M.Arch (Part II) Newcastle University by Malcolm Pritchard

Malcolm Greer Pritchard Academic Portfolio M.Arch // Newcastle University

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ARB Mapping GC1 Ability to create architectural designs that satisfy both aesthetic and technical requirements.

GA2 With regard to meeting the eleven General Criteria at Parts 1 and 2 above, the Part 2 will be awarded to students who have:

GC2 Adequate knowledge of the histories and theories of architecture and the related arts, technologies and human sciences.

ability to generate complex design proposals showing understanding of current architectural issues, originality in the application of subject knowledge and, where appropriate, to test new hypotheses and speculations;

ability to evaluate and apply a comprehensive range of visual, oral and written media to test, analyse, critically appraise and explain design proposals;

ability to evaluate materials, processes and techniques that apply to complex architectural designs and building construction, and to integrate these into practicable design proposals;

critical understanding of how knowledge is advanced through research to produce clear, logically argued and original written work relating to architectural culture, theory and design;

understanding of the context of the architect and the construction industry, including the architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role in the processes of procurement and building production, and under legislation;

problem solving skills, professional judgment, and ability to take the initiative and make appropriate decisions in complex and unpredictable circumstances;

ability to identify individual learning needs and understand the personal responsibility required to prepare for qualification as an architect.

GC3 Knowledge of the fine arts as an influence on the quality of architectural design. GC4 Adequate knowledge of urban design, planning and the skills involved in the planning process. GC5 Understanding of the relationship between people and buildings, and between buildings and their environment, and the need to relate buildings and the spaces between them to human needs and scale. GC6 Understanding of the profession of architecture and the role of the architect in society, in particular in preparing briefs that take account of social factors. GC7 Understanding of the methods of investigation and preparation of the brief for a design project. GC8 Understanding of the structural design, constructional and engineering problems associated with building design. GC9 Adequate knowledge of physical problems and technologies and the function of buildings so as to provide them with internal conditions of comfort and protection against the climate. GC10 The necessary design skills to meet building usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; requirements within the constraints imposed by cost factors and building regulations. GC11 Adequate knowledge of the industries, organisations, regulations and procedures involved in translating design concepts into buildings and integrating plans into overall planning.

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#13

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iii.a

Caravanserai

Studio Introduction

Zanzibar Field Trip/ Vikokotoni Live Build

Market as a Centre for Connections & Interactions

#83

#89

#93

iii.b

iii.c

Architecture & Construction

Zanzibar Futures

P r o c e ss & M a n a g e m e n t Report

T h e S tat e o f E du c at i on Zanzibar

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C r e at i v e E du c at i on F ou n dat i on

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#105

#129

ii.a

ii.b

i.a

Spectres of Utopia

City as a Platform

Van Nelle Fabriek

Architecture of Revolution

#133

#151

i.b

City as a Platform

Additional Projects

E m e r g e n c e & A ss e m b l a g e

Studio

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P l at f o r m

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Architect as an Enabler A l e j a n d r o A r av e n a

po tential to increase fro m a 2 to 5 - bedro o m ho me, witho ut co nfl icting with neighbo ur ing pro per ties.

T h e u nde r l yi ng theme of most of my work over t h e p a st t wo years has b een the id ea of the “Arc h i t e c t a s a n enab ler”. This b eg an w ith an exa m i na t i o n o f the id eas p u t forward by the likes o f Al e ja nd ro Aravena, Tatiana Bilb ao, and Ted d y C r uz . As Arave n a s ays

An examinatio n o f existing so cial ho using schemes in Mexico and in- situ inter v iews with the inhabitants was v ital fo r Bil bao in devel o ping a design that co ul d deal with the habits o f r ural and ur ban po pul atio ns.

“the next step must be to create “open systems”: physical conditions in cities that allow all forces at play to have an input. We are entering a new game…”

Housing

as a

Ve r b

However, the sto r y o f incremental ho using do es no t star t with Aravena and El emental . In 197 2 Jo hn Tur ner wro te an essay cal l ed “ Ho using is a Ver b” within which he suggested that ho using sho ul dn’t be co nsidered a static co ncept, but rather o ne that sho ul d be under sto o d as an o ngo ing pro j ect with the residents as co - creato r s. As such ho using is best prov ided and managed by tho se who are to dwel l in it, rather than being central l y administered by the state.

W h a t th i s ne w g ame is, however, is hard to know. As s e e n i n h i s Qu inta Monroy Hou s ing s cheme Arave na wo r ke d to c reate hou s es that wou ld a l l ow a l a rg e So u th A meric an family to live in c o m f o r t a nd sa f ety; all on a b u d g et of ju st $1 0, 00 0 US D o l l a r s p e r family. In ad d ition to monetary c o nc e r ns, Aravena had to d eal w ith nu merou s o t h e r p ro bl e m s. The foremost b eing a commu nity w h o g re e t e d h i m w ith op en mistru st, b elieving t h e y wo u l d b e f orced off their land and into the su bu r bs.

Tur ner ’s stance devel o ped fro m time spent wo r k ing within the squatter settl ements o f Per u between 1957 and 196 5. It was at this time that Per u was a centre fo r the debate o n ho using po l icy and Tur ner was heav il y infl uenced by Per uv ian Ur ban T heo r ists such as Fer nando Bel aude, Pedro Bel tran, and C ar l o s Del gado.

Bo t h th e se p rob lems were s olved throu g h a p ro g ra m o f so c ial eng ag ement. By talking to the c o m m u ni t y Aravena was ab le to u nd erstand w hat t h e y wo ul d c o nsid er b eing an u nac cep tab le op tion f o r t h e i r ne w homes. A lthou g h the only way to bu i l d w i t h i n t h e b u d g et was initially thou g ht to be a towe r bl o ck typ olog y, the res id ents mad e i t c l e a r th a t if this were forc ed u p on them t h e y wo ul d g o on hu ng er strike. At the s ame t i m e, h e wa s l earning w hat the p rac tic al s kills o f t h e c o m m unity were. This meant he c ou ld i m p l e m e nt h i s half hou s e s olu tion, that c ou ld b e e a si l y ex p a nde d in the fu tu re by the occu p ants a s ne e d e d. Fu r thermore, throu g h a s eries of wo r k sh o p s, h e cou ld teach the res id ents ways in w h i c h t o ex p a nd and imp rove their u nits. The byp ro d uc t o f t h i s eng ag ement was tru st b etween the re si d e nt s a nd a rc hitec ts, w hic h meant w hen the t i m e c a m e f o r res id ents to vac ate the s ite they di d s o w i l l i ng l y in the know led g e that they wou ld o ne - day re tu r n.

Tur ner bel ieved that the gl o bal No r th co ul d l ear n much fro m the devel o ping cities in the gl o bal So uth. In a co l l ectio n fo r the “ Habitat Inter natio nal C o al itio n” entitl ed “ Buil ding C o mmunity,” he empir ical l y showed that neighbo ur ho o ds designed with l o cal gro ups, util ising the exper tise o f l o cal s in their own situatio ns, are super io r. Al l co mmunities require is the “freedo m to buil d”. A titl e he wo ul d subsequentl y give to a co l l ectio n he edited. Tur ner made no distinctio n as to whether this freedo m sho ul d be granted o r physical l y taken fro m the state, but he did cl ear l y define the ro l e o f Architects and Engineer s as enabl er s. In No r ther n spheres, his wo r k has been buil t upo n Architects in the 1960’s and 7 0’s such as Er sk ine with the Biker Wal l and L a Meme by Lucien Kro l l .

T at i a n a B i l ba o

Other exampl es incl ude pro j ects such as Scandinav ian C o - ho using schemes and wo r k s by Wal ter Segal . However, in 2016 Rainer de Graaf, Par tner at OMA , wro te an Ar ticl e fo r the Architectural Rev iew cl aiming,

Ano th e r Arc h i t e ct w ho has followed the s ame t h e m e s o f Aravena is Tatiana Bilb ao. In 20 1 5 Bi l ba o d eve l o p e d a hou s ing typ olog y for the C h i c a g o Arc h i t ectu re Biennial, w hic h c ou ld be b ui l t c h e a p l y and q u ic kly. Whilst als o b eing f l ex i bl e e no ug h to res p ond to a family’s need s, in do i ng s o sh e tr i ed to ad d res s the c hronic s hortag e o f h o m e s i n Mexic o; w here the rate of p op u lation g row th i s a m o ng st the hig hest in Latin A merica.

“Few architects have embraced the idea of user par ticipation; a new movement is needed”. T ho ugh the degree o f par ticipatio n seen in the wo r k s o f OMA is questio nabl e at best.

I n a si m i l a r vein to A ravena’s half hou s e, the Bi l ba o p ro je c t b eg ins starts s mall b u t has the

C r i t i ca l U t o p i a

that neighbo ur ho o ds require. T he inefficiency created al l ows fo r spaces to be appro pr iated by the info r mal sectio ns o f so ciety.

I n m y se c o nd p roject, I s p ent a lot of time re se a rc h i ng f e minis m in u top ian literatu re, w i t h Ma rg e Pi ercy’s s eminal work ‘Wom an on th e Edge o f T i m e’ b eing a key influ ence. Other re f e re nc e s i nc l ud e Samu el R . D elany and his bo o k Tro u bl e i n Tr iton , Tom Moylan’s theory on t h e Cr i ti c a l Uto pia, and Henri Lefebvre’s crac ks i n th e s yste m Marx ist Philos op hies. This was m a ni f e ste d w i t hin the A rchitec tu ral p rojec t of c re a ti ng a u t o p ian world in w hic h a nu mb er of g o a l s o f th e p o l itical and s ocial ag end a of the late si x t i e s a nd e a r ly s eventies rad ic al movements h ave be e n f ul filled . E nvironmental p ollu tion, h o m o p h o b i a , racis m, p hallog ocentris m, clas s su bo rd i na t i o n, cons u meris m, imp erialis m, and t o t a l i t a r i a ni sm no long er ex ist in the ag rarian, c o m m u na l c o m mu nity of the Van Nelle Fab riek i n Ro t t e rda m .

S o c i a l S p ac e

is a

T his co ncept ho l ds an impo r tance within the co ntext o f Zanzibar, where the cur rent po l itical situatio n means the gover nment is activel y crack ing down o n so cial spaces used by o ppo sitio n suppo r ter s. T he impo r tance o f the mar ketpl ace thro ugho ut histo r y as a centre o f info r matio n and po l itical discussio n canno t be underestimated; it was against this backdro p that I so ught to create a mar ketpl ace that embraced the info r mal .

M ath e mat i c s , G e o m e t r y

and

Art

T he l anguage that I have co nsistentl y used thro ugh al l my Architectural pro j ects at univer sity has rel ied heav il y o n geo metr ical spaces. T his came fro m Dutch ar tist Gerard C ar is. C ar is uses Pl ato nic so l ids heav il y in his wo r k . He says;

S o c i a l P r o d u ct

T h e l a ng u a g e that I have c ons istently u s ed t h ro u g h a l l m y A rchitec tu ral p rojec ts at the uni ve r si ty h a s relied heavily on g eometric al sp a c e s. T h i s c a me from D u tch artist G erard Caris. C a r i s us e s Pl a t o nic s olid s heavily in his work. He says ;

“perception is primar y to rational intelligence and that relative knowledge of self and the external world depends on interaction between par tciipant and the perceived environment... Prolonged exposure and keeping in line with uniform visual fields causes boredom, irritation and may even trigger aggresive behaviour”

“…perception is primar y to rational intelligence and that relative knowledge of self and the external world depends on interaction between par ticipant and the perceived environment... Prolonged exposure and keeping in line with uniform visual fields causes boredom, irritation and may even trigger aggressive behaviour”

Conclusion T hro ugho ut al l my pro j ects I have so ught to create spaces that can be appro pr iated in ways that canno t be fo reseen fro m my per spective as the Architect. T his has been do ne in a var iety o f ways.

C a r i s b e l i eve s that it is the d od ec ahed ron that i s a n i d e a l f o r m in w hic h to live. This is d u e t o i ts c l o s e l i nk s to the womb and althou g h we o nl y u nde r sta nd this from a s u b c ons c iou s level i t i s sti l l a bl e to affect u s b oth mentally and e m o t i o na l l y.

Fir st, in creating a mo dul ar system that is expandabl e to the user ’s needs, the pro j ect tr ies to give the C o mmunity o f Katendrecht a vo ice with which to prevent the creeping Gentr ificatio n that is infil trating into their neighbo ur ho o d

2. Seco ndl y creating spaces o f pr ivacy that al l ow the maintenance o f the uto pic impul se, witho ut the sanitisatio n exper ienced by revo l utio ns thro ugho ut histo r y to take pl ace.

He a c c e p t s th is as b eing conjectu ral, b u t he be l i eve s t h a t t h ere is no s u ch thing as neu tral or e m p ty s p a c e. S p ace is not only p erc eived w ith the e ye s b ut w i th t he w hole b eing.

Final l y, a mar ket that al l ows fo r info r mal ity as a means fo r creating a v ibrant unco ntro l l abl e space, which enco urages different acto r s within the co mmunity to interact.

I be l i eve t h e i mp ortanc e of u s ing none c artes ian g e o m e tr i e s w h en creating s oc ial s p ac e, w hic h h e l p s to c re a t e s p ac es that have the vitality

R eferences

t ure -b i e n ni a l -20 1 5 / [ Acces s ed 1 0 Jun. 20 1 7 ] . 6

Awa n, N., Sc hne ider, T. and Till, J. (2011). Spat ial agency. 1st ed. Ab ingdo n, O xon England: Rout ledge.

Ge ra rd c a r i s.com . (20 1 7 ). Hom e Pa ge. [ onl i n e ] Ava i l a bl e a t : h t t p : // www.ge ra rd c a r i s.com /s t a t e m e nt s.h t m l [ Acces s ed 1 0 Jun . 20 1 7 ] .

Co le man, N. ( 2 0 15 ) . Lefebvre for archit ect s. 1st ed. London: Ro u tledge.

Moy l a n, T. (20 14 ). De m a nd t h e i m p os s i bl e. 14 t h ed . Be r n , Swi t ze rl a n d : Pe t e r La n g AG.

Critc hlow, K. ( 2 0 0 0). Order in space. 1st ed. London: Thames & Hu dso n.

P i e rc y, M. (1976 ). Wom a n on t h e ed ge of t i m e. 1 s t ed . Ne w York : Al fred A . Kn op f.

Frearso n, A . ( 2 0 17 ). Tat iana Bilbao “urgent ” housing Me x ico’s po o rest inhabit ant s. [online] D ezeen. Availa ble a t: https: // www.dezeen.com /2015/ 10/06/t at iana -bilbao-low-cost-social-housing-mexico-chicago-architec-

Arc h Da i ly. (20 1 7 ). Ta t i a n a Bi l b a o’s $ 8, 0 0 0 Hous e Coul d S olve Me x i co’s S oc i a l Hous i n g Sh or t a ge. [ onl i n e ] Ava i la bl e a t : h t t p : // www.a rc h d a i ly.com / 7 75233/ t a t i a na -b i l b a os-8000 -house-could-solve-mexicos-social-housing-shorta ge [ Acces s ed 1 0 Jun . 20 1 7 ] .

Arave na Mo ri, A . a nd Iacobelli, A . (2016). Element al. 1st ed. Ostfilde rn: Hatje Cant z Verlag.

I n 2 0 1 3 Sheffield Univers ity School of Arc h i t e c tu re were first invited by a new Arc h i t e c tu re and Planning u nit in the Revo l uti o na ry G overnment of Zanz ib ar to wo r k w i t h t hem on s p ec ific d evelop mental a nd a rc h i t ec tu ral is s u es. Working w ith i nte r na ti o nal ag enc ies and p ost-g rad u ate stu de nts i s one of their d es ired ap p roaches to a i d t h e g row th of innovative p rop os als for Z a nz i b a r â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sp atial D evelop ment Strateg ies. A s u bs e q u e nt stu d io at Newc astle Univers ityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sc h o o l of A rchitec tu re, Planning and L a nd sc a p e and a Linked Res earc h stu d y have c o nt i nue d to b e involved w ith the g overnment i n Z a nzi b a r. Some of the key is s u es involve u nde r sta nd ing and c onc ep tu alis ing new p a ra di g m s for hou s ing, tou ris m, trad e, exc h a ng e a n d s u stainab le life. O u r 2 0 16/ 1 7 stu d io b u ild s u p on the b od y of wo r k a nd p rog res s ive thinking of p reviou s ye a r s i n a n ong oing res earc h p roject, a d a t a ba s e w hic h has now b een mad e more a c c e s s i b l e to all throu g h a d ed ic ated web s ite l a u nc h e d t his year by stu d ents in the s ister l i nke d re se arc h p rojec t. Ou r thes is p rojec ts a l l a d dre s s tig htly interwoven economic a nd s o c i o - p olitical is s u es b u t from d ifferent a ng l e s. I n this way, althou g h ou r chos en s i te s a re sp read arou nd Ung u ja is land , we

have fo und that j ust as much attentio n and co nver satio n needs to go into the wider issues and co nnectio ns, the l ink s and spaces between o ur pro j ects and how they fit into a j o int v isio n fo r the regio n. T his co mbined effo r t began with a 2060 scenar io based mapping exercise, which thro ugh the use o f cer tain assumptio ns, precedents and strategies pro po sed a sustainabl e spatial strategy fo r Unguj a in j ust over 40 year sâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; time. T his proved an inval uabl e po int o f depar ture fo r immer sing o ur sel ves within the ful l co mpl exity o f l o cal and gl o bal issues, which need to be tho ught abo ut in unio n when facing the hugel y co mpl icated rel atio nships at pl ay at these l argest scal es o f design. We fel t that fur ther reading wo ul d al so be beneficial to devel o p an under standing o f the theo retical to pics and questio ns which were emerging fo r us thro ugh this pro cess. T hro ugh a ser ies o f seminar s, we covered the to pics o f po st- co l o nial theo r y, gl o bal isatio n and the l o cal / gl o bal div ide. We began to rel ate this to o ur indiv idual pro j ects and questio n how we co ul d pr io r itise the issues we fo und mo st rel evant to o ur own research so that they might be addressed thro ugh respo nsive and respo nsibl e architectural pro po sal s.

iii.a Caravanserai S t u d i o I n t r o d u ct i o n

S ta g e 6 : W e e k 5 0 - 5 4

Tutors : Pro fesso r Prue Chil es

D r. Cl aire Har per

Africa’s East Coast T h e Z a nz i b a r A rchip elag o is loc ated in the I nd i a n O c e a n, arou nd 40 km off the Coast o f E a st Af r ica and rou g hly 6 d eg rees Sou th o f t h e e qu a tor. It is home to ju st over 1 .3 m i l l i o n p e o p le, at a g row th rate of ju st u nde r 3 % per annu m1 . It cons ists of two p r i m a r y Isl and s : Ung u ja or Zanz ib ar Is land a nd Pe m b a Is land , w hich hold the majority o f h u m a n p o p u lations, b u t als o inclu d es two f u r t h e r sm a ller Is land s and many as s ociated i s l e ts. Mo st b elong to the Zanz ib ar s emia u t o no m o us reg ion of Tanz ania.

Zanzibar, Per sia, Arabia, and India fo r at l east 2000 year s, al tho ugh it was after the demise o f the sl ave trade in the ear l y 19th centur y, when Zanzibar was under Omani r ul e, that the spice trade was bo r n. Zanzibar at that time became the l argest pro ducer s o f C l oves in the wo r l d, and trader s fro m the Indian Subco ntinent were enco uraged to settl e. T his extensive histo r y o f trade has al so incl uded the impo r t o f cl o th, sugar, iro n, and dates, al o ng with o ther go o ds ar r iv ing fro m the No r th East in the winter mo nths, and the expo r tatio n o f to r to iseshel l , co co nuts, r ice, ivo r y, ebo ny and sl aves dur ing the summer mo nso o n.

T h e C l i m a t e is trop ic al and hu mid , b u t it b e ne f i t s f ro m the c ooling effect of strong s ea b re e ze s o f f the Ind ian Oc ean. Temp eratu res m a i nta i n a stead y averag e throu g hou t the ye a r o f a b o ut 26 to 28° C. There are two rainy p e r i o ds, w i t h the main rains falling from m i d - m a rc h to the end of May.

Zanzibar ’s po sitio n o ff the Swahil i co ast makes it an extremel y strategic l o catio n, hence it is no wo nder it has been r ul ed by mul tipl e power s over the centur ies, co ming under the co ntro l o f Po r tuguese Empire fro m 1503 -1698, fo l l owed by Omanis who r ul ed up until the Zanzibar revo l utio n in 1964 and cro ssed over with it beco ming a Br itish pro tecto rate fro m 18 90-196 3. It has al so been o f po l itical interest to o ther co l o nial power s, such as the Ger mans.

Z a nz i b a r develop ed its romantic rep u tation a s th e ‘s p i c e is land s ’ thanks to the s eas onal m o ns o o n w i nd s, w hic h allowed the trans it of h und re d s o f d how s a year acros s the Ind ian O c e a n. T h es e trad itional s hip s b as ed on Ara b de s i g n have facilitated contac t b etween

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the sho rel ine. Unguj a, the l argest and mo st heav il y po pul ated o f the isl ands is 166 0k m2, 8 5k m l o ng and between 20k m and 3 0k m wide. T he main town had a po pul atio n o f 205,8 7 0, at the l ast po pul atio n census in 2002.

O f t h e Af r i c ans p op u lation, nearly one -third a re re c e nt a rrivals from the mainland . The m a jo r i ty a re ind ig enou s Bantu g rou p s, w ho i nc o r p o ra te d Pers ian s ettlers b etween the 8 th a nd 1 1 th centu ries, to form the g rou p of p e o p l e w h o are now s elf-termed the Shiraz is.

Within this is the UN ESC O her itage site o f Sto ne Town, the o l der par t o f Zanzibar C ity. T his was the fo r mer capital o f the Zanzibar Sul tanate and fl o ur ishing centre o f trade. Mo st o f the architecture dates to the 19th centur y and refl ects the diver se infl uences under l ying Swahil i cul ture.

S m a l l e r g ro u p s inc lu d e enc laves of Comorans a nd So m a l i s. Otherw is e more recent Omani Ara bs a nd a s mall minority of Ind ians are als o p re se nt. T h e re l i g i o n on Zanz ib ar is almost c omp letely Mu sl i m . I ndig enou s Bantu , Pers ian, Omani, I nd i a n a nd E u rop ean influ ences can all b e i d e nt i f i e d in the c u ltu re that ex ists in Z a nz i b a r to d ay; althou g h Swahili trad itions a nd Mu sl i m p ractic es are p erhap s most d o m i na nt a sp ec ts, Zanz ib ar is tru ly a melting p o t o f na t i o nalities, cu ltu res, and ethnic ities a nd a s s u c h has a u niq u ely rich and vib rant c ul tu ra l i de ntity.

T he ubiquito us use o f co ral sto ne gives Sto ne town its name but is co mmo n in Swahil i architecture thro ugho ut the East-Afr ican co ast such as L amu and Il e de Mo zambique. Other towns incl ude C haani, Bambi, Maho nda and Makanduchi, but these are smal l by co mpar iso n. Outside, mo st peo pl e l ive in smal l , traditio nal v il l ages and are engaged in agr icul tural o r to ur ism- rel ated pur suits. T here is co nsiderabl e dispar ity in the standard o f l iv ing between ur ban and r ural po pul atio ns.

T h e i s l a nd s are g enerally flat and low-lying, s u r ro und e d by roc ky inlets or s and y b eac hes, w i th m a ng rove s wamp s and coral reefs b eyond

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1 / 2 / 3 / 4 3 4 7 / 5 / 6 / 7

Lamu

Wete

PEMBA ISLAND

Chake Chake

Northeastern Monsoon (Nov - Feb)

Malindi

Mkoani

Mombasa

Nungwi

Tanga Pemba Island (Zanzibar)

Matemwe

Mkokotoni

Pangani

Stone Town / Ngâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ambo Unguja Island (Zanzibar)

UNGUJA iSLAND

Bagamoyo

km 100 Chwaka

Zanzibar Town Dar es Salaam

m 0k 20 Paje

m 0k 30 Fumba m 0k 40

Mafia Island (Zanzibar)

Makunduchi

m 0k 50

Kizimkazi

0 km

10 km

20 km

40 km

1,0

km 00

Southeastern Monsoon (Nov - Feb)

Comoros Archipelago 1,5

2,0

k 00

km 00

005

St ud i o In t rod uc t i on : : Ca rava n s e ra i

Major Cities Water

Ilha de Mocambique

Landmass Distance from Stone Town

k 00 2,5

Dhow Routes of the Western Indian Ocean (1945/6)

0 km

50 km 100 km

200 km

500 km

Unguja Island T h e e c o no my in Zanz ib ar is p rimarily b a se d o n Ag ric u ltu re, followed by fis hing a nd , i nc reas ing ly, tou ris m. A lthou g h d i ve r s i f i c a t ion has oc cu rred and Zanz ib ar now o nl y p rod u c es a frac tion of the world â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s c l ove s, i t still remains a major ex p ort. Yet a d e c re a s e i n d emand for cloves has b een met w i th a r i se in the tou ris m ind u stry, w hich is p re se nti ng many d evelop mental and s oc ial i s s u e s, di stu rb ing loc al trad itions and natu ral e nv i ro nm e n ts. A major p rob lem is that the to u r i sm se ctor is not b enefiting the loc al p o p u l a t i o n direc tly as all-inc lu s ive enc laves p reve nt i nt erac tion w ith local ec onomies f ro m o c c u r r ing, and it is more c ommon to h i re h o sp i t ality p rofes s ionals from p laces l i ke Ke nya (w here the level of ed u cation and p rev i o u s tra ining is hig her). Rec ently s eaweed h a s be c o m e an imp ortant ex p ort commod ity a l s o. I n 2 0 06 Tanz ania, and henc e Zanz ib ar, re c e i ve d d e bt relief as one of the 32 cou ntries wo r l d w i de d es ig nated as an HIPC or Heavily I nd e bte d Poor Cou ntry and the c u rrent life

Ca rava n s e rai : : Stu dio Intro du c tion

expectancy is o nl y aro und 57 year s o l d. Gover nance is car r ied o ut thro ugh its own revo l utio nar y co uncil and the 50- stro ng ho use o f representatives, el ected fo r five year ter ms. T he president o f Zanzibar is al so the Vice President o f Tanzania. Animo sity between Zanzibar â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s two predo minant par ties was par ticul ar l y high l eading up to and dur ing the 2000 and 2005 el ectio ns, the pro cesses o f which the o ppo sitio n cl aimed were fl awed and used unfair pro cedures. T his per io d proved par ticul ar l y damaging fo r the co untr ies r ural po pul atio n who did no t receive a fo cused co mmitment to better ing their future. On the 1st o f November 2010, a gover nment o f natio nal unity was fo r med, the Revo l utio nar y Gover nment o f Zanzibar, with power shar ing pro cesses in pl ace and improved el ectio n management, which saw an end to the po l itical v io l ence o f the prev io us decade.

006

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Nungwi

Tumbatu Island

Mkokotoni Matemwe

250 m

500 m

1000 m

Bububu

Chwaka

Zanzibar Town

Jozani Chwaka National Park

Paje

Fumba New Town

Fumba Town

Makunduchi

Kizimkazi

007 Urban Areas

Major Roads

Farmland

Minor Roads

Mangrove Swamp

National Park Boundaries

St ud i o In t rod uc t i on : : Ca rava n s e ra i

Scrubland Shallow Water Water

0 km

2.5 km

5 km

10 km

Zanzibar 2060 To be tte r und erstand the c ontex t the stu d io wo u l d b e working w ithin we u nd ertook an ex te ns i ve m a p p ing and res earc h p roject. This to o k two f o r ms w ith a c ritic al analys is of b oth th e c u r re nt s itu ation and fu tu re d irection i n w h i c h Z a nz ib ar is head ed ; lead ing to ou r d eve l o p m e n t of a s cenario for the is land s in 2 0 6 0.

T he effect o f these assumptio ns wo ul d have specific so cial and spatial impacts, no t al ways po sitive, which we co ul d react to and tr y to mitigate at an Isl and-wide scal e. Whil st being al mo st entirel y po l emic, the strategy fo r 2060 taught us the under l ying issues facing the Archipel ago, which we co ul d then tr y to deal with within o ur per so nal pro j ects.

Ke y a ss u m p tions u s ed for this were: ––

Z a nz i b a r wou ld g ain ind ep end enc e from m a i nl a nd Tanz ania

T hese key themes were:

––

Se a l evels wou ld ris e in accord ance w ith wo r l d w i de p red ictions

––

Sustainabl e To ur ism

––

Waste

––

T h e Z a nz ib ar A rchip elag o wou ld find a s m a l l a mou nt of oil off the c oast of A fric a

––

Energy

––

Densificatio n

––

T h e p o p u lation wou ld c ontinu e to g row in l i ne w i th cu rrent g row th levels.

Ca rava n s e rai : : Stu dio Intro du c tion

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St ud i o In t rod uc t i on : : Ca rava n s e ra i

Connectivity of Zanzibar A s e r i e s o f map p ing investig ations were c a r r i e d by each memb er of the stu d io to u nde r sta nd the cu rrent s itu ation on the i s l a nd .

into the Archipel ago, we see fo reign aid fl owing towards pro j ects that improve the to ur ist trade rather than directl y benefiting the l o cal po pul atio ns.

My m a p p i n g d is p layed op p os ite s how s th e l i te ra l , ec onomic and infrastru c tu re c o nne c ti o ns of the Is land of Ung u ja, Z a nz i b a r. T he map p ing s how s a national and i nte r na ti o nal trans p ort infrastru c tu re that i s h e av i l y weig hted toward s Stone Tow n and th e to u r i st ind u stry. Fu rthermore, from an exa m i na ti o n into the Foreig n A id investments

Other maps investigated the rel atio nship between to ur ism and the l o cal eco no my, agr icul ture o n the isl and, fishing, rainfal l and the C o l o nial histo r y.

Unguja Island

Al l were co mbined to fo r m a co herent anal ysis o f the so cio - eco no mic co nditio ns o f the isl and.

Swahili Coast

World Map

Port

Cities

Bus Stop

Undersea Energy Cables

Dala Dala Stop

Flight Routes - Thickness denotes capacity and transparentcy denotes frequency of service

Airport

Aid Flows into Zanzibar

Bus/Dala Routes - Thickness denotes frequency of service Ferry Routes Sources: *

Sources:

McIntyre, Chris, and Susan McIntyre. Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia. 1st ed. Chalfont St. Peter, England: Bradt Travel Guides, 2013.

Data correct as of 2013

Sources:

"Zanzibar Abeid Amani Karume International Airport (ZNZ / HTZA) - Arrivals & Departures Flightradar24". Flightradar24.Com, 2017. https://www.flightradar24.com/data/airports/znz.

Data correct for 18th - 24th October 2017

Ca rava n s e rai : : Stu dio Intro du c tion

"Dashboard | Aiddata". Aiddata.Org, 2017. http://aiddata.org/dashboard#/advanced/project-list. Data correct as of 16/10/21

010

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Mu sc at

Du ba i

Doha

Tel Aviv-Yafo

bi iro Na

Pem ba Unallocated Water Supply

Agriculture

ila

Mombas a

e/M m

Education

n j an lim Ki

Conflict Prevention & Resolution, Peace & Security

o ar

Disaster Prevention & Preparedness Energy Generation and Supply

Total Aid Budget for Zanzibar (2010-2013)

ha us Ar

Environmental Protection

$ 757,098,491

Government Health Multisector

Se ro

Reconstruction Relief Population Policies/Programmes & Reproductive Health

ne ra

Other Infrastructure

Tanga

Transport & Storage

m Pe ba

ala am

011

UNDP

World Bank

UNICEF

United States

United Kingdom

OFID

United Arab Emirates

Norway

Sweden

Italy

Korea

India

Japan

GFATM

Finland

Germany

China

Denmark

Czech Republic

BADEA

Austria

Belgium

European Communities

Dar es Salaam

AFDB Group

Joha

nnes

burg

Dar es S

St ud i o In t rod uc t i on : : Ca rava n s e ra i

Be f o re e m b a rking on ou r jou rney we actively e ng a g e d w ith Reb ec ca Mag u ire w ho ru ns a n NGO c alled “Su stainab le E ast A fric a”. (w w w. s u sta i nab leeastafric a.org ) Reb ecca a p p ro a c h e d u s b efore we arrived in Zanz ib ar, a s k i ng u s t o p rod u c e a d es ig n on b ehalf of a l o c a l NGO c a lled “Ju mu ia ya Jamii Vikokotoni - Vi ko ko to ni E nvironment Soc iety”. The Vi ko ko to ni E nvironment Soc iety’s aim is to re d uc e p o l l u tion by p romoting environmental awa re ne ss a n d s u stainab le waste manag ement. We we re a sked to d evelop a d es ig n that b u ild s u p o n wo r k that has alread y b een carried ou t.

T he po j ect gave us an appreciatio n o f the ver nacul ar buil ding metho ds cur rentl y used in Zanzibar. We enganged with the cl ient Khamis and l o cal master craftsmen o ften designing o n the ho o f with after a discussio n. T his discussio n was impo r tant as it taught us what it is po ssibl e to buil d with l o cal mater ial s and taught Khamis the po ssibil ities o f Architectural design. T he inter sectio ns between o ur areas o f exper tise meshes in with the discussio n o n l o cal /gl o bal k nowl edge shar ing o ur pre tr ip research discussed.

iii.a Caravanserai Z a n z i ba r F i e l d T r i p / V i k o k o t o n i Liv e Build

S ta g e 6 : W e e k 5 5 - 5 9

Tutors : Pro fesso r Prue Chil es

D r. Cl aire Har per

Context T h e si te f o r the live b u ild p roject is an i r re g ul a r l y s hap ed p iece of u nb u ilt u p on l a nd e i th e r s id e of the op en storm-water d ra i na g e c hannel in the V kokotoni area of Ng â&#x20AC;&#x2122;a m bo, nex t to the historically imp ortant St o ne Tow n. Neither the NG O nor Khamis te c h ni c a l l y ow n the s ite, althou g h they d o h ave t h e r i g ht to u s e it for the nex t two years.

T he to il et bl o ck had to il ets, shower s and septic tank s al l instal l ed. However, there was no ro o f o r do o r s and the wal l s o nl y reached sho ul der height prov iding no pr ivacy. Khamis was unabl e to charge peo pl e to use the to il ets, which wo ul d then prov ide him and the NGO with a smal l inco me. T he need fo r publ ic l avato r ies aro se due to the number peo pl e fro m the l o cal mar ket who ur inate in the drainage channel because o f a l ack o f v iabl e al ter natives, thus tur ning the channel into what was effectivel y an o pen sewer.

At i t s m a x i mu m, the s ite is arou nd 1 0m w id e a nd 6 0 m l o ng. Bu ild ing work has alread y b e e n sta r te d on an offic e, works hop and to i l e t b l o c k (cons isting of three s howers a nd to i l e ts ) . The office cu rrently has three c o ur s e s o f b loc kwork and a roof mad e from p l a sti c sh e e t ing.

Ca rava n s e rai : : F ie ld Trip / Viko kot oni Live Build

Al o ngside these buil t facil ities the site al so co ntains a pl ant nur ser y, co mpo st heap and a co mmunal tap.

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Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s B an k of Zan z ibar

Cree k Road Viko ko t o ni Primar y Scho o l

Viko ko t o ni Env iro nment al S o ciet y

Da ra j a n i Ma rk e t Viko ko t o ni Seco ndar y Scho o l

D ala - dala Bus Te r m in us

015

F i e l d Tr i p / Vi k ok ot on i L ive Bui l d : : Ca rava n s e ra i

Masterplan I n re sp o nse to the s ite c ond itions and the NGOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s re q u irements, we id entified two areas th a t re qu i re d p rioritis ing d u e to the need to p ro t e c t t h e m from the weather. This inc lu d ed a ne w c a no py for the office c ontinu ing into th e wo r k s h o p and finis hing the inc omp lete to i l e t b l o c k .

o f the site and then move o n to the to il et bl o ck if time al l ows. We al so co nsidered designing and buil ding the wo r k sho p as a mo dul e that can il l ustrate o ur design intentio n fo r the Viko ko to ni Env iro nment So ciety to repl icate in the future. However, it came to l ight in o ur fir st cl ient meeting o n site with Khamis, that the to il et has to be co mpl eted fir st as it can prov ide a so urce o f inco me fo r the NGO, which wil l enabl e them to fund the co nstr uctio n co st fo r the rest o f the site.

Wi th th e restric ted b u d g et and times cale, p ro g ra m m i ng is imp ortant. The initial i nte nti o n p r ior to the trip was to start the c o nstr u c ti o n work of the office and works hop s p a c e f i r st, as it s erves the p rimary fu nction

Ca rava n s e rai : : F ie ld Trip / Viko kot oni Live Build

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Pa s s i on Vi nes

F irst Stage Nurser y

Rec y c led Tiles

Br i d ge

Pro po sed Workshop

Dra i na ge Se we r

O ffice

Seco nd Stage Nurser y

Br i d ge

To ile t & Shower

Ma t ure Pl a n t s

S or t i n g of orga n i c wa s t e a nd s eed s for growi n g

Tra p p ed r ub b i s h col l ec t ed

Sc ho o l Fe nce Wall

017

F i e l d Tr i p / Vi k ok ot on i L ive Bui l d : : Ca rava n s e ra i

Designing on Site T h e wo r k s hop area was d es ig ned w ith a p r i m a r y m ang rove timb er stru c tu re and c a no p y ro o f, w ith a s ec ond ary s u p p ort of a ti m b e r A-f rame, d es ig ned to allow p as s ion v i ne s t o g row and ac t as a s u n- s c reening d ev i c e, a s shad ing is c ru cial in the Zanz ib ar c l i m a t e. A c a ntilevered b alc ony was d es ig ned to p rov i d e sep arate ac ces s for the office and wo r k s h o p, thu s allow ing a more effic ient u s e o f s p a c e w i th the red u c ed circu lation. The d e si g n a l so inc orp orateed a long workb ench th a t r uns the leng th of s p ace enab ling the NGO t o sta rt p rod u cing p rod u cts from the wa ste c o l l e cted . In ord er to ac tivate the o p e n s p a c e in b etween and c reate a more p l e a sa nt e nvironment for b oth the p lants a nd p e o p l e, the p rovis ions of trellis es and i nf o r m a l s e ating in the form of a b araz a were i nc o r p o ra te d . We felt that as Zanz ib ar has a

Ca rava n s e rai : : F ie ld Trip / Viko kot oni Live Build

r ich, so cial cul ture sur ro unding the baraza, that it was impo r tant to inco r po rate o ne into the design in o rder to create an el ement o f publ ic real m within the site. We al so co nsidered redesigning and expanding the br idges acro ss the o pen sto r mwater drainage channel so as to facil itate thel o gistics o f the input o f recycl ed mater ial sand the o utput o f upcycl ed pro ducts. However since the existing br idges are in acceptabl e co nditio n, it remained to be o ur l owest pr io r ity. It quick l y became apparent that Khamis was unabl e to under stand o ur pl anar and technical drawings. Instead to co mmunicate o ur tho ughts and designs we had to draw ever ything in per spective.

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F i e l d Tr i p / Vi k ok ot on i L ive Bui l d : : Ca rava n s e ra i

Building in the Vernacular

ITEM

PRI C E (TSH)

PRI C E (£)

PRI C E (TSH)

ITEM

Ro o f

PRI C E (£)

T imber

10 f t

9, 000

3. 23

La rge m a ngrove p ol e

14, 0 0 0

5. 02

10 f t

11, 000

3.94

Sm a l l m a ngrove p ol e

11,000

3.94

10 f t

12, 000

4. 3

Sm a l l m a ngrove p ol e

6,500

Squa re t i m b e r 1 7 ft

1 0, 20 0

2. 33

Fl a t t i m b e r 1 8ft

4 8, 0 0 0

1 7. 2

Pe r fora t ed

2, 5 0 0

0.9

S ol i d

1,000

0. 36

St rong

1,600

0. 57

16 , 0 0 0

5. 73

5, 0 0 0

1.79

Door Shee t

3 5, 000

12. 54

Fra me

11, 000

3.94

Co mple te Do o r

120, 000

C o ncrete Bl o ck s

St e e l Po st 10 f t pre - c u t

3 0, 000

10. 75

Cu t to size

45, 000

16 . 13

C ement Ba g of ce m e n t

Wove n Sc re e n Ma te ria l o nly

1, 000

Nail s

0. 3 6 1kg

Ca rava n s e rai : : F ie ld Trip / Viko kot oni Live Build

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F i e l d Tr i p / Vi k ok ot on i L ive Bui l d : : Ca rava n s e ra i

Materiality W at e r b o tt l e s

Mangrove is used co mmo nl y fo r co l umns in traditio nal ver nacul ar architectures o f Zanzibar.

As p l a sti c water b ottles c onstitu te a larg e p e rc e nta g e of the recycled waste c ollec ted by T h e Vi kokatoni E nvironment Soc iety, we f e l t i t ne c e ss ary to inc orp orate them into the b ui l d f o r t wo main reas ons : 1.

Tak ing inspiratio n this time fro m a co ntempo rar y industr ial sel f- buil d we had v isited o n the isl and (co co industr y), we used a ro bust detail to co nnect the bo tto ms o f the co l umns to the gro und. Our pro po sal fo r a steel ro d co nnecting j o in bro ught to gether practical co nsideratio ns, with the aesthetic requirement to del ineate the separate mater ial s with a cl ear shadow gap.

Up c yc l i ng materials fou nd on or near to s i te wa s se en to b e a s u stainab le s olu tion f o r a l t e r na tive constru ction p rac tic es in Z a nz i b a r. T he imp lementation of w hic h cou ld b e p a s s e d o n to the c ommu nity involved in th e h o p e t hat this mig ht b e continu ed in th e f u t ure, l ead ing to g reater environmental p ro t e c ti o n and lower constru ction costs.

R o o f S t r u ct u r e Bo th the cl ient and l o cal car penter were deter mined to raise a fo ur- po st str ucture, with the co l umns being sited o ff- gr id, eitherexter nal l y o r inter nal l y adj acent to the end wal l s. By pushing fo r a timber tr ussed system, that wo ul d be cantil evered fro m the existing back wal l s, we were abl e to successful l y argue fo r a ro o f str ucture which was al igned with the bl o ck wo r k .

2. Suc h e nv i ronmental conc ern is central to th e f o und ing c onc erns of the NG O and h e nc e t h e ex hib ition of u p cycled materials i n c o nstr u c tion cou ld act as a p romotional to o l w h i l st re - enforcing the clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ethos and i d e nt i t y.

Columns Ma ng rove wood was chos en for the fou r c o l um ns t o the front of the toilet b loc k d u e to i t s p e rc e ived aesthetical q u alities, lower p r i c e th a n steel, i t â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s streng th in c omp res s ion, re s i l i e nc e to rotting and s u n d amag e.

Ca rava n s e rai : : F ie ld Trip / Viko kot oni Live Build

T he chal l enges behind the pro curement o f the ro o f were great, in that we l acked power- to o l s, scaffo l ding, o r a subco ntracto r k nowl edgeabl e o f the techniques we were pro po sing.

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F i e l d Tr i p / Vi k ok ot on i L ive Bui l d : : Ca rava n s e ra i

Th e fi ni s he d t o i l e t s at Vikokoton i. S in ce c o m pl et i o n t he p l a nt i ng be h in d th e Baraz a h as g row n ext e ns i ve ly p rov idin g sgh ade for th e at t en d ant w ho c o l le c t s t o l l s for usin g t h e toil e t s. Th e m one y c re a t e d i s p ut back in to t h e NGO run by K h am is t o p ay f o r exp a nsion of h is e n v iron me n tal so ciet y.

T h i s t h e s i s examines how a formalis ed i nte r ve nt i o n c an imp ac t the informal s oc iety i n w h i c h i t op erates w ith a s p ecific foc u s on th e Ma r ke t plac e as a centre for c onnec tions a nd i nt e ra ctions. The p roject takes key i nf l u e nc e s f rom the historic al p rec ed ents of th e Is l a m i c Caravans erai and Roman Foru m a s p l a c e s f o r trad e, convers ation and p olitical d i ss e nt. T h e s i te i s the Soko Laâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Mwanakwerekwe a Ma r ke tp l a c e on the p eri-u rb an ed g e of Z a nz i b a r Tow n in the Neig hb ou rhood of Mwa naâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Kwe rekwe. It is alread y the p rincip al m a r ke t p l a c e on the is land and is vital for th e d ay to day lives of its inhab itants. It has h oweve r str u g g le to keep u p w ith the d emand p l a c e d u p o n it and is overflow ing its fring es h av i ng a ne g ative affect on the s u rrou nd ing s i te. C e ntra l t o the p rojec t is the interac tion b e t we e n t h e informal and formal commu nities th a t i nh a bi t the market enab ling b oth to

grow and fl o ur ish to suppo r t the eco no my o f Zanzibar. T he pro j ect abso r bs and over l ays pro grammes that incl ude Residential and travel al o ngside the existing mar ket to create a v ibrant co mmunity that can beco me the fo cus fo r activ ity within the existing Neighbo ur ho o d o f Mwanaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Kwerek we and tho ugh its ico nic and mo numental Architecture draw to ur ists fo r the co l o nial centre o f Sto ne Town. T he Architectural infl uences fo r the design take inspiratio n fro m the patter ns fo und within the Swahil i and Isl amic cul tures and info r ms the site pl an, pro po r tio ns, str uctures and o r namentatio n at ever y scal e. T hro ugh this I have tr ied to ro ute the design within the cul ture in which it exists and by thro ugh a careful manipul atio n o f the under l ying patter n make spaces that can be appro pr iated in different ways by different secto r s o f the mar ket co mmunity

iii.a Caravanserai Market

as a

C e n t r e f o r C o n n e ct i o n s & I n t e r act i o n s

S ta g e 6 : W e e k 6 2 - 8 3

Tutors : Pro fesso r Prue Chil es

D r. Cl aire Har per

Soko La Mwana’Kwerekwe T h e m a r ket in the neig hb ou rhood of Mwa na’Kwe rekwe is u nd erstood by many to b e th e p r i ncip al marketp lac e on the Is land , f o r m i ng a key linkag e b etween hoteliers and f a r m e r s a nd a vital s ou rce of c heap er g ood s to th e re si d e nt s of Zanz ib ar.

T his inter sectio n manifests itsel f in numero us ways. T he Mar ket itsel f l ies o n the per iur ban edge o f Zanzibar Town between the fo r mal ised master pl an l aid down in 198 2 and the info r mal ur ban sprawl that has o ccur red since. Within the mar ket info r mal and fo r mal trader s exist cheek- by-j owl , causing significant tensio ns between the secto r s.

O n a s o c i a l level, the market is a fas c inating i nte r s e c t i o n b etween the formal and informal s e c t o r s o f the Zanz ib ari E c onomy.

T hese two secto r s are heav il y dependent o n the o ther in attracting business into the mar ketpl ace, however, they each al so bl ame the o ther fo r their pro bl ems.

‘Informal marketplaces are rich embodiments of such Foucauldian heterotopias, both in the sense of “heterotopias of crisis” providing shelter for the excluded as well as in the sense of “deviant heterotopias” harbouring all kinds of non-conformity.’

Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

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F UONI Fuoni Dispensary Fuoni Police Post T AV E TA Police Station Taveta Mosque M OMBASA Mombasa Market Zanzibar Revenue Board Zanzibar Media Corporation M WA N A ’ K W E R E KW E Peoples Bank of Zanzibar Mwana’Kwerekwe Market Exim Bank NMB Bank Zanzibar Immigration Office Mwana’Kwerekwe Police Staton Mwana’Kwerekwe District Court

Noor El Muhammed Mosque

A MAANI Viwanda Vidogo-Vidogo Amaani Stadium Amaani Stadium Mosque Kituo Cha Afya Sebleni Hospital K WA L I M S H A Utapoa Dispensary Hospital ya Jimbo la Kwantipula N G’ AMBO Kariakoo Fairground Kijangwani Post Office Area Designated for CBD Raha Leo/ ZBC Building Karume Monument Michenzani Roundabout Zanzibar Electricity Corporation Bank of Tanzania Barclays Bank Blue Mosque S TONE T OWN/ D ARAJANI CCM Compound Mnazi Mmoja Hospital Darajani Market Zanzibar Municipal Council Fish Market Old Port Passenger Terminal House of Wonders Forodhani Gardens Old Fort K ISAUNI Airport House of Representatives

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A N e w T r a n s p o r t S t r at e g y Tow n

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for

Z a n z i ba r

Fol l owi ng on from my res ea rc h i nt o t ra ns p or t i n Za nzi b a r I s ough t t o c rea t e a t ra n s p or t s t ra t e gy for Za n zi b a r Town. Th a t woul d b e t t e r s e r ve b ot h t h e l oc a l p op ul a t i on a nd i n t e r na t i on a l vi s i t ors. By l i nk i n g t oge t h e r k e y t our i s t foc a l p oi nt s s uc h a s t h e Ai r p or t a n d St one Town a nd p oi nt s of l oc a l i nt e res t s uc h a s t h e p or t a n d p e r i -urb a n res i d e nt i a l a rea s a ne w i n fra s t r uc t ure i s c rea t ed wi t h i t â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ce nt re i n Mwa na â&#x20AC;&#x2122;Kwe re kwe a ne i ghb ourh ood t h a t a l rea dy ful fi l l s a vi t a l rol e for t h e c i t y a s s i t e of t h e l a rges t m a rk e t i n Za n zi b a r

Existing Market Conditions A h a nd drawn a p lan of the Marketp lac e as it ex i sts t o day. A s c an b e s een, the market has p us h e d o u t of the orig inal b u ild ing, w hich, d ue to a ne w b u ild ing in front, has b ecome l a rg e l y unu s ed . The market ex p ans ion has b e e n bo th formal and informal, w ith the f o r m a l m a r ket u nab le to keep u p w ith the d e m a nd f o r market stalls ; informal s olu tions m e t de m a nd and c reated a s ocially vib rant m a r ke t p l a c e.

Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

It has however created numero us issues, to the back o f the mar ket an info r mal dumping gro und has devel o ped aro und the po nd. T he waste fro m this mar ket is infecting the dr ink ing water o f the neighbo ur ho o d. Fur ther mo re, the tar paul ins that have been str ung up by the o ccupants o f the mar ket have sto pped air fl ow into and o ut o f the mar ket, mak ing co nditio ns that are ho t eno ugh to k il l animal s in the mar ket.

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Ma rk e t a s a Ce n t re for Connec t i on s a n d Int e ra c t i ons : : Ca rava ns e ra i

Spectrum of Informality T h e I n f o r ma l M a r k e t

T h e S e m i - f o r ma l M a r k e t

Ju f a r Mu sa is a Roasted Corn Seller in Mwa na’Kwe rekwe. The Natu re of his p ortab le ro a sti ng c a rt means he has no s et p itc h l e av i ng h i m free to navig ate the market at will.

Sal um Hamis Sal um is a semi-fo r mal vegetabl e sel l er. He pays to rent a fixed mar ket stal l within Mwana’Kwerek we Mar ket and transpo r ts his go o ds himsel f each mo r ning o n his mo to rcycl e.

He o nl y p ays a s mall amou nt of tax to s ell his c o r n i n t h e market and makes a g ood p rofit. T h e re i s ve r y little c onflic t b etween hims elf a nd t h e f o r mal market.

He pays quite a l o t fo r the r ight to sel l his go o ds in the mar ket and this has a l arge impact o n his pro fits. He bl ames the info r mal mar ket fo r his l ow pro fits and ho pes the new mar ket addresses this pro bl em. He wo ul d l ike a safe sto rage space where he co ul d l eave go o ds he do esn’t sel l over night. Fur ther mo re, he wants the mar ket to be cl eaner and co o l er.

He wa nt s th e new market to have ap p rop riate l eve l a c c e s s to enab le his c art to move freely a ro u nd th e marketp lace.

T h e S e m i - i n f o r ma l M a r k e t

T h e F o r ma l M a r k e t

K h a di g a Mu hamad is a s emi-informal fis h s e l l e r w h o ex ists on the p erip hery of the m a r ke t . He b u ys his at the fis h market in Ma l i ndi b e f o re s elling it in Mwana’ Kwerekwe.

Omar Juma is par t o f the Fo r mal Mar ket o f Mwana’Kwerek we sel l ing beans and r ice who l esal e to restaurants and ho tel s o n Unguj a.

He s e ts h i ms elf u p in the s ame p lace at the s i d e o f t h e ro ad each morning and s o has s ome re p e a t c u stom, however reg u lar c rac kd ow ns o n th e ‘i l l e g al’ informal market that have f o rc e d h i m t o relocate.

H is business is go o d tho ugh he think s it co ul d be improved by adding extra space and cl eaning it. Fo r his l o ckabl e unit, he pays a l o t however he stil l sees so me pro fit.

He f e e l s h e is b eing p ers ec u ted by the vend ors i n t h e m a r ket w ho p ay to b e there and wou ld l i ke a n a re a to b e s et as id e for informal ve ndo r s l i ke hims elf w ithin the new market.

Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

T he secur ity o f his unit and qual ity o f transpo r t l ink s are mo st impo r tant to him.

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Mwanaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Kwerekwe Market Study As p a r t o f the res earch into the marketp lac e, we c o m p l e t e d an interview stu d y, w ith the h e l p o f a p rofes s ional trans lator, w hilst on s i te.

Given the unstabl e po l itical co ntext in which the sur vey was co nducted, many o f the residents were suspicio us o f and therefo re rel uctant to speak to o utsider s.

We c o l l e c t e d d ata on the orig ins of food , trave l d i sta nc es of trad ers, vehicles u s ed and o p e ra t i ng hou rs of trad ers. However more i m p o r t a nt l y it g au g es how u s ers of the market f e l t a b o ut their trad ing environment and w h a t i ss u e s they p rioritis ed .

T he key findings o f the study fo und that many peo pl e were upset with the cl eanl iness o f the mar ketpl ace and al so the rel ativel y high taxatio n, resul ting in l ow l evel s o f pro fit.

Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

T he detail ed mar ket study can be fo und in the suppo r ting do cumentatio n and pho to graphs o f so me o f the inter v iewees seen over l eaf.

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Caravanserai T h e c a rava n s erai is an Inn for caravans, m e rc h a nts and their wares. Fou nd in cities a nd a l o ng rou tes in most Is lamic land s, c a rava ns e ra is and related institu tions are k now n by a wid e variety of terms, inc lu d ing d a r, f und uq, khan, manz il, q ays ariyya, r i b a t a nd wakala in A rab ic , b az ar, b az istan, c h a h a r- s u [ q] and tim in Pers ian and çars i, b e de ste n a nd han in Tu rkis h. Whatever the na m e, a c a ravans erai is u s u ally a s ecu re re c t a ng u l a r b u ild ing w ith an op en (or va ul te d ) c o urtyard s u rrou nd ed by stab les, l o d g i ng s, a n d storerooms. Trad itionally, m a s s i ve g a tes p rotected the entranc e, w h i c h c o nta ined p orters ’ rooms. A well o r f o u nt a i n stood in the cou rtyard , and s p a c e o r a s ep arate room was res erved as a m o s q u e. T h e re mig ht als o b e a b ath. Ru ral c a rava ns e ra is were often estab lis hed as p i o us f o u ndations to p rovid e travelers w ith a ne e d e d s e rvice. The revenu es from u rb an c a rava ns e ra is often s u p p orted a mad ras a or a m o s q u e.

under Byzantine r ul e. It usual l y deno ted a system o f buil dings l aid o ut in cl o ister s o f sho ps, wo r k ro o ms, wareho uses and frequentl y l iv ing quar ter s.

T h e u r ba n c aravans erai fu nctioned as a te r m i nu s f o r the jou rney, a d ep ot for g ood s a nd a p l a c e f or c ommercial trans ac tions. The te r m i no l o g y s how s that its orig ins lie in the c o m m e rc i a l architec tu re of the Hellenistic a nd Byz a nti ne world . The term q ays ariyya, f ro m th e Greek ‘ imp erial [market]’ , was u s ed i n Me d i t e r ra nean reg ions that had b een

Typical l y, two o r mo re sto reys o f maiso nettes were added above the caravanserai o n the l ower fl o o r s to prov ide rental ho using and increase revenues fo r the establ ishment. T he wakal a buil t by the Maml uk Sul tan Qansuh al - Ghawr i in 1504 –5 near the Azhar Mo sque is the best- preser ved exampl e.

Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

Ur ban caravanserais (usual l y k nown as Dar ) were buil t fro m ear l y times in such cities as Baghdad and C airo but the o l dest sur v iv ing exampl e is the Khan al - Mir j an in Baghdad, buil t in 13 59 by the Jal ayir id gover no r to suppo r t his adj acent funerar y co mpl ex. T he innovative transver se vaul ting cover ing the central hal l shows that the patro n co nsidered the caravanserai as impo r tant ar tistical l y as he did eco no mical l y. T he buil ding o f caravanserais with el abo rate deco ratio n, such as str iped ashl ar façades and r ichl y car ved window embrasures, al tho ugh they show l ittl e architectural evo l utio n. However, tho se buil t in the hear ts o f cities co ntained rows o f sho ps o n their street facades.

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Kiponda Caravanserai Zanzibar Bui l d i ng s c alled mu s afirkhanas were b u ilt by th e I nd i a n commu nity in Zanz ib ar as lod g ing f o r v i si ti ng memb ers of their c ommu nity or a s c h a r i t a ble hou s ing. A lthou g h als o c alled c a rava ns e ra is, the b u ild ing s d o not s eem to h ave a l s o had a commercial p u rp os e. The K i p o nda c a ravans erai was b u ilt in 1 89 2 for

widows o f the Ithnasher i sect, and l ater as ho using fo r Sto ne Town residents. T he buil ding has two sto reys and thir ty- six ro o ms facing a central inter nal co ur tyard. It was resto red in the 2000s by the Aga Khan H isto r ic C ities Pro gramme.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;C ha r i t a b l e Caravan se rai - E stabl ish e d and e nd owe d by Kh oj a E smal Ramj e e of C utch Sama G o g a f o r t he u se of on l y t h e Kh oj a C ast e t rave l l e r s i i n t he re i g n of H. H. T h e Sul t an Sayid A l l y Bi n Saye e d o f Z a n z ibar - De ce me be r 29 th 189 2 Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

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A place to relax

A place to play

A place to shop

Based on t he o n my re s e arch in C aravan se rai an d an u n d e r st a nd i ng o f w h at t h e n e igh bourh ood of Mwanaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Kwe re k we ne eds th is image de scribe s t h e pro g ra mme I w i ll t r y t o in corp orat e in to my proj ec t . T hi s i nc lud e s t he four l eve l s formal it y I id en t i f i e d f ro m ma r ke t an al ysis as we l l as affo rd ab l e ho us i ng a nd associat e d p rogramme s b a sed on t he t y p o lo g y o f t h e Caravan se rai Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

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A place to learn

A place to pray

A place to live

A place to travel

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Ma rk e t a s a Ce n t re for Connec t i on s a n d Int e ra c t i ons : : Ca rava ns e ra i

An ea rl y c o nc e p t d e s i g n t h at exp l ore s th e in it ial Arch it ec t ura l a nd ma t e r i al con ce p ts of my th e sis. Th e c o nc e p t s o f f o r m a lity an d in formal it y are ex presse d i n t he m a t e r i al it y of t h e A rch it e ct ure w it h t h e f o r m a l ho us e d i n th e scul p t ural con cre te st ru c t u re s a nd i nf o r m a l f ocusse d t owards th e tie d t im b er st r uc t ure s t ha t a re situat e d on top of t h e form al . Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

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Ma rk e t a s a Ce n t re for Connec t i on s a n d Int e ra c t i ons : : Ca rava ns e ra i

In/formal Details I n f o r ma l

F o r ma l

T h e i nve stig ation into tied timb er joints s e e n o p p o si te was ex p lored ways in w hic h an Arc h i t e c tu re c an b e d evolved into the hand s o f th e p e o p le that w ill b u ild . By creating a b a si c s e t o f d etails instru c tions for w hich c an b e di str i b uted a formal intervention, in this c a se t h e de tailing manu al, c an b e enhanced by th e i nf o r mal s oc iety w hich w ill u ltimately b ui l d , i nh a bit and ex p and the initial b u ilt i np ut.

T he mater ial ity fo r the Fo r mal buil t fo r m was initial l y intended to be co ncrete.

The i ns p i ration for this method of c o nstr u c ti o n c omes from the vernac u lar m e th o d f o r c onstru cting Sc affold ing and Swa h i l i Ho us e Roof c onstru ction.

Fur ther mo re, the ico nic co ncrete architecture o f revo l utio nar y Afr ica spo ke o f a new beginning and o ptimism that has since been l o st by the po pul atio n o f these co untr ies. T he o ppo r tunity to recapture this feel ing within the new Architecture.

Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

C o ncrete is useful fo r this type o f co nstr uctio n due to the abil ity to separate the sk il l ed engineer ing fro m the unsk il l ed manual l abo ur o f the l o cal wo r k fo rce. Fur ther mo re, the car pentr y sk il l s fro m the bo at buil ding co mmunities o n the isl and mean there is pl enty exper tise to co nstr uct the fo r mwo r k .

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Ma rk e t a s a Ce n t re for Connec t i on s a n d Int e ra c t i ons : : Ca rava ns e ra i

Islamic Ornamentation Isl a m i c d e coration, w hich tend s to avoid u si ng f i g u ra tive imag es, makes freq u ent u s e o f g e o m e tr i c p atterns w hic h have d evelop ed ove r t h e c e n tu ries.

may retreat into the backgro und aro und o ther mo tifs. T he co mpl exity and var iety o f patter ns used evo l ved fro m simpl e star s and l o zenges in the ninth centur y, thro ugh a var iety o f 6 to 13 - po int patter ns by the 13 th centur y, and final l y to incl ude al so 14 - and 16 - po int star s in the sixteenth centur y.

T h e g e o m e tric d es ig ns in Is lamic art are often b ui l t o n c o mb inations of rep eated s q u ares a nd c i rc l e s, w hic h may b e overlap p ed and i nte r l a c e d, as can arab es q u es (w ith w hich th e y a re o f t en comb ined ), to form intricate a nd c o m p l ex p atterns, inc lu d ing a w id e va r i e t y o f t e s s ellations. Thes e may c onstitu te th e e nti re dec oration, may form a framework f o r f l o ra l o r c allig rap hic emb ellis hments, or

Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

Geo metr ic patter ns o ccur in a var iety o f fo r ms in Isl amic ar t and architecture incl uding k il im car pets, Per sian gir ih and Mo ro ccan zel l ige til ewo r k , muqar nas deco rative vaul ting, j al i pierced sto ne screens, ceramics, l eather, stained gl ass, wo o dwo r k , and metal wo r k .

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G C. 1 1

GA. 2

1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 1 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3 / 4 4 7 / 5 / 6 / 7

Proposition 1.

Proposition 10.

Th e D e c o ra t i ve A r t s a r ise from, an d sh oul d p rop e rl y be a t t en da nt up o n, A rc hi t ect ure.

Ha r m o ny o f f o r m co ns i sts i n the pro per b a la nci ng, a nd co ntra st o f, the stra i ght, the i ncli ned, a nd the cur ved.

Proposition 2.

Proposition 11.

Arc h it e c t ure i s t he mat e rial exp re ssion of th e wan t s, t h e fa c ul t i e s, a nd t he se n time n t s, of t h e age in w h ich it is c re a t e d . St y l e i n A rch ite ct ure is th e p e cul iar form t h at exp re s s i o n t a ke s un de r th e in fl ue n ce of cl imat e an d m at eri a ls a t c o m ma nd .

In s ur f a ce deco ra ti o n a ll li nes s ho uld f low o ut o f a pa rent stem . Ever y o r na m ent, however di sta nt, s ho uld b e tra ced to i ts b ra nch a nd ro o t . Or i enta l pra cti ce.

Proposition 3.

All juncti o ns o f cur ved li nes wi th cur ved o r o f cur ved li nes wi th stra i ght s ho uld b e ta ngenti a l to ea ch o ther. Na tura l law. Or i enta l pra cti ce i n a cco rda nce wi th i t .

Proposition 1 2.

As Arc hi t e c t ure, s o a l l works of t h e D e corative A rts, sh o u l d p o s s e s s f i t ne s s, p rop ortion , h armon y, th e re sul t of a l l w hi c h i s re p o s e.

Proposition 13.

Proposition 4.

F lower s o r o ther na tura l o b jects s ho uld no t b e us ed a s o r na m ents, b ut co nventi o na l repres enta ti o ns f o unded upo n them s uf f i ci ently s uggesti ve to co nvey the i ntended i m a ge to the m i nd, wi tho ut destroyi ng the uni ty o f the o b ject they a re em ployed to deco ra te. Uni ver s a lly o b eyed i n the b est per i o ds o f Ar t, eq ua lly vi o la ted when Ar t decli nes.

Tru e b e a ut y re s ult s f rom t h at re p ose w h ich t h e min d feel s w he n t he e ye, t he in t e l l e ct, an d t h e affe ct ion s, are sat isfi e d f ro m t he a bs e n ce of an y wan t .

Proposition 5.

Proposition 14.

C o n st r uc t i o n s ho ul d b e de corate d. De coration sh oul d n ever be p ur p o s e ly c o nst ruct e d. T h at wh ich is be autiful is t ru e; t ha t w hi c h i s t r ue must be be aut iful .

Co lo ur i s us ed to a s s i st i n the develo pm ent o f f o r m , a nd to di sti ngui s h o b jects o r pa r ts o f o b jects o ne f ro m a no ther.

Proposition 6.

Proposition 15.

B ea u t y o f f o r m i s p ro duce d by l in e s in ge n e ral growin g o u t o ne f ro m t he o t he r in gradual un dul ation s: t h e re are n o exc re s c e nc e s ; no t hi ng coul d be re move d an d l e ave t h e d esign e qua ll y g o o d o r be tte r.

Co lo ur i s us ed to a s s i st li ght a nd s ha de, helpi ng the undula ti o ns o f f o r m by the pro per di str i b uti o n o f the s evera l co lo ur s.

P r o p o s i t i o n 7.

Proposition 16.

Th e g e ne ra l f o r ms be i n g first care d D e coration of th e su rfa c e. f o r, t he s e s ho u l d be subdiv ide d an d orn ame n t e d by gene ra l l i ne s ; t he i nte rst ice s may t h e n be fil l e d in w it h o rn am e nt , w hi c h m ay a gain be subdiv ide d an d e n rich e d fo r cl o s e r i ns p e c t i o n.

Thes e o b jects a re b est a tta i ned by the us e o f the pr i m a r y co lo ur s o n s m a ll s ur f a ces a nd i n s m a ll q ua nti ti es, b a la nced a nd s uppo r ted by the s eco nda r y a nd ter ti a r y co lo ur s o n the la rger m a s s es.

P r o p o s i t i o n 1 7.

Proposition 8. Al l o r na me nt con st r uc t i o n.

s ho uld

base d

up on

The pr i m a r y co lo ur s s ho uld b e us ed o n the upper po r ti o ns o f o b jects, the s eco nda r y a nd ter ti a r y o n the lower.

ge ome t rical

Proposition 18.

Proposition 9.

The pr i m a r i es o f eq ua l i ntens i ti es wi ll ha r m o ni s e o r neutra li s e ea ch o ther, the pro po r ti o ns o f 3 yellow, 5 red, a nd co lo ur i ng i s 8 b lue,â&#x20AC;&#x201D;i ntegra lly a s 16.

As in eve r y p e r f e c t wo r k of A rch ite ct ure a t rue p rop ort ion w il l be f o und t o re i g n be t we e n al l th e me mbe rs wh ich com po s e i t , s o t hro ugh out th e D e corative A rts eve ry a ssem bl a g e o f f o r m s sh oul d be arran ge d on ce rtain d efin i t e p ro p o r t i o ns ; t h e wh ol e an d e ach p articul ar m em be r s ho uld be a mul tip l e of some simp l e un it . T h ose pro por t i o ns w i ll b e t h e most be autiful wh ich it w il l be m ost d i f f i c ult f o r t he eye t o de t e ct . T h us th e p rop ortion o f a d o ubl e s qua re, o r 4 t o 8, w il l be l e ss be autiful t h an th e m ore s ubt le ra t i o o f 5 t o 8 ; 3 t o 6, t h an 3 to 7 ; 3 to 9, th an 3 t o 8 ; 3 t o 4, t ha n 3 t o 5.

The s eco nda r i es i n the pro po r ti o ns o f 8 o ra nge, 1 3 pur ple, 1 1 green,â&#x20AC;&#x201D;i ntegra lly a s 32. The ter ti a r i es, ci tr i ne (co m po und o f o ra nge a nd green), 19; r us s et (o ra nge a nd pur ple), 2 1 ; o li ve ( green a nd pur ple), 2 4 ; â&#x20AC;&#x201D;i ntegra lly a s 64. It f o llows tha t, ea ch s eco nda r y b ei ng a co m po und o f two pr i m a r i es i s neutra li s ed by the rem a i ni ng pr i m a r y i n the s a m e pro po r ti o ns : thus, 8 o f o ra nge by 8 o f b lue, 11 o f green by f i ve o f red, 13 o f pur ple by 3 o f yellow. Ea ch ter ti a r y b ei ng a b i na r y co m po und o f two s eco nda r i es, i s neutra li s ed by the rem a i ni ng s eco nda r y : a s, 2 4 o f o li ve by 8 o f o ra nge, 2 1 o f r us s et by 11 o f green, 19 o f ci tr i ne by 13 o f pur ple. 049

Ma rk e t a s a Ce n t re for Connec t i on s a n d Int e ra c t i ons : : Ca rava ns e ra i

Patterns of Zanzibar Town T h e i m a g e s on the rig ht of the p ag e are an exa m p l e o f some of the p atterns fou nd arou nd Z a nz i b a r Tow n. The b u ild ing s rang e from the p a l a c e o f th e Su ltan of Zanz ib ar in Stone Tow n to h o us e s i n Ng â&#x20AC;&#x2122;amb o and the 1 9 60s Bru talis m

Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

o f the Michenzani Bl o ck s. Fur ther mo re, these are merel y a smal l sampl e o f the patter ns fo und. Patter ning ado r ns al l aspects o f the buil t env iro nment in Zanzibar, fro m bal co nies to AC unit secur ity cages.

050

G C. 1

G C. 2

G C. 3

GC. 4

GC. 5

GC. 6

G C. 7

G C. 8

G C. 9

G C. 1 0

G C. 1 1

GA. 2

1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 1 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3 / 4 4 7 / 5 / 6 / 7

B e i t - e l - S ah e l ( E x t e r n a l )

Old Dispensa ry

B e i t - e l - S ah e l ( I n t e r n a l )

House

N g â&#x20AC;&#x2122; amb o

St on e Tow n

M n az i M m o j a H o s p i ta l 051

Ma rk e t a s a Ce n t re for Connec t i on s a n d Int e ra c t i ons : : Ca rava ns e ra i

A r ch e m e d i a n T e s s e l l at i o n The pa tter n b egi ns thro ugh the crea ti o n o f a n Archi m edi a n Tes s ella ti ng pa tter n o f Octa go ns a nd Sq ua res i n a 1:1 ra ti o. All ver i tces a re i denti ca l a nd us e the s a m e co m b i na ti o n a nd a r ra ngem ent o f f a ces a t ea ch ver tex .

Thi s wi ll f o r m the b a s i s o f the f i na l Pa tter n tha t I wi ll crea te i s pi red by evi dent the love o f a do r nm ent o f the Swa hi li Culture a nd the Ma tem a ti ca l r i go r o f Ara b i c pa tter na ti o n. Thi s wi ll provi de a n ur b a n gra i n a nd pro po r ti o n to m y des i gn tha t draws o n thes e two cultures b ut wi th a n i ntr i ns i ca lly co ntem po ra r y twi st .

01 01

A tt r act o r D e f i n i t i o n To add vari at i o n t o t h e pat t e rn an at t rac t o r po i n t , s e e n i n t h e de f i n i t i o n o n t h e ri g h t , i s u s e d t o alt e r t h e â&#x20AC;&#x153;at t ac k an g le â&#x20AC;? o f t h e c o n st ru c t i o n li n e s u s e d i n Han k i n s Me t h o d. T h i s c re at e s a g radi e n t ac ro s s t h e s h ape w h e re by all c re at e d s h ape s are u n i q u e. T h e pat t e rn c re at e d i s st i ll re c o g i s ab ly i s lami c h oweve r deve lo ps t h e wo rk o f Is lami c mat h e mat i c i an s i n ways t h at wo u ld h ave b e e n i mpo s s i b le at t h e t i me t h e o ri g i n al pat t e rn s we re c re at e d

04 Ca rava n s era i : : Ma rket a s a Cen tre fo r Co n n ec tio n s a n d In tera c tio n s

052

GC. 1

GC. 2

GC. 3

GC. 4

GC. 5

GC. 6

GC. 7

GC. 8

GC. 9

GC. 1 0

GC. 1 1

GA . 2

1 / 2 / 3

1 2 1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3

1 6 7 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7

H a n k i n s M e th o d Develo ped i n the 30s, Ha nki ns crea ted pa tter ns us i ng a â&#x20AC;&#x153;po lygo n i n Co nta ctâ&#x20AC;? m etho d sta ti ng tha t ;

Internal Geometries Fu rt h e r c o mplex i t y i s c re at e d by li n k i n g t h e c re at i n g mo re g e o me t ri e s w i t h i n t h e st ar s h ape c re at e d t h ro u g h Han k i n s Me t h o d. T h e e i g h t s i de d st ar c re at e d i n t h e c e n t re i s t ypi c al o f man y Arab i c pat t e rn s an d ac t s as t h e mo t i f s c e n t ral po i n t . Wh i lst f u rt h e r c o mplex i t y c an adde d by re pe at i n g t h e s e pro c e s s I c h o s e t o st o p at t h i s po i n t t o preve n t u n e c e s s ary c o mplex i t y preve n t i n g an Arc h i t e c t u ral de s i g n

â&#x20AC;ŚIn making such patterns, it is first necessar y to cover the surface to be decorated with a network consisting of polygons in contact. Then through the center of each side of each polygon two lines are drawn. These lines cross each other like a letter X and are continued till they meet other lines of similar origin. This completes the pattern. The original construction lines are then delet ed and the pattern remains without any visible clue to the method by which it was drawn...

053

Ma rk e t a s a Ce n t re for Connec t i on s a n d Int e ra c t i ons : : Ca rava ns e ra i

02 03

Existing Market T h e ex i sti ng market is a vib rant and exc iting s p a c e h owever from my investig ations Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve f o u nd th a t it is not s u itab le for its c u rrent u se.

1. 3.

Info r mal Mar ket Spread

4. Po l l uted Po nd

T h e l e f t over waste thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s infecting the d r i nk i ng water, stale stag nant air, traffic re s u l t i ng f ro m the b u ild u p of Dala Dalas and p o o r c o nstr u ction of the informal market c an a l l be e a si l y ad d res s ed throu g h a tab u lar ras a a p p ro a c h th a t w ip es the s late c lean and allow s th e m a r ke t to restart its elf.

Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

Existing Dal a Dal a Sto p

2. Existing Mar ket Hal l

054

G C. 1

G C. 2

G C. 3

GC. 4

GC. 5

GC. 6

G C. 7

G C. 8

G C. 9

G C. 1 0

G C. 1 1

GA. 2

1 3 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3 1 2

1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 7 2 6 / 7

New Urban Grain To g i ve th e s ite an u rb an g rain that s p eaks m o re o f th e Swahili cu ltu re and the hap haz ard a p p ro a c h taken by the local p op u lation the p a t t e r n I develop ed is overlain onto the s ite w i th t h e s c a ling s et to s ite s p ec ific factors.

New Swahil i patter n over l aid o n the site

T h i s w i l l m ake the new d evelop relevant to its l o c a l c o ntext.

055

Ma rk e t a s a Ce n t re for Connec t i on s a n d Int e ra c t i ons : : Ca rava ns e ra i

Existing Market T h e f i r st move was to c u t acces s rou tes th ro ug h th e p attern to enab le movement th ro ug h t h e s ite. This is p rimarily focu s ed on th e a re a w h ere the p attern b reaks d ow n at the c e nt re o f th e s ite.

Pr imar y Access

2. Seco ndar y Access 3.

Ter tiar y Access

T h e s e c o ndary acces s rou te is intend ed to f o r m a c i rcu lar rou te for Dala Dalas. This re m ove s th e m from the road red u c ing the tra f f i c c o ng estion and moving p eop le into the c e nt re o f th e Market. T h e f i na l ac ces s rou te g ives a p ed estrian ro u t e i nt o t he hou s ing b ehind the market and th e ne w ur b a n p ark that is created arou nd the c l e a ne d u p p ond . Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

056

G C. 1

G C. 2

G C. 3

GC. 4

GC. 5

GC. 6

G C. 7

G C. 8

G C. 9

G C. 1 0

G C. 1 1

GA. 2

1 3 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3 1 2

1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 7 2 6 / 7

05 03 04 02

Formal Edge Re c a l l i ng the typ olog y of the Caravans erai s p e c i f i c a l l y thos e that d evelop ed in the u rb an e nv i ro nm e n t a formal ed g e is ad d ed to the s i te. T h i s t h ree storey b u ild ing ac ts as a home f o r th e f o r mal market b u t als o the informal l i v i ng.

Fo r mal edge intro duced to publ ic aspects o f mar ket

2. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Fo r mal â&#x20AC;&#x2122; sho p units o ccupy the gro und fl o o r 3.

Secure sto rage space fo r fo r mal units above

4. Ho stel units prov ide fo reign travel l er s

It a l s o c re a tes the op p ortu nity for a new iconic a rc h i te c t ure that w ill g ive the new Market a s ym b o l i sm that reflects its imp ortance w ithin th e Z a nzi b a r i Soc iety.

acco mmo datio n

5. L o o se fit ro o f str ucture al l ows fo r ventil atio n

0 57

Ma rk e t a s a Ce n t re for Connec t i on s a n d Int e ra c t i ons : : Ca rava ns e ra i

03 02

Existing Market R a t h e r th a n leave the c entral c ou rtyard s p a c e o p e n as is typ ic al for Caravans erai the I c re a te d a s emi-formal Market-hall. The p r i m a r y i nt e ntion for this is to enc los e and s h a de s p a c e to b e u s ed by the les s formal a s p e c ts o f the market.

1. 3.

Ro o f sur face used to capture water which is then l ater used to cl ean the mar ket

4. Wind sco o ps capture fresh air and exhaust war m dir ty air

Ad di ti o na l l y this stru ctu res c an b e u s ed to c o l l e c t ra i n water and cap tu re/ex hau st air to a nd f ro m t h e market s p ac e.

Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

Semi-fo r mal Mar ket hal l

2. Mar ket stal l ar ranged under the ro o f cano py

058

G C. 1

G C. 2

G C. 3

GC. 4

GC. 5

GC. 6

G C. 7

G C. 8

G C. 9

G C. 1 0

G C. 1 1

GA. 2

1 2 1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3 1 2

1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 7 2 6 / 7

04 03 02

Formal Edge S i m i l a r to the Caravans erai we vis ited in K i p o nda a n afford ab le hou s ing typ olog y is i ntro d uc e d to the s ite.

T h e m a r ke t s u rvey fou nd that many trad ers h a d t o travel miles to work each d ay on Dala Da l a s th a t o n a loc al wag e are u nafford ab le

C iv ic Tower s ar ranged aro und access ro utes

2. L ower fl o o r s fo r info r mal mar ket and civ ic pro grammes C ircul atio n is o n the o utside o f the buil ding o ffer ing shade to habitabl e spaces at the centre

4. Upper fl o o r s are used as affo rdabl e Residential Units giv ing cheap ho using in an area that is rel ativel y affl uent 5. To p fl o o r ro o f to p garden fo r tower residents

059

Ma rk e t a s a Ce n t re for Connec t i on s a n d Int e ra c t i ons : : Ca rava ns e ra i

Fo rmal Edge

Semi-Fo rmal Market Hal l (Veget abl e)

Resident ial Tower

Shared Surface space

Semi-Fo rmal Market Hal l (Ho usewares)

Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

060

G C. 1

G C. 2

G C. 3

GC. 4

GC. 5

GC. 6

G C. 7

G C. 8

G C. 9

G C. 1 0

G C. 1 1

GA. 2

1 3 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3 1 2

1 3 1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3

1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 7 2 6 / 7

Patterns

Semi-Fo rmal Market Hal l (Meat / Fish)

D a la - Da l a Bu s Sta ti o n

Ne w Park Space

Drainage Po nd

The s i te m a p s hows how the gra da ti o n o f the pa tter n a cro s s the s i te i s ref lected i n the Ma r kets Archi tecture. As the pa tter n s ca les towa rds the centre o f the s i te i t degra des i nto the ur b a n pa r k tha t s ur ro unds the ex i sti ng po nd o n s i te. The a cces s ro a d o n the s i te i s us ed to di vi de the di f f erent a rea s o f the m a r ket b etween the vegeta b le, ho us ewa res a nd m ea t/f i s h m a r kets.

061

of Trade

Ma rk e t a s a Ce n t re for Connec t i on s a n d Int e ra c t i ons : : Ca rava ns e ra i

Vi e w

o f th e ma r k e t f r o m th e ma i n road

Th e forma l e d g e i s t he first p art of th e marke t t h a t can b e s e e n o n a p p roach from th e main road. It â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s v it al t ha t a t t hi s p o i nt t h e A rch ite ct ure of th e m a rket c o nve y s i t s i m p o r tan ce w it h in socie ty. Fu rt h erm o re t hi s p o i nt sh ows t h e l imits of t h e ph y sic a l m a r ke t p la c e h oweve r, it s in fl ue n ce ex t en d s f a r be yo nd t his p oin t . T h e road an d pavem en t s a ro und t he marke t wil l be ap p rop riat e d by in fo r ma l ve nd o r s o f t en se l l in g off bl an ke t s on t h e ground t o p a s s e r s by.

062

G C. 1 _ 1/ 2/ 3 G C. 2_1/ 2/ 3 GC. 3_1/ 2/ 3 G C. 4_ 1/2/3 G C. 5_ 1/2/3 G C. 6_ 1/2/3 GC. 7 _ 1 / 2/ 3 GC. 8_ 1 / 2/ 3 GC. 9 _ 1 / 2/ 3 GC. 1 0 _ 1 / 2/ 3 GC. 1 1 _ 1 / 2/ 3

063

064

G C. 1 _ 1/ 2/ 3 G C. 2_1/ 2/ 3 GC. 3_1/ 2/ 3 G C. 4_ 1/2/3 G C. 5_ 1/2/3 G C. 6_ 1/2/3 GC. 7 _ 1 / 2/ 3 GC. 8_ 1 / 2/ 3 GC. 9 _ 1 / 2/ 3 GC. 1 0 _ 1 / 2/ 3 GC. 1 1 _ 1 / 2/ 3

The i m a ge s hows the edge typo lo gy o f the m a r ket . Thi s typo lo gy reca lls the des i gn co ncept o f the def ens i ve ca ra ns era i whi ch wo uld la ter develo p i nto la rge per m ea b le ci ty b a s ed m a r kets. The gro und f lo o r i s gi ven over to â&#x20AC;&#x153;f o r m a lâ&#x20AC;? s ho ps whi ch have a dedi ca ted sto ra ge s pa ce o n the level a b ove. Ab ove tha t i s tem po ra r y ho stel type ho us i ng to a cco m m o da te vi s i ti ng tra der s. The pla n s hown co m b i nes two o f the 13750 m m m o dules i nto a s i ngle ho stel uni t .

065

Ro o m s o f va r yi ng s i zes ca n b e rented i ndi vi dua lly o r i n co m b i na ti o n o n lo ng o r s ho r t ter m lets. Thi s crea tes a n i nf o r m a l tra ns i ent co m m uni ty tha t s pea ks o f the ea r ly f o r m s Ca rava ns era i tha t provi ded s helter to traveller s

In/Formal Edge T h e g ro und floor of the p erimeter of the m a r ke t i s i n tend ed for the Formal Market. T h i s t y p e o f s hop is one w hich cannot eas ily c l o se dow n at the end of eac h d ay or w hic h i s p ro f i t a bl e enou g h that a p ermanent s hop w i th t h e b e nefits this entails is worth the i nve stm e nt. Typ ically this wou ld inclu d e Bui l d e r s m e rc hants, Banks tec hnolog y s hop s a nd w h o l e s alers.

T h e f o r m a l market has acces s to storag e s p ac e o n t h e f i r st floor. G ood s c an b e lifted d irec tly o f f th e stre et w ith throu g h the u s e of a hoist m o u nt e d to the front of the b u ild ing. Acces s i s v i a a sta i rcas e at the b ack of the b u ild ing.

Fo r mal Secure Mar ket Units

2. 1 st Fl o o r sto rage space fo r mal sho ps bel ow 3.

Access at the rear v ia a l ightweight bambo o staircase

4. Ho ists l ift heav y go o ds such as grain o r buil ding mater ial s o nto the sto rage l evel 5. Wal l s reinfo rce with co ncrete to suppo r t ho ist 6. Info r mal l iv ing space o n the 2 nd Fl o o r Infil l Panel s using patter ned br ick wo r k

8. Ro o f Str ucture - Bambo o 9. Ro o f Finish - Steel

O n t h e t h i rd floor u nits are intend ed to b e u se d a s a n i nformal Hostel. Thes e rooms can b e re nt e d i nd ivid u ally or collec tively for long o r s h o r t t e r m lets.

Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

066

G C. 1

G C. 2

G C. 3

GC. 4

GC. 5

GC. 6

G C. 7

G C. 8

G C. 9

G C. 1 0

G C. 1 1

GA. 2

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The i m a ge s hows the edge typo lo gy o f the m a r ket . Thi s typo lgy reca lls the des i gn co ncept o f the def ens i ve ca ra ns era i whi ch wo uld la ter develo p i nto la rge per m ea b le ci ty b a s ed m a r kets. The gro und f lo o r i s gi ven over to â&#x20AC;&#x153;f o r m a lâ&#x20AC;? s ho ps whi ch have a dedi ca ted sto ra ge s pa ce o n the level a b ove. Ab ove tha t i s tem po ra r y ho stel type ho us i ng to a cco m o da te vi s i ti ng tra der s. The pla n s hown co m b i nes two o f the 13750 m m m o dules i nto a s i ngle ho stel uni t . Ro o m s o f va r yi ng s i zes ca n b e rented i ndi vi dua lly o r i n co m b i na ti o n o n lo ng o r s ho r t ter m lets. Thi s crea tes a n i nf o r m a l tra ns i ent co m m uni ty tha t s pea ks o f the ea r ly f o r m s Ca rava ns era i tha t provi ded s helter to traveller s 0 69

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In/Formal Market Hall R a t h e r th a n leave the c entral c ou rtyard s p a c e o p e n as is typ ic al for Caravans erai the I c re a te d a s emi-formal Market-hall. The p r i m a r y i nt e ntion for this is to enc los e and s h a de s p a c e to b e u s ed by the les s formal a s p e c ts o f the market.

1. 3.

Ro o f sur face used to capture water which is then l ater used to cl ean the mar ket

4. Wind sco o ps capture fresh air and exhaust war m dir ty air

Ad di ti o na l l y this stru ctu res c an b e u s ed to c o l l e c t ra i n water and cap tu re/ex hau st air to a nd f ro m t h e market s p ac e.

Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

Semi-fo r mal Mar ket hal l

2. Mar ket stal l ar ranged under the ro o f cano py

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Over the vegeta b le a nd m ea t m a r ket the ca no py i s us ed to co llect ra i nwa ter tha t ca n b e us ed to clea n down the m a r ket sta lls a nd gro und f lo o r. 073

Ma rk e t a s a Ce n t re for Connec t i on s a n d Int e ra c t i ons : : Ca rava ns e ra i

In/Formal Street T h e a c c e s s road is vital for the movement o f p e o p l e and g ood s into the heart of the Ma r ke t. W hilst having a vital role in the f o r m a l m a r ket it w ill als o b e the foc u s for the i nf o r m a l m arket w ith the s emi-informal and i nf o r m a l trad ers ap p rop riating this s p ac e.

however be al l owed al l day to br ing peo pl e into the centre o f the mar ket. T his wil l hel p to sto p the buil d up o f info r mal trader s in fro nt o f the mar ket that we see now. To prov ide shade and hel p keep this par t o f the mar ket co o l pl ants are grown over the str uctures. T his al so al l ows fumes and exhaust to escape o ut o f the mar ket space.

Tra f f i c o n this b it of road w ill b e tig htly c o nt ro l l e d w ith flat b ed tru cks allowed in th e m o r ni ng and afternoon. Dala Dalas w ill

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In/Formal Living T h e towe r s on the s ite are the foc u s for any c i v i c p ro g ra mmes that are req u ired . The g ro und f l o o r in left for the informal s ec tors w i th s o m e semi-formal storag e s p ac e ab ove. Up p e r a re us ed for fixed Res id ential. Thes e f l a ts a re d e sig ned to b e ab le to ac commod ate a f a m i l y o f 6, the averag e family s iz e in Z a nz i b a r Tow n is 5.2) however they are d e si g ne d to allow for one room to b e rented to g e ne ra t e ex tra money for the family.

2. C entral co r r ido r al l ows air to move thro ugh the unit. 3.

5. Twin bedro o m 6. Spare Bedro o m l o cated at the fro nt o f unit can be rented if no t being used by famil y. T his generates extra inco me fo r famil y and al l ows l ow inco me residents to in the mar ket.

the the the l ive

L arge per imeter bal co ny repl aces the typical co ur tyard o f the Swahil i cul ture. Al l ro o ms o pen o ut o nto the bal co ny al mo st do ubl ing the l iv ing space o f the fl at.

8. Kitchen o pens o ut o nto the bal co ny due to the desire o f the Swahil i cul ture to co o k o utdo o r s.

9. Vo id space al l ows residents to l o o k down o nto circul atio n bel ow. T his recal l s the baraza o f the Swahil i C ul ture and prov ides passive sur veil l ance to the tower.

L iv ing/Dining Space

4. Master bedro o m

Exter nal circul atio n gives access to fl ats o n each fl o o r.

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goods into the heart of the Market. Whilst he focus for the informal marke with the propriating this space.

The towers on the site are the focus for any civic programmes that are required. The ground floor in leftfor the informal sectors with some semi-formal storage space above. Upper are used for fixed Residential. These flats are designed to be able to accomodate a family of 6, the average family size in Zanzibar Town is 5.2) however they are designed to allow for one room to be rented to generate extra money for the family.

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05. C LOTHING M ARKET

This part of the market is dedicated to the sale of textiles and other household wares. Therefore the

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roof is made of woven reeds that allow air in without the direct sunlight.

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The patterns that are woven in Zanzibar are deeply embedded within the culture. This finsih therefore provides unskilled employment to the local populace.

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Th e b ric k bui lt t owe r s a re h ome to th e formal ise d c ivic pro g ra m me s. T he g roun d fl oor is l e ft fre e for in fo r ma l t ra d e r s. A bove t h e m is two fl oors of progra mma b l e s p a c e w hich can be ap p rop riat e d as t h e re s i d e nt s s e e f i t . Typ ical th e se woul d be Mosq u es, Sc ho o l s, Ma d rasas an d common me e tin g h a l l s. A bove t hi s a nd above t h e can op y are resid en ti a l f l a t s c a p a bl e o f h ousin g 6 p e op l e Ca rava n s e rai : : Marke t a s a Ce ntre for Connect ions and Int eract ions

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Ca rava n s era i : : Ma rket a s a Cen tre fo r Co n n ec tio n s a n d In tera c tio n s

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Ma rk e t a s a Ce n t re for Connec t i on s a n d Int e ra c t i ons : : Ca rava ns e ra i

T he Fo l low i ng re p ort was comp l e t e d as p art of a St a g e 6 A rc h it e ct ure & Con st ruct ion modul e. We we re a s ke d to con side r wh at woul d h ap p e n i f o ur p ro je c t s be came a re al fe e p ayin g p roj e ct how wo ul d I as an â&#x20AC;&#x153;A rch ite ct ure Firmâ&#x20AC;? man age t he p ro je c t a nd wh at issue s woul d arise. Wi t hi n t he e ssay I exp l ore d th e me s of G l o ba li s a t i o n an d Col on ial ism aroun d Brit ish ba s e d f i r ms op e rat in g in fore ign coun t rie s w it h d i f f e re nt a t t i tude s to sit e safe t y an d corrup t ion . Fur t he r mo re it was an op p ortun it y to con side r how t he p ro je ct coul d be re al ise d w it h re gards

to pha s i ng the wo r k i n o rder to m a i nta i n the ex i sti ng m a r ket o n s i te. F i na lly wi th rega rds to the cli ent a nd f undi ng I s uggest the cli ent a s Muha m m a d Jum a o ur co nta ct wi th the Revo luti o na r y Gover nm ent o f Za nzi b a r a nd f undi ng co m i ng f ro m the Aga Ka hn Fo unda ti o n. The f o unda ti o n ha s a hi sto r y o f f undi ng pro jects wi thi n the develo pi ng Is la m i c wo r ld. As a n i co ni c pro ject f o r Za nzi b a r thi s i s s o m ethi ng the Aga Kha n m i ght b e i nterested i n.

iii.b Architecture & Construction Process & M a nagement R eport

S ta g e 5 : W e e k 2 8

Tutors : D r. Jo hn Kamara

Pe t er Churchil l

P roject Description

Gant Chart R eflection

My thesis project of 2016 is set on the island on Unguja in the Archipelago of Zanzibar, a semiautonomous part of Tanzania in East Africa. The capital is Zanzibar Town, located on the island of Unguja. Its historic centre is Stone Town, which is a World Heritage Site.

Having returned to my Gant Chart I am currently about two weeks behind schedule. This is due to my site strategies development taking longer than expected and a weeks worth of abortive work before the mid-term reviews.

P rofessional P r actice /M anagement

The project will seek to harness and heighten the vibrancy of the Zanzibar main Market with a new multipurpose market building, providing a home to both the informal and formal marketplaces upon which Zanzibar depends. This will be combined with housing and other new facilities for exchange and trade.

A rchitect A ppointment & R esponsibilities Working on the assumption that my practice has won an anonymous ‘open’ international competition, based on the ideas and images expressed in my conceptual design, that was both a surprise to the competition organisers and myself as practice director. My ‘Design led’ UK architectural practice was commissioned by a Zanzibar Government Agency to design a new Market Building. The client is Muhammad Juma of the Department of Rural and Urban Planning Zanzibar (DRUPZ), part of the Revolutionary government of Zanzibar who under the Articles of Union, retain sovereignty over planning decisions.

The site for this will be the existing site of the market in Mwana’Kwerekwe, which lies on the historical peri-urban edge of Zanzibar Town. It is the principal marketplace on the Island of Unguja forming a vital link for trade between the Zanzibar Archipelago and mainland Tanzania as well as between local farmers and the hoteliers of Stone Town. Furthermore, it supplies a substantial proportion of the city with essential goods. The Market lies on a key axis for the road leading out of town toward the East and South-East of Unguja Island and a North/South Axis within Zanzibar Town. This North/South road gives excellent road connections between the Port and Airport, whilst the East/West road links the tourist hub of Stone Town to the residential areas out in Founi. Unsurprisingly then the site is also home to a transport hub, with many Dala Dalas ( local buses) either passing through or originating in the area before dispersing around the Island. The market hall building is the focus point for trade in the area, however many Vibandas (small shops), Urujo (food vendors) and informal street sellers occupy the road in front and beyond the building.

As part of the commission, we were left to resolve how we would fulfil our contractual and professional obligations, delivering a project overseas and enhancing the reputation of the U.K. architectural profession as a major exporter. My practice is based in the UK employing ARB registered architects and it is a RIBA Chartered Practice. Our professional obligations are set out in the Professional Code of Conduct while the way my practice is organised meets the standards of a chartered practice with a Quality Management System, Health and Safety Policy, Environmental Policies, Non-discrimination Employment Policy and, most importantly when working in some overseas territories, an Anti- Corruption policy.

Behind the market building, an old sand mine provides vital drainage to the area, however, mainly due to the dumping of organic waste from the market building, this water has become highly polluted, contaminating the boreholes used by the local population as drinking water. Organic waste is also discarded on the floor of the market hall itself, which compounded by the fish and butcher stalls, attracts large swarms of flies and creates an unpleasant stench. This project will seek to work closely with others in our studio, specifically the proposed recycling network, to help mitigate against these environmental issues.

Due to the limited capacity of the practice, and the geographical and language complications, I intend to enter a Joint Venture (JV) partnership in a collaboration agreement, with a practice based either in Zanzibar or, more likely, in Dar es Salaam; which is registered to work in Zanzibar and is experienced in East African building design and construction. The JV will mean establishing a new contractual entity to deliver the project’s architectural design Stages 0 to 3. The new entity will have two partners: my UK Design Practice (DP Architects) and the Local Architectural Practice (LAP Architects). To ensure the shared aims of both partners are met, we will need to carry matching Professional Indemnity Insurance (PII) policies and have a shared bank account into which fees are paid and from which salaries and expenses are paid, and profits shared.

The design of the existing building means that there is limited airflow, resulting in elevated temperatures building up from the lack of cooling. Furthermore, a scarcity of shading has led to sellers trying to make their own, rigging up discarded tarpaulins for some relief; however, these are largely ineffectual at protecting against rainfall. Nonetheless, the market itself is an incredibly vibrant social arena with many different uses and social classes crossing over the entire site.

The design contract between the Zanzibar Government and the JV Partnership is to be based upon the RIBA Standard Appointment. However, it is most likely to be heavily modified by the client. It will need to describe:

This thesis project questions how a more formalised built “invention” can enable the informal society to grow and flourish, in a new marketplace as a centre for social interaction and connection. This new marketplace would ideally be sponsored and funded by the government as an innovative procurement route and will provide space for the existing Vibandas, Urujo and street sellers in the surrounding areas.

Arc hi tec t u re & Co nstru c tio n : : Process & Management Repor t

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the scope of our work,

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the fee or method of calculating it;

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who will be responsible for what;

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any constraints or limitations on the responsibilities of the parties;

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the provisions for suspension or termination of the

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agreement; ––

of the D & B contract. While the Building Engineering Consultants would follow the Local Architects, route working for the Employer Client Pre-D&B contract and working for the Contractor Client Post D&B contract.

a statement that we have adequate and appropriate insurance cover Our complaints-handling procedure, including details of any special arrangements for resolving disputes (e.g. arbitration)1 .

O ther Consultants

The project will follow the RIBA Plan of Work for stages 0 to 7. ––

Stage 0 Strategic Definition

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Stage 1 Preparation and Brief

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Stage 2 Concept Design

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Stage 3 Developed Design

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Stage 4 Technical Design

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Stage 5 Construction

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Stage 6 Handover and Close Out

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Stage 7 In Use2

In addition to the usual building consultants such as M&E, Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineers other consultants from outside the construction sector will be required. The project has a complex array of interests such as market tenants with inherited rights, numerous adjoining shopkeepers and landowners and active community involvement. Therefore, I anticipate, during the initial stages 1 and 2, the need for:

DP Architects will have architectural control over the project as the Lead Consultant for the Strategic Definition, Preparation and Briefing, Concept Design and Developed Design - Stages 0 to 3. During these stages, the LAP Architects will advise on local conditions, and provide support to DP Architects with an application for Planning Permission. LAP Architects will have responsibility for the Technical Design of the project, be the lead consultant on Stage 4 and make the application Building Regulations Approval. While the DP Architects will monitor the preparation of the Technical Design for compliance with the clients brief and the approved design.

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Lawyers, surveyors, and land agents; to sort out ownership, boundaries, party walls, and rights to light and ventilation.

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Economists to advise getting the right ‘marketplace’ with a balanced socio - economic mix of wholesalers and retailers to meet local and regional needs.

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Transport and logistics consultants, to integrate the movement of people and goods around the site.

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Public Relations and community liaison consultants, to engage with the stakeholders, be they politicians, government officials or the community - to listen to their needs and wishes during the development of the brief and concept design, present the proposals, listen to criticisms and provide feedback to the project promoters.

Site Constr aints The largest constraint on the site is the sand mine and informal dumping ground behind the existing market building that has created a polluted pond on the site4. Nothing can happen on the site without first addressing this issue. Secondly, the site slopes down by 8 metres over its 260-metre length. Access to the site is however not an issue, due to the nearby major roads and proximity to the port; however, this busy road will cause both noise and air pollution. Finally, informal settlements and encroachment onto cleared sites is a persistent issue within Zanzibar Town, this would seem to back up my decision to take a phased approach to building.

This is my pragmatic approach and recommendation to the client given the availability of experienced resources, the commercial realities of working overseas, local sensitivities and the need to develop skills within the Zanzibar professions. Importantly it is an opportunity to share experiences with African architectural and engineering professions combining digital design skills with traditional sustainable, low-tech and locally sourced materials. The project is to be procured by means of a Design and Build (D&B) form of a building contract, popular with public authority clients wanting to avoid risk and have a single point of responsibility if things go wrong.3

Statutory A pproval In Zanzibar, as in many developing countries, there are significant difficulties with obtaining a construction permit. It is thought that some 60%-80% of construction projects in developing countries are undertaken without a building permit, however as the client in this situation is also the municipal government this is not an option.

Client P riorities As the Market is vital to the people of Zanzibar for their day to day lives as a place to buy and sell food and other goods, it is vital the existing market can function whilst the building work is carried out. This could take the form of a quick build time with the market temporarily moved to another site, or a phased approach where parts of the market are replaced whilst the existing market continues to function. It is the second option that makes the most sense to me, given the extraordinarily long build time of other infrastructure projects on the Island such as the Airport in Zanzibar Town.

The costs associated with going through the planning process in Zanzibar are around 300% of Zanzibar income per capita5 . Furthermore, these procedures often include informal payments to agents in exchange for a building permit. As mentioned given that that project includes working for a government body these procedures should be somewhat smoother.

Cost security is important to the client, DRUPZ because it is accountable to the public. Therefore, the early appointment of the Cost Consultant / Quantity Surveyor (QS) will be essential for achieving best value during the design stages and subsequent contract administration and cost management. I anticipate the QS’s appointment will, like ours, be directly for the client pre-and post-placing

Given what has been mentioned above, a project such as this can only be completed by a public body as opposed to a private one. The Planning Application will be submitted during Stage 3, Concept Design.

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Proces s & Ma na ge m e nt Re p or t : : Arc h i t ec t ure & Cons t r uc t i on

The Design and Build Contract will be tendered at the end of Stage 3 when the client’s requirements are clearly defined while giving the Contractor the opportunity to introduce its build-ability know how in the technical design. Building Regulations will be submitted at the end of Stage 4

includes everything the client expects to be delivered at Handover. Anything not designed or defined within the Contract Documents will be left for the Contractor to decide how or if it should be included. Therefore, to control these risks I will have to ensure: ––

The competition ideas are developed in accordance with the client’s expectations

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Before going out to tender, the design includes everything that is important to the architectural coherence of the project

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The rest of the design team’s contributions are of a similar quality and accuracy

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Where the client’s requirements are not drawn, they are described in detailed Data Sheets.

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Items which are not fully developed or specified, and are left to the Contractor to develop and select, are subject to providing samples for the Client’s Agent (i.e. DP Architects) to approve.9

Specific Issues A rising On time , within budget, and of high quality All clients want to achieve value from their project, usually considered to be timely delivery, within a published budget and to a high quality. In the case of my project, the Client is a Government body, with officers accountable to politicians who in turn are answerable to the electorate and to funders, and as such will be looking to avoid criticism and accusations of wasting money. For DP Architects, working in a new environment of East Africa, my strategy is to firstly mitigate the risks of overspending, avoiding causing delays and failing to deliver information, then to advise how to control those risks that remain.

Due to the perceived failure of traditional forms of procurement, Design and Build is a popular choice with clients and needs to be embraced. The architectural profession needs to play a leading role if the construction industry is to innovate with greater energy efficiency, less site waste and more recycling of components, and improved health and safety.

Delays and cost overruns usually arise due to ––

Shortcomings in the quality of Construction Information provided by the architects and the rest of the design team.

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Changes instructed (on behalf of the client) either with or without the client’s agreement.6

Achieving Statutory Consent To gain approval for my Market Building, other buildings, and site infrastructure I have prepared a Planning Strategy (on the understanding the Zanzibar Planning system is historically based in the UK). This planning strategy sets out the most efficient way of securing planning permission for the proposed development.1 0

Therefore, my recommendation is that my Market Building project should be procured using a Design and Build (D&B) form of contract.

The traditional approach for construction projects consists of the appointment of a designer on one side, and the appointment of a contractor on the other side. The design–build procurement route changes the traditional sequence of work . It meets the client ’s desire for a single point of responsibility in an attempt to reduce risks and overall costs. It is now commonly used in many countries and forms of contracts are widely available7

The key concerns are:

Not normally recommended by architects, concerned about innovation and quality, the use of Design and Build simplifies procurement for the client placing the financial risk with the Contractor while jeopardising quality for the client. To mitigate these risks LAP Architects, having worked with us during Stages 0 to 3. will be ‘novated’ i.e. appointed by the Contractor to complete the Technical Design and integrating the work of the specialist trade contractors, their ongoing involvement will ensure consistency of design and resolve Design Queries as they arise from the site. They may oversee the preparation of the Health and Safety documentation including as-built drawings and the O&M manuals.8

Complexity of this multi-use project

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Lack of communication government departments

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Need for consultation with the wider community

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Multiple land ownership and commercial interests

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Lack of detailed policy framework1 1

between

different

The intention of the strategy is to:

To safeguard the client’s interests and the architectural design DP Architects will be retained to work with the Client, DRUPZ, to inspect the quality and progress of the works on site working being employed along with the QS as the Client’s Agent to Administer the Contract. Our continuing role albeit reduced will ensure the original design intent is maintained until completion and after if we are appointed for Stage 7 to assess the Building in Use.

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Create certainty as to intentions for the site

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Create a sustainable development

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Resolve issues across the site as a whole in a comprehensive manner

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Identify infrastructure requirements to deliver the proposal

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Ensure that proposals are subject to appropriate levels of stakeholder consultation

The likely risks to obtaining consent are:

D&B procurement can work so long as the Tender Information (Stage 3, Developed Design) is complete and

Arc hi tec t u re & Co nstru c tio n : : Process & Management Repor t

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Objections from rival political and commercial interest

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Lack of clarity from planning officials

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Resistance to change from traditional communities1 2

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Uncertainty about evolving government policy

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Failing to reach agreement between various officers and factions

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The complexity of the project and diverse range of

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stakeholders to engage with.

absence of infrastructure services and the wider area is characterised by random settlement patterns. There is little coordination between key departments, such those responsible for housing, jobs, transport, and services (e.g. schools and mosques). Seeking an agreement will help identify specific risks and delivery issues.1 5

To control the risks my strategy sets out an approach for taking the project through the planning process. My practice, will prepare and submit the necessary drawings, design and access statement, and assemble any other information. We will use our JV Partner (LAP Architects) to have frequent discussions during Stage 2 with the Planning Authority. ––

Develop a Planning Delivery Agreement between the Planning Authority and Stakeholders, which will include;

We will propose to the Client that Pre-application submission is made in order to gain feedback on the concept design.

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We will check whether the authority operates particular planning policies or issues in its supplementary guidance notes, etc.

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We will also investigate what other submissions are necessary such as an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

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Given the significance of the development, we will also recommend to the client an application for outline permission is the best course of action prior to full permission.13

A shared project vision and development objectives;

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Key planning issues to be tackled;

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Project issues and tasks plan;

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Arrangements for any financial agreement

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Details of project framework; and

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A project programme, setting out key milestones, time-scales, and dependencies for the preapplication, decision-making and post Committee resolution process.16

team

and

decision-making

4. Stakeholder Involvement: in order to deliver planning consent it will be essential that stakeholders are kept aware of the proposed development and their comments listened to.

There are a number of actions we will take that will assist the process and deliver the vision and objectives of the project team. 1.

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As part of Stage 3, Developing Design, we will prepare and submit the application for approval of Reserved Matters following the Outline planning consent. We discuss with the planning authority any difficulties or conditions arising from an outline permission.

Review of Planning Policy: prepare a policy statement outlining that the proposed development accords with the principles of development set out in the National Land Use Plan (NLUP). Supplementary plans such as the Settlements Structure Plan should also be reviewed to ensure compliance. The Statement will emphasise the overall vision and commitment to design quality.14

Assuming full permission is granted and prior to going Out to Tender and commencing Stage 4, we will review with the design team the implications of any conditions attached to the planning permission.

2. Develop a relationship with key stakeholders: this includes seeking agreement amongst various departments, which address and demonstrate a ‘joint position’ and include: a mix of uses and tenure; delivery of infrastructure; access and facilities; the timing of the development and phasing. Zanzibar and this area, in particular, has an

Should this strategy have failed and permission is refused, we will have to discuss the reasons for the refusal and prepare, for the client, recommendations as to the best course of action.1 7

R eferences 1

R IBA Agree me nt s 201 0 ( 20 1 2 Re v i si o n ) . 1 st ed. Lo n do n : RIBA Publishing, 2 012.

“R IBA Plan Of Wo rk 20 1 3”. Ri b apl an o f wo rk .co m, 20 1 7. h t t ps: // www.r ib aplano fwo rk .co m / .

B a d m a n , Jea n , a n d La u r i e Gr i m m e tt. L e ga l Fra m e wo rk s In Th e Bu i l t Env i ro n m e n t. 1 s t ed . , n .d .

“Design And Build Pro c ure me n t Ro ut e - D esi gn i n g Bui l di n gs Wiki”. Des igningb uil di n gs.Co.Uk , 20 1 7. h t t ps: // w w w.desi gn i n gb uildings.co.uk/wiki / D esi gn _an d_b ui l d_pro c ure me n t _ro ut e.

Af r i c a n Arc h i tec tu re Ma tte rs. Pl a n n i n g An d Re pl a n n i n g Ng ’Amb o –Za n zi b a r. SA JA H, I S S N 02 5 8 - 3 5 42, Vo l u m e 29. SA JA H, 2 014. h ttp ://w w w.f b wa rc h i tec te n .n l /f i l es /43 14 / 8 067/ 8 3

Ab dulraso ul, Awat t if Ab o ud, an d Sai d Sul e i man B ak ari . “ Ch al le nges And Pro ble ms Of So l i d Wast e Man age me n t In Th ree Mai n Marke t s In Zanzib ar “ . Advan ces In Rec y c l i n g & Wast e Man age me nt 01, no. 02 (2016) . do i : 1 0.41 72/ 2475 -7675. 1 0 0 0 1 0 9.

52/ SA JA H_ 29 _ 1 _ Fo l k e rs _ f i n a l .p d f.

THE WOR L D BANK A ND T H E INTE RNATIONA L FINA NC E COR P ORATION. Do i n g Busi n ess In Zan z i b ar - 20 1 0. Wash i n gt o n, D.C: The Int e r na t i o n al B an k f o r Reco n st ruc t i o n an d D e ve lo pme nt / The Wo rld B an k , 20 1 0. h t t ps: // l o o k asi de.f b sbx.co m / f i l e / D o i n g % 2 0 B u i n s e s s % 2 0 i n % 2 0 Z a n z i b a r. p d f ? t o k e n = W x k t x O U 5 O 8 e Wr W k Km p d Jp k BXm v f c P t d R J L n n E h 4 f k e Am z q Va h i Km HJ b _ O a u 0 I M f Yf l j p I p n J 3 y S p Ko V- v q I 5 1 B v s g p g F x O Y 8 K z Wg 5 j H q 29Sx-3jq q Ouv92 uKE O F Yuc Or_S2Y_q y YEgUAY-9IE Kh _M FsT7

Clamp, Hugh. W hich Co n t rac t ?. 1 st ed. Lo n do n : RIBA , 20 1 2.

Cus hman, Ro b e r t Fra n k , an d Mi c h ae l C Lo ul ak i s. D esi gn - Bui l d Co nt ract ing Handb o ok . 1 st ed. Gai t h e rsb urg: Aspe n Law & Business, 2001.

Ch a p p e l l , D av i d . Th e JC T D es i g n An d Bu i l d Co n tra c t 2 005. 1 s t ed . O x f o rd , U K: Bl a c kwe l l , 2 007.

Ha j i , Ha j i A . , Ra s h i d M. Azza n , a n d Sa i d S. Uf u zo. “ Evo l u ti o n O f Sp a ti a l Pl a n n i n g In Za n zi b a r An d Its In f l u e n ce” . Pres e n ta ti o n , Mu n i c h , 2 006 .

R I BA Jo b B o o k . 9 th ed . L o n d o n : R I BA P u bl i s h i n g, 2 01 3.

Th e Ma k i n g a n d Co n te n ts o f Za n zi b a r Na ti o n a l La n d Us e Pl a n : A b r i e f a cco u n t o n a d o n o r f u n d ed p roj ec t by Mu h a m m ed Ha j i A L I a n d Mu h a m m a d Sa l i m SU L A I M A N, Za n zi b a r, Ta n za n i a Urb a n Re ge n e ra ti o n a n d Env i ro n m e n t, In te r n a ti o n a l Co n g res s Wa s h i n g to n , D.C. USA , Ap r i l 19 -2 6 2 002

In f o r m a l Se ttl e m e n ts D e ve l o p m e n t o n Za n zi b a r A Stu dy o n th e Co m m u n i ty B a s ed Prov i s i o n o f Sto r m Wa te r Ma n a ge m e n t S P R I NG

WO R KI NG PA P E RS No. 2 1 D o r tm u n d 2 003,S P R I NG Ce n tre Un ive rs i ty o f D o r tm u n d B a ro p e r Str. 29 14 4227 D o r tm u n d Ge r m a ny

“ Design And Build Pro c ure me n t Ro ut e - D esi gn i n g Bui l di n gs Wiki”. Des igningb uil di n gs.Co.Uk , 20 1 7. h t t ps: // w w w.desi gn i n gb uildings.co.uk/wiki / D esi gn _an d_b ui l d_pro c ure me n t _ro ut e.

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Ma n a g i n g Su cces s f u l Proj ec ts w i th Pr i n ce 2, P u bl i s h ed by TS O, o n b e h a l f o f O f f i ce o f Gove r n m e n t Co m m e rce, 2 009

R I BA Jo b B o o k . 9 th ed . L o n d o n : R I BA P u bl i s h i n g, 2 01 3.

Proces s & Ma na ge m e nt Re p or t : : Arc h i t ec t ure & Cons t r uc t i on

T h i s e s s ay res earch es s ay into the state of E du c a ti o n in Zanz ib ar was the cu lmination o f th e ye a r long linked res earc h carried ou t b e t we e n m ys elf three other stu d ents and Pro f e s s o r Pru e Chiles. The key u nd erlying th e m e s o f the es s ay were c onc erned w ith s o m e o f the most critic al international d eve l o p m e n t is s u es of G lob alis ation and C o l o ni a l i s m of w hich Zanz ib ar c an b e s een as m i c ro c o sm for thes e g eop olitical is s u es in the wo r l d t o day. We so u g h t t o ad d res s the g eop olitic s of this p o st- c o l o ni al Is land , the d evelop ing c ou ntry d i l e m m a s a nd the p res s ing p rob lems of rap id g row t h a nd scarc ity. Wi th a sp e cific referenc e to E d u cation in Z a nz i b a r I fou nd a history of Colonialis m

fro m Omani Musl im and the Engl ish speak ing Br itish Empire that impo sed its ver sio n o f educatio n o n the native po pul atio n o f Zanzibar. L ater in revo l utio nar y Zanzibar educatio n to o k a back as the r ul ing cl ass so ught to cement the new co untr ies pl ace in the wo r l d with expensive ico nic architecture rather than a wo r l d cl ass educatio n system. Final l y with mo der n- day Zanzibar reaching o ut to the gl o bal co mmunity fo r devel o pment the gover nment is being fo rced by inter natio nal agencies to educate in a fo reign l anguage in o rder to receive inter natio nal aid despite academic co nsensus suggesting that this is detr imental to the educatio n o f chil dren in devel o ping co untr ies.

iii.c Zanzibar Futures T h e S tat e

E d u cat i o n

S ta g e 6 : W e e k 4 8 - 6 2

Tutors : Pro fesso r Prue Chil es

Z a n z i ba r

A b s t r act

Conclusion +

l o o k i n g t o wa r d s th e

Future

S i nc e th e 8th centu ry Zanz ib ar has ex p e r i e nc e d the p res s u res of Colonis ation & Gl o ba l i s ation. Beg inning w ith Is lamic m i g ra nt s f rom A rab ia, the long est p eriod of r u l e c a m e f rom the Britis h E mp ire in the late 1 9 t h a nd 2 0 th Centu ries. Since Colonial ru le e nd e d i n 1 9 64, Zanz ib ar has b een a s emia u t o no m o us reg ion of Zanz ib ar. Tod ay the c o l o ni a l p owers have b een rep lac ed w ith g l o ba l c h a r i ties and NG Os w ho s eek to aid the d eve l o p m e n t of the archip elag o.

In answer my initial questio n o f “Are the po l icies o f the Revo l utio nar y Gover nment o f Zanzibar co nsigning pupil s to fail ure? ”, Fro m my research into the state o f educatio n in Zanzibar, I bel ieve that the existing gover nmental po l icies are co nsigning the cur rent generatio n to fail ure. T he institutio nal pro bl ems with educatio n o n the isl ands stems back to co l o nial r ul e by the Br itish, where the sel ective po l icy o f educatio n created an env iro nment where revo l utio nar y fever co ul d take ho l d. T his revo l utio n resul ted in the death o r expul sio n fro m Zanzibar o f many o f the educated cl ass. Fur ther mo re, a revo l utio nar y gover nment that pr io r itised the buil ding o f l arge scal e ho using pro j ects over qual ity educatio n meant that these wel l - educated peo pl e were never repl aced. Whil st the gover nment o f the time did ro l l back so me o f po o r po l icies o f the co l o nial ist, such as using the Engl ish as the medium o f instr uctio n in scho o l s this po l icy was never ful l y real ised up to Univer sity l evel . To day using Engl ish as the medium o f instr uctio n is creeping back into pr imar y educatio n despite much research adv ising to the co ntrar y. Final l y, the year s o f under investment have resul ted in buil dings that cater to an o utdated fo r m o f educatio n.

T h i s e ss ay w ill examine for key themes : T h e Me di u m of Instru c tion; low levels of g ove r nm e nt investment; ineffectu al teac her tra i ni ng / l a ck of eq u ip ment; and p oor p arent/ stu de nt e ng ag ement in the ed u c ation s ystem. T h ro u g h t h is I w ill s how how the p olic ies o f s u c c e ss i ve g overnments have p roved to re d uc e th e q u ality of the ed u cation s ystem in Z a nz i b a r.

I n t r o d u ct i o n O ve r th e c ou rs e of 2016 I travelled to Z a nz i b a r tw ic e, each time for arou nd 20 d ay s. As a g rou p of A rchitec tu re stu d ents, we we nt to c ons id er the s ocio - ec onomic and m a te r i a l c o n d itions of the b u ilt environment o n t h e i sl a nd of Ung u ja, Zanz ib ar. The state o f e du c a ti o n b ec ame an interest of to me w h e n we we n t to a s c hool ru n by the Creative E du c a ti o n Fou nd ation Zanz ib ar. Where we m e t th e h e ad mistres s and were b riefed on th e i r ne e d s and w hat they wanted to ac hieve i n th e f utu re and we u nd ertook a d es ig n p ro je c t t o fu lfil thes e as p irations. Throu g h th i s p ro je c t, we s p ent time talking w ith the h e a dm i stre s s ab ou t the state of ed u c ation on th e i s l a nd s o f Zanz ib ar and the is s u es it faces. L a te r i n th e trip we g ained s ome first-hand ex p e r i e nc e of Zanz ib ar’s state ed u c ation s yste m w h e n we u nd ertook a collab orative b ui l d i ng p rojec t at a s c hool in Matemwe, No r t h e r n Z a nz ib ar. It was thes e ex p eriences th a t g ave m e the ins p iration for this es s ay.

As so meo ne with an interest in Architecture, I bel ieve that many o f these pro bl ems can at l east in par t be so l ved thro ugh an improvement to the buil t env iro nment o f the scho o l s themsel ves co upl ed with a po l icy change within Gover nment. T he Gover nment sho ul d al so rever se its decisio n to intro duce Engl ish as the medium o f instr uctio n fro m std V in science and indeed retur n to the revo l utio nar y po l icy o f mak ing the medium o f instr uctio n o f seco ndar y educatio n Kiswahil i as wel l . T his wil l in tur n increase the number o f teacher s who are trained to teach but al so give them the freedo m o f their mo ther to ngue to create l esso ns that engage pupil s. Fur ther mo re, by improv ing the mater ial qual ity o f scho o l s and buil ding scho o l s that embrace info r mal l ear ning, the cur r icul um can be al tered to teach l esso ns that are specific to the so cio - eco no mic env iro nments they are buil t in. T his wil l bo o st student and parent engagement, co nsequentl y hel ping to so l ve the pro bl ems with l ow enro l ment and high dro p - o ut l evel s.

I n th i s e s s ay, I aim to ans wer the q u estion ‘A re th e p o l i c i e s of the Revolu tionary G overnment o f Z a nz i b a r cons ig ning a g eneration to f a i l u re ’? I n d oing s o, firstly I w ill s et ou t the h i sto r i c a l contex t of Zanz ib ar’s ed u cation s yste m , f ro m the colonial p eriod throu g h to th e revo lu tion in the mid -20 th centu ry, b e f o re m ov i ng on to the mod ern- d ay p olicies, i ntro d uc e d in the early 1 9 9 0s. Fo l l ow i ng t his I w ill look at the c ritiq u es o f f e re d re g ard ing the ed u cation s ystem in Z a nz i b a r, a n d d raw on my ow n ex p erienc es of Z a nz i b a r, i n attemp ting to ans wer the ab ove q u e sti o n.

Za n z i b a r Fu tu res : : The State of Educat ion in Zanzibar

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Th e St a t e of Ed uc a t i on i n Za nzi b a r : : Za nzi b a r Fut ures

Fo l low i ng a n in it ial me e tin g on 03 Fe bruary 2 0 16 w i t h t he dire ctor of th e Cre at ive E duction Fo und a t i o n, we we re aske d by th e h e ad mist re ss, Jud i Pa lme r, t o un de rtake a fe asibil it y study exa m i ni ng t he op p ortun it ie s for th e future exp a ns i o n o f th e sch ool . T he p r i nc i p l es of th e ove rarch in g site l ayout ha s b e e n t o d e l ive r, as far as is p racticabl e an d p o s s i bl e, t he asp irat ion s for a deve l op me n t w hi c h i s i nt e g rat e d w it h in t h e w ide r Zan z ibari C o mmuni t y.

Unf o r tuna tely Judi wa s o f f ered f undi ng to pur s ue a n a lter na ti ve o pti o n to o ur s. Even m o re di s a ppo i nti ng the f undi ng then f ell thro ugh a nd Judi â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s s cho o l ha s ha d to b e s hut down. Thi s hi ghli ghts the di f f i culti es f a ced wi thi n the educa ti o n i ndustr y where there i s ver y li ttle s uppo r t f o r pr i va tely f unded s cho o ls. Scho o ls rely f ro m wea lthy b enef a cto r s whi ch o f ten prove to b e unreli a b le.

iii.c Zanzibar Futures C r e at i v e E d u cat i o n F o u n d at i o n

S ta g e 5 : W e e k 2 8

Tutors : Pro fesso r Prue Chil es

A new school for Bububu St e i ne r ’s di vis ion of c hild d evelop ment into th re e m a jo r stag es is reflected in the s chools ’ a p p ro a c h t o early child hood ed u c ation, w hich f o c us e s o n p ractic al, hand s - on activities and c re a t i ve p l ay. The three major stag es are as f o l l ow s ;

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Bl ur r ing div isio n o f inside/o utside

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Natural and o rganic pl ay which is refl ected and enco uraged by the architecture

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T he use o f sustainabl e and l o cal mater ial s

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T he use o f sustainabl e co nstr uctio n techniques which require l imited future maintenance

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T he ado ptio n o f per macul ture pr incipl es within architectural design. T he use o f innovative, sustainabl e techno l o gies

E l e m e n ta r y E d u cat i o n Fo c u se s o n d evelop ing artistic ex p res s ion and s o c i a l c a p a c ities.

S e c o n d a r y E d u cat i o n

S t r u ct u r a l C o n c e p t

Fo c u se s o n d evelop ing c ritic al reas oning and e m p a t h i c u n d erstand ing. The over arc hing g o a l i s t o d evelop free, morally res p ons ib le a nd i nt e g ra ted ind ivid u als eq u ip p ed w ith a h i g h de g re e of s oc ial comp etenc e.

Leonardo Da Vinci - Self Supporting Bridge Da Vincis v isio n and cal ibre o f mind al l owed him to co mprehend the twin wo r l ds o f science and ar t. It is fo r this reaso n that we feel the br idge he devel o ped in 15th C entur y is suitabl e fo r a Wal do r f Steiner inspired scho o l .

Q u a l i tat i v e A s s e s s m e n t s T h e s e a re integ rated into the d aily life of th e c l a ss room, w ith q u antitative testing p l ay i ng a m inimal role in p rimary ed u cation a nd sta nd a rd iz ed testing u s u ally limited to th a t re qu i re d for c olleg e entry. Ind ivid u al te a c h e r s a nd s chools have a g reat d eal of a u t o no m y in d etermining lu mp content, te a c h i ng m e thod olog y and g overnanc e.

T he unique design fo r the sel f suppo r ting br idge is hel d to gether by it’s own weight witho ut requir ing any ties o r co nnectio ns. When a downward fo rce is appl ied to the str ucture the braced member s are fo rced to inter l o ck and tighten to gether thro ugh the str uctural co ncepts o f shear and bending. Da Vinci cal l ed it “ T he Br idge o f Safety”

F ro m o ur meeting w ith the d irector of the C re a ti ve E d u c ation Fou nd ation as well as f u r t h e r re a ding into the s u b ject matter, we h ave i nt e r p reted this p hilos op hy to inc lu d e th e f o l l ow i n g architec tu ral themes ;

Za n z i b a r Fu tu res : : A Ne w Sc hool for Bububu

T he br idge el egantl y displ ays how a str ucture can wo r k with grav ity to pro duce a r igid arch. By l eav ing the str ucture expo sed, the design is intended to educate as wel l as pro tect its inhabitants. 094

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â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;[Steiner Waldorf Education] Emphasizes the role of imagination in learning, striving to integrate holistically the intellectual, practical, and ar tistic development of pupils.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

I n th i s p ro j ect I was challeng ed to cap tu re th e g h o sts of mod ernity by investig ating w h e t h e r o r not they are ind welling in s e l e c t e d s u r viving examp les of the heroic p e r i o d o f m od ern arc hitec tu re from the 1 9 20 s a nd 1 9 3 0 s, a nd in p rojec ts from the ap ex of i ts p e r i o d of g reatest orthod ox y d u ring the i m m e d i a t e post-World War II p eriod from 1 94 5 -1 9 6 0. A ke y q u e stion I c ons id ered d u ring this p ro je c t i s w hether or not c hos en b u ild ing, th e Va n Ne l le Fab riek, not only harb ou r the g h o sts o f m od ernity b u t in p artic u lar are als o h o sts o f th e s p ectre of Utop ia that has stru ck f e a r i nt o th e hearts of architec ts (and others ) s i nc e a t l e a st the1 9 5 0 s.

Two o f central themes I expl o red within this pro j ect gho sts o f mo der nity and the spectre o f Uto pia, as al so har bo ur ing the po tential fo r tragedy and o ther mo re pro mising po ssibil ities simul taneo usl y. T he var io us meanings o f spectre al so incl ude po ssibil ity and anticipatio n, and even if it is the menacing anticipatio n o f so me wo r r ying danger, it co ul d al ways go o ther wise, indeed, anticipatio n and po ssibil ity inev itabl y al so har bo ur the o ppo site o f what is feared, so mething l ike the po ssibl e - impo ssibl e that so intr igued French so cio l o gist Henr i L efebv re.

ii.a Spectres of Utopia V a n N e l l e F ab r i e k

S ta g e 5 : W e e k 2 2 - 2 9

Tutors : D r. Nat haniel Co l eman

Factories in Rotterdam T h e si te a t the ou ts kirts of the city was c h o s e n f o r its acces s ib ility for riverb oats a nd ra i l a nd road traffic p lu s the availab ility o f wo r ke r s’ hou s ing in the new Sp ang en ne i g h b o ur h o od , b u t als o for its strateg ic l o c a t i o n f o r ad vertis ing p u rp os es. The s ite a d jo i ne d t h e b u s iest rail trac k of the cou ntry, a nd o ne o f t he first thing s to b e p u t u p was a h ug e a dve r t is ing s ig n.

Sp ec tres o f Uto pia : : Va n Ne lle Fa briek

T he br ief fo r the buil dings was l ater summar ized by the co mpany directo r as fo l l ows: ––

the appearance o f the facto r y must be the co nsequence o f the requirements fo r the inter io r ;

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the design must respo nd as much to human demands as to mechanical o nes;

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additio nal co sts fo r finishes co nsidered l egitimate, even ev ident advantages.

can be witho ut

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Va n Ne l l e Fa b r i e k : : Sp ec t res of Ut op i a

Tell-the-Tale T h e g rav i t y-fed s elf- clos ing fire d oor d etail, s h ow s a n examp le of the Taylorist thinking w i th i n th e Van Nelle factory. The d etail, an i te ra ti o n o f w hic h can now b e s een as an a tta c h m e nt at the top of d oors the world ove r, i s u se d to keep the fire d oors w ithin th e f a c to r y c los ed , making the d etail s afety f e a tu re a s mu c h as a time s aving one. A larg e a m o u nt o f time, effort and ex p ertis e has b e e n ex p e nded on the p art of the A rc hitec t, E ng i ne e r s and manu factu rers to g et this d e t a i l to wo rk as efficiently as it d oes. W hen th e d o o r i s op ened the leaf ru ns u p a ramp c a st i nt o th e g rou nd floor s lab and onc e the f o rc e i s re l e as ed the d oor d rop s b ack d ow n th e c ur ve d ramp to clos e the d oor. E ac h c o m p o ne nt has had to b e c arefu lly thou g ht a b o ut a nd examined . For examp le the centre o f t h e c u r ved ramp mu st b e the s ame as the p i vo t p o i nt of the d oor in its hing es or the two w i l l no t b e comp atib le. Fu rthermore the d o o r s h i ng es cannot b e fixed tog ether as

Sp ec tres o f Uto pia : : Va n Ne lle Fa briek

no r mal hinges as they must al l ow the hinge affixed to the do o r r ise up the bar rel witho ut fal l ing o ff the to p. Final l y the do o r must no t cl ash with the head o f the frame as it gains height. Al tho ugh the time expended in its design and manufacture it is greatl y o utweighed by the l o ng- r un time saved by the o ccupants o f the buil ding no t hav ing to wo r r y abo ut cl o sing the do o r s behind them. T herefo re in the l o ng ter m the mo ney saved o n paying wo r ker s no t whil st they are no t wo r k ing wil l mo re than acco unt fo r the fiscal o utl ay o n this detail . It is this abso l ute desire to increase pro ductiv ity that I find so attractive abo ut the detail and why I bel ieve it tel l s- the - tal e o f the buil ding as wel l as the tal e o f the pro j ect o f mo der nity in general . T he co ntinuatio n o f this pro cess l ed to an examinatio n o f Tayl o r ism/Fo rdism and how that l ed to the widespread use o f auto matio n within manufactur ing pro cesses.

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Va n Ne l l e Fa b r i e k : : Sp ec t res of Ut op i a

Automation T h e nex t level of this technolog ic al a d va nc e m e n t is into intellig ent s ystems. D i f f e re nt f ro m the Rob ots of Tayloris m thes e “Au t o s” a re ab le to look after thems elves w ith m i ni m a l h uman inp u t.

mechanical o nes, al l owing peo pl e to move into ‘think ing pro fessio ns’ the auto matio n revo l utio n wil l repl ace human think ing into mechanical think ing, po tential l y al l owing peo pl e to move into creative industr ies. However creative industr ies are at the mercy o f fashio n and po pul ar ity. T his means they can never create eno ugh empl oyment to sustain an eco no my.

An exa m p l e of this is in the field of Tra ns p o r t a t ion. The ap p earanc e of “s elfd r i v i ng ” c a r s and trains and other method s th a t a re f a ster and s afer than the hu man e q u i va l e nt s. This w ill rend er millions of p e o p l e i r re l evant and ou t of a job. In the US a l o ne 4 7 % of p eop les job s are at ris k from th i s i nnova t ion. Whilst in the p ast this has no t b e e n a prob lem as w hen job s have b een l o st ne w o nes have b een c reated in other s i m i l a r a re a s, this time however the job s lost, s u c h a s p i l o ts or other d river, have little or no tra ns f e rab le s kills to new job s in c omp u ter s c i e nc e s.

Final l y histo r ical l y j o bs have been l o st within ‘bl ue co l l ar ’ secto r s, however this time it is no t o nl y bl ue co l l ar wo r ker s who se j o bs are at r isk . Fro m Taxi dr iver s to Do cto r s and L awyer s any j o b that invo l ves rel ativel y ro utine task s such as, research o r wr iting co ntracts are at high r isk o f auto matio n. Within L aw much time is taken up with ‘Discover y’, searching thro ugh hundreds o f email s/ l etter s fo r ev idence, and in medicine the IBM co mputer ‘Winsto n’ is hel ping to diagno se l ung cancer in the US.

T h i s t e c h n olog ic al p rog res s ion therefore h a s th e p o tential to res u lt in a vast s oc ietal c h a ng e. If only half of the 47% to los e job s f a i l t o f i nd another u nemp loyment w ill b e a t a si m ilar level, w ithin the US, to the g re a t de p re s s ion and w hilst the ind u strial revo l uti o n rep lac ed hu man mu s cles w ith

Sp ec tres o f Uto pia : : Va n Ne lle Fa briek

So me j o bs are however mo re resistant to auto matio n. C reative industr ies, j o bs requir ing so cial sk il l s and j o bs that are inherentl y hard to repl icate, fo r exampl e spo r tsmen o r dancer s are amo ngst these.

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Argiculture as a share of Labour Force_Europe

66.5

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Fo l low i ng o n from t h e in it ial re se arch in t o t h is p ro je c t t he gh ost I ch ose to exp l ore was t h e d r i ve t owa rd s p roduct iv ity of t h e mode rn ist f a c t o r i e s t ha t was sugge st e d by my te l l -th e t a l e d e t a l e. I extrap ol ate d th e wh e re th is drive t owa rd s i nc rease d p roductiv ity t o w h at I fe l t wa s i t s l o g i c a l con cl usion .

Wi th rea di ngs i nto wo r k by f utur i sts s uch a s Mi cha el Os b o r ne, Ma rge P i ercy a nd To m Moyla n I des i gned a uto pi a n s o ci ety wi thi n the Va n Nelle Fa b r i ek . Tha t wo uld ca pture the revo luti o na r y uto pi a n i m puls es o f the 1960s a nd 70s tha t s o lve the pro b lem s o f Envi ro nm enta l po lluti o n, ho m o pho b i a , ra ci s m , pha llo go centr i s m , cla s s s ub o rdi na ti o n, co ns um er i s m , i m per i a li s m , a nd to ta li ta r i a ni s m .

ii.b Spectres of Utopia A r ch i t e ct u r e

of a

R evolution

S ta g e 5 : W e e k 2 9 - 4 0

Tutors : D r. Nat haniel Co l eman

In Se pte mb e r 2 013 Michael A Osborne, D yson Associat e Pro f esso r in Machine Learning, Facult y Member of t he O xf o rd -Man Institut e of Q uant it at ive Finance, co -w rot e wit h Carl Be nedikt Frey, Co - D irect or of t he O xford Mar t in Pro gra mme, a pape r called; “ The Fut ure of Employment : How Su sce ptible are Jobs t o Comput erisat ion”. In it s pages t hey se t o u t tha t, by 2 023, 47 % of jobs will be t aken by aut omat ed ro b o ts c reating a post- scarcit y labour market as jobs from e ve r y sec to r are taken by t hese t ireless workmen.

t i c ul a rly ) s ee k i ng equa l i t y of ra ce, a nd t ra d e un i on orga n i s ed j obl es s nes s m a rc h es a n d s t r i k es work i ng t o d i m i ni s h s o c i a l c l a s s p owe r i n b us i nes s. Wh i l s t t h es e m ove m e n t s h ave h a d wi d e -s p rea d , l ong-t e r m i m p a c t s, t h e y h ave p roved i ne ffec t ua l a t red uc i ng a n d d i s m a nt l i ng t h es e h e ge m on i c p owe r s t r uc t ures t h a t s t i l l e x i s t t od ay i n s om e for m . Th i s t h e re fore s ugges t s t h a t t h e e x i s t i ng a nd h i s t or i c a l p o l i t i c a l sys t e m s s ee n i n wes t e r n c ul t ures h ave b ee n una bl e t o e ra d i c a t e i nequa l i t y. Th i s i n c l ud es t h e t ot a l i t a r i a n comm uni s m of t h e S ovi e t Uni on , t h e we l fa re s t a t e /n eo -l i b e ra l p ol i t i c s of Wes t e r n Europ e a n d s oc i a l cons e r va t i s m s ee n i n Am e r i c a . Th e d i s s a t i s fa c t i on wi t h t h e c ur re n t d e m oc ra ti c sys t e m h a s l ed t o fa l l i n g p a r t i c i p a t i on a n d p rot es t c a n d i d a t es s uc h a s Je re my Corby n i n t h e UK or Dona l d Tr um p a n d Be r n i e Sa n d e rs i n t h e US. Howe ve r, e ve n t h e y wi l l b e una bl e t o d e l ive r on t h e p rom i s e of t h e Ut op i a d ue t o t h e i r h i s t or i c a l confl i c t s of i n t e res t a n d d es i re t o re m a i n wi t hi n t h e sys t e m .

Co nside r tha t during t he Great D epression of t he 193 0s Ame ric an u ne mployment ran at around 25%, almost bringing c apita lism in t he US t o it s knees, and in 2011 reached le ve ls ove r 10 %, causing g reat hardship and rising inequality ra tes a c ro ss t he count r y. Fur t hermore it is wor t h not ing tha t in the US ever y 1% unemployment goes up, 40, 000 peo ple die. The refore, an unemployment rat e of nearly dou ble this co u ld b e reasonably expect ed t o cause t he failure o f o u r mo de rn c apit alist societ y. Wit h t he est ablishment of an e mploy me nt crisis, which w ill result in massive inequal ity within de ve loped economies. This inequalit y will cause large -sc ale so c ia l unrest , wit h t he power t o result in a so c ial re vo lu tio n.

For re vol ut i on s t o work t h e re m us t b e a m a s s m ove m e nt for m ed of t h e s m a l l e r p ol i t i c a l fa c t i ons a c t i n g a t a s i n gl e p oi n t i n t i m e a round t h e worl d . Th i s h a s on ly b ee n p os s i bl e i n rece nt y ea rs t h a n k s t o t h e r i s e of An ony m ous s oc i a l m ed i a pl a t for m s t h a t h ave e na bl ed re vol ut i on s t h rough a s h a ri ng of i nfor m a t i on. As wi t n es s ed i n t h e Ara b Sp r i n g a n d t h e r i s e of I S or Da es h i n Ira q a n d Sy r i a , a s we l l a s m a s s p ro t es t s s ee n i n d e ve l op ed wes t e r n c ul t ures.

It ’s wo r th no ting t hat whilst some jobs will be creat ed, as has ha ppe ned in t he past not ably in t he indust rial revolu tio n, the dif f e re nce bet ween skill levels of old and new jobs will b e so great t hat few will be able t o make t his t ransitio n. Co nside r f or example a t axi driver who loses t heir job to a n a u to mated vehicle, t hey will find it ver y difficult t o make the mse lves qualified in new indust ries, such as softwa re pro gra mming.

Wi t h my res ea rc h i nt o t h e fut ure p os s i b i l i t i es of a p os t-s c a rc i t y l a b our m a rk e t I b e ga n t o cons i d e r wh a t t h e s oc i e t a l i mp a c t s of t h a t m i gh t b e. I l ook ed a t p reced e n t s a s va r i ed a s t h e a r t work s of Cons t a n t Ni e uwe nh uys, Arc h i gra m a nd L e b b e us Wood s, L i t e ra r y work s s uc h a s Wom a n on t h e ed ge of T i m e a nd Tr i t on a s we l l a s m a ny fi l m s a n a c a d e m i c wr i ti ngs p a r t i c ul a rly t h os e by Tom Moy l a n. It wa s from t h i s res ea rc h t h a t I wa s a bl e t o sy nt h es i s e my na r ra t ive t h a t t ol d t h e s t or y of t h e c h a n ges t h a t I b e l i e ved woul d fa ce s oc i e t y, a s we l l a s t h e ways i n wh i c h I fe l t s oc i e t y woul d b e gi n t o rea c t t o t h i s c h a nge.

Howe ve r, this will not come about overnight and it cannot happe n witho u t a willed t ransformat ion, due t o t he abilit y o f tho se in powe r t o remain so. Polit icians and t hose working a t the high levels in cor porat ions w ill not g ive up t heir po sitio ns o f influence and privilege easily. They exist in a powe r stru c tu re t hat is able t o cont rol educat ion and popu lar c u ltu re whic h encourages people t o t hink a t rue ut opia is impo ssible. A b e lief fost ered by w rit ings such as George Orwe ll’s “198 4” and Aldous Huxley’s “Brave New World”, which po r tray any thing out side t he current polit ical syst em as a te rrify ing dysto pia.

It i s wor t h not i ng a t t h i s s t a ge t h e a s s um p t i ons I wi l l b e c a rr y i n g for wa rd :

As the po st-sc arcit y labour market , creat ed by t he w ide spread a do ptio n of aut omat ed manufact uring, t akes over pro du c tio n will increase dramat ically in search of t he ev e r highe r GDP growt h capit alist societ y require t o func tio n; b u ildings such as Van Nelle will be re- appropriat ed by co mpa nies sea rc hing for ext ra space for t heir aut omat ons to wo rk in. The areas surrounding t hese product ion cent res will e x pe rie nce t he hig hest levels of unemployment , as t he peo ple who u sed t o work in t hese building s w ill necessarily live nea rby. Therefore it is t hese building s t hat w ill be co me the f o c u s o f t he anger, fost ered in an environment of high ineq u ality. An example of t his is t he U K mining indus tr y whic h wa s heavily focused in t he Nor t h of Eng land. The lo c a l eco no mies of t hese areas was heavily dependent on t he indu str y, howe ver in t he 1980s t he mines were shut and a sec to r tha t e mployed 23 0, 000 people reduced t o 7, 000 t hat are e mploy ed to d ay. Much of t his unemployment was st ruc tu ra l a s the miner’s skills were incompat ible wit h new jobs. With its histo r y of indust rial product ion bot h in t he por t and the c ity itse lf, Rot t erdam will see a concent rat ion of t his u nrest alo ng wit h cit ies around t he world such as D et roit and Bradf o rd.

Th e fi nd i ngs of t h e re p or t wr i t t e n by Mi c h a e l A Os b or ne a n d Ca rl Be ned i k t Fre y wi l l p rove t o b e t r ue, c rea ti ng h i gh l e ve l s of fut ure un e m pl oy m e nt i n t h e re gi on of 5 0 %

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Fut ure t ec h n ol ogy i n e ne rgy p rod uc t i on wi l l s ee t h e rea l i s a t i on of Nuc l ea r Fus i on Powe r wh i c h wi l l p rovi d e c l ea n a l m os t l i m i t l es s p owe r. Al l a ut on om ous ve h ic l es /rob ot s wi l l b e hyd roge n p owe red

Th e re vol ut i on wi l l s ee c ur re n t m i c ro -p ol i t i c a l group s s uc h a s : bl a c k-l ives m a t t e r ; LGB T r i gh t s group s ; t ra d e uni on s ; a n d s t ud e nt p rot es t s uni t e t h rough t h e a d d i t i on a l unres t c a us ed by t h e h i gh l e ve l s of un e m pl oy m e nt . Th i s h a s b ee n s ee n h i s t or i c a l ly i n m a s s p rot es t a nd j oi nt un i on a c t i on i n 19 9 0 s Br i t a i n t o ove r t ur n t h e unp op ul a r i nt rod uc t i on of p ol l t a x. Due t o p rej ud i ce t h a t i s s t i l l i nh e re nt i n s oc i e t y t o d ay i t wi l l b e t h es e group s t h a t a re h i t h a rd es t . Th e y wi l l work t oge t h e r t o s e i ze b a c k t h e h e ge m on i c p owe r a cc r ued by cor p ora t i on s a nd t h e p ol i t i c a l es t a bl i s h m e nt . As s t a t ed t h i s a n ge r wi l l foc us on p rod uc t i on ce n t res wh e re t h e s e i zed a ut om a t ons wi l l p rovi d e t h e work force wi t h i n t h e ne w An a rc h o - Com m un i s t s e t t l e m e n t s. Th e k e y goa l s of t h e ove ra rc h i n g re vol ut i on wi l l b e : ––

To da te pro test movement s have only occurred at small sc ales. Move me nt s have act ed as individualised fact ions f ighting to ove r t urn specific hegemonic power st ruct ures. Su c h a s, the Su f f raget t e Movement of t he early 20t h Cent u r y wo rking to re m ove male dominat ion of t he polit ical class, the Civ il Rights Movement (in t he US and Sout h Africa par-

Sp ec tres o f Uto pia : : Arc hitec tu re of a Revolut ion

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Th e e n d of t h e Ph a l l oc ra t i c m a l e s up re m a c y. Wh i l s t m a ny m ove m e nt s h ave m a n a ged t o red uce t h i s grea tly wi t h i n s oc i e t y t h e re a re s t i l l a rea s wh e re p rej ud i ce a n d p ay i m b a l a n ces a re s ee n. Th i s cont i n ues t o i nh a b i t t h e e x i s t i ng s oc i e t y a n d p re ve n t t h e t ot a l e m a nc i p a t i on of wom e n . For t h i s t o b e rea l i s ed t h e re wi l l need s

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to b e a re m oval of t he expect at ion for women t o be so le c hildren raisers and in t he fut ure freedom from the c hains of child bearing alt oget her. Conversely men will b e e x pect ed t o t ake a full role in child raising. ––

s e r ves t o res olve a ny i s s ues wi t h i n t h e com m un i t y t h a t m ay a r i s e ; j ea l ous ly b e t wee n p a r t ne rs, a p p oi n t m e n t s t o com m u ni t y j ob s a nd t h e fur t h e r i n g of t h e re vol ut i on a r y i d ea l s of t h e s e t t l e m e n t . Th e y a l s o s ee k t o l i a i s e wi t h ot h e r s e t t l em e nt s t o s h a re s k i l l s a nd e x p e r t i s e. F i n a l ly t h e l oc a l coun c i l a grees wi t h t h e h i gh counc i l t o a s s i gn wh a t res ources a re need ed wi t h i n t h e s e t t l e m e nt , b a s ed on l oc a l ly un ava i l a bl e m a t e r i a l s, p op ul a t i on n um b e rs e t c .

To ta l freedo m for self- det erminat ion for all. Economic ally a nd polit ically t his is t he rig ht and abilit y for all pe rso ns t o live in a societ y where t hey are free f ro m the t yranny of large government polit ics t hat fail to account for a person’s individual needs. Furthe rmo re, and in connect ion w it h t he first aim, people mu st b e f ree t o explore any and all sexual preferenc es and o rient at ions. This is coupled t o t he emancipa tio n o f wo men as sexualit y must be separat ed from re pro du c tio n.

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The Resto rat ion of t he Aut onomy of Nat ure. In t he desire fo r a ret urn t o Eden t hat many desire nat ure sho u ld b e separat ed from t he product ion of food for hu mans inst ead ut ilised in it s purest form as relief f ro m mo de r n life.

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L ib e ratio n o f work and living space. The hig h levels of ato misatio n in t he fut ure will result in an abundance o f lab o u r f or product ion plus hig h levels of unemploy me nt. This could leave t he vast majorit y of people free to e x plo re t heir int erest s cult urally and polit ically. Peo ple sho uld be free t o do t his aut onomously from gove rnme nt cont rol in order t o evolve and improve t he Uto pia n Im pulse of t he revolut ion.

L oc a l gove r nm e nt counc i l s gui d e t o t h e re vol ut i on a r y s e tt l e m e nt s. Th es e s ee k t o e volve re vol ut i on a r y i d ea l s a s we l l a s a c t a s a for m of p ol i ce force wi t h i n t h e s oc i e t y. Al t h ough a b und a n ce h a s l ed t o l ow l e ve l s of c r i m e, d i s a gree m e n t s wi l l s t i l l h a p p e n a nd t h e coun c i l s ee k s t o res olve t h es e d i ffe re nces. Th es e ‘ wor m i n g out ’ m ee t i ngs wi l l res ul t i n a l l c i t i ze ns b e i n g a ccoun t a bl e t o t h e m ora l p r i n c i pl es of t h e s e t t l em e nt , t h e re a re n o wr i t t e n r ul es, h owe ve r, i f y ou a re d ee m ed t o b e i n com p a t i bl e wi t h t h e s e t t l e m e nt y ou m ay b e a s k ed t o l eave. Peopl e a re n ot e l ec t ed t o t h e gove r nm e nt b ut i n s t ea d a re c a l l ed up i n a way s i m i l a r t o j ur y s e r vi ce t od ay. Peopl e s e r ve on t h e coun c i l for a y ea r b e fore a ne w counc i l i s c h o s e n . Th e s i ze of t h e coun c i l m ea n s p eopl e c a n e x p ec t t o b e c a l l ed up m a ny t i m es i n t h e i r l i fe t i m es b ut on ly e ve r work for a y ea r a nd a re i ne l i gi bl e for t wo y ea rs a ft e r t h e i r t e r m e nd s. Th i s wi l l p re ve n t i nd ivi d ua l’s a cc r ui n g p owe r. Work i s not t h e a l l - e ncom p a s s i ng p h e nom e n a i t i s t od ay. Us ua l work i ng h ours a re on ly a fe w h ours p e r d ay a n d ra re ly l a s t s for m ore t h a n a y ea r a t a t i m e. Th i s i s i m p or t a nt t o not e a s i t p re ve n t s t h e b ui l d -up of h e ge m oni c p owe rs wi t h i n t h e work i ng c l a s s es of t h e Ut op i a . Ins t ea d of ga i n i ng a p ur p os e t h rough work p eopl e ga i n p ur p os e t h rough l ea r n i ng, fa m i ly l i fe, fr i e n d s h i p s a nd t h e d e ve l op m e n t of s oc i e t y. Ed u c a t i ona l d e ve l op m e n t i s e x p ec t ed t o l a s t a l i fe t i m e a n d p ub l i c d e b a t es s t i l l con s um e m uc h of p eopl e’s free t i m e.

These go a ls will be int er pret ed in many ways by t he various fac tio ns a nd specific goals w ill be added but each par t ici pating move me nt must be recog nisable t o t he ot her. I believe tha t the b est way in which t o achieve t hese goals is t hrough a free edu c a tio n that allows cit izens of t he revolut ion t o explo re the po ssib ilit ies of t he new societ y.

Freed om t o t rave l i s vi t a l b e t wee n t h e s e t t l e m e nt s. Th e a b i li t y t o i n t e ra c t wi t h a nd l ea r n from ot h e r s oc i e t i es i s k e y t o p e rs ona l d e ve l op m e n t a nd l ea r ni ng t h a t wi l l i nfor m c i t i ze ns on h ow t o fur t h e r d e ve l op t h e re vol ut i on i n t h e i r h om e s e tt l e m e nt . Fur t h e r m ore t h i s i n t e ra c t i on i s k e y t o b ui l d i ng up re l a t i on s wi t h out s i d e s e t t l e m e nt s t h a t wi l l p re ve nt wa r r i n g i n t h e ne w s oc i e t y.

It is v ita l that each set t lement is able t o work aut onomous ly f ro m o ne ano ther as t rade creat es imbalances t hat will lead to the a cc ruement of power by set t lement s which have a grea te r co nce nt rat ion of valuable goods. In t his sit ua tio n se lf-su ff ic ie ncy comes in t he form of set t lement s t hat c an pro du ce e no ugh food, energ y and goods for it s inhabitants a nd to su sta in t he Ut opian impulse. However it is clear tha t se ttle me nts cannot be ent irely self- sufficient , for exam ple the geo gra phical locat ion of t he Van Nelle Fabriek will mean tha t the se t t lement is unable t o produce t he raw mat e rials req u ired to p roduce t he aut omat ons needed t o cont inue au to mated pro duct ion. Therefore it is at t his st age t hat an ove rarc hing we b of government , which can assig n t hese raw mate ria ls to the areas of great est need, is required.

Pop ul a t i ons a re k e p t s t a bl e wi t h i n t h e ne w s oc i e t y. A s t a bl e p op ul a t i on s t op s t h e e n c roa c h m e nt i nt o n a t ure t h a t i nc rea s i n g p op ul a t i ons wi l l n eces s a r i ly c a us e. Sc i e nt i fi c a d va n ce m e n t h a s m ea nt t h a t n a t ure i s now a l m os t e n t i re ly a ut on om ous from t h e i n fl ue nces of h um a ni t y, food i s grown hyd rop on i c a l ly a n d a rea s out s i d e s e t t l e m e n t s h a s b ee n l e ft t o t h e wi l d . Th e op p or t uni t y t o ra i s e a c h i l d i s a s s i gned b a s ed on a l ot t e r y sys t e m t h a t p ros p ec t ive p a re n t s a p ply t o; l ot t e r y ‘t i c ke t s’ a re on ly re l ea s ed wh e n a m e m b e r of com m uni t y d i es, t h us m a i nt a i ni ng a s t a bl e p op ul a t i on , a s p re vi ous ly m e nt i oned . Th i s m ea ns t h a t c h i l d rea r i ng i s n ot s om e t h i n g t o b e t a k e n l i gh t ly a nd i n d ivi d ua l s ra re ly ra i s e m ore t h a n a s i n gl e c h i l d p e r coupl i ng a n d m ore t h a n t wo i n a l i fe t i m e. Alt h ough p a re nt s t a k e t h e l ea d i n c h i l d rea r i n g i t i s a com m u ni t y e ffor t a n d e ve r y s e t t l e m e nt h a s l a rge c r è c h es t h a t h e l p l ook a ft e r c h i l d re n.

One aga in this will not be a government as we underst and it to day. Mu c h o f t he work done at t his level can be aut ono mo u s thro u gh the use of bot s t hat can examine hist oric lev e ls o f co nsu mpti on, and current and project ed populat ion le ve ls in eac h set t lement . Therefore raw mat erials can be assigned o n a propor t ional basis wit hout emot ions. Fur t hermo re, info rma tio n and exper t ise w ill be freely available and shared by the interconnect ed web t hat bind t hese ot her wise inde pe nde nt movement s t oget her. The int erconnect ed web will mean that nobody who wishes t o be in t he syst em is left o u t. The Uto pia w ill focus on educat ion and debat e evolv ing the po litic al ideals t hat began t he revolut ion and breaking the co nnec tions bet ween preser ving government s and ed u c atio n in the past .

Hum a n c h i l d b ea r i n g h a s a l s o b ee n re m oved from t h e na tura l sys t e m of re p rod uc t i on . DNA from t h e s e t t l e m e nt s d a t a b a s e i s com b i ned i nt o a n e m b r y o a nd grown i n sy n t h e ti c ut e r i un t i l c h i l d re n a re “b or n” . Th es e c h i l d re n h ave b ee n e ngi nee red t o re m ove l i fe i n h i b i t i n g d e fec t i on s. At t r i b ut es s uc h a s s e x, e y e col our e t ce t e ra a re h owe ve r l e ft t o t h e l ott e r y of DNA . In t h i s way a l l c h i l d re n a re t ec h n i c a l ly ‘a d op ted ’, a s t h e y s h a re no ge n es wi t h t h e i r p a re nt s b ut a l l p a re nt s a d d t h e i r ge n es t o t h e d a t a b a s e i n ord e r t o m a i nt a i n d ive rs i t y wi t h i n t h e we b of s e t t l e m e n t s.

The po st-re vo lut ionar y societ y has re- arranged it self aro u nd the po st- scarcit y labour market . Wit h fully aut omatised pro du c tio n of food and energy t hese goods are also no lo nge r sc a rce commodit ies. Those who w ish can volun tee r to wo rk in jobs t hat are st ill available t o humans, such as c hild c a re o r educat ion. Alt ernat ively people are ent ered into the lo tte r y to be par t of t he local council. The council

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Exist in g ve rtical circul at ion no des a re re t ain e d an d be come a focus f o r li vi ng an d commun it y wit h in th e revo luti o na r y socie t y. T h e se sp ace s are h ome to pub li c ame n it ie s such as commun al kitchens a nd din in g sp ace s as we l l as l e isure s pa ces

T h e me e tin gs of th e gove rn ing co unci l occur wit h in th e origin al ma na gem ent buil din g. S ituat e d at th e e n t ran ce o f the s i te t h is buil din g is t h e first th at you enco unter. T h e re fore as we l l as be in g uti li s ed f o r man age me n t it is al so th e p roce ss i ng centre for al l n e w immigran t s l ookin g to jo i n the se t tl e me n t . Ne w re side n t s w il l lea r n the p art icul ar moral e val ue s of t h e va n Nelle Fabrie k se ttl e me n t so as t o un der sta nd how t o be st in te grat e wit h t h e ir n e w culture.

Exist in g van Ne l l e p owe r p l an t is upda ted to con form to mode rn st an dards and i s key to p rov idin g p owe r t o t h e n e w revo luti o na r y se t tl e me n t

Parkl an d surroun din g th e fact o r i es s er ves seve ral fun ct ion s. T h e is to increa s e the se p aration be twe e n t h e revo luti o n a nd t h e an d th e p re - existin g society. Thi s i s ach ieve d t h rough al l owin g th e s pa ce to b e 109

retur ned to a to ta l na ture a s o ppo s ed to the co nstr ucted na ture tha t cur rently ex i sts wi thi n the develo ped wo r ld. Thi s wi ll grow i nto a wi ld wo o dla nd tha t i s ho m e to m a ny s peci es o f a ni m a l a nd b i rd. The by- pro duct o f thi s a uto no m o us na ture i s tha t thi s s pa ce ca n now b e tr uly us ed f o r a m eni ty a s well a s lea r ni ng. 5.

The o ld di str i b uti o n b ui ldi ng b eco m es the pla nt centre o f the s ettlem ent . It i s vi ta l tha t a s m uch o f the wa ste tha t i s genera ted by the s ettlem ent b e reus ed o r recycled. Bi o degra da b le wa ste ca n b e co m po sted a nd reus ed i n the no ur i s hm ent o f pla nts o n s i te. Techno lo gi es s uch a s the Ja ni cki Om ni pro ces s o r ca n co nver t hum a n wa ste i nto dr i nka b le wa ter, hea t, electr i ci ty, nutr i ent r i ch a s h.

Old f a cto r y f lo o r s a re ta ken over a nd us ed a s ha b i ta ti o n s pa ces f o r ci ti zens o f the revo luti o n. The ex i sti ng str ucture a nd i ni ti a l wa ter ti ght envelo pe m a ke i t lo gi ca l f o r the o r i gi na l s ettler s to ta ke over thes e s pa ces f o r li vi ng. W hi lst thi s wi ll b egi n a s a b a s i c s q ua t style s ettlem ent i t wi ll s o o n grow i nto a m o re s ub sta nti a l a nd well develo ped s ettlem ent . Arc h i t ec t ure of a Re vol ut i on : : Sp ec t res of Ut op i a

Site Entrance T h e ne w micro -p olitic al movements w ill f o c us o n c ertain areas. The areas s eiz ed by th e se i n d ivid u al factions w ill tu rn into ne w se ttl e ments as s ymp athis ers join the revo l uti o n. The s ettlements w ill b e the focu s f o r t h e re a l i sation of the p olitic al id eals of the m ove m e nt that s eiz ed them. The c onnec ted f a c t i o ns w i l l have a far larg er imp ac t acting th a n i f t h e y were acting au tonomou s ly and w i l l be strong enou g h to overw helm the e sta b l i sh e d p owers that cu rrently hold thes e s i te s.

the unenl ightened. It is the abil ity fo r the Van Nel l e Fabr iek buil ding to real ise these go al s that makes it the per fect site to be seized. T he ratio nal design o f the facto r y fl o o r s co mbined with the functio nal ism o f the o utl ying buil dings such as the management, power pl ant and distr ibutio n buil dings; as wel l as the functio nal ist circul atio n makes the buil ding wel l suited to a new l iv ing settl ement. Fur ther mo re the situatio n o f the buil ding within a par k l and co upl ed with its proximity to the Del ftshaven Schie water way makes the facto r y defensibl e and sel fsufficient. Final l y, the cul tural impo r tance o f the Van Nel l e Fabr iek to Ro tterdamer s and the adver tising integrated into the design o f the buil ding wil l give the pro fil e it requires to attract new member s.

T h e p r i m a r y g oal for the revolu tion onc e s i te s a re s eiz ed w ill b e to ens u re the revo l uti o ns continu ity. Seiz ed b u ild ing s m u st be defens ib le, have s ome d eg ree of s e l f- su f f i c i e nc y, offer the op p ortu nity for ex p a nsi o n and ad vertis e the revolu tion to

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Ho t F i ni s h C ircu lar Hollow Section d iameter 76 m m

11. C l o sel y woven steel mesh al l ows so me l ight thro ugh witho ut co mpro mising pr ivacy o f tho se wal k ing above

2. St e e l Str u c tu ral Ties d iameter 25 mm

5. Uni ve r s a l St eel Beam 20 3 x 1 0 2 x 23

12. Gantr y Str ucture suppo r ted o f Far ming Tower str ucture free fro m existing str ucture and avo iding any ther mal break s and env iro nmental ho l es within the sk in o f the new l iv ing units

6. Uni ve r s a l St eel Beam 25 4 x 1 02 x 22

13. L ighting pro j ects down fro m gantr y above

8. Bo l t

14. Spr ink l er system pro tects steel str ucture in case o f fire

9. Ha ndra i l

15. Ser v ices r un beneath gantr ies into cel l s

1 0. St e e l Bra c ke ts for Walkway Stru c tu re

16. Paral l el Fl ange C hannel 200 x 90 x 3 0

I ntu m e sc e nt p aint on all stru ctu ral steel e l e m e nts g i ves fire res istance of u p to 1 hou r

4. Ro l l e d Ste e l E q u al A ng le 9 0 x 9 0 x 1 2

Uni ve r s a l St eel Colu mn 25 4 x 25 4 x 73

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Living Cells Uni t s a re s itu ated on the p erimeter of the o l d f a c to r y floors on the Van Nelle Fab riek. T h e R a t i o na l d es ig n of the factory makes th e m s u i t a ble for this p u rp os e as there is no re qu i re ment for ad d itional stru c tu re. Fur th e r m o re, the central row of the fac tory f l o o r s c a n be removed to allow lig ht into the c i rc u l a t i o n s p aces. Colu mns are s et at 5 70 0 m m c e ntre s in all on all fac tory floors, this h a s b e e n di vid ed into two g iving a g rid for th e l i v i ng units to work w ithin. A s stated th e str u c tu re of the ex isting b u ild ing is i nd e p e nd e nt from the internal d ivid ing walls, th e re f o re u n its can b e joined into homes for two o r s h a red d orms that allow for larg er c o m m una l l iving s p aces.

T he str ucture that suppo r ts the far ms above o ccupy the middl e gro und o f the van Nel l e Fabr iek . T he steel co l umns str uctures fo l l ow the r hythm o f the existing co l umns at 57 00 mm centres. T he gaps o f this super str ucture al l ow ho r izo ntal circul atio n between l iv ing units and the co mmunal areas. Ver tical circul atio n uses the existing stair s and l ift systems o f the van Nel l e Fabr iek . It was these functio nal zo nes that I fo und to be the mo st interesting in design ter ms. T he time and exper tise in mak ing these spaces wo r k is expl icitl y shown in the auto matic do o r cl o ser s that I have mentio ned prev io usl y as wel l as the stair s that are bespo ke designs in each zo ne.

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Single Room W h e n a c i t iz en is b orn they s hare the s p ace a l l o c a t i o n o f one of the p arents. This p arent i s d e e m e d to b e the p rimary carer and as s u c h i t i s pred ominately their job to look a f te r th e d ay to d ay u p b ring ing of the c hild . Howeve r t h e s ec ond ary p arent is ex p ec ted , h oweve r no t forc ed , to remain in the s ame s e ttl e m e nt a s their c hild to relieve s ome the o f t h e stra i ns of p arenthood on the p rimary p a re nt a s well as s eeking to help g u id e the m o ra l e up bring ing of the child . Finally s h o ul d th e need aris e they are availab le to ste p i n a nd rais e the c hild s hou ld the p rimary p a re nt b e c ome u nfit to d o s o. The you ng p a re nt s l i v i ng in a c ommu nity w ith s hared k i tc h e n s p a ces w ill b enefit from the help and g ui d a nc e o f their old er ex p erienc ed p eers w h o a re availab le to make meals and help w i th sm a l l job s. W hilst c hild ren are mainly th e re s p o nsib ility of the p rimary ad u lt then th e se c o nda ry ad u lt they are very mu c h p art o f a c o m m unity and all of the neig hb ou rs help i n t h e ra i si ng of the child s hou ld they need to.

Sp ec tres o f Uto pia : : Arc hitec tu re of a Revolut ion

At the age o f 5 the pr imar y parent is al l o cated an extra 16 m 2 o f space fo r the chil d. It is expected the spaces wil l be co mbined to fo r m a singl e l arger unit. T his gives the matur ing famil y increased pr ivacy as they are now abl e to have pr ivate bedro o ms. T his l iv ing ar rangement remains in pl ace until the chil d has reached the age o f twenty. However as they mature the requirement o f the seco ndar y parent to remain in the same settl ement as their chil d diminishes and they are free to retur n to the ro aming l ifestyl e however they are expected to remain in the cl o se co ntact with their chil d tho ugh no t necessar il y physical l y. Once they are o f age chil dren are free to l eave the settl ement o f their parent po tential l y travel l ing between settl ements educating themsel ves emo tio nal l y, sexual l y and po l itical l y. Whil st travel l ing they may cho o se to take up residence in a co mmunal do r m ro o m. T his l essens the impact o f no t k nowing peo pl e in new settl ements and enabl es the citizen to meet mo re peo pl e expanding their k nowl edge o f the wo r l d and their fr iendship base.

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Ex i sti ng C o n c rete Stru ctu re

mo unted to 12mm Pl ywo o d sheet

2. E PDM t o be lap p ed and fixed to p erimeter o f w i nd ow lap p ing b reather memb rane to a c h i eve we ather tig ht s eal accord ing to g l a zi ng m a n u fac tu rers recommend ations

8. Under fl o o r heating/insul atio n

11. Ser v ice Vo id

9. Spacing battens to prov ide so und insul atio n 10. 12mm C hipbo ard

6 m m p l a t e A nod iz ed A lu miniu m Wind ow Reve a l f i xe d b ack to p lywood s heathing to s p e c i a l i st g l az ing s u b - c ontractors d es ig n

12. Insul atio n (2x100mm) 13. T imber carcassing with pl ywo o d sk in

4. Re c e ss e d bl ind b ox over w ind ow

14. Air Gap

5. Ne w w i ndow s and frames to mod ern d es ig n a nd e nv i ro nmental stand ard s

15. Inter nal Pl aster bo ard mo unted o n gypro c system

6. E ng i ne e re d Timb er Flooring 7.

Me ta l c l a dd ing p anel & p anel hang ing s ystem

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06 07 08 09 10

Double Room Af t e r 1 0 ye a rs of travelling the citiz en is now ex p e c te d to b ec ome the p rimary p arent to a c h i l d . Sh o ul d they choos e to d o this they w ill l i ke l y s u r re n d er their s p ace in the c ommu nal d o r m i n f avo u r of living in a p rivate ap artment w i th i n a si ng le s ettlement.

ro l es such as po l itical o r educatio nal ro l es. However sho ul d they desire “ info r mal ” ro l es such as yo ung chil d care are stil l avail abl e. Mo st citizens who are retired however cho o se to travel and par take in var io us l eisure activ ities. Typical l y in this time they wil l retur n to the co mmunal do r ms fo r the so cial benefits they br ing. L ife expectancy has reached 100 and al tho ugh it co ul d theo retical l y go higher many peo pl e cho o se to end their l ives at this po int. Due to the l o tter y fo r a chil d there is a stro ng rel atio nship between the cycl e o f death and l ife within so ciety, which has l ed to the bel ief in reincar natio n, no t necessar il y due to how go o d so mebo dy is in l ife, but based o n the rej uvenatio n o f the so ul into a yo unger stro nger human bo dy abl e to reinvent the revo l utio n o nce again in their l ife time. So ciety do es no t mo ur n the death o f a l oved o ne but rather cel ebrates the po ssibil ity o f new l ife within the co mmunity.

As t h e c h i l d g row s and b ec omes old enou g h to be w i t h ou t their p arents for ex tend ed p e r i o ds o f ti me the ad u lt w ill b ec ome elig ib le f o r wo r k . T hey may als o c hoos e to b ec ome a s e c o nda r y p arent in this time. Po st m i dd l e ag e the c itiz en w ill no long er h ave d e p e nd ent child ren as the p rimary child w i l l h ave g row n to b ec ome fu lly ind ep end ent a nd th e s e c o nd ary c hild no long req u ires s u c h ti m e i nt e nsive caring. It is now the c itiz en i s a b l e t o m a ke their g reatest commitment to th e revo l u t ionary s ettlement taking the lead i n m a ny ro les rang ing from g overnanc e to e d uc a t i o n. However this ex p ectation to work d o e s no t l a st long and at the ag e of 70 c itiz ens a re no l o ng er elig ib le for key “formal”

Sp ec tres o f Uto pia : : Arc hitec tu re of a Revolut ion

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Ex i sti ng C o n c rete Stru ctu re

mo unted to 12mm Pl ywo o d sheet

2. E PDM t o be lap p ed and fixed to p erimeter o f w i nd ow lap p ing b reather memb rane to a c h i eve we ather tig ht s eal accord ing to g l a zi ng m a n u fac tu rers recommend ations

8. Under fl o o r heating/insul atio n

11. Ser v ice Vo id

9. Spacing battens to prov ide so und insul atio n 10. 12mm C hipbo ard

6 m m p l a t e A nod iz ed A lu miniu m Wind ow Reve a l f i xe d b ack to p lywood s heathing to s p e c i a l i st g l az ing s u b - c ontractors d es ig n

12. Insul atio n (2x100mm) 13. T imber carcassing with pl ywo o d sk in

4. Re c e ss e d bl ind b ox over w ind ow

14. Air Gap

5. Ne w w i ndow s and frames to mod ern d es ig n a nd e nv i ro nmental stand ard s

15. Inter nal Pl aster bo ard mo unted o n gypro c system

6. E ng i ne e re d Timb er Flooring 7.

Me ta l c l a dd ing p anel & p anel hang ing s ystem

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Arc h i t ec t ure of a Re vol ut i on : : Sp ec t res of Ut op i a

Automation I n th e ne w s oc iety certain job s are taken by a u t o m a t o ns. The g reatest examp le of this i s w i t h f o o d p rod u ction. Whilst g ard ening h a s t h e ra p e u tic p rop erties farming p u rely a s s o c i a t e d with the p rod u c tion of food . This i s a s e c t o r t hat is alread y larg ely au tomated

and l o o k s set to be entirel y auto mated so o n. Far ming at Van Nel l e is do ne o n the extensive steel str ucture at the centre o f facto r y. Organic waste fro m the l iv ing quar ter s is pumped up to the pl anting l evel s where it is used to grow fo o d hydro po nical l y.

L i g h ti ng p rojec ts d ow n from g antry ab ove

8. Univer sal Steel C o l umn 254 x 254 x 7 3

2. Sc i ss o r l i f ts rais e an lower p lanting b ed s m a i nta i ni ng the ap p rop riate d istanc e b e t we e n g row lig hts and p lants 3.

9. Bo l t 10. Univer sal Steel Beam 254 x 102 x 22 11. El ectr icity/Data cabl es power the auto no mo us far ming ro bo ts

Auto no m o u s rob ots are mou nted on g antry str u c tu re s t hat allow the rob ots to navig ate a ro u nd t h e p lanting arms. Moving in X Y ve c to r s m eans all c o - ord inates c an b e a c c e s s e d , the s ystem works in a s imilar f a s h i o n t o a las er c u tter or 3D p rinter

12. Auto no mo us ro bo ts pl ant, tend and har vest the fr uit and vegetabl e pl ants. Once har vested go o ds are pl aced into the Archimedes screw to be taken to the habitatio n l evel s 13. Aero fl o 120 pl anting beds mo unted o n scisso r l ifts

4. Ro l l e d Ste e l E q u al A ng le 9 0 x 9 0 x 1 2 5. Uni ve r s a l St eel Beam 20 3 x 1 0 2 x 23

14. Univer sal C astel l ated Steel Beam 203 x 13 3 x 30

6. Arc h i m e de s Screw trans p orts rip e fru it and ve g e ta b l e f rom the farms d ow n to hab itation a re a s 7.

15. Univer sal Steel Beam 457 x 152 x 60 16. Univer sal Steel Beam 254 x 146 x 3 7

1 2 5 0 L i tre Water Tank

Sp ec tres o f Uto pia : : Arc hitec tu re of a Revolut ion

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Sp ec tres o f Uto pia : : Arc hitec tu re of a Revolut ion

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Sp ectres o f Uto p i a :: Arch i tectu re o f a Re vo l u ti o n

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Arc h i t ec t ure of a Re vol ut i on : : Sp ec t res of Ut op i a

Community Spaces L e i s u re t i m e in the revolu tionary s ettlement f o c us e s a ro u nd the three circu lation nod es a s we l l a s the p arkland s u rrou nd ing the van Ne l l e Fa b r i e k.

T he par k l and sur ro unding the facto r y buil dings is l eft to ensure the auto no my o f nature and be enj oyed in it purest state. Far fro m the co nstr ucted nature cur rentl y â&#x20AC;&#x153;enj oyedâ&#x20AC;? by many in the wester n wo r l d the wil d fo rest o f the par k l and wil l beco me ho me to many animal s, insects and pl ant species. T he van Nel l e Fabr iek wil l therefo re beco me an o asis fo r al l refugees, human and animal , fro m the pre - existing capital ist so ciety.

T h e i ndo o r leis u re s p aces p rovid e commu nal c o o k i ng a nd d ining s p aces for the citiz ens a s f e w h ave thes e fac ilities w ithin their c e l l s. T h e s e ac tivity nod es are als o p rovid e a m e ni ti e s as d ivers e as lau nd ry rooms, b ow l i ng a l l ey, commu nal living s p aces and a g y m . T h e s e s p aces are intend ed to b e the h e a r t o f t h e c ommu nity.

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Arc h i t ec t ure of a Re vol ut i on : : Sp ec t res of Ut op i a

T he st ud i o que stion e d t h e assump t ion s t h at l i e b e hi nd Smart Cit ie s – assump tion s t h at i nc lud e t he Ide a of Progre ss an d Grow th . F ro m t hi s c r it ique we wil l p rop ose a st e adyst a t e a rc hi t e cture t h at h as at its h e art t h e Ne w E c o no m i c Fo u n dat ion’s five ways of we l l -be in g : C o nne c t i o n ( soc ial relations hip s ); Being active ( b o dy a nd m ind ); Taking notic e (awarenes s of s e ns a ti o ns, t hou g hts & feeling s ); Continu ou s l e a r ni ng ; C o ntrib u ting /c oop erating. T h e i d e a o f c ities as p latforms is relatively new a nd ex p e r i m e ntal and therefore the stu d io was tre a te d a s a res earc h-by- d es ig n stu d io. There i s a n o p p o r tu nity to make a g enu ine orig inal c o nt r i bu t i o n. Pl a tf o r m s a l so tend to b e op en- end ed , inclu s ive, s c a l a bl e, nu r t ure a c ommu nity, and have mu ltip le a no nym o u s a u thors. The more s u c ces s fu l ones te nd t o be f or the common g ood of s ociety, a l th o ug h t h e re is no reas on they c annot b e f i na nc i a l l y p rofitab le The stu d io w ill b e to d evelop

a definitio n o f the city as pl atfo r m, answer ing the questio ns, ‘what is a pl atfo r m? ’ and ‘what are pl atfo r ms’ fundamental character istics? ’ We wil l do this thro ugh the readings and the gro up co mpil ing exampl es and case studies o f pl atfo r ms in bo th so ftware and architecture, and rel ate it to the site and situatio n in Ro tterdam. T he gro up fir stl y designed a pl atfo r m fo r the Waal haven regio n o f Ro tterdam by researching and mapping the area and devel o ping an under standing o f its needs and po tential . After the sympo sium, indiv idual s wil l then use this pl atfo r m as a basis to design and devel o p their own pro po sal fo r the city. T he studio was r un as a co o perative and its appro ach to l ear ning ado pted a pl atfo r m metho do l o gy itsel f where the studio was to be co nsidered itsel f a pl atfo r m fo r students to teach themsel ves and each o ther thro ugh research and design and peer l ear ning.

i.a City as a Platform P l a n R o tt e r d am

S ta g e 5 : W e e k 7 - 1 0

Tutors : D r. St ephen Parnel l

Abstract Digital

Physical

Platform for Communication [A platform] enables and anticipates future action without directly producing it. A platform provides tools and resources to the objects that run “on top” [it]

the mapping exercises resul ted in a j o ur ney tak ing pl ace aro und the site creating an abstract ver sio n o f the basin, thro ugh which we co ul d see the cl assic signs o f gentr ificatio n with the sl ow infil tratio n o f mo ney fro m No r th to So uth and we began to see how the pl atfo r m wo ul d be abl e to effect a po sitive change within the site. Areas we so ught to address was the l ack o f an identity, a l ack o f vo ice and a l ack o f co nnectio n.

Sea n Do c kray

A Platform enables user- defined outcomes and encourages innovative par ticipation. Platforms are indiscriminately accessible and non-prescriptive, but use parameters to facilitate and anticipate action. They evolve through feedback , resulting in connections amongst Users and Platforms.

T he created pl atfo r m to o k the fo r m o f three aspects. Physical (H Q/Adver tising buil ding), Digital (App fo r co mmunicatio n), Abstract (L o cal C ur rency).

The Pla tfo rmists

T h e sta te m ent ab ove is ou r c u lmination of th e we e k we s p ent res earching p latforms. T h i s d e f i nition, d evelop ed by the stu d io, g ove r ne d the rest of the Stu d ios work and led to t h e deve l o p ment of p latforms p res ented at th e Sym p o si u m. Mu c h of the res earc h foc u s ed a ro u nd re a d ing s and p rec ed ent res earc h. We i d e nt i f i e d p latforms rang ing from Lang u ag e, E c o no m y, L eg o, and Peris cop e. From here a s a g ro up we were ab le to s ynthes is e the c h a ra c t e r i stics of a s u cces s fu l p latform. T h e s e we re ; layering (p latforms b u ilt on p l a t f o r m s) acces s ib ility (no b arriers at layer), i te ra ti ve f e e d b ack.

T he Physical side o f the pl atfo r m to o k o n numero us guises at this ear l y stage. T he fir st and mo st impo r tant was the ‘T ij d Buil ding ’ seen initial l y as a buil ding that co ul d wo r k as a ho me o f the pro grams required by the r unning o f the pl atfo r m. T he Abstract po r tio n o f the pl atfo r m is the new cur rency as cur rencies are the fabr ic that bind co mmunities to gether. Named T ij d o r T ’s, the Dutch wo rd fo r time, it is a sk il l shar ing cur rency where peo pl e are abl e to receive payment fo r the ho ur s they spend teaching o r wo r k ing with o ther s in the co mmunity.

Fur th e r m o re at this stag e we b rou g ht all that we h a d l e a rnt from the map p ing exercis e a l o ng w i th the w ritten res earc h to d ec id e on o u r g ro up aims for ou r p latforms. Many of

Sp ec tres o f Uto pia : : Va n Ne lle Fa briek

Final l y the digital pl atfo r m is an app that enabl es the sk il l shar ing netwo r k to take pl ace.

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TIJD Building

institution

TIJD HEADQUARTER BUILDING

Public access view level Central processing system Office space Help centre

Community

PET SPACE

ENERGY GENERATING PATH

The function of Tijd building is to provide office space, central processing system space and help centre space for the app which we applied in Rijnhaven area, it is like a headquarter for the app.

Pet- Architecture is a discipline dealing with construction on gaps between inner-city buildings. Maybe an interested builder will turn up on Tijd app, then an idea, a design and somebody can move from the street into a nice new home!

The kinetic energy of walking or dancing people converts into electricity. Energy generated can be stored in batteries to utilise at the Tijd advertisment installations. Anyone can join to generate energy and earn some T’s!

AQUACULTURE

The farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mulloscs, aquatic plants & ornamental fish in a controlled environment. Empowering the local residents of the Katendrecht area to produce their own food and learn about producing food leading to respect for sourcing of foods and reducing food waste. The existing north tip of the Katendrecht lends itself to a closed in aquafarm where the water in/out lets can be controlled and has automatic access to transport to the rest of the basin and further out.

Platform for Sharing T h e T i j d P l at f o r m

co ul d mean yo u co ul d get invo l ved in energy pro ductio n, ur ban far ming, l o cal so urcing o r waste dispo sal management, to name but a few. T here are al so reductio ns in C O 2 tax and insurance premiums thro ugh the T ij d scheme. As a resul t o f al l this there is smal l er over heads l eft fo r yo u and yo ur business here at T ij d, thus freeing up yo ur capital fo r mo re exciting things.

T i jd i s a s oc ial ex p eriment d es ig n by Ne wc a stl e Univers ity b as ed in the R ijnhaven Ba si n o f Rotterd am. The u ltimate p remis e h a s b e e n t o c reate revolu tionis ed lab ou r m a r ke t p l a c e w here time is money.

Wh y Join?

How

Jo i ni ng t h e Tijd commu nity c u rrenc y w ill re c o g ni s e a nd reward the amou nt of time you c o m m i t t o you r loc al area.

Yo u can sign up fo r T ij d thro ugh this appl icatio n o r thro ugh the C o l l ective Offices by the Rij nhaven Metro Statio n. Fro m here yo u can manage yo ur pro fil e, request hel p and adv ice o r find o ppo r tunities to trade sk il l s and ser v ices. Instead o f Euro s, T ’s are generated that can be used within par ticipating sho ps o f the Rij nhaven area, as wel l as thro ugh the o nl ine l abo ur mar ketpl ace.

Be i ng a p a r t of Tijd is als o reward ing in its elf. He re yo u w ill find the c hance to c ontrib u te to s o m e th i n g b ig g er than the s u m of its c o m p o ne nts. Tijd w ill g ive you an op p ortu nity to str i ke u p new relations hip s, b u ild tru st b e t we e n p e op le and enhanc e the ap p eal and a ttra c t i ve nes s of you r area, among st other th i ng s. Fo r examp le, w hy not p lay a p art in re d uc i ng so cial exclu s ion and ineq u ality by i nve sti ng some of you r time? You cou ld even c re a t e yo u r ow n b u s ines s ventu re w ithin th e T i jd c o mmu nity, w hich, as a mic rocos m i n i ts e l f, a cts as a p latform for testing and l a u nc h i ng i d eas in a s u p p ortive environment b e f o re g o i ng g lob al.

T he great thing abo ut T ij d is that it’s o pen to ever yo ne. T ’s can be generated thro ugh manual l abo ur as wel l as traded ser v ices. Buil ding, Energy generatio n, Far ming and Maintenance are j ust so me o f the secto r s cur rentl y o ffer ing T ’s in exchange fo r wo r k . T ij d o ffer s back the o ppo r tunity to ear n T ’s thro ugh co mmunity based pro j ects in areas such hel ping the el der l y and hel ping to settl e asyl um seeker s.

As t h e T i jd commu nity g row s and ex p and s th e re ’s a l ways room for c ontrib u tions from i nd i v i d ua l s from all walks of life. The Tijd c ur re nc y c a n als o b e u tilis ed in alleviating s o m e o f the fees and op erational c osts i m p o se d by the cou ncil, throu g h p rovid ing s o m e th e i r services that we c an manag e more e f f e c t i ve l y and efficiently ou rs elves. This Sp ec tres o f Uto pia : : Va n Ne lle Fa briek

it wor ks...

T ’s can be used to hire peo pl e who have o ffered their sk il l s thro ugh the mar ketpl ace o r al ter nativel y o n rewards such as ho t meal s, a safe pl ace to sl eep o r theatre tickets and o ther enter tainment. 1 36

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Fo r my p e r s o n al p l atform p roj e ct I sough t t o give t he exi st i ng c o mmun ity a voice an d t h e re fore an i d e nt i t y by attractin g acade mics, re se arch e rs a nd st a r t-up busin e sse s in t o t h e Rij n h ave n Ba s i n. T he c on ce p t be h in g t h e buil din g is on e w hi c h c a n be grow n an d deve l op e d as re quire d by t he T i j d p lat form. T hi s i s e na b l e d by t h e modul ar con struct ion th at

I develo ped a s pa r t o f the pla tf o r m a nd whi ch i s i n o f i ts elf a pla tf o r m . As the pla tf o r m grows a nd develo ps i t i s cha nged a nd a utho red by i ts o ccupa nts unti l i t i s develo ped i nto s o m ethi ng tha t i s m o re tha n just o f f i ce testi ng gro und tha t I i ni ti a lly pro po s ed b eco m i ng a pla ce o f res i dence, enjoym ent, wo r k a nd educa ti o n.

i.b City as a Platform E m e r g e n c e & A s s e mb l a g e

S ta g e 5 : W e e k 1 1 - 1 5

Tutors : D r. St ephen Parnel l

Community Space I be g a n th e ind ivid u al p roject by examining w h e re w i th in the master-p lan I wanted to p l a c e m y se l f b as ed u p on the typ e of p roject I w i sh e d t o c omp lete. The s ite is cu rrently e m p t y wa i ti ng for a new d evelop ment in the m o u l d o f th e b u ild ing s s een in Kop van Zu id . It a l s o si ts a t p oint that is p rovid es a literal l i nk , i n t h e form of a land b rid g e b etween K a te nd re c h t and A frikaand erb u u rt however a s ye t do e s not have the p rog ram to s u p p ort s u c h a l i nk .

system that co ul d grow and expand over time.

I p ro p o se t o c reate a b u ild ing that acts as a te sti ng g ro und that allow s the Tijd to g row a nd f l o ur i s h. I want to c reate a b u ild ing typ o l o g y t h at c an chang e and ad ap t to the ne e d s o f th e loc al c ommu nity. That is eas y to a s s e m b l e, a s to allow the work to b e c arried o u t by a n u n s killed inex p erienced workforc e, a t ra te th a t c an keep p ace w ith the rap id ly c h a ng i ng ne ed s of the p eop le of R ijnhaven. T h i s ne c e s s itates the need for a mod u lar

T he devel o pment wil l be ho me to smal l , creative businesses util ising the T ij d pl atfo r m to hel p manage and attract new peo pl e fro m o utside Rij nhaven creating a new po o l o f exper tise that wil l dr ive the o rganic future devel o pment o f So uth Ro tterdam. It is time fo r the co mmunity o f So uth Ro tterdam to take their fir st nascent steps and find a vo ice and an identity to pro tect al l that is great abo ut their co mmunity.

Ci ty a s a Pl a tfo rm : : Eme rge nce & Assemblage

I al so feel that due my desire to subver t the existing gentr ificatio n that is encro aching o n the Rij nhaven basin it is impo r tant at this stage to no t use a standard system that is dependent o n a l inear str uctural system. If o nl y fo r symbo l ic reaso ns this devel o pment must stand apar t and be v isibl y and exper iential l y different to what has co me befo re it.

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Em e rge n ce & As s e m bl a ge : : Ci t y a s a Pl a t for m

Emergence Through Assemblage I b e g a n to look at the id eas of emerg enc e th o ug h a s s emb lag e d es c rib ed in a read ing s a b o ut t h e favelas of Sou th A meric a and Mu m ba i . At this stag e I als o b eg an to d o ex te ns i ve re s earch into architec ts s u c h as Al e ja ndro Aravena and Ted Cru z . They arg u e th a t th e ro le of the arc hitec t is c hang ing f ro m a to p - d ow n d ic tatorial p os ition to a b o t t o m - u p enab ler. I b eg an to s earch and te st s h a p e s that were ab le to tes s ellate. The g o a l o f th e s ystem is that it can b e as s emb led o r d i sa s s e m b led as req u ired to enc los e and c a p tu re m o re inhab itab le s p ace or b e removed w h e n th e d e mand is red u ced to retu rn s p aces to t h e c o m mu nity. W hat I fou nd w ith this test i s t h a t t h e re are very few s hap es that w ill te s s e l l a te i n three d imens ions in a way that a c h i eve d t h is g oal.

Phel an so l ved the Kel v in co nj ecture o f 18 8 7. L o rd Kel v in so ught to find the mo st efficient way space co ul d be par titio ned into cel l s o f equal vo l ume with the l east area o f sur face between them. T he Weaire - Phel an str ucture was discovered a l ittl e over 100 year s l ater to be the mo st efficient way o f tessel ating shapes to gether in three dimensio ns. T he str ucture is fo r med fro m co mbining two shapes to gether, bo th seen o n the r ight. T he ‘Tetrakaidecahedro n’ and an ‘Ir regul ar Do decahedro n’, bl ue. T he ‘Ir regul ar Do decahedro n’ is fo r med fro m the negative spaces l eft over after the ‘Tetrakaidecahedro n’ have been assembl ed. I bel ieve that this str ucture thro ugh the assembl age o f shapes into a l arger buil t fo r m wil l al l ow me to achieve the go al s I have set o ut at the beginning o f the pro j ect.

T h e We a i re -Phelan stru c tu re fou nd by p h ys i c i st Denis Weaire and his stu d ent Rob ert

Ci ty a s a Pl a tfo rm : : Eme rge nce & Assemblage

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Scanning Mirror

Laser

Roller

Powder

Print Bed

Piston

DODECAHEDRON SURROUNDED BY TETRAKAIDECAHEDRON

N o d e CM o nN n e ct o r

M o d u l a r C o n s t r u ct i o n

On ce t h e us e r h a s t h i s ub i qui t ous n od e t h e y c a n b e gi n t o con nec t i n t o t h e sys t e m . Th i s requi res t h e y us e s t ee l , gl u -l a m or con c re t e e le m e n t s t h a t a re c ut t o a n e xa c t l e ngt h i n t h e ne i gh b our i ng m a n u fa c t ur i ng ya rd . Th e d i m e ns i ons of t h i s h ave b ee n c a re ful ly s i zed t o e n s ure t h a t un i t s c a n work b ot h i n d ivi d ua l ly a nd a s a group.

As t h es e uni t s a re for m ed a n d a s s e m bl ed i n d ivi d ua l ly t h e y c a n b e rea s s e m bl ed i n t o a l a rge r e n t i t y.

3D Pr inted Steel Node The Ti j d Pla tfo rm will prov ide t he b a s e e l e me nts fo r the co nstruc ti on o f my de ve lo pme nt. The m ost b a s i c o f these e le me nt is the con n ec ti o n No de. These 3D Print ed s tee l e l e me nts a re u sed to c reat e the f ra m e wo rk f o r the lo c a l peo pl e m a k i ng the ir own u nits wh ich c a n b e j o i n, inte rlinked o r ke pt as a s i n g l e e le me nt to b e u sed in t he a rea of Rijnhave n. The y provide

ODULE

t he speed and ease of const ruct io n t hat is so key t o t his const ruct io n t echnique, allow ing supply t o keep up wit h demand. A dat abase for t his and all subsequent desig ns based on t he mod ular is held wit hin t he Tijd Civi c Hub. This creat es an open source environment removing some of t h e barriers t o ent r y of my plat form.

ODE

1360 mm 1750 mm

3110 mm 3110 mm

970 mm 390 mm 1750 mm

Additional stair component

12440 mm

Shared WC Area _3.7m2 1360 mm

Office Unit Area _13.5m2

1750 mm

3110 mm

970 mm 390 mm

_6.0m2

3110 mm

Balcony Area

1750 mm

FLOOR LEVELS

H ab i tab l e U n i t s In i ti a l b a sic su ggested inhab itable s p a ces. Sh ared f le x ible o ff ice sp ac es o n ea c h le ve l wrap like a horse s ho e a ro und the now e x isting stair core s tru c tu re o n site. Eac h o ffice m od u l e c an a cco mmo da te 6 p eo -

H ab i tab l e B u i l d i n g s

ple g iving a t ot al of 12 people pe r floor init ially. Each floor has a unisex t oilet w it h a shower for t h e buildings inhabit ant s. One furt her modular st air run componen t is added t o t he cat alogue

Ci ty a s a Pl a tfo rm : : Eme rge nce & Assemblage

Th e Mod ul a r na t ure of t h e d es i gn m ea n s t h a t i m p or t a n t s ec t i on s of b ui l d i n g cod e, s uc h a s c l ea r h ea d h e i gh t s c a nnot b e s ub ve r t ed . Al l c l ea r h ea d h e i gh t s wi t h i n t h e d e-

s i gn a re a m i ni m um of 2. 1 m m et e rs. Fur t h e r m ore t h a n k s t o t h e p re - d es i gned s t a i r com p one nt s a l l s t a i rs con for m t o a cce p t a bl e a ngl es of i n c l i ne.

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Steel Panel

Timber

Concrete

Glass

BASE STAIR CORE STRUCTURE

ENTRANCE UNIT

S t r u ct u r e I n f i l l

Un iqu e Modu l e s

S ta i r C o r e

M o Sd uMl a rC S ta i r

Pa n e l s a re in-f illed by the u se r t o m a k e the m wea the r pro o f a nd Inha b i ta bl e. Once aga in these can b e a d d ed and re moved a s the u s ers n eed s c ha nge ove r time.

At t he g round level a special con dit ion is required t o provide an ent rance int o t he st ruct ure. Howeve r t his difference creat es an ent rance foyer and highlig ht s t he rout e int o t he building.

To p rovi d e ve r t i c a l c i rc ul a t i on i s i m p or t a nt t o d es i gn a s t a nd a rd s t a i r core. Th i s p rovi d es ve rt i c a l c i rc ul a t i on a s we l l a s s p a ce for s e r vi ces t o t rave l up t h rough t h e b ui l d i ng

Wi t h i n t h e s t a i r core t h e re a re furt h e r s t a i r m od ul es. Ea c h s t a i r b et wee n l e ve l s i s m a d e up for m od ul a r com p one nt s. Two s t a i r r uns a nd t wo l a nd i ngs.

TAIR

ODULAR

OMPONENTS

Docedahedron Balcomy_9.2m2

Tetrakaidecahedron Balcomy_9.2m2

Central Columns Removed Level Unit Area_66.5m2

Tetrakaidecahedron Planting Bed_7.3m2

OFFICE UNIT GROWTH

L a rge r Un i t s

E x t e r n a l S p ac e

O ve r ti m e the re will b e pressu re t o e x p a n d u nits as the pro gra ms ins i d e p u s h f o r f u r the r spa ce. Initi a l ly a t gro u nd le ve l whe re str uc tu ra l s u ppo r ts a re ea sie r to add n e w m o d u les are a dded to inc rea se the u sable space ava ilable. Thi s w i l l infiltrate u p the e x isti n g b u i l d i ng ove r time whilst some the n e we r less de ve lo ped no des can s ta r t f ro m this po int immedia tely.

As t he t owers get higher t he need for out door amenit y space at t h e t ops of t he t owers will becom e more prevalent . This unit s are developed t o provide uncovered outdoor space and a plant ing bed . This w ill absorb wat er diminish ing t he effect s of rainwat er run off and helping wit h Rot t erdamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s flood prevent ion st rat eg y.

Fi na l Ex pa nsion Th e fi na l s t a ge of t h e d e ve l op m e n t of t h e m od ul a r d e ve l op m e nt i s t o c rea t e l a rge fl a t i n t e r na l s p a c es. Th i s d e m a nd for t h i s i s d r iv e n by t h e h i gh l e ve l s of i m m i gra t i on i nt o Rot t e rd a m . Pa r t i c ul a rly

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i n t o t h e R i j n h ave n b a s i n t h a n k s t o t h e c h ea p un i t s ava i l a bl e for h i re. Th i s i n fl ux of p eopl e h e l p s t h e e xi s t i n g l oc a l com m uni t y t h rough a n i n c rea s e i n t h e ava i l a bl e e x p e r t i s e.

Em e rge n ce & As s e m bl a ge : : Ci t y a s a Pl a t for m

Testing Ground T h e d eve l o p ment w ill b e home to s mall, c re a t i ve bu sines s es u tilis ing the Tijd p latform to h e l p m a nag e and attract new p eop le from o u t si d e R i jnhaven c reating a new p ool of ex p e r t i se that w ill d rive the org anic fu tu re d eve l o p m e n t of Sou th Rotterd am. It is time f o r th e c o mmu nity of Sou th Rotterd am to ta ke t h e i r f i rst nas cent step s and find a voic e a nd a n i de ntity to p rotect all that is g reat a b o ut th e i r commu nity.

Ci ty a s a Pl a tfo rm : : Eme rge nce & Assemblage

T he buil t fo r m uses the mo dul es I have devel o ped o n prev io us pages initial l y with entrances mo dul es pl aced strategical l y aro und the site. Mo re units are added over time as the co mmunity beco mes mo re establ ished. Al tho ugh initial l y j ust used fo r star t- up o ffice space units can l ater be used fo r l iv ing units and l arger o ffices.

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Ci ty a s a Pl a tfo rm : : Eme rge nce & Assemblage

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Ci ty as a Pl atf o r m :: Em e rge n ce & As s e m bl age

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O ve r t h e cou rs e of the M A rch d eg ree a t Ne wc a stle we comp leted a variety of a d di ti o na l p rojec ts often involving g rou p wo r k a c ro s s year g rou p s or w ith ex ternal sta ke h o l d e r s.

Tool s

for

Th i n k i n g

T h i s m o d ule was comp leted in ou r first s e m e ste r o f the Masters D eg ree the intention o f w h i c h wa s to introd u c e you to a b road ra ng e o f i ss u es in u rb an and architec tu ral re s e a rc h a nd p rovid e the tools w ith w hich yo u c a n c o n d u ct you r ow n c ritic al inq u iries. My p e r so na l es s ay examined c ity p lanning in th e 2 0 th & 2 1 st Centu ry q u estioning :

What are the challenges faced by city planners within the urban context of the developed world? What can we learn from past practices in the developing or developed world? What role can Architects take in the future planning of Urban Developments? T h ro u g h re s earc h into b oth the historical and m o d e r n a t t i t u d es city p lanning I s u g g est the wo r k o f Arc hitec ts s u ch as A lejand ro A ravena, Ta ti a na Bi l bao, Walter Seg al and John Tu rner h o l d t h e g reatest hop e for mod ern s ociety to d e a l w i t h the is s u es it c u rrently faces. A s Arave na says ;

“By 2030, out of the five billion people that will be living in cities, two billion are going to be under the line of pover ty. That means that we will have to build a one millionperson city per week with 10, 000 dollars per family during the next 15 years. A one million-person city per week with 10, 000 dollars per family.”

K i l i ma j u u S ch o o l B a r aza W o r k s h o p T h e K i l i m aju Works hop involved working w i th th e stu d ents and teachers of Kilimaju Sc h o o l i n Matemwe to d es ig n and b u ilt a s e r i e s o f b a raz as in the centre of the s c hool g ro und s u n d erneath ex isting trees. The d e si g ns we re c reated by mos aic s mas hed tiles o nto t h e baraz as w ith the child ren b eing f u l l y i nvo l ved u nd er the instru ction of all th e Ne wc a stle Univers ity stu d ents and the s c h o o l ’s te a c hers. Al l m a t e r i a ls were locally s ou rc ed from v i l l a g e s a nd markets in clos e p rox imity to the s c h o o l . We were help ed by local b u ild ers w ho s h owe d u s how to constru ct the b enches ou t o f c o nc re te b locks. T h e wo r k shop allowed u s to time to u nde r sta nd in interact w ith local c hild ren, a nd ex p e r i e nc e how the s c hool op erated . It wa s ve r y e n joyab le ex p erience, and help ed u s to c re a t e connec tions w ith local p eop le. O rg a nsi ng a nd ru nning the works hop was a

two day pro cess; 1.

We met with the headmaster o f the scho o l and discussed what design he wo ul d prefer. He o pted fo r a semi- circul ar bench approximatel y 400mm high.

2. We co l l ected Bl o ck s, Sand and C ement fro m a l o cal buil ding yard and til e o ff- cuts fro m a buil ding merchant in Sto ne Town. these were bro ught to sight by tr uck . 3.

A Fundi (tradesman) was empl oyed co nstr uct a two bl o ck high wal l .

4. T he chil dren were them spl it into gro up o f approximatel y 20 and al l o cated a bl o ck which we drew the l etter s o f the al phabet o nto as a guide.

C ha r r e tt e - T r ac i n g E ch o s T his week- l o ng char rette examined how spaces we o ccupy pr io r itise cl ar ity over ambiguity, passiv ity over interactio n, stil l ness over dynamism, and mo st cer tainl y co ntro l over indeter minacy. We were tasked to find ways to co mbat the regressio n fro m active and engaged ‘perceptio n’ to mo re passive ‘receptio n’ resul ting in a cul ture o f mass distractio n and spatial disco nnectio n. T hro ugh creating dynamic, intel l igent and co nver satio nal architectures, which cul tivate a re - imagining o f the design pro cess l etting designs take o n a tempo ral as wel l as spatial fl esh. T he Architectural respo nse to this br ief was, thro ugh co ding, data har vesting and intuitive hack ing to create a ser ies o f aco ustical l y interactive architectural ‘hack s’, which thro ugh bo th spatial and bo dil y feedback l o o ps, enabl e o ccupants to co mpo se and reco nditio n their own senso r y env iro nments.

C ha r r e tt e - I n s t r u m e n ta l C urate a ser ies o f so undscapes using so und mak ing co ntraptio ns; created indiv idual l y by students, and co mbined into instal l atio ns to create a ser ies o f ‘no ise o rchestras’. T he instr umentatio n machines wil l be powered by the k inetic energy fro m the students themsel ves and act as the inter face between the human bo dy, a cel ebratio n o f so und and v isual ar t. We initial l y began by testing so unds indiv idual l y, befo re br inging to gether wo r k fro m var io us gro ups l ater in the week in a ser ies o f l arger cl uster s. T he C har rette was intended to fur ther devel o p an under standing o f ergo no mics, human scal e and creative reuse o f mater ial s.

X Additional Projects

Tool s

for

Th i n k i n g

K i l i ma j u u S ch o o l B a r aza W o r k s h o p

S ta g e 5 W e e k 7 - 9 Tuto r :

S ta g e 5 W e e k 1 9

D r. Peter Kellett

Tuto r :

Ad d i ti o n a l Projec ts

Pro fesso r Pr ue C hil es

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C ha r r e tt e - I n s t r u m e n ta l

S ta g e 5 W e e k 6

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Tuto r :

A nd rew Walker

Tuto r :

To m Randl e

Kyveli A nastas s iad i

& Matthew C har l to n

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Ad d i t i ona l Proj ec t s

1 59

Em e rge n ce & As s e m bl a ge : : Ci t y a s a Pl a t for m