses of public (green) open spaces, resistances against this development and means of re-appropriation of public spaces occurring. This opens the opportunity for residents in different districts along the coast to not only gain an understanding of the appropriation of public space in their direct environment and neighborhoods, but to observe those trends along the whole coast and exchange about possible means of re-appropriation and resisting private sector development of public space.
Through our website (see Strategy 8.1.1) different stakeholders from civil society (along with academics and students) are invited to engage more closely on issues of mutual interest and concern. With the creation of a space for dialogue, it intends to foster an enhanced understanding of Lima’s development across a broader spectrum of society and consequently help build a more informed and integrated citizenry, particularly among residents within the districts who are experiencing rapid development and change. By sharing information and debating on pressing issues related to their specific interest or geographic area, citizens will be able to compare their alternative visions for coastal development and share means of how to resist the current trend of losing political and physical space.
PROVIDING TOOLS AND RESOURCES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVISM The issue of environmental justice does not appear to be a primary focus for environmental activism, despite prevailing injustices occurring at different levels (Loss of public space, environmental pollution, waste management). To encourage more civic engagement, tools and resources should be made available from the national and municipal governments to facilitate and enable citizen action. This could include knowledge dissemination such
Miguel, La Perla, Ventanilla • Regional Government of Callao
• Metropolitan
Government of Lima • SEDAPAL • Private Companies
TABLE 4_ STRATEGY TO DEVELOP A CULTURE OF URBAN CITIZENSHIP
TALKING MAP WHICH ALLOWS TO MAP THE LOSS OF PUBLIC SPACE OPEN ACCESS ON HTTP://GOO.GL/MAPS/E1EQX
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as information resources (leaflets, website) about pressing environmental concerns in metropolitan Lima as well as information how to found an environmental NGO/CSO.
DEVELOP PARTNERSHIPS WITH DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS TO ENHANCE COMMUNICATION AND DEEPEN ENGAGEMENT
38
Another key finding from the field research was that there is insufficient communication between municipalities and residents on local issues of concern, especially with respect to the environment. Building on strategy 8.2.1, it is therefore essential to establish a closer and deeper engagement between diverse stakeholders. This would allow the emergence of stronger links between public authorities and residents and open a space for discussing common issues faced in the area and ways forward. The additional participation of small and large private businesses would add an
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important dimension and enhance this partnership mechanism. Considering the nascent stage of social and environmental dialogue within our case study areas, this partnership-based approach would help strengthen civic discourse, building on existing groups of stakeholders already engaged in dialogue. Additionally, in bringing together national, municipal, public and private stakeholders who have not collaborated previously, the development of partnerships would help establish a more coherent and unified image of the city which has been found to be considerably fragmented in terms of how different municipal authorities and regions approach development planning. In this respect, it is proposed as part of the partnership development strategy to establish a new citywide Sustainable Development Forum of Lima. The SDF would be run by representatives from national and municipal authorities, be open to interested and engaged residents and local businesses and hold regular town hall meetings in order to discuss issues relating to the development of the city.
39 POLICE OFFICER ASSISTING A PARTECIPANT OF THE OCUPACION CIVICA TO FLY A KITE PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N.
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9 CONCLUSION By using a conceptual framework centred around political ecology, neoliberal and gentrification theory we intended to understand which forces shape the development of Lima’s and Callao’s coast and how those in turn, affect the people living in these areas. Following our hypothesis we have demonstrated how fragmented city planning coupled with a development through megaprojects facilitate the dominance of neoliberal processes shaping coastal development. The creation of uneven urban geographies is especially visible throughout the spatio-temporal development of the Costa Verde project, reinforcing trends of gentrification, private appropriation of public space and displacement of supportive infrastructure towards the north. 40
However, voices supportive of the Costa Verde project have highlighted that the current construction of the Costa Verde provides a solution to connect Lima and Callao, as well as beautifying the coast and enhancing public space. Lima’s transition of ‘turning to the sea’ can therefore be considered as a worthy socio-environmental goal.
FURTHER RESEARCH Paradoxically, the fact that this is done through foreign and private investment is problematic precisely because it trumps social and environmental interests. To break out of this status quo situation, the paper suggests a number of strategies which can be seen as the first step towards transformative and sustainable change. Alternative visions, particularly those challenging neoliberal development, require Lima’s citizens to follow alternative scenarios embracing civic activism supported by a more encompassing environmental culture.
This report should be regarded as a first insight to the trends and challenges occurring on Lima’s coast. For a better understanding of past, current
EXPLORING TRENDS • The paradoxical way of changing Lima’s relationship to the sea should be questioned and further explored. Especially, how this current development induces trends of gentrification which alter the socio-economic landscape of coastal districts. For instance, an emphasis could be put on areas where people are more vulnerable to these trends, such as residents and community organizations in San Miguel who lack formal land titles. • An investigation into alternative visions and civil society resistances which work against current development trends within Metropolitan Lima could provide essential insights. Specifically, into assessing the potential of these resistances to challenge the dominant environmental discourse and the mode of coastal development.
and future processes and their effects on Lima’s and Callao’s citizens further investigation is crucially needed.
UNDERSTANDING LOCAL PROBLEMS • Pachacutec, in northern Ventanilla, is reported to have severe problems with accessing water and wastewater infrastructure. An investigation could focus on the specific problems faced by the residents and their everyday practices of gaining access to water. • Conducting research in the area around the supportive infrastructure in Callao (port, airport, PTAR Taboada) was foreclosed due to security concerns. However, with local facilitation it is believed to be a extremely interesting area where further research would allow for deeper insights on the effects of supportive infrastructure development on local livelihoods. Specific considerations for research are: - Impacts of the PTAR Taboada on the neighbouring districts; - Loss of public/agricultural space due to port and airport expansion; and - How “turning to the sea” on the Costa Verde and the expansion of supportive infrastructure foreclose the opportunity of “turning to the sea” in Callao. • To investigate the changes happening in San Miguel as it is the most recent district included in the Costa Verde Project. It would be especially useful to conduct further research investigating the impact on residents of increased real estate development and rising house prices.
THE COSTA VERDE PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N.
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REFERENCE LIST
Aguirre, A., 2013. Interview with ACS engineer during Taboada visit. Autoridad Proyecto Costa Verde, 2007. Presentación de la actualización del Plan Maestro de la Costa Verde | Arquitectura Peruana Amarengo, [http://amarengo.org/node/741], (accessed 6.3.13). Baeten, G., 2012. Neoliberal Planning: Does It Really Exist?, in: Tasan-Kok, T., Baeten, G. (Eds.), Contradictions of Neoliberal Planning, GeoJournal Library. Springer Netherlands, pp. 205–211. 42
Barsallo, I., 2013. local activist during the Ocupacion Civica Picnic. Bryant, R.L., 2008. The political ecology of environmental management in the Developing World. Arbor 5. Dear, M., 1992. Understanding and Overcoming the NIMBY Syndrome. J. Am. Plann. Assoc. 58, 288–300. Estevez, C., 2013. Interview with professor in real estate and development. Hannigan, J.A., 1995. Environmental sociology: A social constructionist perspective. Burns & Oates. IMP/MML, 2010. Reference map: Elaborated by UvA based on data of INGEMENT, IMP/ MML, SENAMHI&SEDAPAL. Leung, Y., 2012. Area Profiles: Callao, Taboada and San Miguel. Liwa, 2010. Governance, [http://www.limawater.de/en/pp5.html], (accessed 6.2.13).
McCarthy, J., Prudham, S., 2004. Neoliberal nature and the nature of neoliberalism. Geoforum 35, 275–284.
APPENDICES
MINAM, 2008. Decreto Supremo, number 042-2008 PCM, [http://spij.minjus.gob.pe/CLP/ contenidos.dll/CLPlegcargen/coleccion00000. htm/tomo00400.htm/a%C3%B1o271019.htm/ mes280315.htm/dia281815.htm/sector281830/ sumilla281831.htm?f=templates$fn=documentframe.htm$3.0#JD_DS042-2008-PCM-A4], (accessed 6.3.13).
1. Maps
NASA/GFSC, 2012. sensor thematic mapper landsat 7.
1.1. Risk Map 1.2. Google Maps 1.3. Dissected Map of Flows 1.4. Map of discharges in the Sea 1.5. Satellite Image of Pollution
2.
Rodriguez, J., 2013. Interview with local activist candidate for mayor of Barranco during the Ocupacion Civica Picnic.
Megaprojects 2.1. Overview 2.2. Costa Verde 2.3. Taboada Treatment Plant
3.
Evidence 3.1. Questionnaires 3.2. Fieldworkplan 3.3. Selected Interviews 4. Background 4.1. Political timeline 4.2. Relevant Definitions 4.3. Historical Background 5. Strategies for Transformative Change 5.1. Online Platform
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1.3. Dissected Map of Flow
1. Maps
SUPPORTIVE INFRASTRUCTURE AND EXPECTED EXPANSIONS
Big Infrastructure (Airport, Port)
1.1 Risk Maps
Planned expansion COSTA VERDE AND COSTA NERO DEVELOPMENTS
Costa Verde Avenida Costanera Injustices
MAP 4_RISK MAP PRESENTED BY THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT PHOTOGRAPH BY N.N.
MAP 3_RISK MAP OF LIMA
Both maps display areas considered as prone to risk in red. Interestingly, only map 3 acknowledges risks for the coastal areas of Lima and Callao, taking into account potential future earthquakes, tsunamis and the geological structure of the cliffs along the Costa Verde. Identifying areas of high risk deters interest and opportunity for development. Since Lima’s coast is considered a highly profitable and attractive development site for the city, understanding the coastal zone as an
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area of low risk, allows for the continued development along Costa Verde.
INJUSTICES
Tsunami and earthquake risk Foreign investment
The map 4 is taken from a presentation given by the Environmental Department of the Regional Government of Lima in May 2013.
Displacement Waste Water WASTE FLOWS
Gentrification Expected Gentrification
Transect Walk, Callao/Lima Fieldtrip - Google Maps
Public Investment
INVESTMENT AND GENTRIFICATION FLOWS
Future/needed public investment Solid Waste
2001-3000 Soles/m2 3001-4000 Soles/m2 4001-500 Soles /m2
RISK FLOWS
MAP 5_GOOGLE MAP LAYER OF OUR Transect Walk, Callao/Lima Fieldtrip TRANSEC WALK
©2013 Google Map data ©2013 Google
From the PTAR Taboada through Santa Beatriz, 200 Millas and La Perla to San Miguel
MAP 6_GOOGLE MAP LAYER OF HOUSE PRICES RANGE
Public · 4 Collaborators · 254 views Created on Apr 22 · By · Updated May 16
transect walk starting point: coming from PTAR Taboada (water sample)
Map 5 shows the itinerary of decided to walk for our transect walk. The map 6 displays a categorisation of house prises and their evolution. We can see that the house prices are rising along Line 2
Line 3
Line 4
Placemark 2
https://maps.google.de/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=203126012359401289156.0004daf7124cde555ed6d&ie=UTF8&t=m&z=13&vpsrc=1&ei=IcqkUcm9G4q5iAb…
1/9
the coast towards the south which confirms the assumption that a real estate boom is happening.
MAP 7_MAPS SHOWING THE DIFFERNT IDENTIFIED LAYERS OF INJUSTICES, THEIR CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
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1.4. Map of Discharges in the Sea This map shows where the waste water was being discharged before (big map) and after (small map on top right corner) the construction of the North Interceptor.
MAP 8_MAP OF DISCHARGES INTO THE SEA SOURCE: SEDAPAL 2005
1.5. Satellite Image of Pollution 46
On this satellite image we can see clearly that the coast of Callao is more contaminated (white) than the Costa Verde.
2.
Megaprojects
2.1. Overview
LIMA INFRASTRUCTURE MEGAPROJECTS
BUILT BY
PRICE (US$)
PLACE
Airport Expansion Various Private firms (terminal and runway)
830’000’000
Callao
Port Expansion Dubai Ports (terminals)
300’000’000
Callao
Port Expansion Royal Haskoning DHV 750’000’000 (terminal expanision) (Dutch Company)
Callao
Taboada Plant
321’000’000 (25 years)
La Taboada
193’939’394
Callao
Treatment ACS
Via Gambetta
MAP 9_SENSOR THEMATIC MAPPER LANDSAT 7 © NASA/GFSC
La Chira Treatment ACCIONA: Brazilian 365,000,000 (25 years) Plant and Peruvian Company
La Chira
Via Parque Rimac
Lima
Brazilian OAS
Company: 983’000’000
Costa Verde Expansion Public
295’000’000
Costa Verde
Avenida Costanera
Public
21969696.97
La Perl (Callao)
Metropolitana
Public Private
538’000’000
Lima
Metro
Various Companies
French 300’000’000
Lima TABLE 3_OVERVIEW OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE MEGAPROJECT
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2.2. Costa Verde PURPOSE:
CONCERNS:
PURPOSE:
The Costa Verde project has multiple dimensions, its primary function is the construction of a highway easing traffic conditions and linking the South of Lima to Callao and major infrastructure projects, such as the airport and port. Its position is along the coast due to the lack of space within the city itself. The secondary purpose of the Costa Verde is to change Lima’s relationship with the coast and sea, from a historical shunning and barrier with the sea to seeing the sea as having environmental and recreational value for the city.
There are a number of important concerns that need to be considered regarding the development of the Costa Verde project. With regards to finance, currently the Government has only provided funds for the construction of part of the extension to San Miguel and it claims that it does not have the funds to finish the rest. Thus, for the successful completion of the project, financing needs to be found elsewhere.
The Purpose of the treatment plant is to handle approximately 60% of Lima’s sewage waste, and replace the various collectors along Lima’s coastline that historically have dumped wastewater directly into the sea. Taboada is located in central Callao, north of the port and west of the airport.
Significantly, there appear to be a number of discrepancies about what the masterplan dictates and what is actually built. Apparently, this is because of the fragmentation and sectoralisation of city planning. Specifically, the Costa Verde passes through six district municipalities which each have their own mayor and preferences concerning the development of their coastal areas. The individual plans of these municipalities often conflict with the masterplan leading to problematic planning and finishing of the project.
The Taboada treatment plant was conceived in the early 80’s. For political reasons and the financial crisis Peru was experiencing the plant was delayed and shelved. In 2007 amid the worsening of the Collector Costanero in San Miguel the municipal government decided to reopen plans to construct the Taboada Treatment plant. Construction of the project was to be done through a 25 year concession since SEDAPAL lacked the immediate funds for the project. Multiple companies made proposals; among the most prominent were ACS (a Spanish construction company) and various Brazilian companies. ACS provided the cheapest bid and won the concession, despite the Brazilian companies offering more advanced treatment processes.
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION:
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2.3. Taboada Treatment Plant
For the first half of the 20th century, the Costa Verde area was the dumping site for the construction waste of Lima –especially waste from the creation of the Via Expresa. Construction of the Costa Verde (highway) project began in the mid 60’s in Chorrillos. The project has been plagued by delays and years of stagnation, but has progressed slowly towards the North along the coast. Currently it includes the districts of Chorrillos, Barranco, Miraflores, San Isidro, Magdalena, San Miguel. Construction is undergoing and has been completed about halfway along the coast in San Miguel. This current phase of construction is planned to be completed in La Perla in 2014-2015. Over time, the design and purpose of the Costa Verde have also changed. For instance, in the 1960’s the project was seen predominantly as an infrastructure project with minimal consideration for public space. Contrary to this, the current proposals do include large amounts of public space in the form of parks, and attempt to improve citizen access to the sea. This modified version of the plan dates from 1995.
Currently, the Costa Verde plan dictates that the coastal zone is reserved for public space. Initially, there had been plans for the privatisation of the coast in Miraflores and other districts, specifically focusing on the construction of private apartments on the cliff. However, after a public outcry these plans have been abandoned. The current plan however, dictates that the public spaces of the Costa Verde will be maintained privately. Specifically, hotels, casinos and restaurants will be allowed to be built within certain areas as long as they agree to maintain the public space around it. The danger here is that these private enterprises can appropriate the public space as has happened historically along the coast of the district of Barranco. For more information: http://www.mtc.gob.pe/ portal/consultas/cid/Boletines_CID/27_octubre/ ARCHIVO/trans/costa%20verde1.pdf
BACKGROUND:
Construction on the project began in July 2010. As of May 2013 the treatment plant is treating 5 meters per second cubed, with a full capacity of 20 meters per second cubed. The plant is expected to be fully operational in August 2013. CONCERNS: There are a number of significant concerns associated with the project. The treatment process offered by the plant is only a pretreatment process filtering out solids of a greater size than 1mm, which is then brought to a landfill. The rest of the untreated wastewater is released 4 km into the sea where, according to SEDAPAL, it will be taken away by the Humboldt current deeply into the Pacific. SEDAPAL’s justification of this treatment
process is that they believe that is a capable and efficient sink for this waste. However, considering that this waste contains many chemicals and industrial waste this claim is highly dubious and is not conform with the Decreto Supremo, number 042-2008 PCM (MINAM, 2008). Moreover, the decision making process whereby ACS was awarded the treatment plant is claimed to have been non-transparent. This has raised concerns about corruption and mismanagement of Lima’s waste.
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3.
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Evidence
15. How is the waste collected? Public system Community system
3.1. Questionnaires
Other
No system
16. Do you know the Costa Verde project? Yes No Questionnaire This questionnaire is anonymous and data will be used only for academic purpose. We are students from a master on environment and sustainable development from London, UCL. 1. Gender Male
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2. Age 5 to 19
3. Occupation
Female 20 to 29
30 to 59
60 to +
5. Since when do you live there? Renter
7. How many persons live in the house? 8. How many rooms?
9. Is the house connected to piped water? Yes No 10. If no, how do you get water? Water tank Private vendor
Leaks of community system
11. If you use water tank or private vendor, how much does it cost you per litter? 12. What kind of toilet is used in the house? Inside Outside Flushed system
Other
13. Is the house connected to sewerage network? Yes No 14. If no, how do you dispose of wastewater? House garbage Community garbage
18. Do you know about the Costanero collector? Yes No 19. Do you know about the Taboada Plant? Yes No
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4. Where do you live? (street – district) 6. Housing Owner
17. If yes, what do you think about it?
Other
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3.2. Fieldworkplan
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FIGURE 3_GRAPHIC RAPRESENTATION OF THE OUTCOMES OF THE QUESTIONNAIRES
On the first day of fieldwork 52 people were asked to fill out a questionnaire. 12 of them in Santa Beatriz and 6 in 200 Millas which are iminently next to the Treatment plant. Another 20 were filled out in la Perla and 14 in San Miguel.
This questionnaires were not made to be quntitatively rapresentative but to give us a general undertanding of the three areas we were working in, in the light of environment and water.
When?
What?
Who?
Why?
21st April 2013
City tour
guided by facilitators
exploring the fieldwork areas
22nd April 2013
Operationalizing Fieldwork
23rd April 2013
visit of the Taboada Alberto Aguirre plant with interview of ACS engineer
23rd April 2013
Transect Walk around facilitated by Taboada, in la Perla and Fernandez San Miguel
Isabel gain first insights into research areas, spatialise first impressions
23rd April 2013
Questionnaires around facilitated by Taboada, la Perla and Fernandez San Miguel
Isabel get a basic understanding of everyday practices
24th April 2013
presentation and Q&A Alberto Ibanez, deepening the general Augusto Ortiz de understandig of the Zevallos, Linda Zilvert, city’s problem Carlos Franco Pacheco
25th April 2013
student presentations
26th April 2013
presentation and Q&A Sofia Hidalgo (metro- understand governpolitan ministry of mental discourses environment), Gustavo Riofrio(metropolitan ministry of housing and sanitation)
the assisted by Liza Griffin preparation for the first fieldwork day. Mapping the transect walk, questionnaires and interview questions.
groups
understand how the plant is working. Find evidence for the prevalent environmental discourse
recieve feedback from facilitators
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27th April 2013
27th April 2013
29th April 2013
30th April 2013
30th April 2013
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Questionnaires around facilitated by Teresa la Perla and San and Isabel Fernandez Miguel and interviews with residents
Deepening the understanding of the different neighborhood and their perception about costa verde and taboada
participating in the occupacion civica and Interviews with other participants
Deepening the understanding of the functionning and activities of civil society activism
Issy Marina Barsallo(local activist), Bart Klaar(traveling artist and activist), Jose Rodriguez(candidate for mayor in Barranco)
presentation and Q&A SEDAPAL
gain understanding of work and environmental perception
presentation and Q&A Jose Ichazu (municipality of Callao) and Angela Icumina (mumnicipality of la Perla)
deepen understanding of local government discourses
presentation and Q&A Juan Espinola(IMP)
deepen understanding of the discourse of metropolitan planning institution
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1rst May 2013
interview
Irene Hofmeijer (LOOP)
gain understanding of alternative environmental discourses
2nd May 2013
interview
Oscar Quincho (environmental manager of Ventanilla district), Jimmy Sanchez (environmental manager of San Miguel), Oscar Lineares (solid waste manager of San Miguel
deepen understanding of local government discourses about environment
2nd May 2013
presentation and Q&A Milagros Verastegui (National Ministry of Environment), Marco Vargas(SEDAPAL)
deepening the understanding of SEDAPALs environmental discourse
3rd May 2013
interview
Cecilia Estevez(Real Deepening the estate Professor) undertanding of land value evolution and the impacts on residents
3rd May 2013
interview
Ruth Fernandez (technical manager of Costa Verde office), Jose Rodr igue z(ex-c hief of the Costa Verde project)
deepening the understanding of the plans and the history of costa verde
3rd May 2013
interview
Liliana Miranda (executive director of Ciudades Foros para la vida)
deepening understanding on the interconnectivness of the actors
6th May 2013
interview
Luis Gallego(president of CREDEMAR), Lenin Valencia (association del medio ambiente)
Deepening the understanding of the functionning and activities of the pockets of resistance
TABLE 4_FIELDWORKPLAN
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3.3.5. JOSUE ALARCON AND ROSA RODRIGUEZ – ENGINEERS SEDAPAL
3.3. Selected Interviews 3.3.1. ALFONSO INGENEER
AGUIRRE
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ACS
During 40 years Lima has been discharging the water here in la Ventanilla through an open channel, therefore there are meters of garbage. This is one of the most contaminated places in the world. Lima needs a solution. This is one. We do only a pre treatment here because we believe in the ocean. It is so big. And since organic matter is part of the cycle we just bring it to the right place. With the strength of the current it travels directly to the centre of the pacific where it is introduced in the biological cycle. This is a very clever way to treat the water, since it goes with nature.
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We use fresh water for the treatment since we have so much water here in Lima. Even though it’s located in a desert since the Andes are only 80 km away. The plant is not affected by other elements such as chemical waste from industries in the water. The sea however will be. We did not research it yet but some times we get red water. The problem with the biological treatment since the chemicals affect the bacteria. Which is not the case with our plant. 3.3.2. ALBERTO IBANEZ - ARQUITECT In order to understand the process of the new urban development and the reality of Lima we need to understand its geostrategic position. Lima is the black hole of Peru since it hosts 33% of Peruvian inhabitants and produces 50% of its GDP. Peru geostrategic position is very important in respect to the trade with India, China, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand . Lima is built around the only big route of la Panamericana therefore all products in Peru are transported to the port of Lima . All goods pass to the city centre of Lima, as the geographical surrounding features make the building of a
surrounding road difficult. The Port and airport put lots of pressure on people living in Callao. The port takes all capacity of Callao because the seaside is full of containers. Therefore the relationship to the sea is closed. There are no plans to build a port in the north or south of Peru to decentralise and take away some pressure. No central planning is possible in Lima since there are too many people (mayor, mayors wife, ministers) who have a word in the decision making process. 3.3.3 MIRANDA DE VALENCIA RESIDENT OF LA PERLA
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In 2008 Miranda was surprised when her neighbours told her that they were opening a collector right outside her house. She immediately called SEDAPAL, tried to reach politicians, went to the police and managed to temporarily stop the building of the collector. SEDAPAL has tried multiple times to open the collector, she was visited by politicians offering her 1000 soles compensation and free water for a year, but she refused. Eventually they managed to pour cement on the opening valve and close it for good, however, she is suspicious that SEDAPAL will try to build a new collector. She was scared for her life, because a friend of her was murdered, so she hid in Argentina for a while. 3.3.4. GUSTAVO RIOFRIO - MUNICIPAL HOUSING MINISTRY The Costa Verde is a very cheap project, not well implemented, as the municipalities don’t have money to do it properly. The land value in those areas will rise. It is possible to compare La Perla and San Miguel to Santa Cruz and la Mar in order to look at what happened to the people. The story is repeating itself.
SEDAPAL and its provision of water has to be considered as the lung of the city, and Lima suffers from the unequal distribution of water around the city, compounded with disappearing glaciers, global warming and rapid growth. Water scarcity is an increasing problem in Lima. SEDAPAL response is mainly to increasing water on the supply side through the digging of additional tunnels in the Andes. The decision to put the treatment plant in La Taboada was because it is at one of the lowest elevations along the coast, thus all the wastewater can naturally flow in this direction, but it was never built. More specifically it has to be seen as an old project that does not consider the reuse of wastewater. The reason we have gone ahead with it, and its pretreatment, and not go for reuse is simply because Lima does not have the necessary infrastructure for reuse. However, saying that we do believe that the pretreatment of Taboada is enough and that nature can absorb the waste sustainably. We (SEDAPAL) are slowly changing to reuse, but building wastewater networks and infrastructure is expensive so it will be a slow process. SEDAPAL does not have the finances for all these developments and thus provides private concessions, like the Taboada treatment plant, Currently we are planning to pay for these wastewater concessions through the introduction of wastewater tariffs into water bill’s, which currently do not exist, they will be slowly introduced over the next 5 years. 3.3.6. MARCO VARGAS - WASTE WATER MANAGER OF SEDAPAL SEDAPAL doesn’t have the funds to do better treatment of wastewater in Taboada. In 1988 the north interceptor was built to help direct wastewater into the sea. 30-40 years ago, there was high population growth and a plant was needed but due to a lack of funds a treatment plant project was put aside. The decision to place the plant in La Taboada was a topographic decision. There is no relationship between the collector in La Perla and PTAR. The collapse of the costanero collector was a big scandal between the citizens of San Miguel and Sedapal. It was an emergency situation for San Miguel and following that the plant was built in Taboada.
PTAR is not going to improve the quality of the wastewater and this was known from the beginning. Building treatment plants are very expensive. The biological treatment that takes place in the sea eliminates the bacteria from the wastewater. The main problem is the chemical treatment as this passes into the water from the industries and contaminates the water. In terms of water and sanitation services, the area around PTAR (Taboada) is 100% serviced, including Ventanilla, Santa Beatriz, 200 Millas. SEDAPAL does not have a particularly active relationship with the Ministry of Environment. Their role is mainly for the development of environmental norms and standards. Sedapal mainly works with the ANA under the ministry of agriculture, such as for the issue of the water quality in the rimac river. It works with the Ministry of Housing for coverage issues and they subsidise coverage costs. There were protests by syndicates and unions of construction workers against the plant in Taboada. The fishing industry would be more affected than the residents by the treatment plant in Taboada. Of course there is some risk for the people there but the situation is better than before since no wastewater was being treated. The issue of the factories located near the plant but not connected to is not the responsibility and control of Sedapal but for ANA. It is an issue of where the regulatory responsibility is. In terms of water tariffs, Sedapal is investing between 600-800m Soles per year into its infrastructure – 8bn over 5 yr period. However, it is still trying to keep prices low. There is a 3% increase every 2 yrs and the government also subsidies the cost for consumers. To put this into perspective, the cost of water is 7 or 8 times higher in high altitude areas. The issue of water is very important for Lima since it is the second largest city located in a desert. The current system of transferring water from the pacific to the rimac may last no more 15 more years. We would like to introduce more reuse of wastewater as part of Sedapal’s services, such as for irrigation of green spaces. We are also considering introducing wastewater reuse in our treatment plants and treating wastewater to an adequate level for potable water. Our policies are changing slowly so this issue may gain more momentum in the future.
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However, we are not allowed to sell treated wastewater according to current regulations. The Ministry of Housing is working on an initiative for the sale of treated wastewater. Treated water can be delivered to companies but on a quid pro quo basis. However, wastewater treatment is expensive so this could imply higher water tariffs for the consumer. There may be a role for the private sector in this – but any role for the private sector would benefit Sedapal as well. We are a commercial business. 3.3.7. BART KLAAR There are no plans and there is no vision for the maintenance of the public space. If you don’t do anything it’s from nobody. One example is the Fica trees, which have not been replaced. We are from Amsterdam and we went to the mayor and they had time for us to speak about citizenship and public space. I guess it was because I’m a foreigner. That is exactly the problem it’s strange that the door only opens for foreigner and it is frustrating for the locals. However it’s complex because the authorities always say that they like it but nothing happens. 58
3.3.8. ISSY - LOCAL ACTIVIST Invasion Civica picnic is an effort to recover green public space which is under constant threat in Barranco. We are loosing it all the time through invasion. Thus the name. We invade for one day, as they do it all the time. The participants are neighbours from Barranco. I created an event on facebook and here they are. In a way I am not the leader of the event but they are. This could be a park. But I bet they want to build a mall here or a house to make one person rich. And this is what we need to get rid of in Peru. This greed for public space. There are five such illegal buildings in Barranco. These families have enough money to overrule the law. They go the Supreme Court and buy the judge. There s nothing we can do. It’s basically corruption. They think this is the Wild West in the invaders mind. When invading land they water the space and starts paying taxes and then in ten years they can claim that it is their property by proving he has been paying taxes. They put a fence and somebody to protect it. This is what you have to understand about Peru we have no law. So we are actually really tired. Especially our generation There are only a few families who have the moneys, all
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the goldmines, and the petroleum. 3.3.9. IRENE HOFMEIJER - CEO OF LOOP The environmental discourse of Peru and Lima is changing. More and more you see greening attempts. A lot of this, however, is green washing by companies that claim to be “green” without really being “green.” However, this change is very fast, where a couple of years ago nobody talked about the protection of the environment now everybody seems to be talking about it. Its maybe not so new if you come from abroad but here it is very new. Moreover, this year a law has been passed to teach environment in school. Most environmental NGO work out of Lima. The ministry of environment was created in 2008, so it’s a new organization; it has managed to create a lot of laws protecting the environment the problem is the enforcing of these. There is no control for extraction the whole country has been privatized. So what we can see is that business and money remain the driver of development in Peru. There are not many groups that work with environmental justice in Lima. Primarily this is because of resources, NGO’s which work in the Amazon and the ocean have a lot of funding from abroad while there is very little funding for environmental concerns in Lima. The primary aim of LOOP is to create environmental awareness. Specifically through field days which gets people to go the beach and clean up plastic. This plastic is then sent to Callao –to small families- who recycle the plastic into clothes and sweaters. Interestingly the low income people are more receptive to these kind of field days and seem to really care about Lima’s immediate environment. Maybe this is because the high-income groups are used to having things done for them, so they don’t care so much, while the low income groups have to do everything themselves. When we look at the development of the Costa Verde, 20 years ago the beaches in Miraflores were fishermen settlements. There were only about 10 buildings where as now the entire area is really developed. It’s hard to judge because urban development is necessary, but you need to provide social options it is hard to give an opinion since the fishermen probably lost their livelihood as the Costa Verde developed. You need to put it into scale. People’s need and city development are a bit like with the case with Cantagallo, where often the alternative offered is inappropriate.
3.3.12. JIMMY SANCHEZ - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGER SAN MIGUEL
3.3.13. OSCAR LINEARES - SOLID WASTE MANAGER SAN MIGUEL
Costa Verde project is good because it will allow all to have access to the sea and will provide a public space for all ages by recuperating 60’000m2 of green space. We will do that by putting palm trees which don’t need a lot of water and are adapted to the climate.
The service is privatized. The municipality contracts a company (prestadora de servicio), which handles the collection of 70% of Lima metopolitana and collects 75% of San Miguels waste in 12 districts with 9 big compressor trucks. They work all night from 8pm-3am and bring the waste to la Ventanilla. The municipality pay 117 soles per ton to the private company. The company is local and operates just in Lima. 30% of the collection is done by the since the streets of the pueblos jovenes in the most vulnerable zones of San Miguel are to narrow for the big private trucks to pass.
We were not really consulted for the project. Since it’s part of a larger development, which started a long time ago in Chorillo. These kinds of things are decided between national level and mayors without any participation of the residents. The project is not considered to be a project for buildings but to create a space to talk to the beach. What really changed the face of the place was the closure of the collector Costanero. It was an enormous pestilence between the cuadra 15-30. That is what really brought investment in real estate. There is no fear that we will need to give away concessions since our budget is big enough. 100% of the people in our district have piped water and are connected to sewage. The level of foreign investment in the real estate is maybe half of the total one. We use a lot of potable water but it’s very expensive to water the parks. 15% of it we pump it directly from the underground. Further we have a small treatment plant which delivers 20m3 per day to irrigate a plant of 5 acres that holds the rocks at the cliff. This year we will build plants to treats 250 and 700m3 per day. This is because we are paying 2 mio soles per year for water. Once the projects will be finished 70% of the irrigation will be done by treated water. The reason why the heavy metals are not measured in the sea is because once they get to the sea they sink to the ground and don’t affect anyone. The project Costa Verde will be irrigated with 150m3 per acres and in the winter half of it with water pumped from the underground.
By now they are not treating any water issues. The law however for solids is changing and will in future include as well the semi solids. We have a recycling program. In 2011 the environment ministry (working together with the ministry of economy and finance) started a program with monetary incentives. In order to get the subsidy we had to incorporate 5% of the households, in 2012 9% and 12% this year. We need to sensitize the people with 14 environmental sciences students. Each family gets a special orange bag where they put all the recycling material in, which gets recollected every 8 days. Once we recollect it there are 3 employees who divide the material which we donate to charities. They have to document everything and than send the data to the ministry of environment and then they send an engineer who comes and check if everything is all right on order to get the subsidy. There is an informal sector of recyclers called the recycladores. The ministry of environment want to formalize them through the new law n. 19426. Some municipalities are doing so others not. Here the recycladores have an association, which is registered and are in the process of formalization. It hopes that they will be formalized in a couple of months. Once they are accepted they need to go and register in the ministry of environment and go to the ministry of health and get all the vaccinations. Then they will be attributed to one sector and will not need to break open bags anymore to take what they need but just get the orange bag and then sell the recycled material. However they will need to document it and pay taxes. All the not recyclable material is going to the landfill where they are used to produce biogas and make electricity. These are 120 t per day for san Miguel. All Lima produces 9000 t per day. The biggest landfill is in huaycoloro in the Rimac basin. We calculated that about 20% of the waste is recyclable. That is half a kilo per household of 5.
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3.3.14. OSCAR QUINCHO - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGER VENTANILLA Most of the water goes to the sea untreated. Mostly just the solid waste is filtered and the liquids are released without being treated. In 2008 when the decision for the PTAR in Taboada was taken we went to the mayor and protested, since we didn’t know the level of treatment. We were told that it will be the most adequate treatment possible and was opened disregarding our protests. Neither big organisation nor NGOs were involved in the protests, just local association. This is because the environmental issues are not considered to be very important. NGOs working on the issue work in the rural areas with mining but not in cities. It’s a lack of environmental culture and education. This is typically shown by throwing waste out of the window.
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The problem of Lima is that potable water is used in a desert to irrigate plants. Callao is divided into 5 districts. This one is the poorest one, since there is the highest level of immigration from the amazon and the mountains to the slum called Pachacutec. This is he last enclave of invasion. It was created in 1969 in 91 90% had electricity and water today there are 400’000 people living there and only 50% have access to piped water. They get water with water trucks and have latrines. All the residual water of this satellite city goes to this oxidation lagoon. The problem is that the plant can’t handle the amount anymore so now it just filtrates the solid waste. On the 7th of February all residents of Pachacutec marched to the national government and this triggered the plan of building a sewage system within 4 years. The main problems are the industries. Since they are not punished for not been monitored. In Peru in order to have an industry you don’t need to meet many standards. This is why we established guidelines but we can’t enable them since the government don’t formalize them. It’s a burocratic trap since the new system of the different levels doesn’t integrate and work together. The problem is that the different levels don’t talk to each other. The national government just decide norms without consulting us and then we need to implement them. There is no participation. That’s why we have a big pollution with heavy metals from the industries. We are the last corner of the city. The things though are changing. For example now since 2011 there are economic stimulus for local governments to recycle. However the last awareness raising campaign against throwing things out of the window was in 1985.
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We don’t get anything from the developments in Callao. This is a different space. Here the culture is different. Here the music is from the Andes, from the amazon and in Callao the music style is Salsa. The people here are very warm and Callao is more dangerous and violent. There are no environmental conflicts here. In 2007 there was protest against plumb in Pampilla. So we increased the green areas. Many factories as well in order to offset their carbon emissions they plant trees here and irrigate them with treated water.
3.3.15. LILIANA MIRANDA - EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF CITIES FOR LIFE FORA The housing ministry convinced the fishmeal industries to accept the position of the plant and to invest in the real estate of san Miguel. They accepted with the trade of Taboada. The former mayor said he does not have enough money so he will just build the pipe and the treatment plant will be built by the private sector.
The costa verde project as long it does not put the people in risk it’s great. Nobody speaks about the risk of sea level rise, land sinking, and tsunami. Like ostriches they don’t want to listen. They think it’s not their business; it’s very sectorialized. Hence there is a disconnection between the offices with no coordination.
Considering the Costa Verde area we can see that land and house prices are following the historical fluctuations in income. After 3 decades of regression, stagnation and recent rapid increases in income. Income today is at the same level it was at in the 1970’s. Costa Verde house and land prices have followed the same prices.
There is a lack of understanding the discourses. There is no way to handle a city in this disintegrated way. Since the housing ministry sees it as a modern competitive city, the private companies are dealing with the city,
Wherever the city invests in infrastructure poor people can’t afford to live in these areas anymore and are pushed further and further to peripheral areas. As the project Costa Verde develops currently see and will continue to see that the poorer residents of San Miguel and La Perla will be forced to move to peripheral areas. What the city really needs is a comprehensive social housing policy, which counters these trends.
The beaches here are very nice but dangerous. There are around 3 drowns per season. The flag is always red. 7km of beach which are nice, there are 10000 people which come every week-end. There really is a discourse with the sea.
For example in the area of the airport people are evicted. Buying them out one by one to build an aerotropolis.
When we came into power we invested a lot, built roads and developed through our vision of developing the city. We think that the government has to invest in order for the private sector to come in and to do its job. Here we produce the electricity for half of the country, with the thermoelectric central with natural gas from Cusco. And we have Repsol the biggest refinery of petrol. However the problem is that we collect only the tax of the housing, tax for the public service. The tax for the industries goes directly to the central government.
3.3.16. CECILIA ESTEVEZ - REAL ESTATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROFESSOR
There is very little information. We have to build it up. The connections so far have been built up slowly in the last 2 years.
It is a clear case of corruption.
The problem with the NGO’s here is that they are to focalized on small social issues. They don’t have big visions and plans for development like we do with our plan concertado. They should be more inclusive, politics and global and work more with the local government. There is a need for more organization between NGO’s and citizenship. 5-6 years ago, for example, a NGO’s built a sewage system but it never worked since the water never arrived.
So we have a city shaped by megaprojects.
Prior to any discussion on social housing we need to understand the governance framework of Peru. It is interesting to consider that the Peruvian constitution (in theory) provides health and education for all but no social housing. Thus housing policy must be seen as a new issue. For example Of the 140,000 houses built in Lima last year, only 40,000 were built formally and the rest informally, this illustrates how people rather than governments are solving the housing problem by themselves. Overall there exists a culture within Peru of people owning their own houses, 70% of people live in houses that they own themselves, but most of these houses are built by people themselves leading to poor building quality standards.
Next to the river Chillon there is a landfill, which is privately managed. This was decided on regional level of Callao. The rubble, which used to be dispersed on the Costa Verde now it will all come to Callao to Oquendo (2km from Taboada).
Gambetta was really needed. The whole northern part of Callao agrees with construction of the Gambetta since it will resolve the traffic problem. 400’000 people who live here need to go to work through the Gambetta. A big chunk of Gambetta is a Logistic Centre of the import and export business of Peru. The problem is the centralization around Callao a better solution would be to decentralize.
She even had a strong discussion with Anna Zuchetti about it last year therefore she sent here the link of the history of the tsunamis. An further risk is the erosion along the green coast.
The people were not consulted at all. There was an interest to increase property taxes in San Miguel as well. The people don’t see the true business.
There was even an art exposition about earthquakes in Lima. It was a big success. The public was there. But at the end seeing this nice private sector building they forget about it. For example she points out that there is just one tsunami escape in Barranco. Augusto Castaneda said Recife, Rio de Janeiro has building in front of the sea. What could happen? As she asked him how many earthquake Brazil had. He shot his mouth and never spoke to her again nevertheless he changed the proposal got rid off the hotels and buildings. Jorge orturzio an arquitect is pushing to abolish the ordenanza of the intangibility of the cliff since the mayor of la Magdalena wants to build a larco mar in his district. The discussion is still within the municipality.
Officially the coast of the Costa Verde will be used as a public space, some time ago there was this idea to privatize the coast but due to successful opposition groups this idea was abandoned. In most cases the municipalities are involving the private sector –to provide them with concessions next to the public spaces- to construct and maintain these public spaces. However there is always the danger of the appropriation of public space by private forces –as we can see in parts of Barranco- due to political corruption and mismanagement. The main investors into real estate along the Costa Verde are Chileans, Brazilians, Spanish and Peruvians.
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3.3.17. RUTH GONAZLES - TECNICAL MANAGER OF THE COSTA VERDE AUTORITY The plans for the Costa Verde project started in the 70’s by the ministry of housing but the final plan was just handed over in 1995 to the municipality. Until then the coast was just a zone of special regulation. In the 60’s they started to put up restaurants in Barranco. When the plan was written it proposed to take the collector away but that was just decided later by the minister of housing. The decision to put the highway on the coast is a logical decision because Lima has an endemic traffic problem, whilst simultaneously the city does not have the space or capacity to build a highway in a already urbanized area. In the beginning there were supposed to be 4 different zones. The coast and the cliff where meant to be for commercial use. This changed in 2010 after a lot of pressure by the neighbourhoods, architects and media since buildings in Barranco had started to change the morphology of the cliffs. 62
Now just the part of Barranco, Chorillos and Miraflores have beaches on the other sites it is too steep, since the currents are much stronger. San Miguel is a very poor area with a lot of drug addiction and crime. By attracting investment this problem will solve itself. The municipality is reluctant to implement the mi vivienda project. But the poor people are the problem of the municipality and not of the Costa Verde project. There is a big issue with the contamination of the ground through how the land has been won in san Miguel with rubble. Then the public company peaje took over to make sure that the construction meets the standards. There is no space left for an other traffic solution this is the only one. Miraflores and Barranco have traditionally the highest degree of participation since they have the strongest neighbourhood associations. Especially Chorillos with the human settlement is very much involved. In Barranco especially the people living in front of the sea always complain if there are new constructions. The communities though which are the most involved are the sportive ones: paragliding, surfing, submarine fishing and boating clubs. These are very much concerned about the change of the nature. We think that they are very
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important since they give life to the Costa Verde on the 9 months when it is not summer. There is however not much participation by the neighbour association in San Miguel since they just started to talk to the sea now and are not very well organized. They didn’t engage with the sea because they had the collector.
3.3.18. LENIN VALENICIA - ASSOCIATION OF THE DEFENSE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
the neighbours aren’t consulted and no information is made available publicly.
When the plan was made in 1995 it was not very participative but things have changed since. Now the consultation is done by sectors.
He sees Callao as the dumping site of Lima through historical marginalization processes. Moreover San Miguel and La Perla have also been the dumping ground for construction and city waste for many years. Now, howeer, there is a process of displacing people through developing land for real estate, like it happened in Surco and Cuzco before. This is happening without social planning for these people who are mainly pushed into Callao.
Most of the infrastructure and mining investments come from abroad: for instance, the Arabs finance the south port, while the airport terminal is financed by the Americans. Overall, he does not know much about the Costa Verde but has heard a lot of rumours about corruption in the project. In general it is said that the project will improve the livelihood of the people living there but these projects generally favour certain interest groups.
Actually 200m more land have been won to the sea than originally planned in San Miguel. She shows that almost half of the public space will be given away concessions for restaurant, bars, hotels casinos… everything for commercial use.
Lenin hasn’t been able to follow the evolution of the Costa Verde project closely but thinks that it is an interesting attempt to generate public space, and that the citizens of Lima have to make sure that it does not get privatized as happened in Barranco.
Callao is like the dumping site of Lima. Peru used to be the dumping site for the developed countries and now Callao is the dumping for the rest of the country. There are not many association or NGO’s in Callao and mostly they are badly organized.
The plan today is to have less but better investments from the private sector. If we walk through Barranco we see that the restaurants there are not enough investments to shape the public space, therefore we seek bigger investments.
Taboada is a project that was delayed many times, and non it has been built in a very non-transparent manner. There has also been a lot of corruption in the decision making process and a lack of information available concerning the progress of the project.He is very concerned that the coast will be privatized, this is especially because people are not very aware of the developments of the Costa Verde and do not treat it as an accessible beach as they prefer to go to the beach outside of Lima.
Lima doesn’t have the structures a big city on the sea is supposed to have such as an Aquarium and a maritime sea museum. The Costa Verde authority regulates all the concessions. In the original plan of 95 we didn’t think that there would be private investments. The people moving to San Miguel are from the region, they come from Callao, Magdalena, because the people from far don’t know how good it’s getting. The municipality of san Miguel hope to get rid off the mi vivienda programm of social housing, since they argue that they won’t afford to keep the housing nice and green. They made a characterization but a very short environmental assessment in the original plan of 1995. Now when they finish they want to make an overall assessment, which will be expect to be published by the end of this year. They will have finished the bit until half of san Miguel 220 million soles by July of this year, which was paid for by the municipality of Lima. She hopes to get the 75 millions from the ministry of transportation to continue. They hope to get money from the ministry of housing and tourism to maintain the public spaces.
3.3.19. LUIS CREDEMAV
GALLEGO-
PRESIDENT
OF
CREDEMAV is a regional social coordination centre that tries to defends people from the contamination of mining. Especially it tries to limit water and air lead. There many strategies is through raising awareness of the dangers of mining through workshops and writing complaints. The people of Callao depend a lot of the sea, there are no big industries which can provide the population with jobs. Through the development and construction within Callao a lot of historically agricultural land has been lost. The latest evolution is the proposal to build a new mining storage facility directly next to the Taboada treatment plant. CREDEMAF believes that this facility will create a lot of pollution and health problems for people living around the area and are committed to fighting it. The regional government calls this project inclusive but it really isn’t. Often people who speak out against it are paid off but in reality there are really big social, economic and housing problems. For instance,
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4. Background
4.2. Relevant Definitons 4.2.1. NEOLIBERALISM: is a market driven way of organizing a society that sees the individual as a rational economic actor. There are a number of important processes associated with neoliberalism such as; privatization, deregulation and liberalization.
4.1. Political Timeline
WHEN?
WHO?
1980-1985
Alan Garcia (President) Economic mismanagement
1990-2000
Fujimori (President)
Dissolved congres, Introduction of New constitution, new neoliberal system, end currency of Hyperinflation
2001-2006
Toledo (President)
Reinstored democracy, personal scandals and compromises
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Castañeda (Mayor of Lima)
2006-2011
Garcia (President)
2010-
Villaran (Mayor of Lima)
2011-
Humala (President)
WHAT?
CONSEQUENCES Hyperinflation, terrorism
4.2.2. GENTRIFICATION: captures the class inequalities and injustices created by capitalist urban land markets and policies.(Glass 1964 cited in Slater 2011) 4.2.3. WATER METABOLISM: Follows a circular understanding of the water system. Focusing not only on access to water, but taking
into account its source, use, disposal processes and means of re-using wastewater. In that sense it opposes a linear understanding of the water system. 4.2.4. NOT IN MY BACKYARD (NIMBY ): “refers to the protectionist attitudes of and oppositional tactics adopted by community groups facing an unwelcome development in their neighborhood. Residents usually concede that these “noxious” developments are necessary, but not near their homes.” (Dear, 1992).
4.3. Historical Background of Wastewater management Reinforcement of neoliberal path
TABLE 5_SCHEMATIC POLITICAL TIMELINE
In the district of San Miguel, the ‘Collector Costanero’ (in operation for many decades) pumped wastewater directly into the Pacific Ocean, causing severe environmental pollution. Inefficient maintenance due to lack of political will and funding led to its deterioration. This increase of environmental pollution triggered civic reaction; local demonstrations which called for the closure of the collector. However, only its collapse in 2008 propelled a state of emergency, caused by the detrimental environmental impacts of the flow of wastewater into the Pacific Ocean. Significantly, the closure of the collector brought forward the opportunity to expand the Costa Verde project to San Miguel district. The La Perla collector, although it had been built years before, was optioned as the next location that would pump waste into the Pacific. While residents and the Mayor of La Perla strongly contested the project the main reason for not using the collector was to reserve the land for real estate development. Instead the perspective of economic gain
from the extension of the Costa Verde project to La Perla, along with a strong NIMBY attitude of the people, determined the decision to divert the waste to the north as the solution to solve the wastewater crisis. This propelled the decision to move forward with the Taboada Treatment Plant, with a complementary treatment plant in the south in la Chira. Another explanation given by SEDAPAL promotes the geographical advantage of placing the treatment plant in La Taboada, this area being at the lowest elevation along Callao’s coast. Thus showing how technical expertise can conveniently justify political decisions. The placement of the treatment plant in Taboada confirms Callao’s position as the location for Lima’s supportive infrastructure. Along with the airport, port, and industrial factories, it leaves Callao with a double burden; first, having to sustain this new infrastructure, and second, the prevention of any positive development along this coast. The construction of the treatment plant which only offers pre-treatment, began in
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While this provided an immediate solution to the threat along Lima’s southern coast, the placement of the treatment plant in the North meant that the surrounding areas would now be negatively affected by the flow of wastewater into the ocean. Resistance from the fishing companies in
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Callao to the construction of the treatment plant prompted the Housing Ministry to compensate the fishing companies’ owners by offering them land for potential investment in the coastal area of San Miguel.
5. Strategies for Transformative Change
5.1. Online Platform
The website “Turning To The Sea” follows to main objectives:
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Firstly, through sharing our findings and materials (reports, maps and videos), it seeks to make visible the findings of our research and to invite a broad range of stakeholders –including academics, students, residents’ associations and other civil society groups- to engage more closely on issues of mutual interest and concern by sharing information and debating on pressing issues related to their specific interest or geographic area. Additionally, public authorities would also be invited to participate and engage, as it would be an innovative way to engender better engagement with civil society through enhanced information dissemination, identification of areas of agreement and raising issues of concern directly. The online platform is, thus, intended as a knowledge based tool that would be available and open to all stakeholders to disseminate information, debate pressing issues of concern and open a dialogue on a broad range of issues. Secondly, the online platform builds on the existing pockets of resistance, which have been found to be highly localised and disconnected, with the intention of enhancing their visibility. With the creation of a space for dialogue, the blog seeks to foster an enhanced understanding of Lima’s development across a broader spectrum
of society and consequently help build a more informed and integrated citizenry, particularly among residents within the districts who are experiencing rapid development and change and who have not had the means through which to air their views and communicate with other stakeholders. The first step towards achieving this is to connect the actors who are already advocating for change together with those who have not yet been active but wish to contribute by way of their views or promoting their activities. While the blog is not a panacea that will reverse all negative trends immediately, this tool is a critical first step in helping build in the long term a higher quality of awareness of key social, political and environmental issues among local citizens so that they are more conscious of the potential implications of developments affecting them. In doing so, it is intended that the platform creates a multi-stakeholder forum whereby stakeholders of all backgrounds and levels (national/municipal; public official/resident) can engage in open debate and dialogue to share information and discuss issues of mutual interest and concern, without any institutional or bureaucratic barriers which frequently inhibit communication among these actors.
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SHADOW APPENDIX 1. Contacts
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1. Contacts TYPE
INSTITUTION
association CREDEMAV
POSITION
NAME
NUMBER
president
Luiz Gallego
998614139
galest@hotmail.com
Irene Hofmejier
987708710
ihofmeijer@ lifeoutofplastic.com
LOOP (life out CEO of plastic)
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Cities for life fora/Foros Ciudades para la Vida
executive director Liliana Miranda
Association de Defensa del Medio Ambiente san Miguel
Lenin de Valencia
g o v e r n - Callao Regional Regional m e n t a l Government manager institution of Natural Resources and Environmental Management IMP SEDAPAL
SEDAPAL
Ministerio del Medio Ambiente
Julio Echazu
964249639
(01) 5755533
ADRESS
residents
lenincha@gmail. com; lvalencia@spda. org.pe
j e c h a z u @ r e g i o n - Av. callao.gob.pe Faucett Callao
Elmer 3970,
Juan espinola Manager Recollection, Treatment and Final Disposition
Marco Vargas
specialist in special projects
JosuĂŠ Cespedes Alarcon
national (MINAM)
M i l a g r o s 975171073 Verastegui
Municipality of Assistant La Perla manager public relations
Angela Icumina
(01) 3173048
(01) 4980207
mvargasm@sedapal. Av. Ramiro com.pe Priale 210, El Agustino
rrpp@munilaperla. Calle Juan JosĂŠ gob.pe Pardo 598, La Perla, Callao
private sector
Municipality of gerente de La Perla desecho solidos
Oscar Lineares Alva
resident la perla
Miranda de 980188588 Valencia
Av. Costanera 2735
resident la perla
Isabel Vargas
(01)4544617
Calle 140-A
residente miguel
san
Patricia Garcia
(01)2647310
Jr. Echenique psje. 1 casa 12
residente miguel
san
Maria Angeles
(01) 5653371
Paolo Aspajo
99461-0318
real estate imagina Asociacion de Pescadores Jubilados Callao
other
981180049/ 3033420
o s c a r l i n z o @ cuadra1 comanhotmail.com dante espinar con cuadra 6 la paz de san miguel
14534060
Moche
238 atras del 2 de mayo 71
ACS
engineer
Alfonso Aguirre
watersample laboratory
professor
David Vivanco
998027386
activist (Barranco)
Jose Rodriguez
997915921
activist (Barranco)
Issy Marina 998131812 Barsallo
arquitect and urban planner
professor
Fre d e r i c k Cooper
real estate development
professor
Cecilia Estevez
fcooper@pucp. edu.pe 0131772000 4089
csteves@esan. edu.pe