ART APPRECIATION PEARL ACADEMY PGIDS
MALVIKA ACHARYA 2014-16
Dear Diary,
What we learn, becomes a part of w ho we are.
I got really fascinated by what I was taught in the Art Appreciation class today. Let me tell you a little something about it‌
Date of Submission: 10th December, 2014 Duration of the project: 60 days
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am thankful to my teachers, Ms Suhasini and Ms Haroop for their worthy support and guidance. I would like to appreciate them for having so much patience to explain each and everything to me and clearing a lot of concepts. I also wish to express my sincere gratitude to Pearl Academy for giving me the opportunity to work on this project and extending the program of education beyond the walls of class rooms.
Last but not the least, I would also like to acknowledge you, Dear Diary. Thank you so much for being so supportive and reading between the lines. I also state that the work is original and any references taken from sources have been duly acknowledged.
THANK YOU SO MUCH ď Š
CONTENT Page No.
Topic.
Topic
Page No.
1.
Executive Summary
27.
Romanticism
2.
Mesopotamian Civilization
29.
Modern Art:
4.
Egyptian Civilization
30.
Impressionism
6.
Greek
33.
Expressionism
9.
Roman
36.
Fauvism
12.
Renaissance
39.
Cubism
14.
Industrial Revolution
42.
Futurism
17.
Baroque
45.
Surrealism
19.
Rococo
47.
Dadaism
22.
Realism
50.
Minimalism
52.
Pop Art
Page No
Topic.
Page No
Topic.
56.
Op Art
79.
Miniature Paintings
58.
Art Nouveau
79.
Mughal
64.
Art Deco
81.
Rajput
68.
Post- Modernism:
83.
Deccan
69.
Environmental Art
85.
Pahari
71.
Instillations
87.
British
73.
Hindu Art:
89.
Raja Ravi Varma
74.
Harappa
90.
Limitations
76.
Buddhism and Jainism
91.
Conclusion
78.
Gupta Art
92.
Bibliography
1.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This research was conducted in order to understand the Ancient Art History of the world. The report is inclusive of every possible topic, which has left a mark in the history of art. I began my research right from the Mesopotamian Civilization going on to other civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, Roman. To understand things better I have included paintings along with the year in which they were created.Â
The report not only consists of the above, but also includes the Modern Art which consists of Impressionism, Expressionism, Cubism, Dadaism, Pop Art. Along with this it also includes the Post Modern Art and the Hindu Art. Â Being a student of Interior Designing and Styling the above research will give me clarity about the art history, which can later be helpful to understand a certain era, or work on a particular theme
2.
MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
Went on from 3500-18 00 B.C.
mesopotamiaapworld.wordpress.com, (10-10-2014)
Among the earliest civilizations were the diverse peoples living in the fertile valleys lying between the Tigris and Euphrates valley, or Mesopotamia, which in Greek means, "between the rivers."
A ziggurat in Iraq, en.wikipedia.org/, (10-10-2014)
3.
commons.wikimedia.org, (10-10-2014)
Mesopotamian Temples, factsanddetails.com, ( 10-10-2014)
So diary, I am in awe of these colossal buildings. Beginnings of monumental architecture in Mesopotamia are usually considered to have been contemporary with the founding of the Sumerian cities and the invention of writing, about 3100 bce. Conscious attempts at architectural design during this so-called Protoliterate period (c.3400–c. 2900 bce) are recognizable in the construction of religious buildings. Temples are built of mud brick on a raised plinth of the same material, and its walls are ornamented on their outside surfaces with alternating buttresses (supports) and recesses.
EGYPTIAN CIVILZATION
Ancient Egyptian architecture is prominently recognized across the globe. Egypt the land of pharaohs has an abundance of strong and unique architectural structures of pyramids, tombs, temples and palaces . Great Pyramid of Giza and The Great Sphinx of Giza are the most famous amongst them.
Went on 3000 B from C to 10 0
4.
AD
Pyramids at Giza, historyforkids.org, (10-10-2014)
Egyptian buildings narrate out loud the stories of pharaohs, its gods , life of the common people and its natural habitat. Egyptian structures were illuminated with magnificent images carved on stones , beautiful paintings , hieroglyphs and three dimensional statues.
5.
Sun baked mud bricks and stones like granite, limestone and sandstone were used as building material due to the scarcity of wood. The mud walls were stabilized by thickening the sloping walls and leaving a few openings, this was known as the echoing method . On closely observing the architectural designs it is realized the stone was usually used for tombs and temples while the royal palaces and fortresses were built using bricks. The key to the success of these designs mainly lies in the hands of its architects and engineers who had high level of expertise. They imparted similar skills into the workforce working on these projects.
Abu Simbel, Temple of Hathor, interior, flicker.com, (10-10-2014)
Ancient Egyptian Columns, archigraphygallery.blogspot.com, (10-10-2014)
6.
GREEK
Doric columns are the simplest, Ionic have a scroll like structure at the ends whereas Corinthian has foliage and a lot of intricate details. The Parthenon under restoration in 2008, wiki.org, (20-10-2014)
BC 0 0 9 from ry AD d e h s i Flour e 1st centu th until
The art of Ancient Greece is usually divided stylistically into four periods: the Geometric, Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic.
7.
Ancient Greek architecture is best known from its temples, many of which are found throughout the region, mostly as ruins but many substantially intact. The second important type of building that survives all over the Hellenic world is the open-air theatre, with the earliest dating from around 350 BC. Other architectural forms that are still in evidence are the processional gateway (the public square surrounded by storied colonnade , the town council building , the public monument, the monumental tomb and the stadium.
Gyzis 006 (Ηistoria), en.wikipedia.org, (10-10-2014)
8.
The formal vocabulary of Ancient Greek architecture, in particular the division of architectural style into three defined orders: the Doric Order, the Ionic Order and the Corinthian Order, was to have profound effect on Western architecture of later periods. The architecture of Ancient Rome grew out of that of Greece and maintained its influence in Italy unbroken until the present day. The rugged indented coastline at Rhamnous, Attica, en.wikipedia.org, (10-10-2014)
9.
ROMAN
Duratio n: 500 BCE - 500
CE
Roman art is generally defined as much more than the art of the city of Rome; rather, it is the art of Roman civilization from Romulus to the Emperor Constantine, and covers a period of more than 1,000 years. As Roman domination spread through Italy, Europe and the Mediterranean, however, Roman art absorbed this Etruscan style and the Etruscan influence included temple architecture, sculpture, portraiture and wall painting. Rome was also deeply influenced by the art of the Hellenistic world, which had spread to southern Italy and Sicily through the Greek Faust and Marguerite - Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, colonies there. wikiart.org, (10-10-2014)
10.
Roman architecture continued the legacy left by the earlier architects of the Greek world, and the Roman respect for this tradition and their particular reverence for the established architectural orders, especially the Corinthian, is evident in many of their large public buildings. However, the Romans were also great innovators and they quickly adopted new construction techniques, used new materials, and uniquely combined existing techniques with creative design to produce a whole range of new architectural structures such as the basilica, triumphal arch, monumental aqueduct, amphitheatre, granary building, and residential housing block.
Mirrorservice.org, (10-10-2014)
ARCHITECTURE
Basilica, crystalinks.com, (10-10-2014)
11.
Architectural Column Orders (Sarah Woodward), ancient.eu, (10-10-2014)
Colosseum, crystalinks.com, (10-10-2014)
The column was an architectural invention which allowed for the support of ceilings without the use of solid walls, thereby increasing the space which could be spanned by a ceiling, allowing the entrance of light and offering an alternative aesthetic to building exteriors, particularly in the peristyles of temples and on colonnades along stoas.
Pantheon, romeonsegway.com, (10-10-2014)
The dome designed by Brunelleschi
RENAISSANCE PERIOD Renaissance art, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and literature produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries in Europe under the combined influences of an increased awareness of nature, a revival of classical learning, and a more individualistic view of man. Scholars no longer believe that the Renaissance marked an abrupt break with medieval values, as is suggested by the French word renaissance, literally “rebirth.” Filippo Brunelleschi Brunelleschi was considered the first Renaissance architect.
St. Peter's Basilica is a prime example of Renaissance architecture ducksters.com, (4-11-2014)
12.
13.
Lamentation, fresco by Giotto, c. 1305–06, britanicca.com, (3-11-2014)
Saint Michael Overwhelming the Demon , Raphael, c. 1505, britanicca.com, (3-11-2014)
During the Renaissance architects began to look back to the Romans and Greeks for inspiration when designing buildings. Much of Renaissance architecture style was taken from Ancient Rome and Greece and then altered to fit their current lifestyle.
14.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
nother a s a w n o i t evolu “Industrial R inary jumps aord tion.” a of those extr z li i iv c f o y he stor diner forward in t r a G n e h p e t -S
15.
In today's lecture, I came to know how The Industrial Revolution had marked a turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban.
Industr ial Revolu tion took pl ace from the 18t h to 19th ce nturies
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 1700s, manufacturing was often done in people’s homes, using hand tools or basic machines.
16.
Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking.
While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some, it also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes.
BAROQUE It began in Italy and quickly spread to rest of Europe. It was a gaudy, decorative and loud style of designing.
rooms e f i l n a h larger t ic style ntr Male ce
17. This era began in the 16th century, in the 15 00’s – Medieval age
When renaissance came into being, all the countries started getting divided. France, Italy and other countries came up then. Spanish monarchy was on the main. 16th and 17th centuries were extravagant be it jewelry, clothes or houses. All the houses consisted of only one room because of lack of light. As at that people believed that there is safety in numbers. So everyone used to do everything in that one room.
Samson and Delilah, (1609-1610) ,by Peter Paul Rubens
18.
Baroque was a very opulent era. People got money and so they started building rooms. Everything was covered in gold, entire walls were of gold.
hatjecantz.de, (9-11-2014)
en.wikipedia.org, (9-12-2014)
Paintings of this period had elongated bodies which had more men than females.
The interior of San AgustĂn Church in Manila,
isleta-avon.blogspot.com, (9-11-2014)
19.
.
ROCOCO
It is an over the top era just like Baroque but is smaller in size and it was in this era that things started becoming intricate and feminine. The main reason for this to happen was because it was this time when the queens started coming into power.
wn as o n k o s Al q ue o r a B e Lat
Starte d the lat in e 17th centur y
It is characterized by: • lightness • elegance • exuberant use of curving • natural forms in ornamentation tlshreffler.com, (10-11-2014)
20.
This was the liberating time for women. The colors on the paintings became more feminine and everything became a little more intricate. At first, all women owned were their jewelry and clothes. Their only job was to make babies . They were not allowed to own anything like a property or go out to work.
Jean-HonorĂŠ Fragonard, The Swing, 1767
More of pastels were used and women became the protagonists of the paintings.
21.
Hand fans became famous in this age. Ladies used to communicate using them. Hence it became a very important accessory. Staircases and corridors were wide as dresses used to be too frilly and big in that century. Most of the things in the houses then were gilded.
Love seat at my farm
portugalconfidential.com, (3-12-2014)
Love Seats (s-shaped) came about in this period as a woman and a man sitting together wasn’t considered appropriate.
22. • Als o called
REALISM I came to know how Realism is a mid 19th century movement which started in France. It began as a reaction to Romanticism, in which subjects were treated ideally. The realists sought to render everyday characters, situations, dilemmas and events; all in an “accurate” (or realist manner). Realists used to discard theatrical drama and classical forms of act to depict common place or ‘realistic themes’.
natural • Bega ism. n in 1840’s in Fran ce.
Realists tried to depict the real world exactly as it appears. They didn’t try to interpret the setting or add emotional meaning to the scenes. They painted everyday subjects and people. They largely painted peasants and laborers' and they were common ‘real’ people. Treatment of subjects in a heroic form were totally rejected and harsh realities of life were brought in light. Sordid or untidy elements of subjects were not smoothed over or omitted.
23.
HISTORY
for n r e c n o c od of i r e p e h the t f o n o i t It was c d r ej e n a y t i l a e nary. fact/r o i s i v d n al a impractic
“Painting is an essentially concrete art and can only consist in the representation of real and existing things” - Gustave Courbet
Realism emerged in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1848 that overturned the monarchy of LouisPhilippe and developed during the period of the Second Empire under Napoleon III. As French society fought for democratic reform, the Realists democratized art by depicting modern subjects drawn from the everyday lives of the working class. Rejecting the idealized classicism of academic art and the exotic themes of Romanticism, Realism was based on direct observation of the modern world.
24. • • • •
: R e a li s t A r t is ts J e a n F r a n c o is M il le t et Gustave Courb et Edouard Man Honore D a u m ie r e
Jean Francois Millet
Realist Artists and Exponents: Favorite subject matter for Realist artists included: genre scenes of rural and urban working class life, scenes of street-life, cafes and night clubs, as well as increasing frankness in the treatment of the body, nudity and sensual subjects. Not surprisingly, this gritty approach shocked many of the upper and middle class patrons of the visual arts.
The Gleaners
It shows three peasant women gleaning the field after harvest. It related more to the common masses. The painting is famous for featuring in a sympathetic which were the lowest ranks of rural society; this was received poorly by the French upper classes. It was a reminder for them that French society was built on the labor of the working people.
25.
Gustave Courbet He was a French painter who led the Realist movement in the 19thcentury. Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists. Some of his famous paintings: The Painter’s Studio
A Burial at Ornans
The Wave
Courbet began painting it in late 1854, he completed it in six weeks. "The world comes to be painted at my studio" said he. The figures in the painting are allegorical representations of various influences on Courbet's artistic life. On the left are human figures from all levels of society.
26.
Vincent van Gogh
Edouard Manet Edouard Manet was a French painter who depicted everyday scenes of people and city life. He was a leading artist in the transition from realism to impressionism. Some of his great work:
Van Gogh wished to create his first masterpiece that could boost his reputation as a developed artist; his goal was to paint human figures that did not appear to be animated, but rather existing naturally. Portraying the figures in a dark room with light from an oil lamp.
Olympia The Balcony
Luncheon on the Grass
27.
ROMANTICISM It stressed on strong emotions, imagination and freedom from classical thoughts.
The Lady of Shalott (1888), By John William Waterhouse.
Went o 1770 n from to 19 20
It was a reaction against Neoclassicism, it is a deeply-felt style which is individualistic, exotic, beautiful and emotionally wrought. In Romantic art, nature—with its uncontrollable power, unpredictability, and potential for cataclysmic extremes—offered an alternative to the ordered world of Enlightenment thought. The violent and terrifying images of nature conjured by Romantic artists recall the eighteenthcentury aesthetic of the Sublime.
28.
Romanticism stressed on: • A deepened appreciation of the beauties of nature; • A general exaltation of emotion over reason and of the senses over intellect; • A turning in upon the self and a heightened examination of human personality and its moods and mental potentialities; • A preoccupation with the genius, the hero, and the exceptional figure in general, and a focus on his passions and inner struggles. • A new view of the artist as a supremely individual creator, whose creative spirit is more important than strict adherence to formal rules and traditional procedures;
• an emphasis upon imagination as a gateway to transcendent experience and spiritual truth; • an obsessive interest in folk culture, national and ethnic cultural origins, and the Askart.com, medieval era; (9-12-2014)
Stormy Coast Scene after a Shipwreck Horace Vernet, metmuseum.org, (9-122014)
29.
MODERN ART This was the time when artists realized that they could make a living out of their paintings. 70 Around 18 till 1970,s
So it is in this era when they started keeping exhibitions and selling their paintings and sculptures. The artists felt the need to express their own views through their paintings. It begins with Impressionism.
30.
IMPRESSIONISM Time to give a chance to Impressionism to impress us Modern Art begins with Impressionism. Impressionists were rebels in their own ways. They tried to capture LIGHT. The term 'Impressionist' was first used as an insult in response to an exhibition of new paintings in Paris in 1874. A diverse group of painters, rejected by the art establishment, defiantly set up their own exhibition. They included Monet, Renoir, Pissarro and Degas.
"Impressionism is only direct sensation. All great painters were less or more impressionists. It is mainly a question of instinct.“ - Claude Monet
The Luncheon on the grass Artist: Edouard Manet, 1862-3 nationalgallery.org
31.
As I have noticed, What characterizes Impressionism for most people nowadays, is both the subject matter and the technique. Landscapes, and scenes from modern urban and suburban life painted in bright, pure colors are typical. Impressionists often began (and sometimes completed) their paintings outdoors rather in a studio. Their rapidly applied brushstrokes are often visible. The Water-Lily Pond, Artist: Claude Monet,1899 nationalgallery.org
emes in h t e h t d e captur s t s i t r A • rly. e p o r light. p d e re blend e w s r o l o • C ually of s u e r e w gs • Paintin s and seascapes. e Landscap
Olympia, Artist: Edouard Manet,1863 nationalgallery.org
32.
The movement's name was derived from Monet's early work, Impression: Sunrise, which was singled out for criticism by Louis Leroy upon its exhibition.
‘Portrait of Claude Monet’, Artist: Pierre Auguste Renoir, nationalgallery.org.uk, (6-12-2014)
Sunrise, Artist: Claude Monet, Year: 1872 Blogspot.com
Traditionally in France the middle classes had not been considered fit subjects for serious painting, while the working classes and the peasantry were usually portrayed as comic yokels, or timeless figures of rural life.
33.
EXPRESSIONISM It originated in Germany at the beginning on the 20th century.
“Art is not a bout beauty, art is an exp ― Vikram ression.” Roy, The A Mystery in
Alchemist Three Acts
It is a style in which the intention is not to reproduce a subject accurately, but instead to portray it in such a way so as to express the inner state of the artist.
German Reel Expressionism Norlinreelhistory.com (6-12-2014)
It is an artistic style in which the artists used to seek to depict not objective realities but the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events aroused within a person.
34.
Artists started leaving behind forms and focused more on colors to express their emotions. For example: Edvard Munch’s THE SCREAM It is all about the frustrated scream that the man wants to let out. It is more of an expression. The colors used show melancholy.
Artist: Edvard Munch Year: 1893 Artyfactory.com
Artist: Edvard Munch Wikiart.org, (6/12/2014)
MADONNA This painting was not taken in a good stride as it was associated with Sex and also because Madonna is another word for Virgin Mary. Even the Orange halo that is painted is bold. Hence, this painting was poorly taken at first.
35.
Expressionism is a term that embraces an early 20th century style of art, music and literature that is charged with an emotional and spiritual vision of the world.
CIRCLES. Artist: Wassily Kandinsky. Year: 1913 wassilykandinsky.net
BLUE HORSE I . Artist: Franz Marc. Year: 1911 wikipedia.org
36.
FAUVISM Fauvism developed in France to become the first new artistic style of the 20th century. It is the style of les Fauves (French for "the wild beasts") The Fauves painted directly from nature, as the Impressionists had before them, but Fauvist works were invested with a strong expressive reaction to the subjects portrayed. This movement totally did away with forms and only played with colors. All of it’s paintings will have a plethora of colors.
Henri Matisse was the most important French painter of the 20th century, rivaling Picasso in his influence.
Dance, Artist: Henri Matisse, Year: 1909 Wikipedia.org
37.
Henri Matisse’s wife This portrait is divided into halves. The green part indicates envy. Much of its strength resides in its simple geometric structure and in the way in which the colors are combined.
Madam Matisse, Artist: Henri Matisse, Year: 1905 Wikipedia.org
Fauvism was short lived, and by 1910, artists in the group had diverged towards more individual interests. Nevertheless, Fauvism remains significant as it demonstrated modern art’s ability to evoke intensely emotional reactions through radical visual form.
38.
 The Fauves produced bright cheery landscapes and figure paintings, characterized by pure vivid color and bold distinctive brushwork. JOY OF LIFE This painting depicts a landscape filled with brilliantly colored forest, meadow, sea, and sky and with a lot nude figures both at rest and in motion. As with the earlier Fauve canvases, color is responsive only to emotional expression and the formal needs of the canvas, not the realities of nature.
Joy Of Life, Artist: Henri Matisse henrimatisse.org, (6-12-2014)
39.
Cubism w as developed between about 190 8 and 1912
CUBISM
"Cubism is like standing at a certain point on a mountain and looking around. If you go higher, things will look different; if you go lower, again they will look different. It is a point of view." Cubist 8. Artist: Thomas C. Fedro, ebsqart.com, (8/12/14)
It was a truly revolutionary style of modern art developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braques. It was the first style of abstract art which evolved at the beginning of the 20th century in response to a world that was changing with unprecedented speed. Cubism was an attempt by artists to revitalize the tired traditions of Western art which they believed had run their course.Â
40.
Guernica, in truly cubist style, is linear in nature as the organization and composition of figures and elements take precedence over other components in the composition.
'Factory, Horta de Ebbo', Artist: Pablo Picasso 1909 artyfactory.com
The Cubists challenged conventional forms of representation, such as perspective, which had been the rule since the Renaissance. Their aim was to develop a new way of seeing which reflected the modern age.
Guernica, Artist: Pablo Picasso, 1937
41.
Still Life with Chair caning, Artist: Pablo Picasso, 1912
Pablo Picasso, Everpainterpaintshimself.com
The “hidden” Medusa-like face in this still-life by Picasso is so obvious with its sound-hole "eyes" and bared "teeth" under the table that it is amazing experts never mention it
Viaduct at L'Estaque – Artist: Georges Braque Wikiart.org, (8-12-14)
42.
FUTURISM Marinetti was the ‘Idol of Futurism’. He came up with a futurist manifesto. All the futurists were fascinated by speed and progress as well as technology. Some of whom did not acknowledge the present as they believed we already live in the future. They did not mind loud noises or going to any length to achieve the new. They were ready to destroy things of the past in order to promote new things. Futurists did not have very high esteem for women. They also believed in pure ways for which they could even fight a war.
Origina t Italy in ed in the 20th ce early ntury
probablynotmartha.blogspot.com, (8-12-2014)
43.
It’s paintings are to do with how the future will look. Futurists loved speed, noise, machines, pollution, and cities; they embraced the exciting new world that was then upon them rather than hypocritically enjoying the modern world's comforts while loudly denouncing the forces that made them possible. Fearing and attacking technology has become almost second nature to many people today; the Futurist manifestos show us an alternative philosophy. Umberto Boccioni, The Street Enters The House, 1911
44.
Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space. 1913 (cast 1931), Bronze sculpture. cammordsith.wordpress.com
Elasticity, Umberto Boccioni,1912
Contenttime.com, (8-12-2014)
45.
SURREALISM "Although the dream is a very strange phenomenon and an inexplicable mystery, far more inexplicable is the mystery and aspect our minds confer on certain objects and aspects of life."
It is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings.
Started 1924, Ended late 196 6
Surreal means something that’s not real.
Salvadore Dali
The Face of War, Salvadore Dali, 1940 Awdsgn.com, (8-12-2014)
46.
Surrealism was influenced by the three words – Conscious, Subconscious and Unconscious mind.
Surreal: the 'Mae West' lip sofa
The Persistence of Memory, Salvador DalĂ, 1931
Salvador Dali was one of the main Surrealist painters and sculptor. Melting clock was his main muse.
Lobster Telephone google.co.in/search, (8-12-2014)
47.
DADAISM
Dada was a protest by a group of European artists against World War I, and the conservativism of traditional thought. Groups of people came together and their beliefs were very political in nature. They made a club where they put up comedy shows and made fun of the government. It was their way of protesting.
Started in early 20th centu ry.
www.funnyjunk.com, 8-12-2014
Alfred Stieglitz, Fountain, photograph of sculpture by Marcel Duchamp, 1917
48.
They used a lot of print so they came up with collages.
Paul Kleath did a lot of cut works along with Martin Duchanp. They were fed up of seeing art which had intellectual and philosophical stuff. They ridiculed classical art. They believed that art could be anything.
ndrmag.tumblr.com, (8-12-2014)
Wikipedia.org (8-12-2014)
They said that even a cup and saucer covered with fur is an art. They did this to prove their point.
49.
• Their logic was that art cannot only be made from scratch. Something readymade can also be modified. • They believed in shocking their audience by doing something different. • Dada had far-reaching effects on the art of the 20th century.
Landscape, Man Ray, 1913
MINIMALISM As the name suggests, Minimalism means showing bare necessary things. For example: If we have to draw a Black box, we will only draw and join 4 lines and fill it with black color. Not adding anything extra to it and keeping it simple is called Minimalism. Piet Mondrian was a very famous minimalist who only used primary colors and black and white. Mostly, he used primary colors to fill in the spaces. As he older, his use of colors became sparser and sparser.
Started: E a r ly 1960’s Ended: Late 1960’s
twitterevolutions.com, (8-12-2014)
50.
51.
ZEN is a genre of style which is very similar to Minimalism.
Piet Mondrian. Broadway Boogie Woogie. 1942-43
Piet Mondrian took an Ariel view of Broadway, New York
cgpinoy.org, (8-12-2014)
In this style, the furniture in a room or any space is kept bare minimum for functionality.
52.
POP ART
Started : Mid 19 50’s Ended: Early 1 970’s
Pop art is an art movement which came primarily in two country’s namely, UK and US. Art had reached a point where artists were experimenting. In 50’s Consumerism came "Pop is everything art hasn't been for the last in a big way in UK and US when US was two decades. It's basically a U-turn back to a about to become a superpower. representational visual communication, moving at a break-away speed...Pop is a re- Consumerism happened in the 40’s when enlistment in the world...It is the American the II World War happened while major Dream, optimistic, generous and naïve." rationing was happening.
53.
When World War II ended, people ran to get things. It didn’t matter if you were rich or poor. You could only use coupons which led to equality. Silk was very expensive then. It was used in parachutes. So by the 50’s when the colonies became stable, American dream became possible.
Which was to have a porch and a garage in their houses and a proper family and a certain type of cars and a safe environment. Fancy modular kitchens came from there. Today also we are a consumerist society. We have got end number of options for all the products. Society is consuming it also, that’s the reason that our markets are flooded with varieties. This is what exactly happened in the US back then.
Freepick.com, (8-12-2014)
Dear diary, we were made to watch video’s in class which told us all about how each person had coupon booklets which would last them for some time. For 6 coupons they used to get stockings, 12 coupons fetched you 2 pounds of sugar and so on…
nd a d u Lo lors o c t brigh
Consumerism let to increase in products and hence, POP ART came into being as to how you advertise your product.
54.
It became popular as advertising gave it a field to grow. Branding and packaging helped a lot.
Which is also called Commercial art. It is where art is not only used for fine arts but for commercial being also.
Pop Art: anything and everything that exists is a subject for art. You don’t only need beautiful things to create art.
parrisanderson31.wordpress.com, (8-12-2014)
Andy Warhol: Tomato soup, karenkhalil.wordpress.com
55.
John Lennon and Marilyn Monroe were a part of popular mass culture so they were taken as subjects for Pop Art.
MARILYN MONROE pixgood.com, (8-12-2014)
shop.afflecks.com, (8-12-2014)
56.
OP ART
Bradley G Munkowitz, op-art.co.uk, (8-12-2014)
It started
in 1964
Op is short for Optical. Optical Art is a mathematically-themed form of Abstract art, which uses repetition of simple forms and colors to create vibrating effects, moirĂŠ patterns, foreground-background confusion, an exaggerated sense of depth, and other visual effects. In a sense, all painting is based on tricks of visual perception: manipulating rules of perspective to give the illusion of threedimensional space, mixing colors to create the impression of light and shadow, and so on. With Optical Art, the rules that the viewer's eye uses to try to make sense of a visual image are themselves the "subject" of the artwork.
57.
It is a play of negative and positive spaces. Largely makes use of Black and White. It is done on a 2D surface but it looks 3D because it is given perception and movement.
"Earthquake" The surround appears to fluctuate.
Rokuyo stars ritsumei.ac, (8-12-2014)
58.
ART NOUVEAU Personally, Art Nouveau is my favorite. I am so excited to write all about it. So here it goes‌ It was an artistic movement that started at the end of the 19th century and developed in the first decades of the 20th century. Art Nouveau artists tried to create a young and free art by drawing inspiration from the nature. It embraced all forms of art and design: - Architecture S ta rt e d in - Furniture th e la te 1 9 th - Paintings a n d w en t u p - Metal Work to ea rl y 2 0 th - Pottery ce n tu ri es
commons.wikimedia.org (2/11/2014) aboutartnouveau.wordp ress.com (2/11/2014) Modernsilver.com (2/11/2014) Pintrest.com (2/11/2014)
59.
It is a decorative style, in which we can find: • Curved lines, • Organic motifs and exuberant decoration.
FEATURES Art Nouveau buildings have many of these features: • Asymmetrical shapes • Extensive use of arches and curved forms • Curved glass • Curving, plant-like embellishments • Mosaics • Stained glass • Japanese Motifs
o’s d e r f Al nt, a r u resta Juhu
You know diary, I went out for dinner last night to this restaurant in West Mumbai called Alfredo’s. I had just studied about Art Nouveau the previous day in class. Entering this place almost made me gasp as I wasn’t expecting Art Nouveau architecture around me in India. This restaurant sports Art Nouveau architecture in the finest way. It has a polymorphic-amoebic forms. (Windows and doors) It had curved lines and curved glass.
ART N OUVE 60. AU mean s “Ne w Art ” i n Fre
nch
61.
Famous Art Nouveau Buildings
62.
Antoni Gaudí
Antoni Gaudí Cornet was a Spanish Catalan architect and the best known practitioner of Catalan Modernism. His works reflect an individualized and distinctive style. Most are located in Barcelona, including his magnum opus, the Sagrada Família.
Mosaic painting by Gaudi
Casa Batllo by Gaudi
Source: Google.com, [Accessed: 12/11/2014]
63.
End of Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau paintings portrayed women as forest creatures with flying hair and flowing gowns.
Rose Windows were revived during this time.
• It fell out of fashion in the 1930’s and 19 40’s, which was replaced by the clean simple geometries of Art Deco. • The extravagant curves of Art Nouveau were seen as oldfashioned and viewed with contempt. • Present day interest, and in particular, it’s widespread appreciation over the last 30 years, has once again firmly established it as an important movement.
64.
Art D bega eco n in Euro p arou e nd 1 908
Now Diary, let us talk about Art Deco which began in Europe, particularly Paris, in the early years of the 20th century, but didn't really take hold until after World War I. It reigned until the outbreak of World War II.
O C E D T R A Tommervik Pee Wee Herman painting, (5-12-2014)
Sun burst motif was very common during this time. purlfrost.com, (4/12/2014)
My Mood Board of an Art Deco Bedroom
Clean
65.
Stylish
Panache
66. FEATURES
• Angular and geometric shapes • glass, shiny fabrics, mirrors and mirror tiles
• Stylized images of aeroplanes, cars, cruise liners, skyscrapers • nature motifs - shells, sunrises, flowers
Google.com, (4-12-2014)
Hoover Building, LN
clipartbest.com, (4/12/2014)
Artdecowa.org (4-12-2014)
67.
It did not only influence the architecture of most American cities but had an impact on fashion, art, and furniture, too. Art Deco spire of the Chrysler Building in New York City; designed by William Van Alen; built 1928–30 en.wikipedia.org
Art Deco Style Club Chair (c.1930s) visual-arts-cork, (6-12-2014)
It is largely pioneered by the US Cochise County Courthouse doors, Bisbee, Arizona, 1931. Architect: Roy W. Place
68.
POST MODERNISM ate l n i d e t r Sta
60’ s
Postmodernism was a large reaction against the philosophical assumptions and values of the modern period of Western (specifically European) history—i.e., the period from about the time of the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries to the mid-20th century.
69.
Post Modernism was mainly about environmental art. Which means using your environment to create art. Artists have started improvising and going beyond canvas to film and for photography, etc.
Environmental art: Nature, plancharlotte.org, (9-12-2014)
thethirdray.com, (9-12-2014)
Andy Goldsworthy: Raw Environmental Art, treehugger.com, (9-12-2014)
ENVIRONMENTAL ART
70.
Environmental art is made up of whatever you find around you in nature. It is creating artwork out of that. This style came into being because the consumerism was rising, which led to rise in carbon.
Finland environmental art, greenupgrader.com, (9-12-2014)
John joins such renowned artists as Andy Warhol, Keith Haring, Francesco Clemente and Damien Hirst in making this great piece of art. johndahlsen.com, (9-12-2014)
71.
INSTILLATIONS Instillations are basically sculptures which require physical space. Today, as they have grown, it is making use of Audio Visuals . It means using your space as an integrated form for your creation.
heartymagazine.com, (9-12-2014)
Interactive installations are the ones you can interact with. These instillations constantly change as you can give your own contribution.
Kinetic Rain, Changi Airport Singapore, shizzlekicks.com, (9-12-2014)
72.
ions t a l l i t s Some in farm my
at
73.
HINDU ART
f the o e n o s a India h s. n o i t a z i l i oldest civ
According to the Hindu view, there are four goals of life on earth, and each human being should aspire to all four. Everyone should aim for dharma, or righteous living; artha, or wealth acquired through the pursuit of a profession; kama, or human and sexual love; and, finally, moksha, or spiritual salvation.
Floor art with flour: Vijayalakshmi's kolam, hinduart.com, (9-12-2014 )
74.
HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION It is an archeological site in Punjab. The Harappa people used an early form of writing based on hieroglyphs, like the Egyptians. But we can't read it, because there isn't very much left of it.
Pashupati seal, historyforkids.org, (9-12-2014)
This seal showed their religious beliefs. This is how Harappans looked like "Priest King" statue, wikiart.org, (9-12-2014)
Hindunet.org, (9-12-2014)
75.
Widely used materials were Bronze and Terracotta. One of Harappan civilizations main artifacts was the dancing girl which is a statuette made up of Bronze giving a standard dancing pose. They used rings with seals on them which they impression on the wax to show their signature. This is an artist's reconstruction of the gateway and drain at the city of Harappa. Sci-news.com, (9-12-2014)
Started in 10th Cen the tury
BUDDHISM AND JAINISM Oldest scripts that go back in history are Buddhist and Jain scripts.
76.
MANUSCRIPTS: Buddhist manuscripts mainly used black and red in their manuscripts. The colors were specific and they stuck to those colors. Whereas , Jain manuscripts were written and bundled.
Buddhism is centered upon the life and teachings of Gautama Buddha, whereas Jainism is centered on the life and teachings of Mahavira. Buddhism is a polytheistic religion and it's main goal is to gain enlightenment. Jainism is Buddhist manuscript, also a polytheistic religion and it's goals metmuseum.org, are based on non-violence and liberation (9-12-2014) the soul. These religions were written on palm leaves as papers were not available back then and they covered them with wooden covers.
Jain Manuscript, herenow4u.net, (9-12-2014)
bbc.com, (9-12-2014)
JAINISM
srikanthreddysalkuti.blogspot.com, (9-12-2014)
BUDDHISM
hinduwebsite.com, (9-12-2014)
archives.deccanchronicle.com, (9-12-2014)
77.
Khajurao temples
78.
GUPTA ART
In India, there was no concept of stitched clothes. People used to drape cloths around them as dhoti’s (both men and women) The temples of love in Khajurao are one of the most distinguished demonstrations of the Indian architecture
Indiatvnews.com (9-12-2014) bookingadvisor.com (9-12-2014)
It was fascinated by buddhist art and also Greek art. You can see a lot of buddha figures during this art. Gandharv school’s art is very famous. Khajurao temples were made during this period which have been famous for their sexual elements.
79.
MINIATURE PAINTINGS These paintings are called Miniatures because everything that’s there is very intricate and detailed and small. The earliest surviving miniature paintings are on palm leaves from the 10th century and on paper from the 14th century. They are of 4 types: • Mughal • Rajput • Deccani • Pahari
MUGHAL Mughal miniatures, endowed with a classical touch and marked by a rich style and imagination, were in medieval India the art of elite. Mughal art was not Islamic art. Despite that it had Islamic elements; it marked a subtle departure from the Islamic art of earlier Sultanate or the early Islamic rulers of Deccan. The Islamic cult fully characterised the art of Sultans of Delhi and the Islamic rulers of Deccan. The Mughal vision of art was different. It was essentially Indian and meant to be so. It depicted India and Islam in an Indian idiom.
80.
Babur Beg Receives a Courtier, 1589, by Mirza Farrukh Baig
Akbar got the first school of art in his court in India. They carried artists at their battlefields also. Art during this time used vibrant colors. Whereas, Jahangir was a good administrator. He didn’t spend on dances and music but on fixing the roads And upgrading the economy. Art during this time used Pastel colors.
Babur crossing the river Son, Artist: Jagnath, indiapicks.com/, (9-12-2014)
81.
RAJPUT MINIATURES Rajput miniature painting developed in the courts of the Hindu Rajputs between the 16th and 19th centuries. Colors used for the painting were derived from minerals, plant sources, conch shells, precious stones, gold and silver, etc .
It has been labeled as India's "Mona Lisa" Bani Thani, Nihâl Chand, wiki.org
82.
Craftsinindia.com, (9-12-2014)
Rajasthan Miniature Painting of Music Ragamala, artnindia.com, (9-12-2014)
83.
DECCANI MINIATURES Deccani painting denotes broadly the miniature paintings rendered from the 16th to the 19th century at Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Golkonda and Hyderabad, the former states that formed the region known as Deccan. - These paintings are in proportions and balanced. - You will find that most of the Deccani miniatures have Chand Bibi in them. - It has foreground and back ground and both are equally important. Chand Bibi playing polo, Golkonda, circa 1750 A.D.
84.
Dancers, artindia.com, (9-12-2014)
Tinyurl.com, (9-12-2014)
85.
PAHARI MINIATURES Pahari miniatures, known for their soft touch, serenity, lyricism, spontaneity, inherent symbolism, superb sense of composition, minute details and a deep feeling for human emotions, denote the miniature paintings rendered around the lower Himalayan hills and the plains of Punjab from the early 17th to mid-19th century. Pahari Miniatures have Krishna and Radha and Gopi’s either in the pahari regions or doing raas leela. Artindia.com, (9-12-2014)
86.
blog.artoflegendindia.com, (9-12-2014)
paintingsgalleries.blogspot.com, (9-12-2014)
Colonial architecture
87.
BRITISH They ruled us for 200 years. During their rule, in order to feel like home away from home, they started constructing buildings all over India and that’s how Colonial architecture came into our country.
India Gate, New Delhi, boloji.com (9-12-2014)
They used our artists only for documentation purposes, especially to draw maps. As they had to constantly their maps after every war victory and defeat.
Victoria Terminus, Mumbai, wondermondo.com, (9-12-2014)
88.
Victoria Memorial, Calcutta, telegraph.co.uk, (9-12-2014)
There was no need to make portraits anymore as camera’s had come in.
89.
RAJA RAVI VARMA He was an Indian painter and artist from the princely state of Kilimanoor who achieved recognition for his paintings depicting scenes from Indian literature and mythology including the epics of Mahabharata and Ramayana.
en.wikipedia.org, The Maharashtrian Lady, (9-12-2014)
Raja Ravi Varma, Shakuntala (1870)Â
90.
LIMITATIONS • As this is project covers a lot of lengthy topics, it became difficult for me to cover the vast topics properly. As because of it’s vastness, it became difficult for me to include everything in this report.
• A major constraint I faced was the time shortage, since I got a maximum of 60 days to understand the topics covered in this research and make a report out of it.
• It was not that easy to find the right images along with the artist’s name as well as the year it was made in for certain topics covered because of the dynamic changes around us.
• There was a lot of confusion at first about the bibliography and the ITC which hindered my work progress.
91.
CONCLUSION I love learning about different architectural styles of various era’s all around the world making this my favorite subject. I got this opportunity to get into depth of all the topics. The things I have got to learn in each class and each research sitting has been incredible. I associate my teachings to the outside world now. When I look at a particular style of furniture or a building or an art, I feel proud when I know which period it goes back to and how it came into being.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• dukster.com, Renaissance architecture, from: http://www.ducksters.com/history/renaissance_archite (Accessed date: 04-11-2014)
• Historyworld.net, Mesopotamian architecture,from: http:// www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=arc • vam.ac.uk, Baroque, from: (Accessed date: 04-11-2014) http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/b/baroque/ (Accessed date: 06-11-2014) • Historyworld.net, Egyptian civilization, from: • britannica.com, Rococo style, from: http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=arc http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/50644 (Accessed date: 04-11-2014) • (Accessed date: 06-11-2014)
• visual-arts-cork.com, Realism in art, from: • Ancient.eu, Roman architecture, from: http://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Architecture/ http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/realism Accessed date: 01-11-2014) (Accessed date: 15-10-2014)
• artycyclopedia, Romanticism , from http://www.artcyclopedia.com/history/romanticism. • Accessed date: 09-11-2014)
92.
BIBLIOGRAPHY • artycyclopedia, Romanticism , from http://www.artcyclopedia.com/history/romanticism.html Accessed date: 09-11-2014 • Bbc.co.uk, interior art deco, from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/homes/design/period_artdeco.shtml Accessed date: 09-11-2014 • Tommervik.com, art deco, from: http://tommervik.com/category/art-deco-paintings/ Accessed date: 12-11-2014 • artyfactory,.com, cubism, from:
• Anarchiel.com, dadaism, from: http ://www.anarchiel.com/stortplaats/toon/het_abc_van_ Accessed date: 05-11-2014 • twitterevolutions., minimalism, from: www.twitterevolutions.com Accessed date: 09-11-2014) • Ritusumei.ac.jp, opart visuals, from: • http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/~ akitaoka/opart-e.html
• artycyclopedia, Romanticism , from http://www.artcyclopedia.com/history/romanticism. http ://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/art_movements/cubism.htm • Accessed date: 09-11-2014) Accessed date: 09-11-2014)
BIBLIOGRAPHY •
Wikipedia.co, Raja Ravi Varma, From boundless.com “Rajput http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma Painting.” Boundless Art History. From(Accessed date: 09-12-2014) https://www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/south-and-southeast-asia (Accessed date: 09-12-2014)
•
Culturalindia.com , Rajput Painting , From -http://www.culturalindia.net/indianart/paintings/rajput.html (Accessed date: 09-12-2014)
•
Indiapicks.com, Deccan Miniature Paintings, From -
http://indiapicks.com/Indianart/Main/MP_Deccan.htm (Accessed date: 09-12-2014)