“Come On, My Brave Highlanders!”: The
79th
New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment’s participation in the American Civil War By Mark A. Murawski November 16, 2021
German and Irish Units fought with distinction for both the Union and Confederate armies during the American Civil War. Both had fielded units comprised of fellow countrymen under their own flag on the battlefield. The famed First Brigade of the 69th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, known simply as the “Irish Brigade” is a prime example. What is not as well know is that while there was no “Scots Brigade”, although many soldiers of Scottish birth served with distinction and honor during the conflict. This essay will discuss the formation and contribution of the 79th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, the only “Scottish” regiment in the Unites States Army during the American Civil War. In contrast to the Irish and Germans who immigrated to America in large numbers during the late 1840s, 1850s and 1860s, large numbers of Scots had already settled in America, and fully assimilated into their communities, by the time the Civil War began in 1860. It was that assimilation that quelled any call for all Scottish formations. Scottish-Americans, just as patriotic as their native-born brethren, enlisted with the traditional state volunteer regiments being raised. Volunteer regiments were usually comprised of men from the same neighborhoods. As stated before, some regiments had a distinctive regional or ethnic character. Many of these units adopted unique uniforms which features some elements from that character. While early regiments were not as organized as regular army units at the beginning of the conflict, they became so as the conflict wore on. Men, prompted by naïve enthusiasm and dreams of glory as perpetuated by literature and the media of the day, traveled through their communities to recruit regiments which they would then present to the regular army for service. These volunteer regiments would elect their officers and leaders and, on occasion, would provide their own uniforms and weapons.
Most of the volunteer regiments, both Union and the Confederate, were infantry formations. The volunteer infantry regiment, as prescribed by United States Army regulations, was comprised of ten companies, each of 97 soldiers and 3 officers. A regiment was commanded by a Colonel (Col.) who was assisted by a lieutenant colonel (Lt. Col.) and a major. Four regiments formed a brigade. Four brigades formed a division. Two or more divisions made up a corps, and one or more corps made a field army. While there was no large call for “Scottish” regiments, that did not mean none existed; the 79th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment being the most well-known. The 79th, known as the “Highlanders”, was formed in 1859 prior to the start of the American Civil War. The idea of a “Scottish” regiment came from Dr. Samuel McKenzie Elliot and Sir Roderick Cameron. Sir Roderick, cooperating with other prominent Scottish Americans and the Caledonia Society of New York, organized the Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The number “79” was selected to pay homage to the British 79th Regiment of Foot, known as the “Cameron Highlanders”. Membership in the regiment was initially for social purposes, and the regiment itself served as a social club. Initial companies wore kilts featuring the tartan of Clan Cameron. The unit was initially commanded by Dr. Elliott, but due to an illness, command was later passed to Col. James Cameron, brother of the secretary of war. Doctor, now Lieutenant Colonel, Elliot recovered in time to serve with the regiment during the First Battle of Manassas but was injured so severely he was forces to resign his commission. President Lincoln honored Elliott by promoting him to the rank of Brigadier General of Volunteers in 18651. In 1858, after much discussion with the State of New York, The Highlanders received permission to wear a traditional Scottish style uniform. Naturally the uniform included a kilt featuring a "Cameron of Erracht" tartan. The kilt was worn with a dark blue Highland cut coat with false red cuffs and a blue collar trimmed with white piping. A sporran was worn around the waist and high socks with red and
1
Memorandum relative to the general officers in the armies of the United States during the civil war, 1861-1865
white dicing. Soldiers wore black Glengarries with red-white-and blue dicing around the headband. Soldiers eventually wore trews featuring the "Cameron of Erracht" tartan because enough material could not be obtained to make kilts for each soldier. As the war progressed, the Highlanders moved to the standard uniform of the U.S. Army. However, the dress uniform, as revealed by veterans after the war, and in use by reenactors today, remains the original kilt, Glengarries, and tartan. Before the war, the regiment had four "kilted" companies, comprising 260 men. In addition to conducting military drill as a volunteer regiment, the Highlanders provided a contingent of soldiers for visiting dignitaries including the Prince of Wales and the Ambassador from Japan. The regiment was also known as the Seventy-ninth Militia; the Highlanders; the Cameron Rifle Highlanders; the Highland Guard; and the Bannockburn Battalion.
Image 1. “Cameron of Erracht" tartan
Going to see the Elephant At the start of the American Civil War the regiment only numbered only 400 men. At that time, units were required to have 1000 soldiers to answer President Lincoln’s call for 90-day volunteers. Early on, when "going to see the elephant", which meant “heading to war”, was still an exciting adventure, hundreds of local militia units, believing that war was a glorious game, petitioned for a call to service2. The 79th was no exception. The unit recruited heavily and was able to meet the requirement during the president’s second call for volunteers. On May 29th, 1861 the Highlanders were accepted into federal service for a three-year-term. The result of the recruiting led to the enlistment of many soldiers who were not of Scottish descent. Scots were eventually outnumbered by non-Scots, but the regiment kept its Scottish identity.
Image 2. The 79th on parade in New York prior to departing for Washington, D.C.
2
Mandara, T. (2012, December 18). “Thank God Lincoln had only one 79th Highlander Regiment.” Acwrt.Org.Uk. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.acwrt.org.uk/post/thank-god-lincoln-had-only-one-79thhighlander-regiment
In June of 1861, the Highlanders arrived in Washington, D.C. to support the defense of the capital. On June 4, 1861, The Washington Evening Star reported “The New York Seventy Ninth Regiment (Highlanders) arrived here about two o'clock this morning They number eight hundred men, exclusive of their band and drum corps, the former consisting of sixteen performers, and the latter of twenty drummers. About one third of the members wear the full Highland uniform, the remainder being dressed in blue jackets trimmed with red, dark preen plaid pants, and blue fatigue cap. As the regiment passed through Baltimore, the crowd of spectators which lined the streets was so great with the utmost exertions of the police were required to keep sufficient space through which to let the soldiers pass. The crowd manifested intense enthusiasm, and cheer after cheer of welcome was given heartily for the representatives of Old Scotia. While the Depot at the Camden station, national airs were sung. In which the soldier and spectators joined, and repeated and wild cheers were given for the Union, Gen Scott, and the Highlanders.” Little did these men know that they were about to take part in nearly every major engagement of the Civil War and become one of the most famous and well-traveled regiments in the Union army3. The Regiment first saw action during the First Battle of Manassas on July 21,1861. The Highlanders were under the command of Col. William T. Sherman's 3rd Brigade. The 79th attempted to re-capture the Union guns on Henry House Hill, charging it three times. While leading his men, Colonel Cameron could be heard shouting "Come on, my brave Highlanders!" Colonel Cameron was mortally wounded by being shot in the chest while trying to rally his regiment after it was initially repulsed. His body was placed in an ambulance which was subsequently captured by the Confederates at the end of the battle. Removed from the ambulance so that it could be used for wounded, the colonel’s body lay on the field for several days before being buried in a common grave with some of his men. A request to
3
Beaufort Museum of History. (n.d.). A Short History of the 79th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://beauforthistorymuseum.wildapricot.org/resources/Documents/79th_highlanders_short_history.pdf
retrieve the body was originally denied by the Confederate commander. It was not until March of 1862 before he was disinterred and sent north for reburial. The regiment suffered 32 killed, 40 wounded, and 115 captured or missing. After the battle, the Highlanders retreated to Washington.
Image 3. Colonel Cameron mortally wounded while rallying his Highlanders Mutiny The regiment was affected by low morale due to the loss of their commander and fellow soldiers. Exacerbating the issue was the fact that the army was slow to replace much of their lost equipment and the men were constantly being moved from their assigned camps. The Highlanders, believing they were set to return to New York to recover, recruit, and select a new commander, grew resentful as they were instead assigned to remain in Washington to strength the fortifications around the city. At the same time, Colonel Isaac Stevens, a regular army officer, and non-Scot, was given command of the regiment. On August 14, 1861, the regiment, bitter of the fact that could not elect their new commander, mutinied. Colonel Stevens went from company to company trying to calmly restore
order. It was not successful, and General McClellan, Commanding General of the Army, ordered regular army units to surround the regiment. Highlander Sergeant William Todd recalled later in his book about the regiment entitled The Seventy-Ninth Highlanders, "The infantry were ordered to load, the cavalry to draw sabers, while the artillery, posted on the hill above us, placed their pieces in battery and loaded them with canister."4 McClellan ordered soldiers to shoot any regiment members who tried to move through their lines. Colonel Stevens addressed the Highlanders again. He conceded that they had been deceived, but then recounted his own experiences in the Mexican War, which included suffering wounds and being surrounded by the enemy. He then said "Soldiers of the seventy-ninth, I am your colonel, and again I say you must obey me! Fall into the ranks!"5 Todd said "The colonel's voice, as he uttered his last command, sounded like a trumpet, and those who had held back stepped into line at once. With the guns frowning upon them the men realized that further resistance would be useless."6 General McClellan had the ringleaders arrested. Most were soon released, but 14 of them were incarcerated at Fort Jefferson, Dry Tortugas, Florida. They returned to the regiment on February 16, 1862. General McClellan punished the regiment by relieving them of their colors. The flag was not to be returned to the Highlanders until they learned the first duty of a soldier is to obey and that they prove on the field of battle that they are not wanting in courage. In letters written home, soldiers of the unit expressed remorse for their actions and sought to redeem themselves.7
4
New York State Division of Military & Naval Affairs. (2011, August 18). 79th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Mutinies in 1861. ReadMedia. Retrieved October 22, 2021, from http://readme.readmedia.com/79thNew-York-Volunteer-Infantry-Regiment-Mutinies-in-1861/2949504 5 Ibid 6 Ibid 7 Lusk, W. T. (2019, August 14). Mutiny in the Army | In the First Person | Civil War Monitor. Civil War Monitor. Retrieved October 22, 2021, from https://www.civilwarmonitor.com/blog/mutiny-in-the-army
Image 4. The 79th being relieved of their regimental colors Redemption Colonel Stevens worked to instill pride in 79th and to ensure they understood the duties and responsibilities of a fighting unit and of a soldier. The Highlanders began to respect Colonel Stevens. William Lusk, an officer in the regiment wrote to his mother saying, “Colonel Stevens, who is an able man, thinks though, in less than a month he can make us once more the finest Regiment in the field.”8 The Colonel was right. After an impressive skirmish with the Confederates at Lewinville, Virginia, Colonel Stevens requested return of the Highlander’s colors. On September 14, 1861, General McClellan himself made the presentation, stating that they had acquitted themselves as true soldiers. Soon after, on September 28th, Colonel Stevens was promoted to Brigadier General. Prior to departing, the senior captain of the regiment, David Morrison, asked now Brigadier General Stevens to address the formation. Sergeant Todd recalled “As General Stevens addressed the Highlanders, and he recalled the events of the past two months, his voice faltered, and it was quite
8
Ibid
evident that he regretted the parting as much as we did. Just as he turned to his side to ride off, one of our number, stepping a pace or two in front of the line shouted, ‘For God's sake, General, tak' us wi' ye!’ This touched a responsive chord in every breast, and the cry was at one taken up by the whole line: ‘Take us with you!’ The General stopped his horse, turned towards the line, and looked a moment at us, as with outstretched arms we repeated the request. This appeal was more than the General expected. Recovering himself after a moment, he found the voice to say: ‘I will if I can’ and then putting the spurs to his horse, galloped off.”9 The regiment’s lieutenant colonel, Addison Farnsworth was promoted to Colonel. While technically the commander, day-to-day command of the Highlanders fell to David Morrison, as Colonel Stevenson was frequently absent.
Image 5. Brigadier General Isaac Stevens
9
Todd, W. (1886). The Seventy-ninth Highlanders, New York Volunteers in the War of Rebellion, 1861-1865. United States: Press of Brandow, Barton & Company.
David Morrison, promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, served with the Black Watch, 42nd Highlanders of the British Army in the Crimea. Although Irish, English, Germans, and other nationalities served in the regiment, Morrison attempted to preserve the regiment’s Highland integrity by refusing to promote any non-Scot in the regiment above the rank of captain. At General Steven’s request, the Highlanders were assigned to his division, and they accompanied him to the James Island Campaign in South Carolina. The unit, led by Lt. Col. Morrison, distinguished itself during the campaign serving at Port Royal, the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina, and at the Battle of Secessionsville; where they led an attack on Fort Lamar. It was during this campaign that Union General Thomas W. Sherman commented “He had never seen regular troops that equaled the Highlanders in soldierly bearing and appearance.”10 Brothers in Arms During the campaign, the Highlanders learned of a Scottish connection with a Confederate unit guarding the mainland. Sergeant Todd recalled “We only succeeded in securing one prisoner, a lieutenant belonging to the Charleston Highlanders. He was acting as an aide to the rebel commander. He seemed quite relieved when he found himself in the hands of some of his countrymen and remarked ‘Had I known I was to be taken prisoner, I would have worn my kilt’.”11 The prisoner and Alexander Campbell, one of the unit’s color sergeants, engaged in a conversation. Sergeant Campbell told the prisoner that his brother, James, was a member of the Charleston Highlanders before the war. It was then, Todd writes “The prisoner informed Sgt. Campbell that his brother was a Lieutenant in the Highlanders and had been engaged against his company that morning.” The prisoner told him soldiers of the Charleston Highlanders were on the mainland directly opposite of the 79th position. When it
10
Todd, W. (1886). The Seventy-ninth Highlanders, New York Volunteers in the War of Rebellion, 1861-1865. United States: Press of Brandow, Barton & Company. 11 Ibid.
became know the Charleston Highlanders were guarding the opposite shore, an “armed neutrality” was established during guard duty12. The Highlanders culminated their service in South Carolina during the Battle of Secessionsville on June 16, 1862. Brigadier General Henry Benham, in command of the expedition, ordered an illadvised assault on Fort Lamar, in contradiction to orders and the advice of his subordinate leaders. The fort, containing 500 soldiers, was surrounded by a swamp, and defended by rifle pits, and well-placed heavy artillery. After an intense battle, the fort's defenders, augmented by approximately 1,000 men from nearby units, ultimately prevailed. The Highlanders were the only Union soldiers to reach the parapet before being forced to retreat. The Highlander’s bravery was recognized on June 16, 1862 by Charleston Mercury newspaper, which printed “It was left to the brave 79th Highlanders, to test the virtue of unadulterated cold steel on our Southern nerves. Thank God, Lincoln had only one 79th regiment”.13
Image 6. Lieutenant Colonel Morrison leading the attacking on Fort Lamar
12
Szasz, F. M. (2008). Abraham Lincoln and Robert Burns: Connected Lives and Legends. Ukraine: Southern Illinois University Press. 13 Field, R. (2012, December 13). REGIMENT – Lincoln’s Highlanders. Military History Matters. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.military-history.org/feature/regiment-lincolns-highlanders.htm
Two Campbell brothers, both from Scotland, found themselves fighting each other for their adoptive countries during the Battle of Secessionsville. James Campbell settled in Charleston joined the Charleston Highlanders. His brother Alexander settled in New York and joined the 79th. It was Sergeant Alexander Campbell who planted the United States Flag on the parapet and defended it under brutal conditions until he was ordered to retreat. Unbeknownst to him, his brother James mounted the parapet unarmed, rolled a log down into the mass of advancing federal troops. Afterwards, Confederate Lieutenant James Campbell wrote his brother, "I was astonished to hear from the prisoners that you was color Bearer of the Regmt that assaulted the Battery at this point the other day." Lieutenant Campbell continued, "I was in the brest work during the whole engagement doing my best to beat you(.) but I hope you and I will never again meet face to face bitter enemies on the Battlefield(.) but if such should be the case You have but to discharge your duty for your cause for I can assure you I will strive to discharge my duty to my country and my cause." The letter from brother to brother was carried across the bloody fields of James Island under flag of truce14. After the battle, The Charleston Courier printed an editorial on the brothers, stating the battle was "another illustration of the deplorable consequences of this fratricidal war." It stated Alexander Campbell, "fought gallantly in the late action" and "displayed a heroism worthy of his regiment and a better cause" while James Campbell "was conspicuous and has been honorable mentioned on our side".15 The engagement was costly for the Highlanders, but they were relieved to hear that the Charleston Highlanders were taking good care of the members of the 79th who were wounded or taken
14
Power, J. T. (1994). “Brother against Brother”: Alexander and James Campbell’s Civil War. The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 95(2), 130–141. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27570003 15 Hamilton III, W. (n.d.). Brother Against Brother at Secessionsville. American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/brother-against-brother-secessionville
prisoner. General Stevens, upset with the unnecessary loss of life, considered resignation. The Highlanders surprised him by their response. Instead of sharing his anger at the loss of life, they praised him for his courage in the face of fire and presented him with a sword in a gold scabbard from Tiffany of New York, silver spurs, and a letter of appreciation framed in a silver case. He was deeply moved and thanked them publicly calling them his "beloved Highlanders".16 "Highlanders! My Highlanders! Follow your General!” After the defeat at Secessionsville, the Highlanders were transferred back to Virginia with General Stevens, commanding the First Division of the Ninth Corps. The Highlanders saw action during the battle of Second Manassas occurring on August 29th and 30th. Colonel Farnsworth was severely wounded and took a leave of absence. Lieutenant Colonel Morrison was given temporary command of the regiment The Highlanders were in action again on September 1, 1863 during the Battle of Chantilly. The 79th faced intense Confederate fire, halting the advance of the Highlanders, and causing five color bearers to fall one after another. Seeing the colors fall, General Stevens ran to the front and grabbed the flag. A wounded color-bearer pleaded with him, "For God's sake General! Don't take the colors; they'll shoot you if you do." Stevens paid no attention to the color bearer while taking the colors and yelling "Highlanders! My Highlanders! Follow your general!” as he led the 79th forward. As the men advanced, the general’s son, Hazard, was wounded. The General told him "I can't attend to you now, Hazard" as he continued to advance. A few steps later, Stevens was struck by enemy fire, killing him instantly. The general fell with his body wrapped in the 79th's flag. When his body was recovered, his hands still
16
Newark, T. (2010). Highlander: The History of the Legendary Highland Soldier. United States: Skyhorse Publishing.
grasped the flagstaff, and the banner was stained with his blood. 17 After the war, the Col. Morrison sent the ripped and bloodstained banner to Steven's widow with a note that read, "His memory is engraved on the hearts of every one of his Highlanders."18 In March 1863, at the request of President Abraham Lincoln, the United States Senate posthumously promoted Stevens to the rank of Major General.19
Image 7. Brigadier General Stevens mortally wounded during the Battle of Chantilly Bravery to the End On September 17, 1863, the Highlanders participated in the Battle of Antietam, widely considered the bloodiest day in American history. They fought against Confederates at Burnside's Bridge and at Sherrick's farm. Luckily, the 79th's suffered only 40 casualties. After Antietam, the Highlanders were at Fredericksburg. They did not engage in the battle but participated in the infamous mud march, a
17
Nisbett, J., & Nisbett, C. (2011, September 25). U.S. Army Brigadier General Isaac Stevens, first governor of Washington Territory, is killed at Battle of Chantilly on September 1, 1862. HistoryLink. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from https://www.historylink.org/File/9918 18 Stevens, H. (1900). The Life of Isaac Ingalls Stevens. United States: Houghton, Mifflin. 19 Chicago Tribune (1863) "Posthumous Honors". March 14, 1863.
failed second attempt to cross the Rappahannock river after the defeat at Fredericksburg. After the battle of Fredericksburg, In February, Colonel Farnsworth resigned his commission because of the wounds he received at Second Bull Run, and Lt. Col. David Morrison, who had been in command since Fredericksburg, was promoted to Colonel. The Highlanders continued to distinguish themselves at Vicksburg as well as the Tennessee and during Wilderness campaigns. During the Battle of Fort Sanders, while engaged in vicious close quarter fighting, Highlander, First Sergeant. Francis W. Judge, earned a Medal of Honor seizing the flag of the 51st Georgia from their color bearer and safely returning with it to the fort. The Highlanders last engagement was near Spotsylvania Court House on May 8, 1864. The Highlanders moved forward against veteran troops of Confederate General James Longstreet. They successfully drove the enemy from the field. Commander of the Highlanders, Col. Morrison was wounded. Colonel Joseph Laing then assumed command of the 79th. The Highlander’s original threeyear enlistment ended on May 16, 1864. The Highlanders returned to New York City to be mustered out of federal service. Upon arrival they received a hero's welcome. Just prior to entering the city, the Highlanders received new Glengarries as a gift from Ladies of the New York Scottish Society. The 79th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment reverted to militia status and carried on their proud Highland military tradition. On May 19, 1864, the New York Times reported the Highlanders were received by the members of the Caledonian Club and escorted up Broadway amidst the cheering of numerous spectators. “The gallant Col. Morrison, though suffering from a wound received in the battle at Spotsylvania Courthouse, rode at the head of his regiment”. The paper continued “The hard service which the Seventy-ninth has seen during the past three years, is strikingly illustrated by the fact that in 1861, it went out 1,000 strong,
and returned yesterday with about 250 men in the ranks, and of these, only 120 or 130 were original members of the regiment.”
Image 8. Artist Jackson Walker’s depiction of the Highlanders during the Battle of Chantilly While the Highlanders received accolades and praise from members of the public, the most heartfelt was from a brother regiment, the Eighth Michigan Veteran Volunteer Regiment. On January 8, 1864 the Michiganders issued a proclamation to Col. Morrison which said “Officers and Soldiers of the Seventy-Ninth, we feel proud that is as been our lot to be so closely associated with men so generous, so noble, and so brave. The Nation delights to own you as her heroes, Scotia as her children, and the old Empire State, too feels proud of her Highlanders, and prouder still will she be when historians write your true record.” The Highlanders fought bravely at Bull Run, Secessionsville, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Vicksburg, the Wilderness, and at Petersburg. What started as a social club evolved into one of the most respected military units during the Civil War, earning notice from both the United States and Confederate public. At the end of the war the Highlanders returned to New York City and reverted to militia status. Their
legacy continues today in the form of 79th Highlander re-enactment companies located around the United States. The proud soldiers of the 79th were truly a credit to the city of New York, the United States Army, and to their native homeland of Scotland.
References
79th NY VI “Highlanders” Living History Association Kiowa, CO. (n.d.). 79th Highlanders Pipe Band. 79th Highlander Homepage. Retrieved October 22, 2021, from https://sites.google.com/site/79thhighlanderspipeband/ American Battlefield Trust. (2021, March 26). Regiments of the Civil War. Retrieved October 22, 2021, from https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/regiments-civil-war Beaufort Museum of History. (n.d.). A Short History of the 79th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://beauforthistorymuseum.wildapricot.org/resources/Documents/79th_highlanders_short_history. pdf Campbell, J., Campbell, A., Johnston, T. A. (1999). Him on the One Side and Me on the Other (1st ed.). Amsterdam University Press. Chicago Tribune (1863) "Posthumous Honors". March 14, 1863. Cimbala, P. A. (2008). The Civil War. United Kingdom: Greenwood Press. Field, R. (2012, December 13). REGIMENT – Lincoln’s Highlanders. Military History Matters. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.military-history.org/feature/regiment-lincolns-highlanders.htm Hamilton III, W. (n.d.). Brother Against Brother at Secessionville. American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/brother-against-brothersecessionville Hawkes, S. A. (2018, September 22). 79th New York Infantry Regiment. The Civil War in the East. Retrieved October 22, 2021, from http://civilwarintheeast.com/us-regiments-batteries/new-yorkinfantry/79th-new-york/ Library Company of Philadelphia, & McAllister, J. A. (2020). [Cameron Highlanders, 79th New York Volunteer Infantry.] | Library Company of Philadelphia Digital Collections. Library Company of Philadelphia. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/digitool%3A36465?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=db457ad73 3971e3a3322&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=0 Lusk, W. T. (1911). War Letters. United States: Priv. print.. Mandara, T. (2012, December 18). “Thank God Lincoln had only one 79th Highlander Regiment.” Acwrt.Org.Uk. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.acwrt.org.uk/post/thank-god-lincoln-hadonly-one-79th-highlander-regiment National Park Service. (n.d.). Battle Unit Details -Union New York Volunteers -79th Regiment, New York Infantry. Battle Unit Details. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/searchbattle-units-detail.htm?battleUnitCode=UNY0079RI
New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. (n.d.). 79th Infantry Regiment :: New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. 79th Infantry Regiment. Retrieved October 22, 2021, from https://museum.dmna.ny.gov/unit-history/infantry-1/79th-infantry-regiment New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. (n.d.). 79th New York Infantry Regiment’s Civil War Newspaper Clippings. Retrieved October 22, 2021, from https://museum.dmna.ny.gov/index.php/?cID=2458 Newark, T. (2010). Highlander: The History of the Legendary Highland Soldier. United States: Skyhorse Publishing. Phisterer, F. (2012). New York in the War of Rebellion, 1861–1865 Volume 06. Ulan Press. Power, J. T. (1994). “Brother against Brother”: Alexander and James Campbell’s Civil War. The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 95(2), 130–141. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27570003 Szasz, F. M. (2008). Abraham Lincoln and Robert Burns: Connected Lives and Legends. Ukraine: Southern Illinois University Press. Stevens, H. (1900). The Life of Isaac Ingalls Stevens. United States: Houghton, Mifflin. Stone Sentinels. (2021, March 2). Marker to Colonel James Cameron, killed here in the Battle of Manassas. Retrieved October 22, 2021, from http://stonesentinels.com/manassas/tour-manassasbattlefield/henry-hill-visitor-center/colonel-cameron-marker/ Todd, W. (1886). The Seventy-ninth Highlanders, New York Volunteers in the War of Rebellion, 18611865. United States: Press of Brandow, Barton & Company. U.S. Military Department. (1906). Memorandum relative to the general officers in the armies of the United States during the civil war, 1861–1865 : United States. Military secretary’s dept. [from old catalog] : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. Retrieved October 22, 2021, from https://archive.org/details/memorandumrelati05unit/page/30/mode/2up Washington Evening Star. (861, June 4). Evening star (Washington, D.C.), June 4, 1861. The Library of Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2021, from https://www.loc.gov/item/sn83045462/1861-06-04/ed-1/.
Images 1. Locharron of Scotland. (n.d.). Cameron of Erracht Modern Light Weight Tartan Fabric. https://www.lochcarron.co.uk/cameron-of-erracht-modern-light-weight-tartan-fabric/Clothing Manufacturer 2. Harper’s Weekly. (1865, May 25). Harper’s Weekly – May 25, 1861. Free Republic. https://freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/3962221/postsReprint of the original Harper's Weekly Newspaper 3. Drumsta, R. (2011, August 17). 79th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Mutinies in 1861. New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs. http://readme.readmedia.com/79th-New-YorkVolunteer-Infantry-Regiment-Mutinies-in-1861/2949504#!prettyPhoto 4. Baumgarten, R. (2010, August 30). The 79th New York & Lewinsville: Fight for the Colors, Part II. All Not So Quiet Along the Potomac. http://dclawyeronthecivilwar.blogspot.com/2010_08_01_archive.html. A blog covering the Civil War in Northern Virginia & Beyond 5. Banel, F. (2016, August 31). Remembering Washington’s complicated first governor Isaac Stevens. MyNorthwest.Com. https://mynorthwest.com/381266/remembering-first-governor-stevens/A Seattle Washington area news organization 6. Florida Center for Instructional Technology. (2012, July 7). Battle of Secessionville. ClipArt ETC. https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/11200/11254/secessionvil_11254.htmPart of the Educational Technology Clearinghouse and is produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida. 7. New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. (n.d.). 79th Regiment NY Volunteer Infantry | Flank Markers | Civil War: New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. https://museum.dmna.ny.gov/flags/infantry/79th-regiment-ny-volunteer-infantry/79th-regiment-nyvolunteer-infantry-flank-markers 8. The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. (1896). Heroic conduct of Col. Morrison Retrieved from https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-f984-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99