Memory Laden Mini-Neighbourhood : An age-friendly place embraced with attachment and feelings by Malak Mehta

Memory Laden Mini-Neighbourhood An age-friendly place embraced with attachment and feelings

Malak Mehta

Memory Laden Mini-Neighbourhood An age-friendly place embraced with attachment and feelings

Malak Mehta

Memory Laden Mini-Neighbourhood

An age-friendly place embraced with attachment and feelings Author : Malak Mehta 7th July 2020 Graduation Studio : Stimulating Healthy Environments Supervisory committee : Prof.dr.ir. Masi Mohammadi Dr.ir. Olivia Guerra Santin Ir. Leonie van Buuren Sjef van Hoof Arch AvB Advisors : Ir. Caro van Dijk Ir. Niek Loeters Master Architecture, Building & Planning Eindhoven University of Technology

SHE Memory Laden Mini-Neighbourhood

Mehta M.D

Memory Laden Mini-Neighbourhood

Summary The graduation studio of Stimulating Healthy Environments, focusses on creating age-friendly environments for the older adults in order to enhance their lives . The aim of this graduation thesis is to determine how the intangible aspects such as place attachment can be imbibed into the physical spaces of the environment surrounding the older people. It focusses on the understanding of the links between the tangible spaces and different feelings that are evoked within those spaces. Furthermore, it investigates the user perspective of how older people perceive space to formulate the guidelines for the Research based Design. Chapter 1 introduces the scenario of aging in the world and the Netherlands and further discusses the idea of Aging in Place. Chapter 2 outlines the current scenario of Aging in Place and discusses the meaning of Aging in Place for the older people. It addresses the problem of lack of connection between the intangible and tangible aspects of the Aging in place for the older people. A research question is thus formulated as - “How can the intangible aspects be incorporated in the tangible spaces of the existing neighbourhood to promote Aging in Place?” Chapter 3 gives an insight on the different aspects of Aging in Place including the neighbourhood, tangible and intangible aspects and technology. The solution of the research problem is defined in chapter 4. The theories of Sense of Place and its connection with place attachment is studied with the help of literature. Chapter 5 focusses on the understanding of Neighbourhood attachment and the significance of public space for the older people. Case studies are analysed to understand the intangible feelings associated within the existing neighbourhoods and public spaces. A user analysis is subsequently done in order to understand the experiences and perspectives of older adults and then guidelines for design are formulated. Furthermore a research conclusion is derived. The site location of Malvalaan and the neighbourhood of Waalre are examined for understanding the context of the site in Chapter 6. The present situation of the site is investigated along with some fragments from its history. In Chapter 7, a design strategy is framed and then the design is developed based on the research done in the earlier chapters. The conclusions are drawn in Chapter 8, describing that intangible aspects can be associated within the tangible spaces of the neighbourhood by introducing activities, desirable physical features and memorable experiential spaces .

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Contents Preface 1 Introduction

Research model and Methodology

Important Aspects of Aging in Place

4 Theories

Seniors, Neighbourhood and Public Spaces

Location Analysis

7 Design

100

8 Conclusion

172

Reflection

178

References

181

Appendix

189

Preface

The idea of my parents staying alone and wanting to age independently on their own motivated me to take the graduation studio of Stimulating Healthy Environments. The basis of the graduation studio of creating smart and healthy environments, enhancing the life of the older adults was inspiring. I believed that home is the nucleus of life, but after going through this research phase, I realized that for older people, this nucleus extends beyond home to the neighbourhood. Growing old is about feeling at home in every place and reflecting upon memories and experiences. Several people have contributed and helped me towards the completion of the thesis in different ways. I am forever grateful for their constant and unwavering support. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisors Prof.Masi Mohammadi, Olivia Guerra Santin, Leonie van Buuren, Sjef van Hoof for their continuous guidance, valuable feedback and ultimate support throughout the journey of my graduation thesis. I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my family and friends for being there for me and supporting me during all times. Furthermore, I would like to thank all my fellow students for their help and for creating a positive learning and interactive environment.

1. Introduction

1.1 The Netherlands: Population and age statistics 1.2 Aging in The Netherlands 1.3 The idea of Aging in Place

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1.1 Introduction Globally, ageing is an emerging situation with demands of creating ideal places for people to age happily (Preston,2019). Worldwide, older people have a preference to age old in their own homes and community, with a feeling of being home (Adams,2019) . While the trend earlier used to be shifting older people to elderly housing, care centres and nursing homes, now the governments and policy makers are becoming more sympathetic to older people’s desire to grow old in their own homes with the concept of “Aging in Place”. “Aging in Place” is thus seen as an opportunity for older adults to grow old independently in their own homes and communities calling for a need to develop existing neighbourhood and cities for aging population. According to Hoof et al (2019) , the older people in Europe and western world live healthier lives as compared to previous generations. But, with a 25% hike in the number of older people in the European Union, cities are bound to face the challenge of taking care of the older population. While Aging in Place has gained popularity, less attention is being given to develop the urban fabric such that it is suitable for the aging population. Netherlands is facing the challenge to host an increased number of aging populations as well. The development of “lifecycle -robust” neighbourhoods in Netherlands appears to be in harmony with the idea of Aging in Place, benefiting to all the people to live a healthy life (Hees et al,2017). With World Heath Organization’s initiative to develop age-friendly cities, the approaches towards aging have changed and further evolved. Aging in place is a broad concept with diverse meanings. For older adults, aging in place is more associated with their emotions and memories. A sense of place attachment is embodied in them and keeps them intact with the place they have been living in since a long time. The report focusses on understanding the intangible aspects of attachment and feelings linked with Aging in place for the seniors and its association with build environment. Later, with the help of literature and case studies, optimum spatial technological conclusions are derived in order to create a suitable balance of intangible aspects in the tangible environment for the older people. The site and its context are analysed and a program is formulated. Furthermore, different needs and requirements of the

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Adams S. (2019). Future homes? They’re out there now. Neighbourhoods of the Future: Creating a brighter future for our cities, 36-37. Hoof, Joost & Kazak, Jan & Perek-Bialas, Jolanta & Peek, Sebastiaan. (2018). The Challenges of Urban Ageing: Making Cities Age-Friendly in Europe. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15. Hees, S. V., Horstman, K., Jansen, M., & Ruwaard, D. (2017). Photovoicing the neighbourhood: Understanding the situated meaning of intangible places for ageingin-place. Health & Place, 48, 11–19. Preston (2019). Age-friendly cities – A developer’s perspective. Neighbourhoods of the Future: Creating a brighter future for our cities, 124.

Memory Laden Mini-Neighbourhood

Fig. 1.1 - Population and age statistics Netherlands (Source : CBS)

Seniors in the outdoors are framed to provide guidelines for the Research Based Design resonating with the desires of the older people. Finally, a public space is designed for the older people within this constructive framework of guidelines.

1.2 The Netherlands: Population and age statistics Various countries throughout the world are encountering aging population. Netherlands is one of those countries facing an increase in the older age group. The age group between 40-65 years comprises of about 6million people in Netherlands (Pas,2019). Moreover, the current scenario in Netherlands involves nearly 3 million retired people (Pas, 2019). According to Statistics Netherlands (CBS 2019), the population of people over 65 years is going to increase by 25% by the year 2035 (CBS,2019).

Pas, B. van de. (2019, October 17). Netherlands: population, by age 2019. Centraal Bureau. (2019). Sterke groei in steden en randgemeenten verwacht. Smits, C. H. M., Beld, H. K. V. D., Aartsen, M. J., & Schroots, J. J. F. (2013). Aging in The Netherlands: State of the Art and Science. The Gerontologist, 54(3), 335–343.

1.3 Aging in Netherlands The government of Netherlands keeps moulding its policies regarding provisions of care for older people. With the increasing number of older people preferring to stay in their own homes, the government of Netherlands is promoting community living and aging in place (Smits et al.,2013; Vermij & Engbersen, 2017). As a result, the number of people living in residential care has lowered and large number of older populations is living independently (Smits et al.,2013). The government of Netherlands is making an effort in empowering people to become more independent in the retirement stage and expects them to enhance their future

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Vermeij, L., & Engbersen, R. (2017). Oud worden in Nederland. Den Haag: SCP. Morley, J. E. (2012). Aging in Place. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(6), 489–492. Vasunilashorn, S., Steinman, B. A., Liebig, P. S., & Pynoos, J. (2012). Aging in Place: Evolution of a Research Topic Whose Time Has Come. Journal of Aging Research, 2012, 1–6

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lives on their own. Moreover, older people are expected to receive help from their relatives, friends and neighbours. Netherlands has grown diverse over the years with migrated population. The future older population in Netherlands would belong to different backgrounds and lifestyles (Vermij & Engbersen, 2017). While this may create problems in terms of making people live together in the care homes, it can be seen beneficial as majority of people would age old at their homes.

1.4 The idea of Aging in Place The idea of “Aging in Place” emerged older people were found to be inclined to grow old in their own homes and neighbourhood all over the world. Aging in place is the ability to grow old in one’s own home and community independently (Morley, 2012). The concept originated in Boston where a group of older people joined hands to continue living their own independent lives in their respective homes (Morley,2012). As per Vasunilashorn et al. (2011), the concept of aging in place has been given immense importance and has evolved over the years with changing trends. It was seen as a revolutionary transition from aging in care homes to independently living in own homes with old age. Not all existing homes and neighbourhoods are suitable for old people and hence the concept of Aging in Place would not be a satisfactory solution (Adams,2019). Policy makers all over the world are contributing towards creating an age-friendly world where people can age in their desirable environmental settings. Adams S. (2019). Future homes? They’re out there now. Neighbourhoods of the Future: Creating a brighter future for our cities, 36-37. Vermeij, L., & Engbersen, R. (2017). Oud worden in Nederland. Den Haag: SCP. Morley, J. E. (2012). Aging in Place. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(6), 489–492. Vasunilashorn, S., Steinman, B. A., Liebig, P. S., & Pynoos, J. (2012). Aging in Place: Evolution of a Research Topic Whose Time Has Come. Journal of Aging Research, 2012, 1–6

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2. Research and Methodology

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

Existing approach of Aging in Place Meaning of Aging in Place for Seniors Problem statement Research question and Research model Methodology

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Fig. 2.1 - Existing Approach of Aging in Place

2.1 Existing approach of Aging in Place The idea of “Aging in Place” is associated with improving life of older people with provisions of care, services and amenities in their neighbourhoods (van Hees et al.,2017) . The research by van Hees et al (2017) gives an insight on the needs and requirements of the elderly in terms of healthy aging. Aging in Place has been focussed on finding solutions for satisfying immediate and general needs of older people. Provision of services such as tackling the physical impairments of seniors, improvising the social interaction among them in order to lower the effects of depression with aging and providing medical care are given the most importance. Introduce Technology?

2.1.1 Active Aging In order to ensure that older people are active and growing older within an active physical and emotional environment, the concept of “Active Aging” is taken into consideration(Fig 2.2). Further within this approach, the needs of the older people are divided into three different aspects – physical, service and social (Hees et al.,2017). Physical aspects deal with the issue of mobility and accessibility. Provisions of walkable streets and pedestrian friendly environment are made, so that older adults can move around freely in the surrounding without any fear. The service aspect pertains to the social, health, economic, services along with provision of enormous amenities. This includes facilities such as affordable housing, supermarkets, entertainment opportunities, healthcare etc. Lastly, the social aspect concerns increasing social in-

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Hees, S. V., Horstman, K., Jansen, M., & Ruwaard, D. (2017). Photovoicing the neighbourhood: Understanding the situated meaning of intangible places for ageingin-place. Health & Place, 48, 11–19.

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Fig. 2.2 - Active Aging

teraction and participation to provide a sense of community. This is done by encouraging community programmes, provisions of meeting areas and endorsement of open spaces in the neighbourhoods(Hees et al.,2017).

2.2 Meaning of Aging in Place for Seniors Aging in Place is a widely discussed concept these days and yet hardly the older people are informed about the ideal meaning of Aging in Place (van Hees,2017) . While the meanings of Aging in Place are diverse and still converge on the point of active and healthy aging, many older people were found to consider it as “being trapped” (van Hees,2017; pg 11). Although it is not the case for all older people. Older people associate Aging in Place to a certain place, their attachment to that place and the memories and experiences related to that place. According to Wiles et al (2012) , older people link Aging in Place not only to memories but also to a sense of community, feelings of safety and familiarity and further to a sense of identity and autonomy (Wiles et al,2012). Moreover, seniors develop a feeling of “Insideness” or feeling at home within a place, after attributing a sense of attachment and identity to that place (Rowles,1983) .

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Hees, S. V., Horstman, K., Jansen, M., & Ruwaard, D. (2017). Photovoicing the neighbourhood: Understanding the situated meaning of intangible places for ageingin-place. Health & Place, 48, 11–19. Rowles, G. D. (1983). Place and personal identity in old age: Observations from Appalachia. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(4), 299–313. d Wiles, L., J., Annette, Guberman, Nancy, Reeve, … S., R. E. (2012). Meaning of “Aging in Place” to Older People. The Gerontologist, 52(3), 357–366.

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Fig. 2.3 - Meaning of Aging in Place for Seniors

2.2.1 Needs and Demands of Older People While the of issues of mobility, accessibility, availability of services and social interaction are significant for the older adults, the importance of intangible aspects pertaining to place attachment is deeper. Older people are bound to construct an identity of themselves and the environment, resulting in the development of profounder associations with the place (Rowles,1983). Moreover, people desire to stay in their own home as they feel independent and have a sense of control over space. Being the vulnerable target group, the older population thrives for safety and security and a place in the community with a sense of belonging. Older people expect the professionals to be more sensitive in providing solutions for supporting the older population (van Hees,2017). They desire involvement and participation and a deeper understanding of why and how the places gain importance for Aging in Place.

2.3 Problem statement The concept of Aging in Place takes into consideration the facilities, services, needs and requirements of the seniors in the tangible spaces of the environment but less attention is being given to the intangible feelings and emotional requirements of the seniors. Older people tend to have associative memories and emotional attachment to places and prefer to be provided not only with services but also with a sympathetic

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Hees, S. V., Horstman, K., Jansen, M., & Ruwaard, D. (2017). Photovoicing the neighbourhood: Understanding the situated meaning of intangible places for ageingin-place. Health & Place, 48, 11–19. Rowles, G. D. (1983). Place and personal identity in old age: Observations from Appalachia. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(4), 299–313. d

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and sensitive approach towards them. It can be observed from the above sections that there is a lack of connection between intangible aspects and tangible spaces in the physical environment of existing neighbourhoods.

2.4 Research question and Research Model How can the intangible aspects be incorporated in the tangible spaces of the existing neighbourhood to promote Aging in Place? •

What is the importance of neighbourhood for Aging in Place?

•

What are the tangible spaces in the neighbourhood important for the older adults?

•

What are the intangible aspects observed in the age-friendly neighbourhood?

•

What is the relation between intangible aspects and tangible spaces?

•

How can intangible aspects be imbibed into tangible spaces?

The research model is shown in the Fig 2.4.

2.5 Methodology Literature review : A literature review was done to understand the needs and requirements of older people. It further informed about different tangible spaces which are significant in the lives of the older people. It also gave an insight on the theories of “ place attachment, insideness and territoriality” and the concepts of “place” and “sense of place” further informing about placemaking. Later the literature was used to develop indirect connections between the tangible spaces and intangible feelings in addition to the necessary guidelines to design for the older people. . Case studies : The case studies taken into consideration in the report were diverse – from age friendly neighbourhoods consisting of nursing homes and care centres to public spaces. The case studies were analysed on the basis of the connections developed between the intangible and tangible aspects to understand how research concepts are used in practice.

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The case studies are analysed in order to understand if and how the connections formulated using literature research are present in the practice of architecture. This section is divided into three parts – Age friendly neighbourhoods, Public spaces and Integrated technology. Based on the guidelines developed in the earlier section, different cases were analysed to understand better how the predictors of intangible aspects of place attachments, insideness and territoriality are imbibed within the physical settings of the respective cases.

Interview : An interview was organized to get a perspective from an old person about experiences of growing old. The interview further informed about another perspective as from the research and also gave an insight on the limitations of the research.

Mind mapping : Mind mapping was done to analyse and find links between the different theories studied from the literature. Information from literature and case studies were further analysed to understand better how the predictors of intangible aspects of place attachments, insideness and territoriality are imbibed within the physical settings of the older people both within literature and practice. Furthermore, this technique was also used to develop concept and guidelines from the gathered literature and provide a conclusion based on the overall research done from Literature and Case studies.

Fig 1.1 sh Malak Mehta : 24

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Fig. 2.4 - Research Model

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3. Important Aspects of Aging In Place

3.1 The Neighbourhood 3.2 Tangible spaces 3.3 Intangible aspects 3.4 Technology

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Aging in Place acts as an opportunity to grow old within the chosen context. When talking about Aging in Place, the environment surrounding the older people becomes important. The chapter talks about the Neighbourhood as a dimension of Aging in Place and discusses its importance for the older people. It then focusses on the tangible spaces in the neighbourhood which are important for aging in place and the intangible aspects of high importance in the life of older people. Further, the it also gives an insight on better aging and improved scenarios of Aging in place with technology.

The centre of Aging in Place are the older people themselves. The target group of the research is Seniors in general covering up all the enormous categories to study under one.

Fig 3.1 - Aspects of Aging in Place

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Fig. 3.2 - Target Group: Seniors (Source: vectorstock)

It is important to note research focuses on both young old and old-old people, who are living independently or are dependent in some way. While some aspects of the research might be same for all the older people, the research does not investigate in detail over the frail older people who need additional assistance and care in care centres..

3.1 The Neighbourhood Wiles et al (2012) talks about the changing emphasis of importance of homes for ”Aging in Place” to community and neighbourhood. Neighbourhood is an important aspect of aging in place and yet more emphasis is being given to homes rather than neighbourhood developments for aging (Gardner,2001) . According to Wiles et al (2012) and van Hees et al (2017) , there can be no single perfect place to grow old for all people, but the network formed with a neighbourhood and community serves to be resourceful, not only practically but also emotionally. Older people are found to be more attached to their neighbourhoods than home because of the essential meanings associated with certain spaces in the neighbourhoods. Moreover, neighbourhoods provides a platform for people to come and age together, not only with individual experiences but also by creating collective memories. The dwelling, the neighbourhood, the community, resources and services become vital and need attention (Wekerle & MacKenzie, 1985) . Among these different aspects, Lewicka (2010) describes neighbourhood as the centre of place scale in terms of

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Gardner, P. J. (2011). Natural neighborhood networks — Important social networks in the lives of older adults aging in place. Journal of Aging Studies, 25(3), 263–271. Hees, S. V., Horstman, K., Jansen, M., & Ruwaard, D. (2017). Photovoicing the neighbourhood: Understanding the situated meaning of intangible places for ageingin-place. Health & Place, 48, 11–19. Lewicka, M. (2010). What makes neighborhood different from home and city? Effects of place scale on place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 35-51. Lockett, D, Willis, A & Edwards, N (2005), Through Seniors’ Eyes: An Exploratory Qualitative Study to Identify Environmental Barriers to and Facilitators of Walking. The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research,37(3), 48-65. Wekerle, G. (1985). Reshaping the Neighbourhood of the Future as We Age in Place. Canadian Woman Studies. Wiles, L., J., Annette, Guberman, Nancy, Reeve, … S., R. E. (2012). Meaning of “Aging in Place” to Older People. The Gerontologist, 52(3), 357–366.

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Fig. 3.3 - Tangible spaces

attachment while aging in place. Neighbourhoods with various amenities, easy access to transport, safe pedestrian pathways, washrooms and a balance of natural and built environment tend to create a sense of attachment (Lockett, Willis & Edwards, 2005 , Wekerle & MacKenzie, 1985). According to Michael et al( 2006), older people prefer neighbourhoods with local shopping centres and service with rest spaces and pedestrian friendly access. Moreover, they find gardens and nature in the neighbourhood attractive and calming. Although older people are found be highly attached to their neighbourhoods, enormous neighbourhoods are unsuitable for aging in place. This lack can be noticed not only in terms of the physical, social and service aspect but also in relation to the emotional bonds that people create to spaces. Neighbourhoods with heavy traffic intersections and roads which pose as a huge risk for pedestrians are unlikely to induce a sense of attachment (Lockett, Willis & Edwards, 2005).

3.2 Tangible spaces Tangible spaces are nothing but the physical environment. These spaces play a significant role in the life of the older people. Apart from being associated with their

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own homes, different places in the neighbourhood are observed to be important for the older adults. These space outside the house can be divided into the categories of Third Places, Thresholds and Transitory Places.

3.2.1 Third places Third place are destinations located outside the arena of home and work within a public realm. Gardner(2011) describes the term “third places” as informal meeting areas in the public spaces such as streets, restaurants, cafes, where people spend time playfully and feel like home. While the importance of these third places in the lives of people differs, these places are found to play a major role in the lives of those people. These are “go to” places bringing happiness and delight in people’s lives. Certain informal spaces such as the specific grocery store where one buys food regularly, or that specific bus stop or post office where someone goes frequently, not only linger in the memory becoming a habit but also bring about a social connection with other people in those spaces. Local businesses such as diners, bakery, community centres, institutes, meeting areas, grocery stores etc. become a part of older people’s life over the years and act a comfort zone where they feel invited. These third places acquire meaning with experiences and memories and thus become meaningful for older people over time (Hees,2017).

3.2.2 Thresholds Home is a private sphere of life. Thresholds are extension of this private space which connect to the public sphere on the other side. According to Gardner (2011), thresholds are “hybrid semi-public spaces” which blend the private space(home) into the neighbourhood. These are “in-between spaces” (Gardener,2011; p.266) that act as boundaries on one hand and podiums for social interaction on the other hand. These spaces provide a sense of outdoor along with a sense of being inside. Moreover, these spaces also act as defined spaces, levering a control of space. Thresholds are of different types and change with the typology of the private space. Porches, foyers, patios, backyards act as thresholds for dwellings whereas balconies, lobbies, elevators, entrances, atrium, function as thresholds for high rise buildings. Thresholds are important buffer spaces that divide the private and public life of people. These spaces

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Gardner, P. J. (2011). Natural neighborhood networks — Important social networks in the lives of older adults aging in place. Journal of Aging Studies, 25(3), 263–271. Greenbie, Barrie B. Spaces: Dimension of the Human Landscape. Yale University Press, 1981.

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Restaurant (Third Place)

Balcony (Threshold)

Sidewalk(Transitory space)

Fig. 3.4 - Tangible spaces in the neighbourhood

too are important in the lives of the older people. Thresholds mark territory and provide a sense of privacy and control along with providing moments of interaction. According to Greenbie(1989), fences or boundaries are “haptic” in nature, as they not only act as elements of thresholds but also provide a texture and character to the space itself (Greenbie,1989;p.9).

3.2.3 Transitory places Transitory places are spaces connecting the third places and thresholds. These spaces do not have a definite function and act more as links connecting the private, semi-private and public spheres. The research analysis by Gardner(2011) gave an insight on some of the vague spaces in the neighbourhood that are of importance to the seniors. These spaces are transitory spaces or zones such as streets, sidewalks, lobbies, waiting areas, which act as a medium of transfer between the current location and the destination. Transitory spaces are defined by a sense of enclosure either from the verticality or horizontality of the built spaces or landscape elements (Greenbie,1989). According to Greenbie(1989), a sense of hierarchy is observed within these transitory spaces in terms of enclosure and openness and these patterns of hierarchy of transitory spaces evokes different kinds of feelings. Third places, Thresholds and Transitory spaces build up a network within the neighbourhood connecting older people’s homes to their social life. They promote sense

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Gardner, P. J. (2011). Natural neighborhood networks — Important social networks in the lives of older adults aging in place. Journal of Aging Studies, 25(3), 263–271. Ujang, N., & Zakariya, K. (2015). Place Attachment and the Value of Place in the Life of the Users. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 168, 373–380.

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of ownership in a pubic space enhancing a sense of belonging within the community and further help in development of ties with the neighbourhood (Gardner,2011).

3.3 Intangible aspects and places In order to understand the important aspects of place that are responsible for making a place significant for the elderly, it is important to study the concepts of place attachment, place insideness and territoriality. These concepts play a major role in retaining the importance of places and promote aging in place.

3.3.1 Place attachment “Place attachment is a form of connection between a person and the environment setting” (Ujang and Zakariya, 2015;p. 373). Place attachment can be seen as a bond developed between an individual and a place as a result of ascription of a certain meaning to the place. Place attachment is a widely discussed topic and has been researched within various frameworks. The affect of place attachment can be immensely observed in the older adults who refrain from moving to new homes during their retirement ages. Older people are found to be more attached to places as they have lived their for a long time and developed memories within the extent of that place along with a sense of community, inheritance and adaptation of culture and heritage. While there has been enormous research done in the field of psychology over Place attachment, the Person-Process-Place model summons up variety of researches into an organized framework, making it easier to understand the complex relationship with Place attachment.

Place-Process-Place (PPP) model of Place Attachment (Scannell & Gifford, 2009) Place attachment can be observed at both personal and community level. The Person dimension cab involve a person or individual or a community in general. In case of an individual being attached to a place, there is an association with memories and experience of that person with that specific place. The individual invokes attachment by providing meaning to the place. Similarly, at a community level too, there are meanings associated to places in terms of culture, heritage, religion, which evoke

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Rowles, G. D. (1983). Place and personal identity in old age: Observations from Appalachia. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(4), 299–313. Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1–10. Seamon, D., & Sowers, J. (n.d.). Place and Placelessness (1976): Edward Relph. Key Texts in Human Geography, 43–52.

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place attachment. Psychological processes such as cognition, affect and emotion are found to relate to place attachment. Place attachment as ‘affect’ concerns with remaining close to the place with the positive feelings of pride and love. Place attachment as cognition involves remembrance of past memories, beliefs, meanings and knowledge to connect one’s own self with the environment by drawing similarities. It evokes a sense of familiarity and self-identity with the help of a cognitive process. Place attachment in behaviour and emotion is seen in terms of remaining close to a place and being surrounded by a similar quality of space as people are used to. The place dimension endorses place attachment and bonding with the physical and social place at different levels. It involves the connection with people, sense of community and having a sense of belonging within a place. Moreover, place dimension also takes into account the symbolic notions of past experiences and meanings which an individual relates in a place. Place attachment thus affects an individual at a physical as well as psychological level. It brings about the feelings of safety in a place by creating acquaintance to a place over time. It further links the person to a sense of continuity by bridging the present to past memories, and personal identity and belonging.

3.3.2 Insideness A sense of insideness prevails in older people, when they tend to adapt to old age while sustaining “a sense of personal identity”(Rowles,1983). Older adults are associated with living in the same place for a long time making them attached to place due to familiarity and experiences. Seamon & Sowers (2008) explained Relph’s approach of insideness as the feeling of being one’s own self in a place such as being at home or being in a known community ( Seamon & Sowers, 2008). Moreover, Rowles(1983), entails insidiness to exist in a place where people know others and are known by others, enhancing their identity. Rowles (1983) explains insideness into different forms- physical insideness, social insideness and psychological or autobiographical. Physical insideness was attained by

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Namazian, Ali & Mehdipour, Armin. (2013). Psychological Demands of the Built Environment, Privacy, Personal Space and Territory in Architecture. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. 2013. 109-113. Rowles, G. D. (1983). Place and personal identity in old age: Observations from Appalachia. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(4), 299–313. Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1–10. Seamon, D., & Sowers, J. (n.d.). Place and Placelessness (1976): Edward Relph. Key Texts in Human Geography, 43–52.

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Fig. 3.5 - Intangible aspects

familiarity and sense of rhythm involved in the physical environment. In addition to a sense of physical understanding, social insideness curtailed from the development of a social network and a sense of community. Autobiographical or psychological insideness emerged as a result of maintenance of a personal identity in the older people. It is also seen as an immersion of an imaginative self in a place. Moreover, autobiographical insideness is observed as an ability to preserve ones identity and sense of belonging within a place.“Although physical and social insideness are certainly important components of the older person’s attachment to places, it is the realm of autobiographical insideness that is most provocative and potentially illuminating… it provides the basis of the symbiosis of attachment to place and personal identity in old age. “(Rowles,1983,p.304).

3.3.3 Territoriality Provision of boundaries and defined spaces mark the territories. The concept of territoriality involves control of space and a sense of privacy. Namazian & Medhipour

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(2013) divide territories into primary, secondary and public territories. Territories provide a setting for a personal space, separating it from the social and public space. Moreover, territories also act as a medium to blend in social interaction with a strict personal and public sphere. Older people prefer autonomy and a control of space. According to Scannel & Gifford(2010), the place attachment behaviour resonates with the territoriality in the case of maintenance of similar connection or bond with the environment. (Scannell & Gifford,2010).

3.3.4 The overlap “…..The relationship between a sense of insideness and attachment to place is clearly a transactional one… a sense of insideness, is a function of residential inertia rather than the need for a sense of security, a fear of venturing ‘outside’ or a more positive inherent desire to ‘belong’ is difficult to ascertain….” (Rowles,1983,p.304). The concepts of “Insideness” and “Territoriality” overlap with the notion of place attachment in enormous ways. The “place dimension” of place attachment involving social and physical space identity resonates with social and physical Insideness of a person, while the “person dimension” comprising of personal identity confers to the idea of autobiographical Insideness. In terms of the behavioural aspect of older people, place attachment promotes remaining close to a place and a sense of privacy which runs parallel with the ideas of control of space and autonomy within the concept of Territoriality.

3.3.5 Fourth places and incident places Older people associate nostalgic feelings to certain places in their neighbourhoods or surroundings. They feel attached to specific spaces due to their experiences and memories of those spaces (Hees,2017). In old age, people are found to wander back to past places and imagine themselves in it, creating “incident places”. Incident places are associated with past events and experiences which are embodied in the memory of old people. Fourth places are those places which are observed to have an emotional connection with the user. Old people tend to bond with places which evokes attachment

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Hees, S. V., Horstman, K., Jansen, M., & Ruwaard, D. (2017). Photovoicing the neighbourhood: Understanding the situated meaning of intangible places for ageingin-place. Health & Place, 48, 11–19. Rowles, G. D. (1983). Place and personal identity in old age: Observations from Appalachia. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(4),

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towards that place. Fourth places tend to be significant for the older adults and are embodied with a sense of meaning in them.

3.4 Technology Assistance using technology is extremely useful for promoting Aging in Place. Older people are the vulnerable group which need support to sustain a happy and healthy life. Enormous devices and systems are being developed to assist the older people in different fields. Especially, with the concept of smart homes, the lives of people have been made easier than before. Adams(2019), talks about how smart systems in the future would replace the existing alarm technologies , current technology of smart lifts and handrails and take over the generation of stigmatizing devices. Although, technology has been not very acceptable amidst the then and now old-old seniors, older people in the future are expected to be more comfortable within the technological environment. The position of technology is precarious. It is important to understand that technology should act as an additional aspect supporting the other aspects of Aging in Place rather than forcing people to live in a technologically governed environment. “Technology should not be used to define new behaviours. Technology must respond sensitively to existing needs and must seamlessly support the human side of care and services. There is a need to embed care and an understanding of users into all digital innovation. Insensitive, incorrectly applied solutions without the right user interface risk undermining independence and increasing social isolation.” (Fernandez,2019,p.197). The potential of technology within this aging environment is yet to be explored in the future (Adams,2019).

Adams S. (2019). Future homes? They’re out there now. Neighbourhoods of the Future: Creating a brighter future for our cities, 36-37. Fernandez M. (2019). Let’s Design for Ability. Neighbourhoods of the Future: Creating a brighter future for our cities, 197-197.

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4. Theories : Sense of Place

4.1 Sense of Place 4.2 Physical attributes of tangible space 4.3 Experience of space 4.4 Place attachment 4.5 Activities 4.6 Inter-relationship between Tangible physical attributes, Experience and Intangible feelings

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As per the literature, older people associate meanings and experiences to enormous spaces in the neighbourhood, and as a result, the neighbourhood attains significant position in their lives. There is a lack of connection between the tangible spaces of the neighbourhood and the intangible aspects of aging in place as conveyed by the older adults. Place attachment can be imbibed in a tangible space by creating a sense of place such that people feel one with the place. In order to understand these relationships, it is important to understand different concepts and theories related to the Sense of Place. Thus the chapter focusses on the concept of sense of place and the elements defining it.

Fig. 4.1. - Sense of Place - Proposal

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4.1 Sense of Place Place and Space Space is defined as a physical setting of spatial structures. A physical space provides a sensorial experience and stimulates responses. Whereas, a place is perceived as a space that has gained meaning with experience and activities. Buffel et al (2014), cites Paasi (1991) regarding his idea of space being an independent entity and place being a dependent one (Buffel et al, 2014). Space is found to be complete on its own and does not depend on its user, while a place is linked with the experience and memories of the object or person occupying it (Buffel et al,2014).

Buffel, T., Donder, L. D., Phillipson, C., Witte, N. D., Dury, S., &amp; Verté, D. (2014). Place Attachment Among Older Adults Living in Four Communities in Flanders, Belgium. Housing Studies, 29(6), 800-822. Hashemnezhad, H., Heidari A. A., Hoseini P. M.(2012). “Sense of Place” and “Place Attachment.” International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development.3(1),5-12.

Sense of Place Sense of place is a phenomenon of bonding with a place taking into consideration its physical properties and social cues and showcasing a certain behavioural and sensorial response to it. (Lentini & Decortis, 2010 ; Hashemnezhad et al , 2012; Relph(1976) and Tuan(1974). Moreover, the sense of place is also observed to be a “universal tie” satisfying human needs (Buffel et al, 2014). A sense of place is place and people oriented and hence it is bound to change with location and people experiencing that specific space. Sense of place being dependent on the user, can hence be used to understand the relationship of the user with the place (Najafi & Shariff,2011). The notion of “sense of place” is extremely diverse and has been extended to enormous fields of research. The presence of psychological implications of sense of place can be effortlessly connected to architectural space. Sense of place is associated with behavioural and cognitive processes which in turn affect the perception and experience of place. It is further inter-related with the concepts of how a space is perceived and experienced, identity of place, social and emotional attachments ( Hashemnezhad et al , 2012). The concept of “sense of place” can be seen as an extension of the “concept of place”. A concept of place can be explained as layers of experiences a person has faced in life and a collection of memories and emotional attachment to a place (Corcoran, 2002). A place is difficult to define (Corcoran,2002) as a place is specifically

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Lentini, L., & Decortis, F. (2010). Space and places: when interacting with and in physical space becomes a meaningful experience. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 14(5), 407–415. Hees, S. V., Horstman, K., Jansen, M., & Ruwaard, D. (2017). Photovoicing the neighbourhood: Understanding the situated meaning of intangible places for ageingin-place. Health & Place, 48, 11–19. Najafi, M. & Shariff, M.K.B.M.. (2011). The concept of place and sense of place in architectural studies. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 80. 1100-1106. Relph, E. (1976) Place and Placelessness (London: Pion) Rowles, G. D. (1983). Place and personal identity in old age: Observations from Appalachia. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(4), 299–313. Tuan, Y. F. (1977) Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press)

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Fig. 4.2 - Sense of place

dependent on the user and has different meanings and memories associated with it. While Relph(1976) and Tuan(1974) argue that sense of place is a universal bond that satisfies human needs, other researchers suggest that place attachment, place identity and place dependence are all confined in the sphere of sense of place (Buffel et al, 2014). ‘A place is a whole phenomenon, consisting of the three intertwined elements of a specific landscape with both built and natural elements, a pattern of social activities that should be adapted to the advantages or virtues of a particular location and a set of personal and shared meanings’ (Sime,1986 ; p. 54)

4.2 Physical attributes of tangible space People provide a reaction to the aesthetics in their surrounding and develop relationships with the surroundings. The aesthetics of the physical environment gives rise to the favourable feelings of pleasantness, excitement and relaxation and the unfavourable feelings of fear and unpleasantness (Nasar,1994; Lopez,2009).

Buffel, T., Donder, L. D., Phillipson, C., Witte, N. D., Dury, S., &amp; Verté, D. (2014). Place Attachment Among Older Adults Living in Four Communities in Flanders, Belgium. Housing Studies, 29(6), 800-822. Lopez, R. (2010). Sense of Place and Design. Focus, 7(1). Nasar, J. L. (2017). Urban Design Aesthetics: The Evaluative Qualities of Building Exterion. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Design Review (Routledge Revivals), 67–78. Relph, E. (1976) Place and Placelessness (London: Pion)

In his paper, “Urban Design Aesthetics”, Nasar (1994) describes the physical environment with the help of variables that are further categorized into architectural and spatial qualities. Figure 4.3 shows the breakdown of different attributes of aesthetics giving a broader outlook on the different variables. At first, aesthetics is separated into Formal and Symbolic attributes.

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Sime, J. D. (1986). Creating places or designing spaces? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 6(1), 49–63. Tuan, Y. F. (1977) Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press)

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Fig. 4.3 - Attributes of Aesthetics

Formal attributes Attributes of formal aesthetics involve presence of a structure or form. According to researchers, enclosure, complexity and order are the most recognizable elements with a physical setting. Enclosure deals with degree of open space, the area and volume of the space, mystery present in the density and compactness of various spaces. Complexity is considered as diversity providing diversified elements and spaces and visual richness creating a space resembling positivity. Furthermore, order refers to the permutation and combination of composition of elements in a space. Formal attributes deal with various elements and spaces in terms of size, volume, colour, arrangement, and pave way to a certain sense of clarity and legibility within those identifiable patterns.

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Nasar, J. L. (2017). Urban Design Aesthetics: The Evaluative Qualities of Building Exterion. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Design Review (Routledge Revivals), 67–78.

Stimulating Healthy Environments

Symbolic attributes Symbolic aesthetics has a “denotative meaning” (Nasar,1994, p.383) related to it. These attributes are found to provide individual experiences with the surroundings and people tend to develop intimate relationship with the spaces by forming their own meaningful patterns. The symbolic attributes include style, naturalness and use. Style can be seen as the character of elements and their similarity to old or new buildings or spaces. Naturalness involves presence of natural elements in the surrounding such as trees, water bodies, greenery and use is the function of the space or deals with activities taking place in that space.

4.3 Place attachment, Insideness, Territoriality The intangible aspects of Place attachment, insideness and territoriality have already been discussed in section 3.3. The feeling of place attachment is a result of interaction of the person and the environment. Various socio-demographic factors and activity patterns affect place attachment (Ujang & Zakariya,2015). On one hand, place attachment is affected by personal experience and demographic and cultural characteristics of the neighbourhood. On the other hand, it is influenced by feelings of sense of belonging, familiarity, sense of community and identity. The former factors play a major role in providing a symbolic attire to the later ones. With a socio-cultural collective meaning attached to a place, a sense of community, sense of identity and a sense of belonging follow. These feelings thus act as influencers by enhancing the feelings of place attachment. Table 4.1 defines the different factors that promote place attachment (Firouzmakan & Daneshpour,2015,p.422). Along with socio-cultural and community factors, personal experiences and the physical features of a place play a major role i place attachment. Visual richness , comfort level , aesthetics affect place attachment directly or indirectly. Moreover, adding memories and experiences to a space also increases the chances of place attachment ( Firouzmakan & Daneshpour,2015). The informants of place attachment based on the literature are – sense of safety and security, familiarity, sense of privacy and control, sense of identity , sense of community, pleasantness and visual richness, comfort and sensory stimulation (Fig 4.4.2)

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Firouzmakan & Daneshpour(2015). Promotion Quality of Life by Increasing Place Attachment in Public Places. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 201. 418-428. Karami, S., Ghafary, M., & Fakhrayee, A. (2014). Analyzing the correlation between urban spaces and place attachment Evidence from: Narmak neighborhood in Tehran. Lopez, R. (2010). Sense of Place and Design. Focus, 7(1). Ujang, N., & Zakariya, K. (2015). Place Attachment and the Value of Place in the Life of the Users. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 168, 373–380.

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Table 4..1 - Factors affecting promotion of place attachment (Firouzmakan & Daneshpour,2015, p.422).

Fig. 4.4. - Predictors of Intangible Aspects

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Fig. 4.5 - Activities

4.4 Activities Activities adheres to the sense of place. Different activities in various physical settings pave way for neighbourhood attachment (Karami, Ghafary & Fakhrayee,2014). Lopez(2009) suggests that every space should provide experience to all type of users, involving both active and observant users. Hence, activities can be categorized into active and passive. Further, activities involving active users, are divided into compulsory, optional and social activities, providing user a freedom of choice wehter to get engaged or not (Karami, Ghafary & Fakhrayee,2014). Passive activities involve observation and interaction with the surrounding environment. Furthermore, activities can also be used to provide a choice of outdoors and indoors. The study by Karami, Ghafary & Fakhrayee (2014) shows that activities play a major role in attaching meaning to spaces. Moreover, activities provide chances for increasing social contacts fulfilling

Karami, S., Ghafary, M., & Fakhrayee, A. (2014). Analyzing the correlation between urban spaces and place attachment Evidence from: Narmak neighborhood in Tehran.

the social needs of people.

Lopez, R. (2010). Sense of Place and Design. Focus, 7(1).

Diversity in activities and suitable physical settings for those activities help people to

Ujang, Norsidah. (2007). Linking Activity and Place Attachment Dimensions in Enhancing the Sense of Place.

create a strong bond to the place (Karami, Ghafary & Fakhrayee,2014). Attributes of

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Fig. 4.6 - Experience of space

activities such as “Vitality (atmosphere, pedestrian intensity and movement), diversity and choice (uses, products and users) and transaction (economic transaction and socio-cultural interaction)” enhance the experience of space and boost place attachment (Ujang,2015;p.66).

4.5 Experience and meanings attached to space Experience of space involves the principles of perception, cognition and response. The intangible aspects a person associates with a tangible space depends not only on the function of the space but also on the perception of the place by the observer. The physical attributes of place play a major role in defining how an observer perceives space, gets affected and gives a response (Fig 8). People’s perception of the space gives an idea about what are the experiences a person has had in his life and how he links those experiences with a place. A space is experienced in a way that it links the person with emotions and attachments and thus gives a meaning to that place. According to Lopez(2009), a space is experienced by interaction of ‘people’s five senses, their history, and their moods’ along with the physical attributes of the space

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Lopez, R. (2010). Sense of Place and Design. Focus, 7(1). Ricci, N.(2018).The Psychological Impact of Architectural Design . CMC Senior Theses. 1767. Nasar, J. L. (2017). Urban Design Aesthetics: The Evaluative Qualities of Building Exterion. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Design Review (Routledge Revivals), 67–78. Szerovay K. (2018). UX & Human Memory.

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Fig. 4.7 - Human Memory

(Lopez,2009;p.48). Moreover, experience of space also depends on the intention of the user of space on how he or she wants to use the space (Lopez,2009). Visual qualities and aesthetics of a place help a person n the cognitive process of recognition, which evoke feelings such as pleasure, relaxation, excitement, fear (Nasar,1994;Lopez,2009). These feelings are nothing but responses to the surroundings. Visual richness improves the experience of space by inducing positive feelings.

Human Memory and meanings The study of human memory is important for bridging the connections with older people’s co-relations with their memories. The figure ( ) showcases the different elements of human memory and its relation to the physical elements in a space. Human memory comprises of sensory memory, working memory and long term memory (Szerovay K. ,2018). Sensory memory is linked with human senses and their observation in the space, while working memory is task oriented and short term, long term

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memory is stronger and more related with personal identity, experience and brain recognition in the form of patterns (Szerovay K. ,2018). Perception of user is connected to his or her past experiences. An aesthetic response is hence a result of various cognitive processed tethering to the physical surroundings and providing a variety of experiences to be embedded in the memory of the users. These experiences when reflected upon later in different spaces evoke a sense of identity making those spaces meaningful.

4.6 Inter-relationship between tangible physical attributes, experience and intangible feelings Tangible spaces play a major role in arousing emotions and providing experiences to people. Different physical features and elements of the tangible space evoke different feelings and experiences. As mentioned earlier, human brain recognizes enormous patters, these patterns are also noticed in terms of experiencing spaces. People have the ability to sense rhythmic patterns in the environment and create a sense of place based on those recognitions (Lopez,2009). People interact with the environment within this setting, using perception and cognition and provide response to it by associating patterns with feelings of safety, security, sense of belonging and well being (Ricci,2018). The aesthetics of a space make people experience favourable or unfavourable feelings. It is important to note that the experience of a space depends highly on the individual and cannot be the same for every person. Different people see and feel things differently. While research shows the connection between different physical attributes and associative feelings, the extent of what people feel might differ from one person to another. The table in shown next connects the attributes of physical environment to the tangible spaces and then relates to the intangible feelings and experiences.

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Table 4.1. Relationship between physical attributes and intangible aspects

Formal

Tangible space

Intangible aspect

Detail

Sources

Covered spaces

safe, sense of belonging

cosy, secure,

Greenbie,1989;

private

Nasar,1994;

attributes

Enclosure

Ruoxi,2016; Openness

Extent of open space

freedom/ public realm

Greenbie,1989; Karami,Ghafary & Fakhrayee, 2014; Nasar,1994; Sarkissian, 2013

Size of space

Small or extra big space

unsafe

Nasar,1994;

Optimum space

sense of safety/security

Ruoxi,2016;

Defined

Boundaries/edges/ separa-

sense of privacy and

Burns,2000;

spaces

tion - Pathways

control

Greenbie,1989; Karami,Ghafary & Fakhrayee, 2014; Sarkissian, 2013

Withdrawal

Sitting areas surrounded by

control in public space /

spaces

vegetation

privacy / sense of identity/ view

Greenbie,1989;

comfort

Sarkissian, 2013;

Transitory

Side walks

spaces Permeable store fronts

Burns,2000;

connectivity/sense of

connectivity to

Karami,Ghafary &

belonging

amenities

Fakhrayee, 2014;

Interaction / visual con-

connectivity to

Sarkissian, 2013

nection

amenities

Complex

wide, surrounded by vegeta- pause/rest/relaxing

space

tion, seating Long, narrow, high spaces

hindrance in

static

Greenbie,1989; Nasar,1994; Ricci,2018;

excitement/enticement

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dynamic

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Rhythm

Patterns - alteration, transi-

familiarity /pleasure/secu-

survival pattern Burns,2000;

tion, progression, repetition

rity/ attachment

recognition

Greenbie,1989; Karami,Ghafary & Fakhrayee, 2014; Ricci,2018; Sarkissian, 2013

Colours and

the forms of low colour

textures

transparency, low purity,

calming

Cultural as-

Burns,2000;

pects

Karami,Ghfary &

cold colour and simple

Fakhrayee, 2014;

texture

Ruoxi,2016;

the forms of high colour

exciting

easy to remem-

transparency, high puri-

ber, different

ty, warm colour and rich

levels of shades

texture Building

High buildings

height

Volume

magnificent and eye

act as land-

Greenbie,1989;

catching

marks

Ruoxi,2016;

low buildings

steady

Light volume on top, heavy

safe

Greenbie,1989;

in bottom

Ruoxi,2016;

Natural light

Bright spaces with natural

pleasant / safe

Burns,2000;

and illumina-

light and Street lights at

Karami,Ghafary &

tion

night

Fakhrayee, 2014; Nasar,1994; Sarkissian, 2013

Building form

Familiar form of building

pleasant / safe

Burns,2000; Karami,Ghafary & Fakhrayee, 2014; Nasar,1994 Ruoxi,2016;

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Building scale Limit Building Scale,

pleasant / safe

Karami,Ghafary &

complexity and building

Fakhrayee, 2014;

form

Nasar,1994 Ruoxi,2016;

Adaptive

Develop adaptive spaces

engagement/sense of

Burns,2000;

spaces

that can evolve with time

community

Karami,Ghafary & Fakhrayee, 2014;

and use

Ricci,2018; Symbolic

Tangible space

Intangible aspect

Detail

Source

Attributes Nature

increases in natural ele-

Karami,Ghafary &

ments (trees, shrubs, water

Fakhrayee, 2014;

bodies, natural light,)

Nasar,1994 Ruoxi,2016; Ricci,2018; Sarkissian, 2013

the removal of hindrance

Karami,Ghafary &

between people and

Fakhrayee, 2014;Na-

nature

sar,1994; Ricci,2018; Sarkissian, 2013

contribute to preference use of materials that

and relaxation pleasure/

satisfying

mimic natural systems

safe/familiar

biophilic needs

Nasar,1994; Ricci,2018;

journeys

Greenbie,1989; Na-

between spaces as

sar,1994; Sarkissian,

opportunities to

2013

reconnect with nature.

Building responding to

Sarkissian, 2013

site’s natural forms

Style

Recognizable style/symbols

conveys meanings

familiarity

Nasar,1994 Ruoxi,2016; Ricci,2018;

Vernacular

Use of cues

pleasantness /familiarity

Nasar,1994; Ricci,2018;

style Traditions and values

pleasantness /familiarity

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Nasar,1994

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5. Neighbourhoods, Public Space and Seniors

5.1 Neighbourhood Attachment, experience and memories 5.2 Public space and attachment 5.3 Technology 5.4 Understanding the Seniors 5.5 Research Conclusion

Stimulating Healthy Environments

The earlier sections in Chapter 3 informed about the different aspects of Aging in Place. This chapter focusses on the relationships between the different aspects of Neighbourhood, Public Space and Technology and its importance for the Seniors. These themes are discussed in relation with the different intangible aspects of Aging in Place. Moreover, the relationships are these aspects is studied in terms of both literature and case studies to understand better how research and practice are linked. Further, a user analysis is carried forward by focussing on understanding the seniors, their needs and requirements. Lastly, guidelines are formulated by combining the information from literature and case studies to form the basis for the Design part.

Fig 5.1 - Seniors and aspects of aging

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5.1 Neighbourhood Attachment, experience and memories Older adults are found to be more attached to their neighbourhoods and areas surrounding their homes (Hees et al.,2017). Memories and experiences play a major role in enhancing the feelings of attachment and insideness (Rowles,1983). According to Rowles (1983), older people are bound to associate themselves to a space, either within memories of the past or by building future memories. According to Karami, Ghafary & Fakhrayee (2014), physical features of the neighbourhood and the activities facilitated in the neighbourhood are responsible for creating place attachment. The aesthetics of the urban fabric, extent and legibility of the spaces and ease of movement within it, predict the degree of attachment older people will have with the neighbourhood. Moreover, presence of public spaces in the neighbourhoods increases place attachment by increasing the sense of community and building social ties.

5.1.1 Tangible Elements of Neighbourhood, Memories and Meanings Lynch (1960) describes the physical features of the neighbourhood to provide an insight on how people associate themselves within the urban fabric using paths, districts, edges, nodes and landmarks. Paths are the connecting routes between spaces, edges are boundaries defining spaces, districts are spaces with a sense of special characteristics and identity , nodes are the intersections of routes and spaces such as squares and plazas, and landmarks are identifiable objects which provide a sense of orientation. Extending further Lynch’s study, Schulz (1971) used terms paths, places and boundaries to define the meaning in the existential spaces in neighbourhood. Both Schulz and Lynch describe “orientation and identification” as important aspects of urban fabric. A system of pathways expresses choice, movement of people and a sense of continuity along with interaction to the environment (Schulz,1971). Older people associate meanings to these specific pathways and routes which they usually take (Hees,2012).

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Hees, S. V., Horstman, K., Jansen, M., & Ruwaard, D. (2017). Photovoicing the neighbourhood: Understanding the situated meaning of intangible places for ageingin-place. Health & Place, 48, 11–19. Karami, S., Ghafary, M., & Fakhrayee, A. (2014). Analyzing the correlation between urban spaces and place attachment Evidence from: Narmak neighborhood in Tehran. Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. London: The M.I.T. Press. Rowles, G. D. (1983). Place and personal identity in old age: Observations from Appalachia. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(4), 299–313. Norberg-Schulz, C. (1971). Existence, Space & Architecture (Praeger Paperbacks).

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Fig. 5.2 - Urban fabric and memory

While moving through a route, older people can sense the pattern of enclosure , materials and textures and different architectural and facade elements which evokes different feelings. People choose pathways that are safe, closer to nature and easily accessible and tend to respond to them with favourable experiences. Moreover, pathways and places are interdependent. Pathways which provide a goal to reach to a place are more likely to used as they provide a sense of control and belonging (Schulz,1971). According to Schulz (1971), the urban fabric is a consequence of “individual and social functions” combined in various forms. Tendency of people is to locate “inside and outside” in an existing space (Schulz,1971). When people can define the inside and outside for their own self, an attachment is formulated with experience and memories in that space, which further moulds the inside of that place with the identity of that person. The physical settings of a place play a major role in helping people to define these spaces. The image of the surroundings hence has the power to evoke a sense of security and make people attach meaning to it. Schulz quoted Rudolf Swartz “ Paths and places became memories, time and space

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Norberg-Schulz, C. (1971). Existence, Space & Architecture (Praeger Paperbacks). New York, Washington: Praeger Publishers. Poortman, J (2014). Architecture by Memory. Seungkoo Jo (2003) Aldo Rossi: Architecture and Memory, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2:1, 231-237

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became the history of his life” (Schulz, 1971; p. 30). Memories help people to form a relationship with a location either by the act of remembrance or by imagination (Seungkoo, 2003). According to Rossi, a reflection of own memories in a space is accelerated by the presence of sense of order and representation of architectural elements in that space. People can distinguish and notice the rhythm around them in terms of repetition, alteration, progression, transition in varied arrangements of elements of space (Rossi, 1987; Poortman, 2014). Long streets leading to open squares, a bridge holding stronger connection between two spaces, vertical elements forming enclosure, can be seen as some of the patterns present in the neighbourhoods. People perceive and experience the urban fabric by noticing the patterns formulated by the urban artefacts and attach meaning by resonating with them. “......Here, in this perceptual vacuum, a memory may surface, a memory that seems to issue from the depths of time. Now, our observation of the object embraces the presentiment of the world in all its wholeness because there is nothing that cannot be understood. “(Zumthor, p.17)

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5.1.2 Case studies : Neighbourhoods for Seniors

Fig 5.3 - De Klinkenberg, Ede

De Klinkenberg, Ede De Klinkenberg is a nursing home in Ede, which supports older people with special needs and assistance. The building consists of three blocks placed around a central space. The building are three floor high and are connected to the neighbourhood without any boundaries. The entrances at the intersection of blocks are designed as atriums with glass walls, providing through view to all sides. The building of the nursing home pertains to the requirements of the residents with wide and bright corridors, private spacious rooms and a common living room for the older people on each floor (every block) to socialize, promoting a sense of community. Living rooms have attached semi-covered balconies that act as sit out spaces for the older people and also provide view to the central space. The exterior of the building blends in the neighbourhood with similar materials and roof system. The pathways surrounding the buildings are connected in a loop manner making it easier for people to follow the trace. The residents have the freedom to walk where-ever they want, and are ensured safety with the safety bands. There is a farm with animals and an outdoor elderly gym for outdoor activities. The presence of balconies, atria, patio and a central space creates a balance between enclosed and open spaces. However, the pathways between the buildings are narrower and the buildings being too tall, create an unsafe atmosphere.

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Fig 5.3.1 - Enclosure with built areas.

Fig 5.3.2 - Sequence of spaces Balconies Living rooms Entrance atrium

Fig 5.3.3 - Routing

Fig 5.3.4 - Volumes and interaction

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Fig 5.3.5 - Public and semi-public spaces Presence of a transition from outside to the inside. Patios and balconies provide a buffer acting as semi-public spaces providing Sense of safety and security and Sense of community

Fig 5.3.6 - Enclosure and openness Completely enclosed entrance atrium on left showcases a sense of cozy and enclosed space. There is also a transition from enclosed to openness with presence of balconies. Narrow space between buildings reduce sense of safety.

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Fig 5.3.7 - Presence of nature and outdoor furniture The animal farm and vast green lawn provides proximity to nature and also active aging with exercise equipments providing Sense of community and comfort

Fig 5.3.8 - Materials, textures and recognition Different pathway materials are used for inside and outside to define separations.(left) Interior spaces are made recognizable with elements (right)

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Fig. 5.4 - De Hogewijk, Weesp

De Hogewijk, Weesp De Hogewijk is one of the most famous Dementia village located in Weesp. Based on a neighbourhood approach, it provides its residents freedom to move around freely in an artificially created neighbourhood bounded by the built homes. Hoegwijk is emphasized on providing an active environment to the residents where they can socialize, get access to nature and fresh air and natural light and also feel within an open setting. The two-floor high built homes are placed around various small courtyards with overlooking views providing a sense of community. Every home has six residents living together with similar cultural backgrounds. Homes have a view to the outside roads promoting visual connection. The upper floors have balconies looks towards the courtyards improving interaction possibilities. Moreover, every home has its own patio at the entrance acting as a transition and creates a sense of privacy. Furthermore, every courtyard has its own distinctive nature to make it recognizable and help in way finding. They have enormous activities for residents to go to and take part in. There is a presence of a public space in the enclosed neighbourhood itself consisting of a small plaza, concert hall, restaurant, bar, and a supermarket. People have options to spend their time wherever they want to. Various transition spaces can be observed between the inner streets, courtyards and private homes in terms of providing patios, semi-covered spaces and connecting bridges. This creates a sense of privacy and control by defining spaces. Whereas with many positives, there are some negative points too. People on the ground floor can easily move around, but the access is limited to people living on the upper floors. There is only one elevator for the whole neighbourhood which hinders the people living on upper floors to go downstairs frequently.

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Fig 5.4.1 - Enclosure with built areas.

Fig 5.4.2 - Sequence of spaces Semi-covered spaces Enclosed spaces

Fig 5.4.3 - Routing

Fig 5.4.4 - Volumes and interaction

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Fig 5.4.5 - Public and semi-public spaces Presence of public (left) and semi-public spaces (right) showing a transition in spaces in terms of privacy showcasing Sense of safety and security and Sense of community

Fig 5.4.6 - Enclosure and openness Presence of both enclosed and open spaces providing choice of use of space and control. Balanced enclosure and openness proving sense of safety

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Fig 5.4.7 - Presence of nature and outdoor furniture Different types of landscape elements are used to define spaces and bring nature into lives of people and providing Sense of community and comfort Increased sense of identity with variety in furniture

Fig 5.4.8 - Materials, textures and recognition A variety in material and texture can be observed within pathways (left) Bright and pastel colours giving familiarity and visual richness with increased sense of stimulation. Recognizable elements acting as elements of memories (right)

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Fig. 5.5 -Boswijk Nursing Home

Boswijk Nursing Home The nursing home in Boswijk houses residents within a horizontal setting spread on the ground. The one floor concept is used with a central enclosed space connecting all the homes. The entrance to the building is through this entrance space where all the different activities take place. The closed pathway acts like a street with change in material and lighting as compared to that in homes. Moreover, the homes act as a transition space from the inside enclosed corridor to the outside green spaces. Every home and its rooms have its own patio. Different homes are placed in a way that their patio and gardens face each other to improve interaction. There is a control of space with private patios. The living rooms facing the street corridor are provided with different heights in windows for providing views and also blocking the views where necessary. People have different spaces to go to and wander around in the closed loop of the central space. There is a restaurant, music room, salon ,nail art studio in the central area attracting people to come out of their homes pertaining to activities and providing a sense of community.

A comparison of the case studies can be found in Appendix 1.

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Fig 5.5.1 - Enclosure with built areas.

Fig 5.5.3 - Routing

Fig 5.5.2 - Sequence of spaces (patios and built area)

Fig 5.5.4 - Volumes and interaction

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Fig 5.5.5 - Public and semi-public spaces Completely enclosed public space. Semi-public spaces constitue the patios infront of every room opening into the garden (right) showcasing Sense of community

Fig 5.5.6 - Enclosure and openness Completely enclosed routed pathway (left) and open to sky courtyard (right) which is too small to be used. Total enclosure gives no freedom and reduced sense of safety.

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Fig 5.5.7 - Presence of nature and outdoor furniture Rarely used outdoor spaces with reduced comfort or visual richness

Fig 5.5.8 - Materials, textures and recognition No difference in flooring material throughout the route providing least sensory stimulation(left). Recognizable elements (right)

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5.2 Public space and attachment Public spaces possess a dual nature with both dynamic and static character, providing people with choices of being active or passive. Public spaces not only provide people with activities to spend their spare time but give them opportunities to connect with other people and build social and cultural relations (Mantey,2015). According to the study from Mantey(2015) and Lewicka(2010), people are attached to the gathering spaces in the neighbourhoods and tend to become more attached to neighbourhoods with strong sense of community. The social interaction observed in public spaces is seen to be more effective in creating place attachment than the physical aspect of the neighbourhood (Mantey,2015;Lewicka,2010). Furthermore, activities within the public spaces are of great importance. The pattern of streets and activities defines a character of space and acts as an indication of place attachment (Ujang,2013). Moreover, diversification in activities increase the spectrum of choices and interaction. Distinctive urban public spaces with a control over activities engage people with varied experience and provide potential for increased attachment.

5.2.1 Case study : Ghent Market Place Ghent Market Hall designed by Robbrecht en Daem architecten & Marie-José Van Hee architecten is a unique example of a public space providing opportunities for place attachment. The presence of a semi-covered multi-purpose space provides an open structure and flexibility in use letting people attach their own sense of identity within the place. The historic and cultural identity is preserved in terms of the pitched roof which resonates with the roofs of historic houses in the vicinity. The texture and materials of the roof along with piercing in the roof for entrance of natural light, ehances the stimulation felt in the space. The restaurant is present in the lower floor which can be reached by passing through a large landscaped plaza in a series of spaces. The plaza can be entered from different directions through stairs and ramp, creating a choice of route. A sense of enclosure is induced in the plaza by lowering the area. Variety of enclosure can be observed from open space , to semi-covered space market place to enclosed restaurant.

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Lewicka, M. (2010). What makes neighborhood different from home and city? Effects of place scale on place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 35-51. Mantey, D. (2015). The role of public spaces in creating place attachment (example of Zacisze, Warsaw housing estate). Miscellanea Geographica, 19(3), 36-42. Ujang, Norsidah. (2007). Linking Activity and Place Attachment Dimensions in Enhancing the Sense of Place. Alamcipta. 2. 59-67.

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Fig 5.7 - Ghent Market Hall, Ghent (Source: )

Fig 5.7.1 - Adaptability of space Semi-covered market place providing flexibility in use.

Fig 5.7.4 - Enclosed and semi-open spaces

Fig 5.7.3 - Volumes and interaction

Enclosed restaurant with semi-open corridor towards the plaza and landscape area.

Views to the plaza from market place. Roof maintaining the historic identity.

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5.3 Technology Smart architectural elements and technological advancements are of a great benefit for Aging population (Adams,2019). Adams(2019) talks about different elements such as alarm systems, stair lifts and handrails equipped to assist people and how the technological advancements are making these products more adaptable and less stigmatizing. These technologies are not only useful in homes but also in making the public spaces suitable for the older people. Smart neighbourhoods and various elements have been developed over years to ease the lives of older people.

5.3.1 Smart neighbourhoods : Technological impact Smart cities have been studied to understand better how technology and planning can be implied at the neighbourhood level to make life better. Brainport smart district and Sidewalks Toronto are the two projects being studied to find the connection between the tangibles and intangible aspects used within this smart realm. These projects provide an overview on the proximity to natural environment within a technological network system of the neighbourhood where everyone is connected virtually to each other. There is presence of urban farming, greenery, water bodies and developed ecological system. Pertaining to the needs of user, traffic less, pedestrian routes are the considered important to ensure safety for the residents. The public space is given importance by providing human centric spaces and community areas for people to gather and socialize. Furthermore, the buildings integrate technological innovation in terms of data collection, weather related façade systems and all season active aging scenarios. The study can be found in Appendix II.

5.3.2 Smart architectural elements Enormous smart systems can be found these days day to day activites in every field of life. It becomes important to understand the limits of these technological elements and their perception by the user. Figures 5.8.1-5.8.4 showcases some architectural elements that not only assist people but also provide a sense of comfort and engage them into their surroundings.

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Fig 5.8.1 - Interactive facade system

Fig 5.8.2 - Interactive screening on store fronts

Interactive facade system on the street, engaging people into paying attention and enhancing interaction with the environment.

Interactive screening on window fronts providing user with a sense of control and entertainment.

Fig 5.8.3 - Platform stair lift

Fig 5.8.4 - Smart shading element Waarde

Stair lifts used as both stairs and as a platform to support the wheelchair users.

Smart floating flower shading lights, which bloat and provide shade when by sensing presence of people below it.

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5.4 Understanding the Seniors Older adults have their own needs and preferences. However, there are certain general conditions that might be applicable to most of the older adults. Older adults are characterized with reduced activity and mobility, sensory impairment, memory loss, decreased social interaction leading to depression, etc (Sarkissian & Stenberg, 2013). With these conditions, they face enormous problems and are restricted to remain in their homes. Considering these circumstances, it becomes important to understand the difficulties seniors face and analyse their requirements and desires, in a way that they can be empowered to go outdoor.

5.4.1 Requirements for seniors in a public space The literature research from Josep(2009), Sarkissian & Stenberg (2013), Swart(2009) gave an insight on the general needs and requirements of the older people in the built environment in order to provide a basis for development of strategies for designing for the older people such that they are satisfied (Fig. 5.9). The literature from these researchers describes the requirements of older people in terms of the following components. Safety Older people are vulnerable and need to be instilled with a feeling of security and safety. They need to be protected from crime and unsafe environments. Extreme traffic, invasion of privacy by outsiders, dangerous elements in the built environment need to be avoided so that older people feel safe. Accessibility A public space needs adequate accessibility in order to be attractive. These spaces should have direct access to the site and wide sidewalks and pathways for easy movement. Moreover the Connectivity Connectivity within a public space is necessary such that older people can easily reach the desired destinations. Linked network of pathways is needed to ensure continuity and accessibility.

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Swart, T., Molenbroek, J., Langeveld, L., Brederode, M. V., & Daams, B. J. (2009). Outdoor Seating Design to Facilitate Social Interaction Among Older Adults. Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications, 17(4), 4–27

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Fig. 5.9 Needs and requirements of Seniors

Barrier free-environment Physical constraints in the built environment prevent people from being outdoors. The provision of a barrier free environment hence becomes important. A barrier free environment ensures easy flow and movement of the older people without any interruption. Social Interaction With old age, people tend to lose contact and stay aloof, making them prone to depression and sadness. Creating opportunities for social interaction is necessary such that older adults get to meet more people. Moreover, social interaction is also required to promote a sense of community and sense of belonging among the older people. Comfort and visual richness Providing comfort in the outdoors is challenging. Older people need proper resting places and seating which are comfortable and easily accessible. In case of extreme

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climates, they need shaded places to protect them from heat, rain, snow, and provide a comfortable environment. These spaces also need to be surrounded by vegetation, green spaces and some kind of activities for people to observe while sitting. A proper visual connection to the surroundings is also helpful. Autonomy Personal identity and autonomy are important for older people. They need their own privacy and a control of space in the surrounding in order to make them feel one with the place. Different defined spaces and boundaries are needed in the outdoors such that people can connect to the place in their own way.

5.4.2 Preferences of seniors in the outdoors Seniors prefer to visit and admire the presence of larger green spaces and parks in the neighbourhood (Zhai et al, 2018; Gong et al, 2016), proper accessibility to green spaces by improved walkways and a continuity within green fabric – connections of small green patches to larger ones (Gong et al, 2016). Seniors prefer to spend their time in “small squares, corridors and reasonable sized facilities near water” (Zhai et al, 2018; pg 6). According to the the research done by Zhai et al (2018), older people prefer to sit in shaded areas and look at vegetation and flowers, they like to observe other people and activities such that there is certain kind of interaction and also desire to be observed themselves, they demand to have a good quality seating and urban furniture for resting and they desire to spend time in quiet spaces which have lively elements and are safe as well (Zhai et al, 2018; Swart et al, 2009). While some seniors are more active and like to interact with others, some prefer to stay aloof. Introvert seniors choose passive quiet spaces with less people over places which are more crowded. Moreover, they prefer to sit in the shaded areas to protect themselves from the weather conditions. Safety in every way is one of the biggest concern of older people. They want to be protected from traffic and cars. They look forward to pedestrian friendly places with flat surfaces and enough resting areas. Moreover they also consider access to site as important without any physical or psychological constraints ( Swart et al, 2009). Absence of crime, graffiti and garbage is considered important for safety as well (Swart

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Gong, F., Zheng, Z.-C., & Ng, E. (2016). Modeling Elderly Accessibility to Urban Green Space in High Density Cities: A Case Study of Hong Kong. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 36, 90–97. Swart, T., Molenbroek, J., Langeveld, L., Brederode, M. V., & Daams, B. J. (2009). Outdoor Seating Design to Facilitate Social Interaction Among Older Adults. Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications, 17(4), 4–27 Zhai, Y., Li, K., & Liu, J. (2018). A Conceptual Guideline to Age-Friendly Outdoor Space Development in China: How Do Chinese Seniors Use the Urban Comprehensive Park? A Focus on Time, Place, and Activities. Sustainability, 10(10), 3678.

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Fig. 5.10 - General guidelines for Seniors in Outdoors

et al, 2009). Outdoor furniture is a must for promoting elderly to come outdoors. Older adults desire benches of proper height and armrests that are comfortable to rest for at least 3-4 hours (Zhai et al, 2018; Swart et al, 2009). Proximity to toilet is highly necessary for the older adults. They prefer to go to places where there is easy access to the toilets. Depending on the preferences of seniors in the outdoors, some general guidelines are formulated in Fig 5.10.

5.4.3 Inference from the interview : Small talk with a Senior Everybody has a different need and requirements. Everyone feels differently. Older people too have different preferences and opinions when it comes to the being out of the house. Yet some of the things are common for the majority of the older adults. The ex-

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cerpts from the literature and the interview (Appendix VIII) brings about some of the important factors which are preferred by seniors. As said by the interviewed senior “.... I would prefer sitting outside because I like eating while looking at the nature around me...I would prefer to eat around greenery...I would like to sit in a lively area from where I can see other families and kids playing and enjoying...” Proximity to nature and presence of water bodies are significant for older people. Moreover, people prefer to be surrounded by greenery. From the answers given it is clear that the senior being interviewed is an introvert, more of an observer and passive user of a space and less active in the community. Hence, it becomes important to also keep people in mind who require more quiet, stand alone areas for themselves to observe others in the surrounding along with creating spaces for active community.

5.4.3 Guidelines Guidelines are formulated for designing public and semi-public spaces for seniors to instil the intangible feelings in the tangible spaces of the surrounding. These guidelines are a result of connections generated between the predictors of place attachment and physical elements of the built environment (Table 4.1), information gathered from literature and case studies in the earlier sections and the requirements and preferences of the older people.

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Fig. 5.11.1 - Spatial guidelines for creating Sense of Safety and Security

Table 5.1 - Guidelines for evoking Intangible aspects in Tangible spaces

Intangible aspect

Attributes

Guidelines in tangible space

Sense of safety and security

Size of space

The distance directly affects the size of space, and you won’t feel safe if the space is too big or too small Covered spaces Layers n spaces Courtyards Enclosed surrounding spaces Division of big volumes to small Balanced volume in spaces Bright spaces with natural light and Street lights at night Familiar form of building Simple building form. Avoid complex building forms. Long, narrow, high spaces are unsafe Patterns - alteration, transition, progression, repeatation Boards and signs Looped pathways No deadends

Enclosure

Volume Natural light and illumination Building form Building scale Complex space Rhythm Way finding

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Fig. 5.11.2 - Spatial guidelines for creating Sense of Familiarity

Intangible aspect

Attributes

Guidelines in tangible space

Familiarity

Building height Rhythm Way finding Nature

High buildings (Landmarks) Patterns - alteration, transition, progression, repetition Boards and signs Use of materials that mimic natural systems Recognizable style/symbols Use of cues Consider established traditions and their values The forms of low colour transparency, low purity, cold colour and simple texture the forms of high color transparency, high purity, warm color and rich texture Higher entry way than rest of the park (to provide full vision)

Style Vernacular style

Colours and textures Colours and textures Third places

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Fig. 5.11.3 - Spatial guidelines for creating Sense of Privacy and Control

Fig. 5.11.4 - Spatial guidelines for creating Sense of Identity

Sense of privacy and Openness control

Defined spaces Withdrawal spaces Identity

Historical / cultural Adaptable Nature

Extent of open space Indoor gardens and courtyards Porches , External courtyards Patios Balcony Boundaries/edges/ separation - Pathways Sitting areas surrounded by vegetation Existing stairways, curbs, posts and other city fixtures that can serve multiple functions at once Spatially and programmatic open structure Use of natural materials

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Fig. 5.11.5 - Spatial guidelines for creating Sense of Community

Fig. 5.11.6 - Spatial guidelines for creating visual richness

Sense of community Transitory spaces Adaptive spaces Activities

Pleasant / Visual richness

Colours and textures Nature

Visual variety

Permeable store fronts Develop adaptive spaces that can respond to changing environmental conditions Meeting , recreational areas , elderly gym, café, etc Transition between spaces as opportunities to socialize Shared gardens Overlooking courtyards Forms of high colour transparency, high purity, warm colour and rich texture Provide natural elements (trees, shrubs, water) Removal or buffering of nuisances and artificial elements with nature Use of materials that mimic natural systems Transition between space as opportunities to reconnect with nature. Integrate the building with the site’s natural forms by responding to the wider landscape Integrate landscape with natural typology View of natural surroundings

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Fig. 5.11.7 - Spatial guidelines for creating Sensory stimulation and Comfort

Sensory

Auditory cues Visual cues Tactile cues Olfactory cues Plantation

Flowing water, waterfall, bird baths Landmarks, signages Handrails, pathway textures, Food, earth, moisture, plants with smells Flowering trees and plants for different seasons

Comfort

Urban furniture Shading and storage

Benches for resting Semi-covered spaces, pergolas

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Table 5.2 - Research Overview

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5.5 Research Conclusion The outline of researched topic and formulated guidelines is shown in figure 25. The conclusions were derived by producing spaces by combining the different guidelines as shown in the figure 25. The critic is provided by taking into consideration either the literature or by providing reasoning for the same.

Sense of safety and security – A sense of safety can be felt in a space that has a balance of both enclosure and openness, optimum volume in comparison with human scale, is illuminated with natural light and artificial light, has a simple and familiar form, consists of connected network of pathways for way finding and consists of a known rhythm of patterns.

Familiarity – Spaces feel familiar with the presence of transition zones to provide an insight of separate layers. A sense of familiarity is also gained with presence of landmarks and familiar patterns, boards and signs and other way finding tools, natural or nature mimicked materials, a familiar or vernacular style and a wide view throughout the space. Moreover, bright pastel and warm colors with rich texture induce familiarity in older people as well.

Sense of privacy and control – Provision of defined spaces and boundary edges enhances the hierarchy of spaces from private to public. A limited extent of open space surrounded by fences or level changes, buffers or atriums, defines territory.

Sense of identity – Identity is maintained with presence of historical or cultural reminence, use of natural materials. Whereas a personal identity is also transformed in adaptable spaces, where every person experiences their own identity.

Sense of community – A sense of community is initiated by transitory spaces, adaptable spaces , activities and openness creating opportunities for interaction.

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Pleasant and visual richness – A variety of colors is pleasant and provides visual richness along with presence of nature and natural elements such as trees, water, vegetation. Moreover, visual variety is also found with a view to activity areas and natural environment.

Fig. 5.12 - Reseach Conclusion

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6. Location Analysis

6.1 Elements of Neighbourhood 6.2 Predictors of Place attachment 6.3 Factors affecting Seniors 6.4 Conclusion

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Neighbourhood plays an important role in aging for older people. People are more attached to the neighbourhood and their surroundings. In order to design for the elderly people in the respective “Malvalaan” site in Waalre Neighbourhood, it is thus necessary to study the urban fabric around the site to find links and connections between older people and the surrounding. Moreover, a context study would also help to blend the news place in the surrounding area. The site of the project is located across the Malvalaan street in Voldijn, towards the South of Eindhoven and in the North of the municipality of Waalre. It is currently occupied by three “Wooninc” Housing association apartments for independent living for the seniors and the fourth building owned by Oktober is specialized for Dementia care.

Fig. 6.1 - Neighbourhood of Waalre

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Fig. 6.2 - The site

6.1 Factors affecting older people 6.1.1 Walking proximity and accessibility According to Schimpl (2011), older people are observed to take about 6-10 minutes to walk a distance of 500m. The time depends on the health, age and gender of the seniors as well. While young old are expected to reach their destinations faster, oldold tend to linger longer depending on the degree of frailty. It is important to note that considering the target group of older people and their walking limits, the analysis futrher on is done within the walking proximity of the site.

6.1.2 Services and amenities Based on the literature from (Hees,2017, Lewicka,2010) and case studies6. from important landmarks of the seniors in the walking proximity of the site are – bus stop, Jumbo supermarket, action, pharmacy, dentist, veterinarian doctor for pets, school, cemetery, sports centre and a small play yard where kids play. It can be observed that almost of these landmarks are located on the opposite side of the main road. Moreover, there is lack of other services and facilities of entertainment within the walking proximity of the site.

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Fig. 6.3 - Walking proximity of older people within 5-10mins

Fig. 6.4 - Amenities and important places for the older people

Fig. 6.5 - Nature and ecology in the area

Fig. 6.6 - Sun and wind direction

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6.1.3 Traffic situation in the area The site stands next to a main road in the South with fast flowing traffic. Whereas the East and North sides are across the residential part of the neighbourhood with slow traffic. The west side of the site is connected with the residential area with a walking path in the middle.

6.1.4 Sun and Wind Older people are sensitive to sun and prefer shaded areas. Moreover, they also prefer natural lighting (). The transverse side of the site is North- south oriented. While light from the north side desirable, the south side of the site is prone to receive the most sunlight and harsh wind.

6.3.3 Nature The site has a rich ecological character in itself with enormous trees and greenery. Further it is also surrounded by various green outdoors in the vicinity as well.

6.2 Predictors of place attachment 6.2.1 Demographics of the neighbourhood The neighbourhood of Waalre inhibits 6500 people out of which 1470 people age 65 years or older (Allecijfers,2019). Moreover, about 1870 people are between 45-65 years of age, giving an insight on the future old age inhabitants. The site The “Wooninc” apartments constitute of 120 households, housing approximately 250-270 people. While the dementia building houses about 80 people.

6.2.2 Cultural background As per the statistics from Allecijfers, around 85% of the people living in the Waalre Neighbourhood are native Dutch, while 15% have migrated from Western and Non-Western areas. The Neighbourhood thus shows a Dutch cultural characteristic with majority of inhabitants being native Dutch.

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Main Road Side Road

Walking path

Walking path towards Side Road

Walking path

Green edges

Wood fence (Source: Google Earth)

Fig. 6.7 - Paths

Change in pathway level and material

Fig. 6.8 - Boundaries

Typology in the neighbourhood

Materials

Fig. 6.9 - Districts

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Volumes, Enclosures and Greenery

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6.3 Elements of Neighbourhood 6.3.1 Paths The site is surrounded by the main road on south, the side roads on North and West side and a walking pathway on the East (Fig 6.8). There is a presence of green buffer on the West and South side providing pedestrians a walk with the nature and trees on both sides. The walking route on the East provides more broadened vision to open green area on the site and the apartments.

6.3.2 Boundaries The plots are defined by boundaries. Enormous privacy definitions can be observed in the surrounding of the site. There is a difference in levels of the plots and the roads. Moreover, the different pathways are categorized by different materials to mark territories and divide spaces. Separate paving materials are used for sidewalks, entrances and inner pathways within the site. Boundaries are also marked with fences. Green edges with bushes and trees define private properties. Some houses also have strict wooden fences to avoid direct visual contacts.

6.3.3 Districts The districts define the character and identity of the place. The typollogy in the neighbourhood in terms of enclosures, volumes, materials, use of space is studied to understand the essence of the surroundings. Typology in the neighbourhood Almost all the residential buildings in the neighbourhood have sloped roof and uniform built up area. Different typologies as observed in the surrounding are shown in figure () . The apartments are two floors higher than the normal homes in the area. The commercial side has an extremely different typology than the residential one. It is neither uniform in size or type of roof. Land-use of the area The majority of the area surrounding the site is residential with low-rise two floor housing. The area towards the south of the site just across the main road is used for

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6.10.1 Markt, Waalre (Source: rhc-e)

6.10.2 Boulevard (Source : rhc-e)

6.10.3 Waalre Geemente (Source: postcard.nl)

Fig. 6.10 - Historical Imagery of Waalre

Waalres Museum (Source: Google)

Shop (Source: Google)

Fig. 6.11 - Public buildings near de Markt

Fig. 6.12 - De Markt, Waalre

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Heilige Willibrorduskerk (Source: Google)

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commercial and institutional purposes. There is presence of forests and green parks in the near by areas but most of these are not located within the walking proximity of the older people. The land use map can be found in Appendix IV.

6.5 De Markt, Waalre Within the walking proximity of the older people, there is no presence of a market space or a public space. So, in order to study the characteristics of a public space in the neighbourhood of Waalre, the Markt is chosen (Fig 6.12). Looking at the historical imagery of Waalre, the Markt was the centre of development of the neighbourhood. Moreover, historical images also show the presence of farms and boulevards in the area (Fig 6.10.2). The market space is enhanced by the presence of Heilige Willibrorduskerk and Waalres Museum (Fig 6.11). The figures 6.10 and 6.11 show some hstorical public buildings from 1960-80s with a peculiar character. This is reinterpreted as the history of Waalre neifhbourhood in the upcoming chapter.

6.5 Conclusion It can be observed from the location study above that there is a lack of outdoor public space in the neighbourhood. Moreover, there is also a lack of services within the walking proximity of the apartments. There is no presence of services except for Jumbo and Action in the vicinity. Furthermore, there is no presence of rest spaces as well. Hence, the proposal of designing a public space in the neighbourhood is be suitable for the site.

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7. Design

7.1 The strategy-Creating Sense of Place 7.2 Design Development 7.3 Design of Tangible Spaces

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The proposal of the research is to develop a public space in the neighbourhood within the walking proximity of the homes of the seniors such that the intangible aspects of Place attachment, insideness and territoriality are imbibed within the urban fabric. The chapter focuses on the strategy of design and design development, further ending with the design of “Memory Laden Mini Neighbourhood”.

7.1 Creating a Sense of Place – The Strategy The strategy used to enhance place attachment in order to pursue the research-based design is to “Create a Sense of Place”. As per the research a sense of place is created

Fig 7.1 - The Strategy

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by bringing together the elements of activities happening in the place, the experiences and meanings people attach to the place and the physical features of the place itself. The strategy used here goes the other way around starting from deciding upon the activities suitable for the site. Next, these activities are associated with different intangible feelings based on reasoning and the research done in the earlier sections. Based on research done in earlier chapters, different tangible spaces are designed to evoke specific intangible feelings in relation with the use of the spaces. Later, experiences are added based on bringing the memories from the past and creating new memories with specifically introduced memory elements.

7.1.1 Activities Activities play a major role in creating a sense of place by engaging older people into that place. Engaging people in some sort of activity not only brings them out of their homes but also increases their attachment to places. On the basis of analysis in 6.4, it can be observed that the market area does not lie within the walking proximity of older people living on the site of Malvalaan. Hence a new set of activities is introduced on the site, divided into Public and Semi-public realm for both Active and Passive users (based on 4.4).Furthermore, the activities are also subdivided into spaces that need a certain sense of enclosure and outdoor spaces. Fig 7.1.1 provides an overview of the different activities set out in the proposal for design of public space. Moreover, these activities also provide a transition from private homes to semi-private activities progressing to the public activities.

7.1.2 Feelings and physical features Intangible aspects related to activities are chosen based on the feelings that are considered as the predictors of place attachment, insideness and territoriality. Fig 7.1.2 shows the different feelings which are taken into account while designing. These feelings are associated with different activities based on reasoning and research in earlier sections and then different physical features are assigned to them based on the research shown in Table 6.1 and 6.2.

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Fig 7.1.1 - Introduction to the activities (Program)

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Fig 7.1.2 - The Intangible Aspects

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7.1.3 Experience Addition of specific experience brings about the memories and increases place attachment. These experiences are introduced in the form of remembrance from past and creation for future. In case of remembrance from past, memories are brought back by creating an essence of the ‘de Markt’ of Waalre neighbourhood (Section __ ). For creating memories for future, various architectural elements are designed such that user can have a memorable encounter with those elements.

Reinterpretation of Markt, Waalre Centralization A sense of central approach can be observed in the Markt. The open area is bounded with streets and the streets are further enclosed by the buildings. The buildings surrounding the market area created a sense of intimacy and enclosure. The open area is enhanced by the presence of greenery and boulevards on the edges. The streets end up with different routes lead to the central pavilion present in the open area. Hence, there are multiple entry points to the central green space. The reinterpretation of centralized approach can be seen in figure (). It shows the streets enclosing the built form and the built from further encloses the central open plaza which can be entered from all the sides. Façade The different building surrounding the Markt have a particular façade character. A sense of symmetry can be observed in the façade as seen in the figures (). Moreover, it can also be noticed that the arches act as aesthetic members and structural members supporting the windows. The windows are found to be formed by a combination of numbers of small square windows making up a big window. The façade is reinterpreted by combining these elements of small squares, symmetry and presence of arches as shown in figure ( ).

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Fig. 7.1.3 - Reinterpretation of the concept of centralization of de Markt

Fig. 7.1.4 - Reinterpretation of the facade

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Elements of Memory The basic architectural elements of wall and floor are designed with variations in order to make them more recognizable and easier to remember. Moreover, these elements are also designed in a human centric approach in order to interact with the user. The walls are designed specifically to be of some use to the older people and not just act as a barrier or bounding element (Fig 7.1.5).The wall profile is changed and made suitable for the older people to sit and rest and waterfall is added to the wall so that people can touch the water comfortably while walking nearby. To target the remembrance part, the wall with circular holes is created where people can place their own bottles with messages or planters, in which ever way they want. Furthermore, a clay wall for pertaining impressions and a glass screen wall showcasing the memories of the older people is designed. The floorsare designed with different materials for pathways but also with different forms to provide additional effect. (Fig 7.1.6) Water bodies are provided in varied forms so that everybody has an access to the presence of water. Water body within view, floor fountains, water body with a raised floor and water body with attached floor to sit upon provide separate experiences. Raised plant beds also provide user with access to greenery and a resting place when tired. Thus this amalgamation of patterns in architectural elements and the urban fabric is used as the basis for development of the design.

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Fig. 7.1.5 - Memorable spaces with wall as element

Fig. 7.1.6 - Memorable spaces with floor as element

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7.2 Design Development 7.2.1 Preserving existing buildings The existing apartments on the site are kept intact in regard to the private sphere to preserve the essence of memories of the people living there and are used as reference for the further design of semi-private and public spaces. One of the buildings belonging to the Dementia people is decided to be removed and a public space is proposed in that area instead to provide the residents with enormous third places to go out to (Fig 7.2).

7.2.2 The location and Activities The site is divided into Public and Private space. An additional layer of semi-private spaces is added between the public and private sphere to provide transition between

Fig. 7.2.- Preserved structures on the site

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these realms (Fig 7.3). Then the different activities as shown in fig (7.3.1) are distributed on the site taking into consideration the different neighbourhood and the apartments. The market, stores and shopping areas are given direct access from the street. The restaurants and health clinic are provided with additional transition space and defined entrances to create boundaries and levels of privacy. There are different options of restaurants in the site creating variety and views to different directions. Moreover, restaurants also acting as rest places are added close to shopping area, one near health clinic and one near library and meditation area as mentioned in figure. The central plaza is equipped with greenery and natural elements with views from all direction.

7.2.3 The Central Idea of Freedom Memories and emotions are discrete and solely dependent on the individual. While a community together can have a collective memory in general, still its experience and perception are more personal. Growing old is all about being connected to memories and relishing them. The central idea used in the design is to give people freedom to associate and identify themselves within a place and with their own memories. Firstly, older people have the freedom to choose their own destinations within the public place and neighbourhood to go to. Moreover, people have the option to navigate within different layers of privacy. These destinations are the tangible spaces in the neighbourhood – Third places. Secondly, they have the freedom to select their own transitory routes to reach the destinations. Furthermore, people have the freedom to choose their own experience of space within those destinations based upon exposure to environment and other people. (Fig 7.4) Choices of Third Places / Destination The design provides the older people different destinations among different layers of privacy. Older people have a choice of privacy by choosing their own destinations within the spheres of semi-private - semi-public space and public space, once they are

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Fig. 7.3 - Activity distribution on site

Fig. 7.3.1 - Distribution of activities on site in connection with neighbourhood and apartments

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out of their homes. These destinations are divided into the tangible spaces which are considered important for the older people – Third places, Thresholds and Transitory spaces. The third places comprise of the places in the public space – communal room, health clinic, restaurants, bakery, café, salon, children and elderly playground, library, and nursery. The thresholds are semi-private spaces such as entrance to the apartment, balconies, patios, common living rooms, connecting garden. Furthermore, the transitory spaces are the sidewalks and pathways, the entrances to the public space and the rest pockets on the routes to different places. Routing The design provides the user different routes that connect the private and the public sphere – the direct route, the indirect route and the strolling route. These routes are designed to enhance the experience of the user based on their own preference. The direct route links the semi-private spaces to the public space directly by giving a formal expression. The indirect route acts as a transition between the informal strolling route and the formal direct route. Experience The design also provides different experiences and an option to people to decide their own level of exposure to perceive varied experience. The exposure can be in terms of being in an enclosed space inside to transition into an open place outside. Moreover, exposure can also be observed in regard to interaction with other people.

7.2.3 The concept The buildings are divided into Public space and Semi-Public space such that the public space is developed as traditional place reinterpreted from the historical area of de Markt in Waalre. The semi-public part is developed as extensions to the apartments in the form of atrium towers. These atria act as modern elements linking the apartments with the public space. (Fig 7.5)

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Fig. 7.4 -The idea of Freedom

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Traditional public space

Modern semi-pubic atria

Fig. 7.5 - Concept

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7.3 Design of Tangible Spaces The tangible spaces follow a journey of a person from private homes to semi-public meeting areas to public space. The design development is shown as follows - The Neighbourhood showing the urban context and the suitability of the design in the urban fabric, The Thresholds acting as the semi-private and semi-public spaces from the private sphere to the public space, then The Third Places or the Public space with different activtiies and lastly The Transitory spaces connecting the public and semi-pubic places.

7.3.1 The neighbourhood The site is dealt by using the elements of neighbourhood as described by Kevin Lynch - Paths, Edges, Enclosure, Nodes and Landmarks and the different forms are developed taking into consideration the neighbourhood in the context. The guidelines can be found in Appendix VII. Paths The paths are formed by connecting the site to the surrounding roads and neighbourhood and thus create a sense of community (Fig 7.6.1). These paths provide pedestrian access from the road on the North side to the main road on the South side. Moreover, these paths are designed in progressive pattern such that a differentiation can be made between the similar paths between the apartments.

Edges The apartments and the pathways offset from the main roads to provide a sense of gap between the road and the private sphere in order to provide a sense of privacy and control of space for the people living in the apartments. As opposed to the that, the public space is connected at the intersection

Fig. 7.6.1 -Paths

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of the main roads (North west corner) providing direct access without any buffer. This is done to open up the neighbourhood and extend it to the public space from one of the sides of the plaza and initiate a sense of community (Fig 7.6.2). District Fig. 7.6.2 - Edges

The form of the public space is developed such that its built forms create an enclosure with the apartment block enhancing the feeling of safety(Fig 7.6.3). The open plaza sits within this enclosure, acting as the central view point from all the directions as reinterpretation of the De Markt of Waalre, hence maintaining historical identity. Nodes

Fig. 7.6.3 - District

The entrances are taken into considerations as nodes of intersections and spaces of transitions between the inside and outside which provide people time to get familiar with the environment (Fig 7.6.4). These entrances are provided with different levels of enclosure so that they are distinctive. Fig. 7.6.4 - Nodes

Landmarks As shown in the figure, these two built forms (in red) act as the landmarks for way finding within the public space, further proving orientation and giving a safe feeling.

Fig. 7.6.5 - Landmark

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Fig. 7.7 - Site Plan (Scale 1:1000)

Fig. 7.7.1 - Site Section (Scale - 1:1000)

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Fig. 7.7.2 - North Site Elevation

Fig. 7.7.3 - South Site Elevation

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Fig. 7.7.4 - Neighbourhood bird eye view

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7.3.1 Thresholds Thresholds are the semi-private spaces attached to the private homes. The existing apartments are preserved to preserve the identity of the place and are provided with an extension as entrance atrium that acts as semi-private sphere. These atrium blocks attached to the three apartment blocks are located towards the north side for ensuring certain interaction with the neighbourhood across the road. The design is further formulated taking into contemplation the above-mentioned ideas. The design is seen as a journey of the older people from their homes to the semi-private space transcending to the public space. When the older people get out of their home into the lobby, they have a choice to go the balcony or the common area in the atrium.

Fig. 7.8 - Concept for the Semi-Private spaces

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The balcony Every floor has a common balcony towards the south side with hindered visual connections to other people creating a sense of privacy. The balconies are provided with planters for people to have their own green space. These balconies act as transition space to go to for less interaction. Every balcony is covered with a balcony on top such that the space is semi-covered. The atrium The atrium at the entrance of the apartment block act as a living sphere with immense visual connection on every floor to initiate a sense of community. Different floors are provided with double height spaces and cut outs to enhance the size of space and interaction. Moreover, different floors are also provided with changing levels of enclosures with furniture placements, access to covered and open balconies and communal living rooms. This gives older adults the choice of space and also a sense of control over the space. The communal living rooms are placed on the basement and the second floors (Fig7.8). The apartments are connected with each other at these floors making these floors semi-public in nature. The atrium is placed next to the service core with lift, staircase and a toilet for the convenience of the users. As people enter from the lobby to the atrium living space, they see the wall element with bottles (Fig 7.8.7). This wall not only acts as a memory element but also provides light effects in the interior with the presence of coloured glass bottles. Furthermore, they are also provided with variety of spaces to use, such as to sit in the niches or stand on the corridors talking to people on other floors. The guidelines used for the design of atrium space can be found in the Appendix VII.

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N Fig. 7.8.1 - Ground floor plan of Apartments (Scale - 1:500)

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Fig. 7.8.2 - Basement plan (left) and Second floor plan (right) (Scale - 1:500)

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First floor

Fourth floor

Ground floor

Third floor

Basement

Second floor

Fig. 7.8.3 - Atrium plans(Scale - 1:500)

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Fig. 7.8.4 - Atrium section (Scale - 1:100)

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Fig. 7.8.5 - Atrium section (Scale - 1:200)

Fig. 7.8.5(a) - Guidelines used within the atrium

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Fig. 7.8.6 - Atrium section (Scale - 1:200)

Fig. 7.8.6(a) - Guidelines used within the atrium

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Fig. 7.8.7 - Memory wall with messages in bottles

Fig. 7.8.8 - Visual connections within the atrium floors

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Fig. 7.8.9 - Living rooms : Interactive Space

Fig. 7.8.10 - Living rooms : Observer’s space towards a side

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Living rooms The living rooms on the basement and second floor are more open spaces inducing interaction (7.8.9-10). Moreover, they have connected open space for providing a balance between inside and the outside. The living room on the second floor has a uncovered balcony that can be overlooked from the floors above creating a sense of community along with maintaining a privacy (Fig 7.8.4) . The living room in the basement opens up to the basement garden. Basement garden The basement garden is a connection between the apartments below the ground level. It is like a private space away from the world existing above which is not used by the outsiders and acts as a safe place. The garden is connected by a continuous water stream flowing from one apartment to other. There are green pockets and sit out spaces surrounding the water body. The small wooden bridges float over the water body paving way for easy movement and columns supporting the bridge above are utilized as seating. The basement gardens have a view to the entrance of the buildings and the pathways crossing over, creating visual connections and inducing sense of community. A variety of materials are used within these spaces for enhancing the sensory effects The bridge The bridge is an enclosed sky-walk that connects the three apartments with the communal tower in the plaza. The sky-walk passes through the atria creating a semi public space. People pass through the common living rooms of each apartment to go further to the communal tower. These living rooms also act as pause spaces during the long walk from the apartments to the public space and provide opportunities for interaction. The entrance and exit to and from the living room is narrower as compared to the skywalk, giving a transition between the spaces. The offsets in this narrow transition space provide space for people to move aside without hindering movement of others. The bridge is walled with permeable wooden slats instead of opaque walls for view and natural light. Moreover instead of complete glass façade, wooden slats block some amount of sunlight. The bridge is partially walled with glass fronts giving view to the outside. Two balconies are provided on north and south side of the bridge for exposure to the outside. Benches are provided for resting and planters for proximity to nature, such that the long walk through the bridge is comfortable (Fig 7.8.12).

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Fig. 7.8.11 - Private garden in the basement connecting all the apartments

Fig. 7.8.12 - Bridge connecting the living rooms of apartments on second floor

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Facade Facade is developed as a result of the interior spaces. Glass windows of two types are provided, large one is fixed and the other one has operable windows such that older people are empowered to open these windows when they want and have a control over space. Planters are provided next to the windows for enhancing the

Fig. 7.8.13 - Atrium North facade (Scale - 1:100)

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visual richness. Balconies are provided on the south side to provide a buffer from sun (Fig 7.8.14).Overlooking views from the balconies creates a sense of community and increases interaction between people along with defined spatial boundaries.

Fig. 7.8.14 - Atrium East facade (Scale - 1:100)

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Fig. 7.8.14 - Atrium section (left) and Call-out detail (right)

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Fig. 7.8.15 - Detail B (Scale 1:20)

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Fig. 7.8.16 - Detail A (Scale 1:20)

Fig. 7.8.17 - Detail C (Scale 1:20)

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Fig. 7.8.18 - Atrium view

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7.3.2

Third Places (Public space)

The public space is developed as a plaza surrounded by the built forms pertaining to different activities creating enclosure and a sense of safety. The Plaza is designed as a reinterpretation of the Markt with a central approach to provide a central common public space with a sense of community and belonging (7.1.3). The plaza is developed at two levels, the activities which are necessary interact directly to the streets on the ground floor, whereas the open plaza is -450mm below the ground level with an intimate surrounding. The plaza can be entered from different routes from different directions providing people a control of space and an opportunity for self identification. Every entrance provides a view from the higher point to below so that people already know what they will be experiencing moving forward. Some of the parts of the plaza designed with special elements to enhance the experiences of the user. The form of the plaza was chosen after studying various plazas as shown in Appendix V. Different guidelines used for development of the plaza can be found in appendix VII.

Fig. 7.9 - Guidelines used for plaza

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Fig. 7.9.1 - Plaza plan (Scale - 1:500)

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Fig. 7.9.2 - Plaza section (Scale - 1:200)

Fig. 7.9.3 - View showing variety of enclosures (semi-covered and

Fig. 7.9.4 - Boulevard acting as a memorable space

open space in front of the restaurant) providing a sense of control

(reinterpretation from historic imagery of Waalre)

of space

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Fig. 7.9.5 - Central green space with traditional facade maintaining the historical identity (reinterpretation of the Markt of

Fig. 7.9.6 - Clay wall acting with impressions of remmebrance as

Waalre)

an element of memory (pertaining to sensory stimulation)

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Fig. 7.9.7 - West elevation , South elevation , North elevation of the plaza (Scale 1:200)

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For ease of understanding the different built part surrounding the plaza are named as The communal tower, Block A,Block B and Block C.

Block B

Block A

Block C

Fig. 7.9.8 - Bird eye view of the Plaza

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Communal Tower

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Fig. 7.9.10 - 3d plans of the built areas enclosing plaza

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The communal tower The communal tower connects the public space to the apartments and resembles the modern form of atria that are common for each apartment. It is directly connected to the apartments with the bridge on second floor. Ground floor of the communal tower consists of gym and a waiting area, and is further connected to the health clinic. The waiting area on this

Fig. 7.10 - Communal Tower

floor also acts as an entrance to the other floors. First floor has a restaurant with overlooking view from the communal area above provding a sense of community and interaction . Second floor is the connecting floor with the apartments and is thus a specialized communal area with memory zone where people get scanned at the entrance and their memories get projected. Glass sreens are set up in the interior as well as façade in order to display virtual memories on the screens. Moreover, at the entrance, the memory element of signature tiles is present to engage the older adults into something of their own. This space looks down upon the restaurant and end into a semi covered balcony with the view to the plaza. Third floor is play area with meeting tables and pool table for gathering and entertainment. Fourth floor consist of cooking studio with benefit of roof top view to the plaza. All additional guidelines can be found in appendix VII. Fig. 7.10.1 - Guidelines used in design

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Fourth floor

Third floor

Second floor

First floor

Ground floor

Fig. 7.10.2 - Communal tower plans

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Fig. 7.10.3 - Communal tower section (Scale - 1:200)

Fig. 7.10.4 - Entrance to the communal living room from the end of bridge (Scanning for projection of memories)

Fig. 7.10.5 - View of the projected memories

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Different floor of the communal tower are provided with different levels of enclosure to provide options for people to use these spaces, giving a sense of control of space and also pertaining to the comfort of the older people. The balconies at different levels provide a direct view to the plaza creating a sense of community and visual interactions. The overlooking spaces within the communal tower improve the interaction and crate a sense of community and belonging amidst the people.

Fig. 7.10.6 - Signature glass tiles as memory element

Fig. 7.10.7 - View of the plaza from the gym at ground floor

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Block A This block is connected to the communal tower with a common entrance from the direct route from the apartments. Health clinic is connected to the north east entrance as a transition space in between. Waiting area provides view to the plaza while offices are in the behind looking over the green spaces. Plant buffer is provided between the clinic and the en-

Fig. 7.11 - Block A

trance to avoid direct view and provide privacy. Restaurant can be entered from the north west corner of the site and has a direct connection to the street. The transition space between the restaurant and the health clinic provides optional waiting space with a raised water body to enhance the experience. People can wait in the enclosed waiting area or semi-covered space in between restaurant and clinic or they can go to the plaza. The multipurpose market space at the end towards the North west entrance is a semi-covered space with flexible use. People create their own identities in such spaces. All additional guidelines can be found in appendix VII.

Fig. 7.11.1 - Guidelines used in design

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Health clinic

Waiting area

Restaurant

Market

Fig. 7.11.2 - Block A plans

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Fig. 7.11.3 - Block A section (Scale-1:200)

Fig. 7.11.4 - Adaptable market space free to use

Fig. 7.11.5 Market space during specific days

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Fig. 7.11.7 - Waiting area with presence of waterbody acting as Fig. 7.11.6 - View of plaza from the outside of restaurant

memory element

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Block B Ground floor of this block has a direct access from the street. The functions are – Bakery, clothing store, core with staircase, lift and toilets, salon and grocery store on the ground floor. Clothing store is extended to the upper floor. The entrance towards the neighbourhood is provided with seating and big windows for interaction between inside and the outside.(7.12.4). On the upper floor, restaurant gives view to the plaza and the market.

Fig. 7.12 - Block B

Double corridor(Fig 7.12.6) on the ground floor towards the plaza acts as seating wall element for people to rest on and also promotes interaction to permeable store fronts on the other side creating a sense of community. This semi-covered area provides a transition between the stores and the plaza giving people a control over choice of space and inducing a sense of safety. It also acts as a resting space for the people after shopping. Furthermore, people can experience a clear view of the plaza from the corridor forming a sense of belonging and enhancing interaction. The interactive zone (Fig 7.12.5) is equipped with smart interactive façades systems to engage the users to their surroundings. Moreover, the these interactive screens also create a sense of control by projecting on the glass screens the desires of the users. All additional guidelines can be found in appendix VII. Fig. 7.12.1 - Guidelines used in design

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Clothing store

Cafe

Clothing store Grocery store

Interactive zone

Salon Bakery

Fig. 7.12.2 - Block B plans

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3 1

Fig. 7.12.3 - Block B section (Scale 1:200)

Fig. 7.12.4 - Seating area in front of the storefronts

Fig. 7.12.5 - Interactive facade engaing the users

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While the corridor space on ground floor is semi-covered, the corridor space on the upper floor is enclosed . The facade is given the characteristics of reinterpretation for the de markt of Waalre neighbourhood. The full size big windows (Fig 7.12.7) provide a view to the plaza from the cafe on the upper floor.

Fig. 7.12.6 - Permeable store fronts with double corridor acting as rest place and place for interaction

Fig. 7.12.7 - View ot plaza from the cafe on the upper floor

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Block C The block C has its entrance from south west corner or though the plaza. The nursery consist of an enclosed space above and a semi-covered farming area in the front towards the plaza. This farming area is extended into raised plant beds for providing comfortable proximity to the older adults. The restaurant provides an open, semi-covered and enclosed eatery space. It has double height

Fig. 7.13 - Block C

space with library above that can be entered with lift from the service core at the entrance. Library has view to both side with restaurant below and to the plaza. It also consists of an extended terrace for outside space. Different layers of enclosure are created to provide a control space and sense of safety within the public realm. Meditation area is secluded from the public space with high walls and water body as barriers. The isolation with water-body separates it from the plaza and it acts as a landmark. The water-wall with water fall element is introduced along side the meditation space to provide auditory cues and sensory stimulation. All additional guidelines can be found in appendix VII.

Fig. 7.13.1 - Guidelines used in design

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Library

Nursery Restaurant

Fig. 7.13.2 - Block C plans

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2 1 3

Fig. 7.13.3 - Block C section (Scale 1:200)

Fig. 7.13.4 - Nursery and outdoor farming with raised plant beds

Fig. 7.13.5 - View of library with restaurant below

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Fig. 7.13.6 - View from the restaurant showing different levels of enclosure

Fig. 7.13.7 - Meditation space with presence of water fall

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Fig. 7.14 - Plaza view

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7.3.4 Transitory spaces Transitory spaces are the spaces in between the public and semi-public areas. These transitory space act as connecting spaces.

Routes The transition from the semi-private and semi-public space to the public space is given by the routes connecting these spaces. Older people have different preferences and also the weather conditions are different, making people choose separate routes. These routes are designed in a way such that they form a looping network. The transition routing from the apartment to the public space is provided in three ways – A direct route is provided from the bridge at the second floor. This is an enclosed route crossing the atria of the apartments. Another direct route is from the entrances of the apartments on the ground floor which is an open route exposed to nature. There is a tree buffer between this route and the parking to avoid visual connections with cars directly. Indirect route connects the south side of the apartment to the plaza. It acts as informal route between the direct route and stroll route. The stroll route is longer curvy route, connecting other routes and flowing into the nature. It merges into the landscape and surrounds water bodies and sit out spaces. Further it provides views to the balconies of the private spheres, to green pockets and the landscape garden in the basement.

Rest and Pause spaces Entrances Entrances to the apartments act as a rest space. Patios are provided next to each entrance of the apartment which act as a buffer space and pause space. Different entrances to Plaza act as pause space as well. Moreover, the entrances to plaza, each has a different character, in order to make them recognizable. Entrance on the North west side is an open entrance with stairs and steps that can be utilized

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Fig. 7.15 - Plan showing routing and transitory spaces (Scale - 1:1000)

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as seating. It gives a view to the clay wall, market and the restaurant. Entrance on the North east side ends to the direct route from the apartments and a connection to the parking. The ramp, stairs and the Stairs platform lift help circulation from the ground floor to the plaza lower level. Entrance South west side is a narrow entrance with a patio on the side, ending into a ramp to the plaza. East side provides a complete view to the plaza from top. The entrance from this side can be seen as a continuation of the stroll route from the apartments. Waiting areas and pause spaces Waiting areas in the outdoors along the stroll route are designed such that they are suitable for both interaction and withdrawal. These spaces are enclosed by vegetation to provide a sense of safety, privacy and control. Moreover, they are also provided with water bodies and flower bearing trees for proximity to nature, sensory stimulation and visual richness. Small pocket seating areas provided next to the direct route and are surrounded with raised plant beds and vegetation, such that a sense of privacy is maintained. These seating also provide comfort and rest while the older people are walking around.

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Fig. 7.15.1 - Withdrawal space near raised water body

Fig. 7.15.2 - Interactive resting space in the outdoors

Fig. 7.15.3 - Entrance to plaza from the apartments direct

Fig. 7.15.1 - Side entrance of the apartment with a patio

route

overlooking basement garden

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8. Conclusion “ “Emotions” are the complex conjunction of physiological arousal, perceptual mechanisms, and interpretive processes; thus, they are situated at the threshold where the non-cultural is encoded in culture, where body, cognition, and culture converge and merge. “ (Illouz, 1997)

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Growing old is about a lifetime of experiences, memories and emotions. Feelings are vital. Aging in Place can be considered as an opportunity for people to grow old in their own neighbourhoods where they have spent years living their lives. As per the research mentioned in earlier sections, it is evident that older people are found to be more attached to their neighbourhoods and community in their later ages. Hence developing the neighbourhoods for the older people, such that they are not only age-friendly but also provide a reason for the older people to grow old with satisfaction becomes crucial. Although age friendly neighbourhoods are developed, the tangible spaces still lack a connection with the feelings of place attachment , insideness, identity and territoriality. Hence the research question is formulated - How can the intangible aspects be incorporated in the tangible spaces of the existing neighbourhood to promote Aging in Place? The gap between tangible spaces in the neighbourhood and the intangible aspects can be filled by creating a sense of place. “Sense of Place” can be created by providing activities to the tangible physical spaces in the environment along with adding experiential qualities such that people can attach meanings to those places. Older adults are not just aware of the surroundings but are also engrossed within it by being involved in their memories of that place or by interacting with other people. Moreover, they are also found to be occupied in creating fantasies in a space. These spaces thus act as a canvas for them to reflect upon their thoughts and experiences and feel one with them. Thus providing memorable, pleasant and exciting experiences becomes important to engage them into the surroundings and ultimately enhance their attachment to places. The design provides enormous opportunities to both active and passive users to engage themselves in the environment. Different spaces are designed taking into consideration the predictors of place attachments both in the public and semi-public sphere. Firstly the identity of place is brought back with the preservation of existing housing apartments. A historical identity is brought back in the building with the reinterpretation of markt (Fig 8.2.1). Secondly, variety of enclosures are formed to create a

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sense of safety amidst an outdoor public space. Thirdly, meeting areas in the outdoor and common living rooms are provided to increase interaction and create a sense of community(Fig 8.2.3,8.2.4,8.3.4). Visual connections are developed by providing direct views to the plaza and giving double height spaces within the built areas(Fig 8.3.4). In contrast, solitary spaces are also provided for passive users to sit by themselves and feel one with the surroundings (Fig 8.2.2, 8.3.3). Further, private and public spheres are entered with a pattern of transition (both in terms of enclosure and privacy) which give way to familiarity in the surroundings and create territorial boundaries to provide a sense of privacy and control. Patios, balconies, semi-covered corridors are added to the spaces to provide a sense of transition from the inside to the outside Private garden for the apartments, outdoor transitory spaces and the boulevard in the central area of the plaza increase interaction with the nature and provide a pleasant feeling to the older people (Fig 8.2.1,8.3.2). Outdoor furniture, resting places and toilets are spread throughout the site to make people feel comfortable. Furthermore, different materials and textures are used to target the sensory stimulation and make spaces more memorable. Elements such as a clay wall , water bodies and fountains, the wall with glass bottles, use the audio visual and tactile cues to enhance the experience of people in these spaces making them memorable(Fig 8.2.2, 8.3.1). Moreover, tech-spatial places are developed with interactive screens and projecting glass facade to encourage older people to interact with the surroundings. Different kinds of spaces are created to evoke different feelings in order to promote intangible aspects of place attachment. Hence, a place that is rich in activities, experiences and consists of suitable physical features for comfort for the older people, is bound to generate place attachment. Limitations The major limitation of the design is that the user may or may not experience the space in the same manner as the intention with which it was created. The thresholds of people are different, whereas some people may find a shaded place safe, others may find it unsafe. It is difficult to predict what exactly a person would feel in a space, as it is not only dependent on the space but also on the experiences and memories a person associates with it. There can be may be no perfect way to design a space to make all the people feel the same extent of emotions.

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Fig. 8..1 - Conclusion

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Fig. 8.2.1 - Boulevard reinterpreting the historical imagery and

Fig. 8.2.2 - Isolated space with auditory cues evoking sense of

creating historic identity. Proximity to nature evoking pleasant

privacy and sensory stimulation

feelings

Fig. 8.2.3 - Double corridor and permeable store fronts

Fig. 8.2.4 - Central plaza with a sense of community

creating sense of safety, sense of community and also acting as rest spaces

Fig. 8.2 - Intangible feeling in the public space

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Fig. 8.3.1 -Glass wall with memories giving a sense of control

Fig. 8.3.2 - Private gardens creating sense of privacy, self-iden-

over space with enhanced experience

tity and proximity to nature for pleasant feelings. No access to outsiders also creates a sense of safety

Fig. 8.3.3 - Withdrawal space with less visual connection giving

Fig. 8.3.4 -Living rooms with interaction creating a sense of

sense of privacy and raised water body for proximity to nature

community

creating pleasant feelings.

Fig. 8.3 - Intangible feelings in the semi-public space

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Reflection

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Pursuing the Graduation studio of Stimulating Healthy Environments was a great experience. It was a journey with ups and downs. I learned a lot not only in terms of research and design but also in regard to working efficiently within a time frame, producing organized work and presenting my results in a much better way.

The best part about the graduation for me was reading the literature about architecture and emotions and how people perceive space with different notions. Although, it was a bit difficult to introduce the psychological aspects of literature in the form of actual spaces. Moreover, studying about the older people enhanced my view of life and helped me to understand how the perception and importance of the space changes with aging. Unfortunately, due to the commence of Corona, the perspectives of older people residing on the site could not be investigated in person as the interviews were not possible. But excerpts from the interviews I read in the literature and a talk with my grandfather gave some insight.

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List of References

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List of References Adam (2019). Future homes? They’re out there now. Neighbourhoods of the Future: Creating a brighter future for our cities, 36-37. Allecijfers Statistics. Retreived from https://allecijfers.nl/buurt/waalre/ Buffel, T., Donder, L. D., Phillipson, C., Witte, N. D., Dury, S., & Verté, D. (2014). Place Attachment Among Older Adults Living in Four Communities in Flanders, Belgium. Housing Studies, 29(6), 800-822. doi:10.1080 /02673037.2014.898741 Burns, A. (2000). Emotion and urban experience: Implications for design. Design Issues, 16(3), 67-79. Corcoran, M. P. (2002). Place attachment and community sentiment in marginalised neighbourhoods: A European case study. Canadian journal of urban research, 47-67. Centraal Bureau. (2019). Sterke groei in steden en randgemeenten verwacht. Retrieved February 11, 2020, from https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2019/37/sterke-groei-in-steden-en-randgemeenten-verwacht Firouzmakan, Shahrzad & Daneshpour, seyed abdolhadi. (2015). Promotion Quality of Life by Increasing Place Attachment in Public Places. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 201. 418-428. 10.1016/j. sbspro.2015.08.197. Gardner, P. J. (2011). Natural neighborhood networks — Important social networks in the lives of older adults aging in place. Journal of Aging Studies, 25(3), 263–271. doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2011.03.007 Greenbie, Barrie B. Spaces: Dimension of the Human Landscape. Yale University Press, 1981. Gong, F., Zheng, Z.-C., & Ng, E. (2016). Modeling Elderly Accessibility to Urban Green Space in High Density Cities: A Case Study of Hong Kong. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 36, 90–97. doi: 10.1016/j. proenv.2016.09.018 Hees, S. V., Horstman, K., Jansen, M., & Ruwaard, D. (2017). Photovoicing the neighbourhood: Understanding the situated meaning of intangible places for ageing-in-place. Health & Place, 48, 11–19. doi: 10.1016/j. healthplace.2017.08.007

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How we build Age-Friendly Neighbourhoods. (2018, November). Retrieved from https://ambitionforageing.org. uk/neighbourhoods Hashemnezhad, H., Heidari A. A., Hoseini P. M.(2012). “Sense of Place” and “Place Attachment.” International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development.3(1),5-12. Retrieved from http://ijaud.srbiau.ac.ir/pdf_581_ a90b5ac919ddc57e6743d8ce32d19741.html Illouz E. (1997). Consuming the Romantic Utopia: Love and the Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press) Karami, S., Ghafary, M., & Fakhrayee, A. (2014). Analyzing the correlation between urban spaces and place attachment Evidence from: Narmak neighborhood in Tehran. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences: Proceedings, 3(4),129-139. Lentini, L., & Decortis, F. (2010). Space and places: when interacting with and in physical space becomes a meaningful experience. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 14(5), 407–415. doi: 10.1007/s00779-009-0267-y Lockett, D, Willis, A & Edwards, N (2005), Through Seniors’ Eyes: An Exploratory Qualitative Study to Identify Environmental Barriers to and Facilitators of Walking. The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research,37(3), 48-65. Lewicka, M. (2010). What makes neighborhood different from home and city? Effects of place scale on place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 35-51. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.05.004 Lopez, R. (2010). Sense of Place and Design. Focus, 7(1). doi: 10.15368/focus.2010v7n1.8 Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. London: The M.I.T. Press. Morley, J. E. (2012). Aging in Place. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(6), 489–492. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2012.04.011 Mantey, D. (2015). The role of public spaces in creating place attachment (example of Zacisze, Warsaw

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housing estate). Miscellanea Geographica, 19(3), 36-42. doi:10.1515/mgrsd-2015-0013 Michael, Y. L., Green, M. K., & Farquhar, S. A. (2006). Neighborhood design and active aging. Health & Place, 12(4), 734-740. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.08.002 Najafi, M. & Shariff, M.K.B.M.. (2011). The concept of place and sense of place in architectural studies. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 80. 1100-1106. Namazian, Ali & Mehdipour, Armin. (2013). Psychological Demands of the Built Environment, Privacy, Personal Space and Territory in Architecture. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. 2013. 109-113. Norberg-Schulz, C. (1971). Existence, Space & Architecture (Praeger Paperbacks). New York, Washington: Praeger Publishers. Nasar, J. L. (2017). Urban Design Aesthetics: The Evaluative Qualities of Building Exterion. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Design Review (Routledge Revivals), 67–78. doi: 10.4324/9781315531137-7 Pas, B. van de. (2019, October 17). Netherlands: population, by age 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/519754/population-of-the-netherlands-by-age/ Poortman, J (2014). Architecture by Memory. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/jospoortman/docs/ architecture_by_memory Preston (2019). Age-friendly cities – A developer’s perspective. Neighbourhoods of the Future: Creating a brighter future for our cities, 124. Ricci, N.(2018).The Psychological Impact of Architectural Design . CMC Senior Theses. 1767. Retreived from https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1767 Rowles, G. D. (1983). Place and personal identity in old age: Observations from Appalachia. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(4), 299–313. doi: 10.1016/s0272-4944(83)80033-4

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Sarkissian, W., & Stenberg, B. (2013). Guidelines for planning for older people in public open space. Australia: Nimbin NSW, 2480. Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.006 Seamon, D., & Sowers, J. (n.d.). Place and Placelessness (1976): Edward Relph. Key Texts in Human Geography, 43–52. doi: 10.4135/9781446213742.n6 Seungkoo Jo (2003) Aldo Rossi: Architecture and Memory, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2:1, 231-237, DOI: 10.3130/jaabe.2.231 Sime, J. D. (1986). Creating places or designing spaces? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 6(1), 49–63. doi: 10.1016/s0272-4944(86)80034-2 Smits, C. H. M., Beld, H. K. V. D., Aartsen, M. J., & Schroots, J. J. F. (2013). Aging in The Netherlands: State of the Art and Science. The Gerontologist, 54(3), 335–343. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnt096 Swart, T., Molenbroek, J., Langeveld, L., Brederode, M. V., & Daams, B. J. (2009). Outdoor Seating Design to Facilitate Social Interaction Among Older Adults. Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications, 17(4), 4–27. doi: 10.1518/106480409x12487281963737 Szerovay K. (2018). UX & Human Memory. Retrieved from https://uxknowledgebase.com/ux-humanmemory-a306a7dadcb8 Tuan, Y. F. (1977) Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press) Ujang, Norsidah. (2007). Linking Activity and Place Attachment Dimensions in Enhancing the Sense of Place. Alamcipta. 2. 59-67. Ujang, N., & Zakariya, K. (2015). Place Attachment and the Value of Place in the Life of the Users. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 168, 373–380. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.243

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Vasunilashorn, S., Steinman, B. A., Liebig, P. S., & Pynoos, J. (2012). Aging in Place: Evolution of a Research Topic Whose Time Has Come. Journal of Aging Research, 2012, 1–6. doi: 10.1155/2012/120952 Vermeij, L., & Engbersen, R. (2017). Oud worden in Nederland. Den Haag: SCP. Retrieved from https://www. scp.nl/Publicaties/Alle_publicaties/Publicaties_2017/Oud_worden_in_Nederland Wekerle, G. (1985). Reshaping the Neighbourhood of the Future as We Age in Place. Canadian Woman Studies. Wiles, L., J., Annette, Guberman, Nancy, Reeve, S., R. E. (2012). Meaning of “Aging in Place” to Older People. The Gerontologist, 52( 3) , 357–366, doi : 10.1093/geront/gnr098 Zhai, Y., Li, K., & Liu, J. (2018). A Conceptual Guideline to Age-Friendly Outdoor Space Development in China: How Do Chinese Seniors Use the Urban Comprehensive Park? A Focus on Time, Place, and Activities. Sustainability, 10(10), 3678. doi: 10.3390/su10103678 Zhao, R. (2016, July). Architectural Space and Psychological Feelings. In 2016 5th International Conference on Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Atlantis Press. Zumthor, P. (2017). Thinking architecture. Basel: Birkhäuser.

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Fig. 3.2 - Target Group: Seniors (Source: vectorstock) Retreived from https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/cartoon-old-people-happy-aged-citizensdisabled-vector-21386711 Fig. 3.4 - Tangible spaces in the neighbourhood Adapted from google search Fig 5.7 - Ghent Market Hall, Ghent (Source: ) Retrieved from

https://www.archdaily.com/368920/market-hall-in-ghent-marie-jose-van-hee-robbrecht-

and-daem-by-hufton-crow?ad_medium=gallery Fig 5.8.1 - Interactive facade system Retrieved from http://thebwd.com/interactive-window-display-for-coffee-brand-carte-noire-instinct/ Fig 5.8.2 - Interactive screening on store fronts Retrieved from https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/starbucks-interactive-window-display Fig 5.8.3 - Platform stair lift Retrieved from https://www.stepless.com/int/products/platform-lifts/bespoke/slp-model-c Fig 5.8.4 - Smart shading element Retrieved

from

https://www.straatbeeld.nl/product/301115/deze-lichtmast-opent-als-een-bloem-door-

wandelaars 6.10.1 Markt, Waalre , Retrieved from https://www.rhceindhoven.nl/ 6.10.2 Boulevard , Retrieved from https://www.rhceindhoven.nl/ 6.10.3 Geemente,Waalre, Retrieved from www.postcard.nl Fig. 6.11 - Public buildings near de Markt , Retrieved from google earth Fig. 6.12 - De Markt, Waalre Retrieved from google earth

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Appendix

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Appendix I : Case Studies

Comparison of case study visits og Age friendly Neighbourhoods

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Appendix II : Case Study Smart Neighbourhoods

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Appendix III :

Model of Aesthetics response (Source : Nasar,1984)

Tangible and intangible aspects

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Appendix IV

Land -use map of the site

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Appendix V : Study for design of Plaza

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Appendix VI: Design processOrientation and volumes

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Appendix VII : Guidelines

Guidelines Neighbourhood

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Guidelines Semi-private space

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Guidelines Plaza

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Guidelines Communal tower

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Guidelines Blcok A

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Guidelines Block B

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Guidelines Blcok C

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Appendix VIII : Interview Do you like living where you are currently living? Yes! I am very satisfied. What do you enjoy the most about the place you are staying at? I love the food here. What do you think is missing? If anything? I miss my wife. What is attachment for you? Do you have a sense of attachment to your place, your neighborhood, etc. ? I feel most attached to my workplace. Why do you feel a sense of attachment to this place? Because, it is my own workplace and I have worked there my whole life. Are you more attached to your home or your neighbourhood? I feel more attached to my house than neighbourhood. When asked about your neighbourhood, what is the first and most crucial thing that springs to your mind? Again, my workplace. Because it was in my neighbourhood and I have a great sense of attachment to it. Which do you prefer, staying at home or going out and meeting people? I prefer staying at home and spending time with my family. On a scale of 1 – 10 how important is it for you to socially interact with other people on a regular basis? I’d say about 4-5. If you were told to go outdoors into the public, which place would you like to go to the

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most.? Why? I would visit a temple as it used to be in my daily routine. On the way back from the temple would you rather go straight back to your home, or would you want to go visit and meet other people? I would prefer to come back straight home. When going to the temple do you like to take the same path every time, or do you a take a different route each time? I take the same path always. Whilst on this path, do you like looking at the things around you? No, not much. If you were to go out someplace in public, like a restaurant, would you prefer sitting inside the restaurant while eating, or would you prefer sitting outside, and why? I would prefer sitting outside because I like eating while looking at the nature around me. So, if give an option, would you prefer to eat surrounded by greenery, or would you like to sit inside the restaurant? I would prefer to eat around greenery. If you were to go to a park, would you like sit at a bench that is in a lively, with kids and families around you, or would you prefer a bench that is in a calmer and secluded area surrounded by nature? I would prefer to sit in a lively area from where I can see other families and kids playing and enjoying. Suppose you were part of a group that including people with the same age as you, would you like to interact with them by talking and doing activities together? Yes, of course.

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