EASY AMA by Malavika Krishnan

PREFACE The quarter three of Msc2 Urbanism looks at spatial strategies for the Amsterdam metropolitan area by using the concepts of circular economy and spatial justice combined with the demand for housing. This was a challenging task and required active participation and cooperation from all the team members. Coming from various multi-cultural backgrou-nds, the approaches by each member was different and we succeeded in achieving the goal through open communication and mutual respect. The project could not have been successfully completed without the guidance of our tutors Remon and Hamed. They were integral in critically analysing the outcomes and navigating the project. We also thank, Roberto and Marcin for their guidance and support for developing the conceptual framework and helping us understand the techniques of writing the report.

1 ABSTRACT This report explores how spatial justice and circular economy can be implemented in the context of the housing challenge in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (AMA). The AMA is among the five economically stronger regions in the European Union and should thus be considered as leader in the Dutch economy. Nonetheless, the region is not equally prominent in the field of one particular global challenge: energy transition. Although the problem is openly acknowledged among the municipalities, the amount of nonrenewable energy resources such as natural gas are still at a staggering high. Furthermore, local residents are objecting to the spatial and physical implications of renewable energy and there is a need for citizen participation in the decision making process. Thus, the process of energy transition is creating spatial and social issues in the region and motivates the question of how should these issues be addressed in the existing and new developments. The project answers the question in a methodological way through evidence based research and analysis. The first step is understanding some of the key literatures and theories as components of the conceptual framework that links energy injustice to vulnerability. The solution is explored through adaptation by the use of circular land use. Furthermore, we analyse and assess the energy and wastescapes in the AMA in terms of energy injustice, energy potential and typology of wastescapes. The results are then overlaid in order to find the intervention areas. Our vision is to combine the four themes of housing, energy, wastescapes and knowledge through Energy Adaptive Systems, also called as EASY (term coined by authors). We then propose the implementation of the vision in order to achieve spatial strategies by dividing each theme with objectives, which help formulate strategies and actions. The spatial strategy is applied through design interventions in three test locations. The feasibility of the project is explored through energy evaluation in the three locations, which helps understand the need to establish a smart energy network. The results of the project looks at sustainable energy landscapes can be combined with living landscapes and showcases an innovative approach towards achieving energy transition without compromising on development. The goal of affordable, accessible and fair energy is accomplished through the decentralisation of energy production, smart distribution networks and creating an integrated knowledge system for review and monitoring. The proposed Energy Adaptive Systems, tackles the objective of coping with energy vulnerability by adapting to the energy injustice principles of distribution, recognition and procedural injustice.

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Keywords: Energy transition, Energy injustice, Energy Adaptation, Wastescapes, Circular Land use

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CONTENTS

Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Problem statement 1.3 Research Question 1.4 Methodology 1.5 Conceptual framework

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Analysis and Preliminary assessment 2.1 Energy Injustice 2.2 Energy Network Assessment 2.3 Wastescapes Assessment 2.4 Potential Intervention areas

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Vision 2040 3.1 Vision statement 3.2 Vision 2040: EASY AMA 3.3 Thematic Objectives 3.4 Design Toolkit

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Design Strategy 4.1 Strategy methodology 4.2 Stakeholder analysis 4.3 Thematic strategies 4.4 Timeline 4.5 Spatial Roadmap 4.6 Local Phasing

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Design Interventions 5.1 Criteria Assessment 5.2 Trigger Projects 5.3 Project 1: Banstee, Purmerend 5.4 Project 2: De vaart, Almere 5.5 Project 3: Noordersluis West, Lelystad

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Conclusion 6.1 Evaluation 6.2 Summary of the project 6.3 Adaptation Strategies 6.4 Group Reflection 6.5 Reference

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Appendix 7.1 Individual Reflections 7.2 Additional drawings

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• Problem statement

INTRODUCTION

• Research Question • Methodology • Conceptual framework

INTRODUCTION The 2016 Paris Climate Agreement can be seen as one of the most important agreements in recent times in a try to radically reduce the carbon footprint of humanity. Occurring climatic effects over the last decades made clear that a global energy transition from the use of fossil fuels towards renewable energy was needed to reduce the impact of these effects. The move towards renewable sources also has effects on the Netherlands, where in 2017 6,6 % of the annual used energy is provided by renewable energy sources (CBS, 2018). With this amount, the country is behind schedule for the 2020 goal of 14% and the second lowest scoring country in Europe (CBS, 2018). To fast forward the energy transition in order to reach the goal, the Netherlands has some serious challenges to deal with. This is also the case for the AMA region, with 32 cooperating municipalities in the provinces of North-Holland and Flevoland. The AMA has seen drastic changes over the last 200 years. The development of the North Sea Canal with the harbor of Amsterdam, Schiphol Airport and the Greenport gave the region even more economic importance, with Schiphol being Europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s third largest and fastest growing airport in Europe at the moment (CBS, 2018), and the Harbor of Amsterdam being the second largest distributer of coal and petrol of Europe (CBS, 2018). While on one hand the AMA gained economic growth and importance, as part of the Randstad area which has developed into the fourth biggest economy of Europe with a GDP of 367 billion euros (Huis van de Nederlandse Provincies, 2018), it also made the region dependent on economies/ industries related to fossil fuels. Several land reclamations such as the Haarlemmermeer and the Flevopolder gave the AMA region more water safety and the opportunity to develop new agricultural land. It also made urban expansion possible, with cities like Almere, Lelystad and Hoofddorp to meet the housing demand. In present time, the housing demand is still here. Plans are made by the National Government to provide 1 million new houses, from which 250.000 are projected to be built in the AMA by 2040 (College van Rijksadviseurs, 2018). With this expected urban growth, the use of renewable energy is likely to increase. But the spatial and societal implications of the energy transition is huge as the energetic density of the renewable resources is much lower than that of fossil fuels (Stremke & Dobbelsteen, 2013). Simply because energy is the fundamental requirement in all human activities and in this way integrated in environment, economy and society, urban growth and energy can never be separate tasks (Sijmons et al., 2014). It is a challenge to reintegrate renewable energy into the current landscapes which we have gotten attached to (Stremke & Dobbelsteen, 2013), and achieve acceptance to a new typology of energy landscapes. Fig. 1.1: AMA in the Netherlands(Source : Bing maps

PROBLEM STATEMENT Introduction Following the global trend of urbanization, the AMA is confronted with an urban growth with people moving to the cities. In the last 8 years, the population grew with more than 7% to an total of 2,5 million inhabitants (Metropoolregio Amsterdam, 2018). By 2040, the AMA is expected to grow even more, with a demand of 250.000 new houses (College van Rijksadviseurs, 2018). This expected urban growth will lead, inevitably, to higher energy demand in the region.

Furthermore, the implementation of renewable energy production into the landscape results in negative feedback from the local people, due to the lack of participation and public involvement in the decision making process. Regarding the spatial implications, the energy transition will have great impact on the landscapes of the AMA. This is because the extraction area of renewable energy compared to non-renewable energy is much larger and thereby more visible (Sijmons et al. , 2014).

In the same timeframe, the energy transition will have great impact on the AMA. In the energy transition, the use of non-renewable energy will be replaced by the use of more sustainable resources like wind and solar energy. This transition already affects AMA in two aspects: socially and spatially.

It could be stated that there is tension between two conflicts: urban growth and the emerging housing demand at one end, and the energy transition at the other (Fig 1.4). Thus, this will influence the impeding and future development of the AMA.

Regarding the social implications, the insufficient amount of renewable energy production is creating distribution issues. In detail, only 5.7% of the current energy production in AMA comes from renewable energy sources (Waar staat je gemeente, 2018), which is considerably lower than the 14% National goal for 2020 (Ministerie van Economische Zaken, 2016). When comparing this data to the current energy consumption as shown in figure 1.2, it is understood that the renewable energy is unfairly distributed in AMA .

Fig. 1.5: Spatial implication of Energy(by authors)

Fig. 1.2: Urban growth in the Netherlands (by authors)

Fig. 1.3: Graph showing percentage of energy consumption Source: Eurostat (2019) Fig. 1.4: Renewable energy production vs consumption (by authors)

The urban growth with the housing demand on one hand and the energy transition on the other result in a friction between the two, which has influence on the future development of the AMA. Innovations and new insight are needed to be able to tackle this friction, because of their importance both have to happen at the same time. Following the national trend of more compact cities in stead of urban sprawl, the scarcity of land becoming more relevant and the shift towards a circular economy already happening, questions arise where these development should take place, wastescapes (Fig 1.5) come into the picture as interesting areas for further exploration. Do areas like wastescapes have the opportunity to participate in this problem and resolve the friction?

Fig. 1.6: Wastescapes as a potential(by authors)

RESEARCH QUESTION

Fig. 1.7 : Wastescapes and energy (illustration by authors)

METHODOLOGY

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Introduction The world as we know is overly dependent on the fossil fuel industry to meet our needs, which has led to the over exploitation of the natural resources and adverse consequences in terms of climate and ecology. The availability of such resources has reached its peak which has now forced us to move to more energy resources from above the ground (Stremke & Dobbelsteen, 2013). But the spatial and societal implications of energy transition is huge as the energetic density of the renewable resources is much lower than that of fossil fuels (Stremke & Dobbelsteen, 2013).

Theoretical framework

Recognition justice refers to the equal entitlement to be represented, to be free from physical threats and to be offered political rights. According to Fraser, (as cited in Jenkins et. al, 2015), misrecognition has 3 dimensions: cultural domination, non-recognition and disrespect. Procedure justice refers to the balanced involvement of all stakeholders in the decision-making regarding energy. The fairness in procedural justice is influenced by the level of participation, neutrality, trustworthiness and respect towards all participating stakeholders (Tyler, 2000).

1. Energy Transition The alarming scenario that resources will be depleted by the end of the current century highlights the urgency of energy transition. Today, cities are faced with the energy challenge: the push and pull dynamics between population growth and resource scarcity in an ‘’increasingly unpredictable social and environmental climate’’ (Jenkins et al., 2015). Energy transition measures such as changes in energy policy, production, consumption, activism and security could have disproportionate impact on some social groups (Bickerstaff, Walker & Bulkeley, 2013). The energy sector therefore might cause social issues regarding justice and will be explored further on such terms. 2. Energy Injustice

Fig. 1.8: Energy Injustice. Illustration by authors based on source, Jenkins et. al, 2015

The concept of energy justice is fairly new ad has only been recently explored in the theory spectrum. Energy justice answers to three questions:

3. Energy as a social Vulnerability

1. Where is the injustice taking place? 2. Who is ignored? 3. Is the process fair? According to Jenkins et al., 2015, these questions correspond to three key attributes respectively; ‘Distributional, Recognitional and Procedural Energy Justice’. Distribution justice refers to the unequal physical dispersion of both benefits and drawbacks of the energy system. The distribution is not only addressing the issue of access to energy infrastructure, but also the availability of choices in the energy network.

Vulnerability of a system can be defined as ‘the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects’ question (IPCC, 2001). Vulnerability is dependent on the ‘character’ of the external factors and rate of the adverse effects and the ‘sensitivity’ of the system in question (IPCC, 2001). In other words, vulnerability is calibrated both by the severity of external factors as well as the attitude towards these pressuring factors. According to Brooks (2003), vulnerability can be viewed as either social or biophysical. Social vulnerability concerns the impact on specific social groups and depends on the internal characteristics of these groups (Turner et al., 2003) Biophysical vulnerability concerns the ultimate impacts of a hazard event and is often viewed in terms of the amount of damage experienced (Brooks, 2003). It is the interaction between external effects and social vulnerabilities that determines how severe the outcome is, usually experienced as physical damage. In other words, biophysical vulnerability depends partially on the social vulnerability of the system (Brooks, 2003).

Energy transition could cause injustice due to the scarcity of resources at present, and the affordability of renewable energy in the future. Energy vulnerability is the degree to which a system is unable to cope with the adverse effects (Edgard Gnansounou, 2008). Thus, we conclude that energy transition can be a cause for creating such adverse effects in society and we explore energy transition through the lens of social vulnerability. 4. Adaptation: A step towards solution To cope with the vulnerabilities, there is a need to move towards a more adaptive system which can withstand the adverse effects of unprecedented system changes. According to Smith and Wandel, the concept of vulnerability is interrelated with the concept of adaptation in the following way; ‘Adaptations […] represent ways of reducing vulnerability’ (Smith & Wandel, 2006). Adaptation involves changes in environment, society or economy by the system itself to alleviate vulnerability (Adger et al., 2004). In urban planning and design, adaptation can be identified as a means to build resilience which means identifying processes and disturbances that a city is likely to face and how they can build the adaptive capacity to ‘respond to these disturbances while remaining in a functional state of resilience’ (Vale et al.2005).

Fig 1.8,1.9: The concepts of Compact City and re-use of land. Illustration by authors

According to Ahern (2010), Adaptive planning and design is one of the five ways to cope with vulnerabilities and achieving urban resilience. If urban planning and design is truly innovative and adaptive in its pursuit of sustainability and resilience, it has an inherent potential to fail. To reduce the risk of failure, innovations can be “piloted” as “safe-to-fail” design experiments (Lister, 2007), which is the key aspect of an adaptive city model. 5. Adaptive city and circularity How can an adaptive city model be ensured in order to meet the housing demands in AMA, without eating up the open landscape and resulting in an urban sprawl? The spatial implications of achieving an energy landscape is huge and requires large areas for production. How can thus an adaptive city model be ensured for such energy landscapes? This means integrating the concept of circular land use as a tool towards realising adaptivity. Planning that involves adaptation and not expansion of the urban areas is generally described as compact city or shrinking city model. In fact, ‘aspects such as urban containment, density, diversity and efficiency are the primary principles in most references to sustainable land use’ (Santos Cruz et al., 2013). Thus, the adaptive city implements urban development by recycling and reuse of vacant or underused land.

Fig 1.10:Conclusion of theoretical framework

6. Wastescapes: A potential common ground

Brownfields: industrial buildings

The wastescapes are areas that are the physical outcome of linear land use and is defined by Amenta and Timmeren (2018) as a combination of two terms; ‘Waste’: unused objects or discarded objects after their use, and, ‘Scape’: from physical land that has been shaped by and interacts with human activities (Amenta & Timmeren., 2018, Sijmons, 2014).

Underused, neglected or obsolete industrial buildings in the region. Overall, by reflecting on the aforementioned theory explorations, we illustrate the ideas that will guide us from problem statement to vision making into two diagrams. Brownfields: greenhouses

Wastescapes in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Region In line with adaptation through circular land use, our project explores the potential of wastescapes, in order to achieve energy transition and growth. Thus wastescapes can be identified as areas with great potential to be transformed to meet with the housing demands in AMA and act as energy landscapes for renewable energy production. By overlapping the types of wastescapes identified by Libera &Timmeren (2018) and the characteristics that are unique of the AMA region, we clustered the wastescapes in 6 categories:

Conclusion

Underused, or neglected or obsolete building which are greenhouses.

Degraded land Impoverished land in terms of soil fertility, due to human activities; properly polluted or compromised water bodies, and territories under hydraulic pressures.

No-use area Vacant or and abandoned fields, vacant parcels, and vulnerable soils.

Firstly, as shown in figure 1.11, we state that the energy justice principles described in section 2 of this subchapter should be transformed into energy adaptation principles. Through this conceptual process, we aspire to provide energy under the following principles: equal accessibility, equal rights and equal participation. We will use this scheme as guiding values throughout the whole project. Secondly, we compose the theoretical framework into one final diagram, shown in figure 1.12. Generally, the diagram describes that from current spatial justice issues, specifically energy injustice, that we diagnosed as vulnerability, adaptation is the leading concept we need to reach circularity. In detail, the physical aspect of adaptation is the sustainable re-use of land, seen as re-use of wastescapes in this case. These end-of-cycle areas have the potential to host the adaptive energy mentioned before.

Fig 1.12: Schematic principles diagram of the adaptation of energy.(Illustration by authors)

However, we need the analysis of the region, or, in other words, practical evaluation of the theory, in order to find the actual opportunities of AMA.

Drosscapes: safety & noise areas Dismissed or underused infrastructures and facilities; Restricted areas due to noise or safety restrictions. Fig 1.11: Concept of wastescapes. Illustration by authors

Waste infrastructure

Fig 1.13: Schematic diagram summarising the theoretical framework. (Illustration by authors)

Infrastructure related to waste management facilities, such as incinerators and landfills.

ANALYSIS AND PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT

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Energy injustice Assessment Energy Assessment Wastescapes Assessment Energy + Wastescapes

ENERGY INJUSTICE ASSESSMENT Distribution energy injustice in AMA Energy poverty can be described as ’the poor affordability of energy for space heating (and other related domestic services) as a result of low household incomes or energy inefficient homes’ (Bouzarovski & Petrova, 2015, p. 32). In the Netherlands, as shown in figure 7.4 (appendix), approximately 900.000 inhabitants are vulnerable for energy poverty, based on the indicator of energy quote and payment risk of energy. The energy quote is the amount of spendable income spend on energy. The payment risk occurs when households, after energy& living costs, don’t have enough money available for their other basic livelihood. Especially people with low income are vulnerable for these indicators, according to figure 7.3 (appendix) (Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving, 2018).

The map in figure 2.1 shows where the low income clusters are located in the AMA. Furthermore, also the average energy consumption for each municipality has been taken into account, from which the highest consumer areas are highlighted. The combination of the two layers make it possible to locate areas with potential clustered energy poverty.

ENERGY POVERTY

Fig 2.1: Energy poverty analysis (Source: Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving, 2018; Rijkswaterstaat, 2019)

Energy choice as an energy injustice occurs in many places in the AMA. Because of the high installation cost of a network and offering the opportunity to make profit on the investment, companies are allowed to have a monopoly on the distribution of the residual heat. This is also the case in the AMA, with exclusion of Purmerend, where NUON is the only distributer of residual heat true the network. Households living in areas which are part of the network cannot make a choice between different distributers because of that, which creates an energy choice injustice. The impossibility to make an choice also has consequences on the energy price for consumers. Currently, the consumer prices for the residual heat are linked with the gas prices true regulations (Warmtewet) to protect consumers against higher residual heat prices.

However, higher energy taxes on gas resulted in higher prices for the residual heat too. As shown on the map in figure 2.2, the AMA has several residual heat networks which provide heating for the households, extracted from industrial processes in the area. These networks are meant to replace the gas network, which is still largely present. The biggest network is located in Almere, where 52.000 households are reliable from the residual heat. Amsterdam follows closely with 41.000 households, but is expected to grow rapidly in the coming decade.

ENERGY CHOICE INJUSTICE

Fig 2.2: Energy choice injustice analysis (Source: Nuon, 2019; ECN, 2017; Liander, 2019)

The renewable energy production in the AMA differs from municipality to municipality. Where Lelystad and Amsterdam are one of the most important contributors to the AMA renewable energy production, other municipalities play little to no role in the production process. Comparing the energy consumption and renewable energy production, as shown on the map in figure 2.3, several municipalities play an unfair role in the AMA. The highlighted areas produce the least amount of renewable energy compared to their energy consumption.

For AMA, parts of Haarlem, IJmuiden and Velsen belong to the areas with the most energy use injustice.

Taking the low income clusters into account, as the group with the least possibilities to invest in renewable energy and the most dependent from collaborative initiatives, areas with unfair access to renewable energy show up.

ENERGY USE INJUSTICE

Fig 2.3: Energy use injustice analysis (Source: Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving, 2018; Rijkswaterstaat, 2019)

ENERGY INJUSTICE ASSESSMENT Conclusion of the Energy Assessment According to the three different layers of energy injustice, the conclusion map shows in which areas of the AMA a type of specific type energy injustice is present. Energy poverty is shown by combining low income clusters with high energy consumption areas. There are mostly present in the Amsterdam city region. The energy choice injustice areas are related to the areas connected to a residual heat network. Throughout the AMA area, several cities like Amsterdam and Almere are partly connected to the residual heat network and by that encountering energy choice injustice. A small area in the west of the AMA is encountering energy use injustice, where low income clusters have the most unfair accessibility to renewable energy.

Fig 2.4: Energy injustice conclusion map

ENERGY NETWORK IN AMA Current energy network in the region The map shows the current energy system in the AMA region. It is clear that the region is heavily dependent on the fossil fuel for electricity and natural gas network for heating. The few renewable energy landscapes are scarce and concentrated only fewer regions. The district heating from the residual heat network also is very concentrated in some regions and therefore exibits extremely unfair energy market.

Fig 2.5: Current energy netwrok in AMA

ENERGY POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT The four renewable energy potentials in AMA The map shows the renewable energy potential in the region, namely the four sources of energy, geothermal, solar, wind, and biomass. The geothermal potential is mainly located neighbouring the Iselmeer with high potential in Purmerend waterland region and Lelystad. The solar potential is mainly in two forms, solar fields and rooftop solar and is more spread out throughout the region. There are high wind energy potentials in almost all areas, with extremely high wind potential with more than 8 m/s near the coast and. Thebiomass potential is more in smallerquanitties and concentrated in various locations in the region.

Fig 2.6: Energy Potential Map(Source: nationale energie atlas, Natura 2000)

WASTESCAPES IN AMA Classification of wastescapes in AMA As previously mentioned in the theoretical framework, we use the classificationof wastescapes based on the paper,' Beyond wastescapes' by Amenta and Timmeren (2018). The various categories are as mentioned below. From the fig, it is observed that there is a high concentration of wastescapes throughout AMA. The main category is brownfields and drosscapes and can be seen extensively. The wastescapes are a direct contribution ofthe linear economy and its effects.

Industrial buildings

Greenhouses

Degraded land

No-use area

Safety&noise area

Waste infrastructure

Fig 2.7: Wastescapes in AMA

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Fig 2.8: Problems and oppurtunities map: Potential EASY areas

VISION 2040

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Vision statement Vision layers Vision map 2040 Vision 2040: EASY AMA Vision illustrations

• • • •

Thematic Objectives Thematic objectives Action toolkit Design Toolkit

VISION CONCEPT

VISION STATEMENT : EASY AMA

Comparing the current and possible energy flows The schematic sections shows (figure 3.1) the current and possible energy flows in AMA. The current system has longer and unsustainable energy flows with larger gaps. The proposed system takes into consideration the wastescapes and has shorter and more renwable energy flows. By including the wastecsapes, we can break out from the linear use to more circular economy. The circular land use paired with shorter flows of energy helps in achieving adaptation and coping with energy vulnerabilities. It also helps achieve the task of energy transition by making it more accessible.

In the year 2040, we envision the AMA to beco me adaptive to cope with energy vulnerabilities. This will be achieved by implementing a new fra mework, which we term as “Energy Adaptive Sys tem (EASY)”. These are environments that transfo rms wastescapes to living and energy landscap es. They support new developments without com promising existing landscape qualities and biodiversity. EASY AMA : Definition Based on the theoretical framework, our proposal is to establish a new system of living and working integrated with renewable energy production. These environments are termed as ‘Energy Adapt ive systems or EASY’ (term coined by authors). We define this system as, ‘complex sustainable enviro nments’ (Sustainable energy landscapes, Stremke & Dobbelsteen, 2013), with the following characte ristics. •Flexible in use •Able to recover from non-structural changes •Cope with vulnerabilities without compromising development •Able to boost renewable energy production •Enhance existing and potential bio-diversity •Create new landscape identities Fig 3.3: EASY Concept diagram (Illustration by authors)

EASY systems and the three pillars of circularity, spatial justice and housing The concepts of circular economy, spatial justice and housing are taken as the three pillars of EASY. The circular land use by converting wastescapes and transforming the land for re-use is explored as a strategy to achieve circular economy.

Fig 3.1: Current and Future Energy flows (Illustration by authors)

The possible energy scenario we describe, although here applied in one particular case, should help the global striving towards sustainability. From the 30 UN sustainable development goals, the EASY concept will address the six goals. They are namely, Affordable and clean energy, Industry and infrastructure, Reduce inequalities, Sustainable cities and communities, Responsible consumption, Climate action.

Fig 3.2: UN Sustainable development goals ( Source : UN, 2019)

The aspect of spatial justice is explored through the lens of energy injustice. The EASY systems propose decentralization of energy to make the production local and self-sustainable. By depending on various sources, the system is ‘safe to fail’ (Ahern, 2013) and makes the production and consumption of renewable energy more affordable and accessible. Further the demand for energy is reduced by creating awareness regarding consumption and literacy regarding energy production. People participation in the process results in leading to more social acceptance and these together will achieve spatial justice. The demand for housing is one of the key issues to be addressed in the research and we propose these energy landscapes to be integrated with energy living labs which will form a part of the knowledge sharing network and produce energy themselves. These are also envisioned as prototypes which can be further explored and implemented in the proposed areas of housing by MRA and other potential housing developments in the future.

VISION 2040: EASY AMA DECENTRALISED ENERGY HUBS Decentralised energy hubs: This first layer of the vision describes the decentralised energy production. Each hub empowers housing with indigenous energy, harvested according to the particular energy potential found in each wastescape location. Besides, the hubs are also creating ripple effect around them: they are able to affect the neighbouring inhabited areas and future housing projects by providing them with their energy surplus.

Fig 3.4 : Vision diagram, Decentralised energy hubs (Illustration by authors)

VISION 2040: EASY AMA SHARED ENERGY NETWORK The decentralised hubs are not independent from each other, but interdependent, and are sharing the same network. This layer illustrates the connecting infrastructure among them and which uses smart distribution with the view to balance off the energy.

Fig 3.5: Vision diagram, Energy network (Illustration by authors)

VISION 2040: EASY AMA SHARED KNOWLEDGE NETWORK This final layer explores one of the four themes described in the vision statement: knowledge. The knowledge network engages with existing knowledge institutions in the AMA region, like Greenport, but also outside of its understood borders, like Wageningen University. This layer is crucial for two reasons: energy innovation and energy acceptance. Firstly, this network interacts with the energy hubs by applying energy innovation in the housing areas and by then analysing the results. Secondly, this network motivates participation in the EASY projects, thus alleviating the possible debate against the combination of housing and energy.

Fig 3.6 : Vision diagram, Knowledge network (Illustration by authors)

VISION 2040: EASY AMA CONCLUSION OF THREE LAYERS The final EASY system contains the combination of the three layers, (i) Decentralised Energy hubs, (ii) Integrated energy network and (iii) Knowledge network. The EASY systems are a decentralised hubs of energy production which form an integrated network connected via drosscapes. They are further strengthened by the knowledge sharing between institutions and living labs in situ, giving a chance to test between theory and practice, and therefore being able to adapt faster. The decentralisation and local production results in achieving a more just and fair renewable energy market. The use of multiple sources of energy also leads to the system being able to withstand to climatic effects and making the system more adaptable to negative externalities. The public acceptance and awareness of such a system is achieved through the knowledge centres in situ which results in energy literacy and acceptance of such systems. The EASY systems are envisioned as prototypes at a smaller scale which when scaled up to a national level, can be then integrated to the current energy production to realise a total transition to renewable energy which is affordable and accessible to all.

E AY

Fig 3.7 : Vision 2040 diagram (Illustration by authors)

The illustration shows the four themes of EASY interacting with each other. The wastescapes form the base layer which undergoes transformation to create a typology of living and energy landscapes. Each area has it's own specific characteristics. This figure shows the IJmuiden area, with high potential wind energy combined with recreational facilities. It also shows combination of housing and eenrgy production, which forms thebase for knowldege creation which can be extended accross the area through the knowledge network.

Fig 3.8: Vision Illustration (Illustration by authors)

The illustration shows the four themes of EASY interacting with each other in the Amsterdam Port region. The brownfield area of the port is envisioned to be transformed into a cultural and innovation hub transforming the landscape to integrate energy production. The typology contains housing, insitutions, energy logistics linked to the facilities of the port. Fig 3.9: Vision Illustration (Illustration by authors)

THEMATIC OBJECTIVES

Objectives based on the four themes of EASY

ACTIONS TOOLKIT

Action toolkit based on the objectives

1. Using the location specific potential energy sources for the energy production in the decentralized energy hubs 2. Using the areas along existing infrastructure for energy production 3. Linking the decentralized energy hubs with each other for smart distribution of renewable energy 4. Offering different types of smart mobility as of important mode of transportation 5. Treatment of the land if necessary to make the land available for further development 6. Re-using materials from demolished or transformed buildings on the locations for new development 7. Re-using or transforming existing buildings for energy production, housing or services 8. Mixed development consisting of both social housing as private sector housing, plus corresponding services 9. Project development as living labs for research to combine housing development and energy transition in urban energy landscapes 10. Energy neutral housing as the minimum requirements for developments 11. Linking decentralized energy hubs with knowledge institutions for regional research development on urban energy landscapes 12. Attracting local community in research process, implementing central research center as central meeting place for development of the energy transition 13. Fitting Energy Park for public demonstration and awareness of renewable energy into developed areas for development of the energy transition

Fig 3.10: Objectives and Toolkit(Illustration by authors)

14. Implementing energy related literacy into the school programs for development of the energy transition

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Realising Energy Adaptive SYstems

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Strategy methodology Stakeholder analysis Thematic strategies Timeline Spatial timeline Local Phasing

STRATEGY METHODOLOGY The concept of Energy Adaptive Systems or EASY is further elaborated in four main themes which intertwines circular economy and spatial justice with the need for providing housing. These four themes are; (i) Energy System, (ii)Wastescapes, (iii) Housing, and (iii)Knowledge network. The themes are the guiding principles that integrate the concepts of circular economy and spatial justice using various goals for example, decentralized energy system, circular land use, knowledge sharing etc. These four themes form the backbone of our research as they become the main pillars to establish the nine goals. Strategy planning is â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;defined as frameworks that lead to actions which help in achieving long term and short-term goalsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Albrechts, 2003). The goals are the main elements we hope to achieve as part of the result and they help formulate the strategies and actions for design interventions. Within the nine goals as shown in the illustration, each one help formulate various strategies which in tern helps develop the actions that form the toolkit. The design toolkit is thus a way of implementing the actions at any of the EASY locations to achieve our vision. Further each action in the toolkit can be linked to specific stakeholders and how they contribute and gain from each step of the process of realising the EASY systems.

Fig 4.1: Hamback mine, Germany : A symbol of fight against coal (image source : Getty images)

Goals

Fig 4.2: EASY concept diagram (Illustration by authors)

Strategy

Actions

Stakeholders

REGIONAL STAKEHOLDERS

INTRODUCTION For the stakeholder analysis, see figure 4.4, the most important stakeholders involved in the process have been researched in order to show the in- & output in relation to the vision and the strategy for the AMA. The input is the contribution from the stakeholders to EASY, the output is what the stakeholders can take from EASY. All stakeholders involved on the regional scale as showed in the diagram, are divided into broader categories, linked with the public sector, private sector or the civil society. Furthermore, also the four themes from the vision (Energy network, Wastescapes, Knowledge network, Housing) are linked to the stakeholders.

ENGAGEMENT WITH EASY

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Participation Na s EU groupFunding Awareness tio rest e t na (participation, In Use research pushers) data Awarness Participation (campaigning) Smaller Na Funding energy footprint COP 21 Awareness tio na (participation, Use research Funding pushers) Affordable living data Awarness Funding (campaigning) Smaller Shift towards energy footprint COP 21 Awareness renewable energy Funding Participation (decisionEnergy Affordable living Policies Subsidies Funding making, research) self-sufficiency Shift towards Infrastructure Awareness renewable energy Consumers Awareness Awareness (campaign) Participation (decisionEnergy Policies Subsidies Subsidies making, research) self-sufficiency Improved image Land Policies Compensations Infrastructure Consumers Awareness Easier transition (campaign) Awareness Jobs Improving economy trough collaborations Subsidies Services (reduced energy prices Space/land for energy Improved image Policies & local flows) Land Compensations production Less pressure on housing Subsidies marked Easier transition Jobs Improving Help economy with achieving trough collaborations Innovation Services (reduced local energy pricesgoals Space/land for energy energy & local flows) production Less pressure on housing Subsidies Subsidies marked Infrastructure Funding Energy research Help with achieving Innovation data Innovation local energy goals

Companies/industries

National government: The National government has different types of input. The two Ministries involved can provide funding with their interest into projects related to the energy transition and climate. They are also capable of providing policies, and create national or regional awareness true campaigns. In return, EASY can deliver energy self-sufficient projects which are less reliable of energy from outside the area by using locally produced renewable energy. It will also provide into the national shift towards the use of renewable energy.

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Legend Energy system theme Wastescapes theme HousingLegend theme Energy system theme Knowledge network theme Wastescapes theme Input by stakeholder Housing theme Output for stakeholder Source: By authors Knowledge network theme Input by stakeholder Output for stakeholder

Fig. 4.3: Input and Output diagram Stakeholder (Illusttration by authors)

Source: By authors

INTEREST

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Subsidies Data ownership New Infrastructure Funding use customers More projects Energy research elsewhere trough data Energy Innovation New data networks collaboration infrastructure Project Data ownership New development use Improved imagecustomers l More projects elsewhere trough owdata networks Energy n New De Renewable energy K infrastructure ve collaboration Project production se lo p development ct e Energy production rs Improved image l or w surplus p. sup Renewable energy no De y K g r e ve Renewable en production s l

Knowledge institutions: The knowledge institutions are crucial players due to their research data input into EASY. In return, EASY will, as coordinator of collaborations between institutions, create new data networks for knowledge exchange. Knowledge creation also provides the institutions ownership rights and the possibility to receive funding because of the participation into energy innovation research. Renewable energy suppliers: Suppliers are the main deliverers of the energy infrastructure and responsible for the renewable energy production into EASY. Participating in the EASY projects can have a couple advantages for the suppliers. First of all, the overall image of the suppliers can be improved. Furthermore, EASY will supply new customers and the opportunity to create a business model in case of a surplus in the energy production.

Current stakeholder power-interest analysis

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Local Government

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European Union: The European Union as a stakeholder consist of the European Commission and funding organizations like the European Climate Foundation. Their main input is providing funding for energy transition related projects in the EU. By funding the project, EASY will be capable to deliver new insight to the energy transition and by that contribute to the COP21 (Paris Climate Agreement) goals.

Local government: The main input of the local government consists of making land available for development, combined with delivering local policies and infrastructure. This is mainly done by the municipalities and provinces. Due to the collaboration network between all the municipalities and provinces, the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area board is a suitable stakeholder for creating local and regional awareness through campaigns. EASY is expected to improve the local economy due to lower energy prices which can increase local spending flows. Housing development will release pressure from the local housing market. The collaboration between different stakeholders enables energy transition, and particularly local energy goals.

POWER

Developers: The developers group consist of private developers and social housing corporations. By taking part in EASY by the development of housing projects, EASY is capable to deliver new insight and innovation in combining housing and energy production. Energy distributers The energy distributers will be able to provide the energy infrastructure for the proposed energy system. EASY in return will provide Companies/industries: The companies/industries are potential suppliers of land/ space for energy production. Inside the EASY projects, they are capable of providing jobs and services. As an output, EASY can improve the image of the companies/ industries by the involvement into the project, which also opens the possibility of receiving subsidies and compensation. Lastly, participation into the research aspect of EASY can lead to smaller energy footprint. Residents As one of the main energy consumers and participants, in the decision making as well in the research, residents have great input into the EASY projects. EASY will be able to deliver affordable houses in return. Participation into the research can create smaller energy footprint and awareness, while also opening the possibility to receive subsidies. Interest groups: Interest groups such as local energy transition organisations with high interest into the EASY projects can create awareness. Stakeholders: 1 European comission 2 Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relation 3 Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy 4 Rijkswaterstaat 5 Amsterdam Metropolitan Area 6 Provincies 7 Municipalities AMA 8 TNO 9 PBL Environmental Assessment Agency 10 NWO 11 Tennet 12 VBA kring De Vaart 13 Renewable energy producers 14 Developers 15 Social housing corporations 16 Knowledge institutions 17 Existing companies/industries 18 European Climate Foundation 19 Existing residents 20 Future residents 21 Energy transition foundations Fig. 4.4: Power vs Interest diagram (Illusttration by authors)

THEMATIC STRATEGIES : EASY Strategies for development linking objectives, tools and stakeholders Energy Network

Wastescapes

1. Affordable & accesible energy

1. Circular regeneration

Strategy: Creating decentrelised energy hubs

Strategy: Re-use of land Utilising potential of wastescapes

Housing

Knowledge network

1. Living energy landscapes

3. Sustainable urban growth

Strategy: Provide sustainable housing Strategy: Combining energy production and housing

1. Shared knowledge

Strategy: Creating awareness about energy use/transition Foster people participation Synergy between research theory and pratice Monitoring progress

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Strategy: More use of renewable energy

Housing to cater to different income groups

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Reduce energy consumption Establish integrated network

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Fig. 4.5: Thematic Strategies (Illustration by authors)

STRATEGY TIMELINE

SPATIAL STRATEGY TIMELINE SPATIAL STRATEGY: 2020 The first leg of phase 1 of the project involves activating the three chosen test projects and preparation of site conditions. The three locations form trigger projects to create decentralised energy hubs which produces energy locally by the form energy living labs. They act as catalyst to localised energy production there by creating more affordable and fair energy market. This also involves setting up of a shared knowledge and energy system between the three.

Fig. 4.6: Spatial strategy timeline (Illusttration by authors)

SPATIAL STRATEGY TIMELINE SPATIAL STRATEGY: 2025 The second leg of phase 1 involves completion of construction on the three trigger projects. They are also linked to the existing knowledge and research institutes to create a review and monitoring of the functioning of the three locations and innovate and improve the system better.

Fig. 4.7: Spatial strategy timeline (Illusttration by authors)

SPATIAL STRATEGY TIMELINE SPATIAL STRATEGY: 2030 The third and final leg of Phase 1 involves achieving complete synergy between the three projects and establishing a smart distribution network which can provide energy for themselves by also make up for shortcomings in other systems. This network becomes completely decentralised by achieving a localised energy production and the system can then start to provide energy for neighboring residential neighborhoods.

Fig. 4.8: Spatial strategy timeline (Illusttration by authors)

SPATIAL STRATEGY TIMELINE SPATIAL STRATEGY: 2040 The second phase involves setting up the other locations of EASY. This would mean extending the smart distribution network to these locations to form an integrated renewable energy network in the region. This also involves extending the knowledge network and strengthening the sharing of knowledge between all locations.

Fig. 4.9: Spatial strategy timeline (Illusttration by authors)

SPATIAL STRATEGY TIMELINE SPATIAL STRATEGY: 2050+ The final phase involves establishing a complete renewable energy network in AMA and connecting it with the existing energy network. This would in result establish a complete decentralization of energy and energy transition in the region.

Fig. 4.10: Spatial strategy timeline (Illusttration by authors)

LOCAL PHASING

Fig. 4.11: Local phasing (Illusttration by authors)

Fig. 4.12: Brownfield Transformation (Image source : Westergasfabriek.nl)

DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

The starting cluster of the Energy Adaptive SYstems

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Clusters assessment Synergy : Trigger projects Purmerend: Baanstee Almere: De Vaart-Buitenvaart Lelystad: Noordersluis West

HERE CLUSTERS IS THE ASSESSMENT TITLE

Required Criteria The aim of the matrix is to outline the hierarchy among the locations, regarding the development success that the project aspires to achieve in the first strategy phase. Based on the nine EASY sites clusters, the matrix provides insight of the criteria assessment in detail. The required criteria are explained below: E=Energy The most underlined criteria in the EASY context is, undoubtedly, energy. During the assessment of this criteria the authors balanced two subcriteria: 1 energy potential and 2 energy infrastructure. The ‘’energy potential’’ explores how many of the following energy types may be harvested from the location: wind, solar, biomass and geothermal. The ‘’energy infrastructure’’ questions how these four energy sources might affect the physical dimensions of the development, based on the data provided by Sijmons et al. (2014).

P=Proximity This criterion shows the potential proximity to commercial services in urban centres nearby. The Fig. 5.1: Clusters (Illusttration by authors)

question graded in this case was: what services can be reached within 10 minutes by bike distance? The team used the map.bikecitizens. net application as reference. A=Accessibility Accessibility measures the available public transport inside the understood limits of each area and up to 5 minutes walking from these limits. The means of transport examined where: train, tram and bus. T=Treatment Treatment represents the process complexity that the wastescape location needs in light of becoming suitable for housing development. The lowest the score, the longer the process that the location needs, in order to be fully converted. V=Vulnerability This criterion refers to the energy vulnerability discussed and described as energy injustice and is based on the related assessment map illustrated before. From scale 1 to 5, 5 equals to low energy injustice, which means that will bring less risks to the project.

SYNERGY : TRIGGER PROJECTS

Energy Network The three trigger projects kick start a smart energy distribution network by forming a synergy between each other. The smart distribution network This will form a part of the complete network and help towards achieving an integrated renewable energy production in AMA.

Fig. 5.3 :Energy Network , trigger projects(Illusttration by authors)

Fig. 5.2 : Decentralised energy hub , trigger projects(Illusttration by authors)

Decentralised energy hubs The three locations form decentralised energy hubs which produces energy locally by the form energy living labs. They act as catalyst to localised energy production there by creating more affordable and fair energy market. This will establish a system of energy between the three which can also provide energy to the neighboring locations and influence other MRA housing proposals.

Fig. 5.4 :Knowledge Network , trigger projects(Illusttration by authors)

Knowledge network The knowledge network is between the data centers on site and institutions doing energy research. The three projects will be the test projects for implementing the energy living labs and getting feedback for the better implementation of the others. The knowledge sharing creates awareness about the project as well as people participation in the chosen areas. They also initiate stakeholder engagement locally.

NOORDERSLUIS WEST Noordersluis West- industrial intervention

Fig 5.5 : Location

Noordersluis West is located in Lelystad with high biomass and geothermal potential. The site is a brownfield with industries and some housing. Most of the houses are of low energy label. Some of the local industries in the site were retained such as the food i ndustry, so me w e r e

converted to houses, and the heavy industries were moved to other locations. The existing companies undergoes renovations to make them energy efficient housing, and to produce renewable energy. The empty and unused land in the south-west corner is used

for the construction of new housing. The entire proposal is envisioned as a mixed use typology consisting of housing and energy production. The local companies on site is one of the key stakeholders in the transformation as they interact closely with the energy production on site.

For example a biomass plant is placed next to the food industry and this will result in cooperation between the two. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Similarly the sewage treatment plant is adjacent to the biomass field, the geothermal plant and energy park resulting in collaborations between various stakeholders. Fig 5.6: Application of the Action toolkit and phasing of Noordersluis West

NOORDERSLUIS WEST Noordersluis West- industrial intervention SITE PREPARATION This is the first phase of the project and involves, retaining existing vegetation, and moving heavy industries out of the site, such as the tire processing plant. The reusable building materials are recycled which would be used in housing.

ENERGY The second phase involves establishing geothermal plant and energy distribution centre in order to create smart energy network. Further, there are other forms of energy production such as the biomass field, energy park etc. The public spaces

Noordersluis West- industrial intervention and open spaces in the project is combined with solar and biomass fields which would serve as public spaces.

HOUSING The new housing is added along the water front by using recycled materials. The existing buildings are also renovated to form housing by adding volumes or by converting industrial buildings. All housing will be energy neutral and sustainable.

Fig 5.7: Phasing

REVIEW AND MONITORING The last phase involves adding the knowledge data centre which will ensure creating awareness about the project and ensure a system of evaluation, review and monitoring is in place.

Fig 5.8: EASY overview in Noordersluis West

The proposal transforms the now underused brownfield area to a new dock neighbourhood combining energy production, housing and other recreational activities. The residents have much better opportunity for awareness through recreational initiatives such as the energy

park, which will enhance the community and people participation the project. As a result of the combined energy living landscapes, the housing will be not only energy consumer but also energy producer.

BEFORE We choose the waterfront as the site intentional expression. In the before picture, the public space is not suitable for public activities. The waterside also has some low energy label housing. The waterfront is inaccessible and private and is not utilised to its full potential. There are also many abandoned warehouses along the canal.

AFTER The after image showcases an active and vibrant riverfront with innovations in the use of renewable energy, such as solar panels on the water, so that the water can be part of the energy producer. Solar trees will be planted in the dock, the vertical farm can provide material for biomass production. And the low energy label housing will be transformed into energy neutral housing.

Fig 5.9: Before (Source: Google street view)

Fig 5.9: Illustration showing the new dock neighbourhood in Noordersluis West

BAANSTEE Baanstee- energy plant intervention

Fig 5.10: Location

Baanstee is an industrial brownfield located in Purmerend Waterland region. The area has high geothermal and biomass potential. A provincial road divides the site into two parts, with the south side being more residential, with some light industries and a community garden. The

north side of the site consists of industrial buildings and under used land It is worth mentioning that there is a solar campus with an area of about 8 hectares in the northwest corner of the site and this can be utilised in order to develop the project.

The abundance o funder used land gives a great opportunity to add new housing zones which are combined with energy production. The knowledge centre acts as a campus to create awareness about renewable energy. The existing solar field is connected to the geothermal

plant and the green areas to establish an energy corridor

Fig 5.11: Application of Design toolkit for Baanstee

BAANSTEE Baanstee- energy plant intervention SITE PREPARATION Converting existing industrial building, renovating old buildings and treatment of land.

ENERGY The existing solar park is retained and combined with the geothermal plant to form an energy corridor which will serve as recreational belt as well as producing energy.

HOUSING The new housing will be sustainable and energy neutral. The neighbourhood is envisioned as a smart mobility hub with the use of electric cars and cycles for transportation.

REVIEW AND MONITORING The knowledge centers forms as a hub for creating awareness and improving the energy production through review and monitoring

Fig 5.12: Phasing

In this project, the main energy sources are solar, biomass and geothermal energy. According to our calculations, the energy generated here far exceeds the energy required by the local consumers. So that the excess energy can be distributed to neighbouring

Fig 5.13: EASY overview in Baanstee

places t hrough the smart distribution network. These new living labs with energy landscapes will form as exemplary projects which can influence the development in other AMA regions.

BAANSTEE Baanstee- energy plant intervention BEFORE This is the place where we chose to build the knowledge center. It is now an unused land, with some sand piled up, some abandoned factories in the distance, and no vegetation on the side near the sidewalk. AFTER The solar trees and vertical solar will be aprt of the landscape, which will be more acceptable to people, the vertical farm will provide food for the locals and biomass material as well. The waerfront will become more active, combining natural landscapes with energy landscapes along the canals, generating cleann energy while ensuring a natural ecological environment.

Fig 5.14: Before (Source: Google street view)

Fig 5.15: Illustration for the EASY proposal for Banstee

DE VAART-BUITENVAART Design intervention for a new Biomass hub

Fig 5.16: Location

De Vaart and Buitenvaart are located on the northern side of Almere, next to the protected wetland. De vaart is mainly an industrial area with a mixed use typology. De vaart also has an abundance of green nature landscapes and canals. Whereas, Buitenvaart is dominated by

greenhouses and unused land.

public park which will act as energy recreational zone,

The hosuing is envisioned by converting some industries and next to the greenhouses. These will become pioneers in biomass s production. The knowledge centre is located to the centre along with open

In the future, it will combine the wetlands in the northeast and become the leisure energy park of Flevoland.

Fig 5.17: EASY overview in De Vaart-Buitenvaart

DE VAART-BUITENVAART Design intervention for a new Biomass hub SITE PREPARATION The industry on the west side of the canal will be removed, and the building materials in the industrial zone will be transformed and reused. The existing landscape will be preserved as well.

ENERGY Greenhouse in the Buitenvaart has become the biomass energy provider in this area, and in De Vaart will consist of some solar fields and biomass patches, also some small windmills along the canal.

HOUSING Housing will mainly be located in De Vaart. The housing typology will be mixed with social housing as volumes added to existing buildings, and deck plaza will be part of the recreational waterfront space.

REVIEW AND MONITORING Communicating with local landowners and farmers becomes critical, raising their awareness of biomass energy and recycle these biomass feedstocks by introducing taxes and subsidies.

Fig 5.18: Phasing

On the west side is a brand new waterfront neighbourhood with new housing developments. The housing typology is mixed use with sustainable social housing with roof gardens, small windmills along the canal, and some solar trees

Fig 5.19: EASY overview in De Vaart-Buitenvaart

in the public spaces of this neighbourhood. People can interact and experience the renewable energy in the daily life.

where people can visit on open days to learn about biomass and creating more awareness and literacy regarding renewable energy.

On the east side, the greenhouses will become biomass energy producers,

DE VAART-BUITENVAART Design intervention for a new Biomass hub BEFORE This is the unused land between the greenhouses, where some construction waste is also piled up. In the distance is a row of closed private greenhouses. Usually people don't stay in this kind of place because it is private area and there is no public space for public activeties. AFTER Transforme the greenhouse from a traditionally closed greenhouse to a more accessible glasshouse, adding restable seating to the grassland, and creat a better leisure landscape also put some solar panals on the site. By negotiating with the landowner, the space can become a public space where people can visit and learn about renewable energy.

Fig 5.20: Before (Source: Google street view)

Fig 5.21: Illustration for EASY proposal for De Vaart Buitenvaart

CONCLUSION

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Summary

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Group reflection: • Evaluation • Relevance • Ethical issues • Recommendations for further research

EVALUATION Energy comparison between the three locations In this final chapter we conclude by summarising the procedure and the findings of the project, and reflect critically on its adaptive capacity and its scientific and societal relevance. Here, we analyse the feasibility of our projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s execution in terms of energy production and consumption in the design interventions we explored in the previous chapter.

Energy evaluation: We based the energy calculation on the following variables: energy consumption is 12 GJ per year, heating consumption is 34 GJ per year and the housing density is average, 20 houses/hectare. Lelystad. Noordersluis West This project has the potential to provide the area with all four types of energy we research: solar, wind, biomass and geothermal. Roughly 9.000 homes can be empowered with this combination but only 3.000 homes can be added, given that the area is already partly inhabited. Purmerend. Baanstee The project in Purmerend is situated in what could be described as halfbuilt area. Purmerend has the highest potential in geothermal energy (Thermo GIS, 2018) and thus holds the lionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s share in energy production. The total production can empower up to 23.000 households but only 4.000 can be added in the area Almere. De Vaart-Buitenvaart This project combines production by harvesting solar, wind and biomass as resources. In this case, we observe balance between the energy production and the development potential. Overall, we clarify that this calculation was made according to the current energy demand, which does not represent the reduced scenario that we propose with EASY.

Fig 6.1: Energy Evaluation of the three locations (By authors)

CONCLUSION Summary of the project

Adaptation to Energy Injustice-Review

The aim of the R&D studio Spatial strategies for the global metropolis was to come up with a regional design for the Amsterdam Metropolitan area. The two products of the studio were (i) a spatial vision and (ii) development strategies for the region. The vision represents a desirable spatial future and the strategies are path towards spatial change, through specific interventions (Quarter guide Q3, 2019). The research was done by comprehensive evidence-based information to formulate our project Energy Adaptive systems in AMA.

Through the project, we looked at energy as a vulnerability and the three principles of energy justice. Distributive, Procedural and Recognition injustice (Jenkins et al., 2016), refer to the three forms in which injustice takes place. In the theoretical framework, the solution to any vulnerability, in this case energy vulnerability was discussed as adaptation. Taking look at the three questions, we began our research with, we can see how our proposal for Energy Adaptivity has achieved this goal.

This project aims at answering the main research question, which is ‘How to achieve a renewable energy network in AMA by transforming the waste-capes, to cope with the spatial and societal implications of energy transition’. The research aims at answering this question by understanding some of the key literatures and theories that help formulate conceptual framework linking the two main concepts of circular economy and spatial justice. Both these concepts are looked through the lens of energy transition in relative terms of circular land use, decentralization of energy and energy injustice. This is analysed by understanding the current and potential energy systems in AMA, as well as the various typology of Wastescapes in the region.

The distributive injustice is addressed by decentralising the energy network and establishing a smart distribution network, to allow accessible and affordable energy for all. This way the renewable energy market does not remain a commodity of the few who can afford but is accessible to all. (see Fig 6.1).

One of the key challenges is to address the housing challenge of the region and our research aims at integrating circularity, spatial justice with providing a new typology housing. Our research is aimed at understanding the implications of energy transition and providing an innovative proposal which looks at this from a different perspective of ‘sustainable energy landscapes’ (Stremke ,2014). The proposal looks at how circular land use combined with living energy landscapes can make the transition to create a clean energy network based on research by design and people participation in sharing knowledge. Nevertheless, this does not solve the challenges of housing and providing enough energy for the whole region but is aimed as a prototype which can be upscaled at the national level and even at European level to form an integrated renewable energy system through collaborations between various stakeholders. The project phasing is therefore a key aspect to understand how this is addressed and how the various stakeholders can be a part of achieving this by adapting to a newer system of energy. The evaluation of our research showcases that smart distribution and decentralization can be effective aspects in making a complete renewable energy network in AMA to a reality.

The recognition injustice is addressed by giving equal rights and opportunity to fair energy and therefore sharing the costs and benefits of the system to all. This deals with problems that raise due to sharing of only burdens of renewable energy but also in sharing results benefits among the community (see Fig 6.2).

Fig 6.3: Adaptation towards recognition energy injustice(illustration by authors)

The procedural injustice is addressed by allowing the citizens to be actively participate in the process and decision making, by giving them voice and a right to engage. This allows them the right of choice of clean energy and create more awareness and understanding regarding renewable energy. (see Fig 6.3).

Fig 6.2: Adaptation towards distribution energy injustice(illustration by authors)

Fig 6.4: Adaptation towards procedural energy injustice (illustration by authors)

GROUP REFLECTION Scientific relevance

Societal relevance

Ethical evaluation

Scope and Limitations of the project

Today, cities are faced with the energy challenge: the push and pull dynamics between population growth and resource scarcity in an ‘increasingly unpredictable social and environmental climate’ (Jenkins et al., 2015). Energy transition has various spatial and social implications as explained through the course of our research. The project analyses how this can be achieved by envisioning an environment which is often a hybrid of living landscapes and energy landscapes. The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy is inevitable and to achieve this we need to look at innovative solutions taking into consideration the developmental and environmental implications (Stremke and De Waal, 2014). This research becomes scientifically relevant by dealing with both spatial and social aspects of energy transition.

The Netherlands has set specific goals for achieving renewable energy production, although at present the country stays behind schedule in realising them. Apart from the lack of infrastructure and economic challenges of achieving a renewable energy network, they re also crippled with lack of awareness and support from the people. Recently, the municipality of Groningen struggled as massive protests created road blocks in implementing one such project. Therefore, public acceptance becomes a crucial point in realising this goal of transitioning towards clean energy.

During the ‘’Great Planning Game’’ workshop as part of Q3, we evaluated this project as achieving two urban planning perspectives: inclusive and communicative. It is therefore, crucial to evaluate some of the ethical issues related with this project. Some of the ethical issues we feel are prevalent to this project are explained here. As the project deals with transforming wastescapes, the analysis is only focused on the intervention areas and therefore excluding other regions in AMA. We also believe that there are various environmental conflicts in creating energy landscapes by transforming waste-scapes, such as the possible loss of some of the bio-diversity in the process. Transforming wastescapes also have implications for people who work/ owners of the local companies in such brownfields etc. During the process of transformation, it is a possibility that there is a temporary waste cycles of materials and infrastructure. Even though procedural justice and public acceptance towards energy landscapes is addressed through the research, there can be contradictory outcomes regarding moving towards unconventional energy sources. This may also cause the need for compromises regarding the existing landscape, for instance the disruptions in views by placing windmills on the beach. This can also cause reductions in value capture resulting in extremely low land prices or vice versa. The participatory process may also not yield fast results and can lead to conflicts. While creating a knowledge sharing network, it is possible that the knowledge created may not be accessible to all.

Although the project aims to battle with the housing demand while approaching the global challenge of energy transition, as urbanists we are aware about the possible limitations that emerge from our exploration throughout the process. In fact, we identify three types of barriers that conflict with EASY:

The spatial aspect of energy transition is huge, and this requires creating a balance between development and energy production. Our research looks at how the space can be envisioned differently in the future AMA to create this balance. The research showcases how different wastescapes typology has the potential by reusing the land to create newer sustainable energy ecosystems (Amenta & Timmeren, 2018; Sijmons, 2014). Similarly, social implications of energy transition are also a challenge. Through this project, we look at the three aspects of energy vulnerability, namely related to procedure, distribution and recognition (Jenkins et al., 2015), through adaptation (Smith & Wandel, 2006). The project looks at energy injustice as a social vulnerability and provides scientific insight to creating a more just energy network through the process of decentralisation, smart distribution and knowledge sharing. The research is therefore scientifically relevant as it contributes to the existing and future body of knowledge regarding coping with the inevitable need of transitioning towards renewable energy.

One of the key aspects of our project in the scope of spatial justice is that we acknowledge injustice associated with renewable energy and aspire to struggle against them. This is addressed in various stages of the research by looking at adaptation as solution to energy vulnerability. We propose adaptation through a decentralised network which makes energy affordable and accessible. The stakeholder participation and involving people in decision making while realising the projects and making them the key actors for change, deals with procedural injustice. Creating better awareness and public acceptance by changing the way these energy landscapes are supposed to be like, looks at recognition injustice. The project aims at making the road to energy transition smoother and this is a step forward towards realising the Sustainable Development Goals put forward by United Nations. Through the research we address a few of them, namely, affordable and clean energy (goal 7), reduced inequalities (goal 10), sustainable cities and communities (goal 11), responsible production and consumption (goal 12), and climate action (goal 13). Our project talks about how to achieve these goals through the various development strategies and linking them to stakeholders and putting forward policies (refer pg 108 ). It is also therefore important to look at the public goods that are created through EASY systems. The sustainable energy landscapes become active public spaces and provides better livable conditions for all. The project also established these environments as inclusive, accessible that provides clean environments for future generations.

Recommendations for further research We hope that our project will add to the body of knowledge of energy transition and encourage more research towards innovative solutions for combining land uses with energy production. As our research focus was on energy vulnerability, we however could not pursue other categories of vulnerabilities, such as biophysical vulnerabilities regarding climate adaptation. This could be a possible addition for the research to apply similar proposal considering climate adaptation towards issues like sea level rise, flooding, Salinisation etc. Our research also emphasizes on transitioning to a complete renewable energy network at the national level by combining the renewable energy network to the current energy networks. This is however not fully elaborated as it was beyond the scope of this research. Understanding how the national renewable energy network will look like by understanding more in depth on the ways to combine the old network, would prove to be an interesting addition to this research.

Social acceptance Undoubtedly, the physical implications of energy transition are reflected on the landscape. That means that the energy production is nowadays starting to be less concealed and more interweaved with the urban fabric. This results into protesting interest groups that are against this surely more sustainable but space-consuming energy reality. We imagine that housing that integrates energy production in the same location (as proposed by EASY), will raise similar debates. Thus, we are apprehensive about the perspective that people might have on energy landscapes and therefore about public acceptance in general. Through suggesting participatory design as a strategy, we hope that the acceptance levels will increase, but this could not be explored further in the project. Energy Value One of the main objectives described in this report (Chapter 3: Vision 2040) was accessible energy as a solution to distribution issues diagnosed in AMA. Nonetheless, the energy transition is considered as slow paving process and therefore the renewable energy cost will decrease only towards the end of this process (Owen, 2006). During the procedure of this project, we had no available time to estimate the economical aspect of the distinct types of energy, neither in the current or the future energy scenario. Housing Demand This project was, in essence, responding to the need for 230.00 homes in 2040 (AMA, 2018). Nonetheless, this housing demand could not be reached directly through the housing proposal that EASY brings forward (see Energy Evaluation, Chapter 5). This was because of the limitations of choosing the project locations in wastescapes. Through our project, we defined the project area as highest energy potential zones in AMA, this excluded other available land which could be used for construction of houses. Nonetheless, we hope that our proposal takes a look at the proposed AMA areas for housing (AMA, 2018) and indirectly influence them towards more sustainable development. But it is however not certain and the future implications of such a proposal is beyond the scope of our project.

REFERENCES

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+ APPENDIX Jun Chen l 4844130 The Netherlands, which is known as the 'windmill country', currently relies on imported fossil fuels for energy use. In 2017, it has only achieved 6.6% of renewable energy use, far less than its 14% to be achieved by 2020 (CBS, 2018). Not only that, the Netherlands plans to implement 1 million new homes in the future, from which 230.000 are projected to be built in the AMA by 2040 (College van Rijksadviseurs, 2018). But in terms of space, energy transformation will have a major impact on the landscape of AMA. This is because the area of renewable energy is much larger and therefore more pronounced than non-renewable energy (Sijmons et al., 2014). Through the regional planning of AMA, we tried to solve the social and spatial problems brought about by energy transformation through transforming wastescapes, and proposing a new housing development model. In the process, we also encountered many obstacles. One such is the lack of specific data regarding energy flow, energy consumption in AMA. The energy potential statistics are calculated for each city, and proved difficult during the local energy assessment in the design intervention phase. The conclusions would have been more scientific if the data available was more specific. Furthermore, when investigating the local energy system, I found that the power plant in the AMA is already undergoing energy transformation. For example, Nuon, an energy provider, is already working to raise people's awareness of renewable energy, while providing a choice to use renewable energy sources. This becomes the clue to link our energy system to the existing system. This is proposed as decentralized energy hubs that distributing energy smartly, and energy distribution has also become a major part of the theme of space justice. However, this need further studies to understand how the future renewable energy network will look like. Through the SDS course, I also recognized the importance of stakeholders in regional planning. Stakeholders should be involved in the decision-making process because they are the people living/working in this environment and participate in decision making from the perspective of their daily lives. It can make the city develop better and at the same time improve people's understanding of sustainable development. Meanwhile, urban planners play an important role in connecting people and the government. In our proposal, EASY, we have explored the knowledge network. The knowledge center is an important platform for us to connect local stakeholders and the government. The government can use the collected data to formulate or improve policies, such as subsidies, taxes, etc., through which people can raise their awareness of the circular economy and give feedback through this network.

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Malavika Gopalakrishnan 4933141 Although the topic of renewable energy has been discussed for many years, there are still many difficulties in implementing energy transition. There are too many uncertain factors in our projects as well, but for me that the main reason for the success of our project lies in the rights and balance between the stakeholders. The government should listen to people's opinions so that we can continue to reflect and improve and plan for a better city.

The main objective of this quarter was to understand how the current regional system of AMA is, and to formulate a vision and subsequent spatial strategies for the sustainable future of the region, to achieve circularity and spatial justice. The two concepts combined with the formidable task of meeting the housing demand proved to be extremely challenging. The main question remained, ‘Where and how do we develop the region?’. As Sven Stremke so blatantly describes, ‘Energy is indispensable for life’ and the correlation between ‘energy’ and ‘land’ is imperative (Stremke, 2010). For many years, we have been overexploiting the land to get more energy and one of the key issues of regional design today is, the scarcity of energy as the space is limited (Stremke, 2010). Through our research, we wanted to understand if it is possible to re-interpret the assigned functions of a given space and combine them with sustainable energy landscapes, thereby blurring the distinction between energy, land and life. This multifunctional and flexible land use is unconventional today but might be unavoidable in the future. To achieve the new land uses of energy production, it is essential that there are innovative approaches to spatial planning and landscape design (Stremke, 2010) as elaborated during the SDS and capita Selecta lectures. But simply by combining the uses, merely solves the problems associated with the use of energy. It was important for the development of the project, to understand a key notion, ‘Energy is a vulnerability’. To adapt to this vulnerability meant designing an environment where there are equal rights to energy, equal share of benefits and burdens of energy landscapes and making the process of energy production participatory. However, in our case, it is quite challenging to grasp the concept as it has rarely been tested before. For years we have been getting our energy from faraway ocean beds which has no direct impact on our everyday lives, ‘out of sight’ essentially meant ‘out of mind’. But by bringing energy landscapes to the fore-front requires a change in mindset and active change in the way we live.

This brings me to the question of my role as an urbanist. I believe, the role of an urbanist is essentially to influence positive changes in the society. Even though at times, this means pushing the boundaries of what can be achieved and realistic. But as a regional designer, it is not enough to propose such notions but to emphasise the need for it. The limitations of our project are plenty but still it opens discussions and further research regarding the topic, and that in turn is influential towards making the sizable task of energy transition a reality. Sources: Stremke, S. (2010). Designing sustainable energy landscapes: concepts, principles and procedures (doctoral dissertation). Wageningen University, Netherlands. Retrieved from https://library. wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/396759 Wiggers, A. (2017). Energy Landscapes: Shaping the energy transition in the Amsterdam Metropolitan area (master thesis). Delft University of Technology, Netherlands. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/ uuid:909f23ca-d51b-4f7e-b0b3-a870620df79e

But the realization of this notion requires a transition which is economically challenging, involving many stakeholder initiatives and most of all public acceptance towards such landscapes. The power vs interest equation was introduced to us during the methodology lectures by Roberto and formed a big role in our research to understand the possible conflicts and collaborations. As hopeful as I am, the actuality is far from it and often disappointing. However, within the confines of an academic project it is quite impossible to envision an actuality. Often at times, I am puzzled with the question, ‘how can you propose a participatory approach to planning without actual participation from people during the process?’.

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+ APPENDIX Eleni Maria Koskeridou l 4937406 The core activity of the quarter was the decomposition of the complex regional system known as AMA and eventually the synthesis of disparate personal values and ambitions into one singular vision. This vision not only encompasses the physical development of the AMA region, but also its improvement regarding spatial justice and circular economy. In this way, this reminds us that urbanists today should always reflect on their obligation towards society and environment in multiple scales and outside of any physically restricted project area. During the intense process of region analysis, we came across many interesting themes that deserved further exploration, but were strongly motivated by one global pressure that is also evident here in AMA: climate change and the consequent need for immediate energy transition. We then asked ourselves how urbanism could involve energy transition as new paradigm in the living environments. Personally, I found the idea of combining renewable energy production and urban development groundbreaking in many ways. However, ‘’Energy landscapes […] can be confronting, challenging the willingness to accept change and responsibility, morphing from one use to another […], in a world of growing population pressure and limited natural resources ’’ (Pasqualetti & Stremke, 2017). This dense energy landscape approach is confronted with the practical reality of public resistance to change. In such cases, the Communicative planner model (SDS course, 2019) is crucial during the decision making process. Both skilled stakeholders like Tennet (electricity distributor) and non-professionals like residents are equally important agents and need to reach consensus through the guidance of one medium: the urban planner. One of the four themes of our proposal was the knowledge network that, besides from applying energy innovation, also aims to negotiate about the future meaning of the aforementioned landscapes by creating public awareness. Furthermore, our energy vision for AMA was realised through the transformation of neglected industrial areas, here described as wastescapes, to Energy Adaptive Systems. These areas were the answer key to the circular land use and thus the adaptation process that was needed. I was fascinated by the idea that these end products of the linear economy model that often burden cities with unused space and pollution could reverse their role from passive areas to liveable communities. The circular approach of transformation in multiple scales, such as the reuse of building materials could influence the urban morphology and create interesting contrasts with the existing fabric.

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Patrick Rouwette l 4604954 To conclude, the pursuit of Energy Adaptive Systems should involve as many players as possible in order to accelerate the process in terms of infrastructure but, most importantly, emotional transition. In other words, the true adaptation will be achieved by the people and for the people with the condition that they are integral to this paradigm shifting. By and large, I believe that the idea of ‘’developing by minimising’’ that we proposed will establish future housing that shares fair energy network and achieves circularity. Sources: M. Pasqualettia, S. Stremke (2017). Energy landscapes in a crowded world: A first typology of origins and expressions. Energy Research & Social Science, 36, 94–105. DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.030

Having lived almost my entire life in Almere, as part of the AMA, I have experienced how a city grows and develops over a short period of time. As part of the Flevopolder with dikes for protection against the water and with windmills as far as the eye can reach, I have seen how landscapes transformed into something new. These changes and developments al where once on the drawing board, being designed with certain thoughts and visions. The ability to do it myself this time was a nice way to get introduced in the regional design tasks. But after the SPS lecture ‘Challenges Metropolitan Landscapes AMA’ by Rob van Aerschot, I got worried about the future of the region. I realized how serious some of the challenges are for the region and made me instantly prioritize some of the possible direction of the vision for the AMA. One of them being the energy transition, related to climate change, which will have huge consequences for the area. That’s why in our vision and strategy, this subject in the main thread. Not only addressing the spatial implications of it, but also the social side. In my opinion, this part of the transition is even more important the spatial implementation, because without recognition from the main users it will not succeed successfully. The negative side of not succeeding well are already visible, with the treatment of stakeholders involved in the renewable energy production process by residents. Working on the project for the last 10 weeks made clear how hard the energy transition is. Even more with the task to combine it with the housing demand in the AMA region. This task also made it interesting at the same time, because of the close or direct social relation the energy transition has with housing and residents. In the Netherlands, you wouldn’t think so much about energy injustices like energy poverty. But the relevance became clear after finding out that almost 900.000 people are vulnerable for energy poverty. With the proposal of a regional network of decentralized hubs connected true energy and knowledge, we try to contribute to an improved implementation of the energy transition and laying focus on the involvement of the residents as a research focus to innovate and create better and more sustainable living environments which are also applicable on a bigger scale. The residents play a big roll is this, thus why the success of the vision is dependent on their effort in the process. Policies created to stimulate the involvement is only one part of the worked needed. The outcome of the other part, the involvement itself, is more unpredictable

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+ APPENDIX AMA Energy flows

Fig 7.1: Energy Flows

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+ APPENDIX Energy Justice calculation

Fig 7.2: Energy prices over the years

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Fig 7.3: Average Energy spending per income group

Fig 7.4: Energy qoute vs payment risk

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+ APPENDIX Energy Injustice calculation

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Fig 7.5: Percentage of renewable energy production vs consumption in AMA(Source : Klimaat monitor)

Stakeholders input and ouput

Fig 7.6: Stakeholder input vs ouput (by authors)

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+ APPENDIX Strategy process table

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Fig 7.7: Objectives, strategies,tools, stakeholders, policies (by authors)

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+ APPENDIX Climate Strategies and Targets According to the European commission: including progress on renewable energy and energy efficiency, has been the main driver behind the emission reduction in recent years, while the shift between economic sectors has had a marginal effect.

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Fig 7.8: climate strategies and targets (Source : Europe.eu)

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+ APPENDIX Stakeholder analysis : Noordersluis West, Lelystad

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+ APPENDIX Stakeholder analysis : Baanstee, Purmerend

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+ APPENDIX

Stakeholder analysis: Almere

Stakeholder analysis : De vaart/Buiten vaart, Almere

Public sector

Involvement subjects

Public sector

Funding

Awareness

Knowledge

Infrastructure

Policies

Public sector

- Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (MRA)

- Amsterdam Metropolian Area

- Province of Flevoland

- Municipality of Almere

- TNO

- PBL Environmental Assessment Agency

- Tennet

Private sector

Private sector - VBA kring De Vaart

Private sector

- VBA kring De Vaart

- Energy suppliers

- Developers

- Social housing corporations

- Knowledge institutions

- Existing companies/industries

- Existing residents

- Future residents

Civil society

Civil society - Energy transition foundations

Civil society

- Energy transition foundations

Possible collaboration alliances

Main theme of interest

Possible conflicting alliances â&#x201A;Źâ&#x201A;Ź

Energy system

Awareness

Knowledge network

Knowledge

Housing

Infrastructure

Local stakeholders analysis Almere current situation

Local stakeholders analysis Almere proposed situation

15 9

Interest

12 13 11

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Stakeholders: 1. Amsterdam Metropolian Area 2. Province of Flevoland 3. Municipality of Almere 4. TNO 5. PBL Environmental Assessment Agency 6. Tennet 7. Renewable energy producers 8. Developers 9. Social housing corporations 10. Knowledge institutions 11. Existing companies/industries 12. Existing residents 13. Future residents 14. Energy transition foundations 15. VBA kring De Vaart

4 5

12 13

8 14

Interest

2 9

Power

Funding

Wastescapes

Stakeholders:

1. Amsterdam Metropolian Area 2. Province of Flevoland 3. Municipality of Almere 4. TNO 5. PBL Environmental Assessment Agency 6. Tennet 7. Renewable energy producers 8. Developers 9. Social housing corporations 10. Knowledge institutions 11. Existing companies/industries 12. Existing residents 13. Future residents 14. Energy transition foundations 15. VBA kring De Vaart

Power

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+ APPENDIX Energy evaluation

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Fig 7.9: Energy evaluation (By authors)

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+ APPENDIX Energy evaluation

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Fig 7.10: Energy evaluation (By authors)

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AR2U086 & AR2U088 l R&D Studio Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis MSc2 Urbanism Faculty of Architecture and Built Environment Delft University of Technology

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EASY AMA team l April 2019

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