DISSERTATION REPORT POST COVID-19 ARCHITECTURE DILEMMAS: Future of Workspace Design Bachelor of Architecture Of
Poornima University, Jaipur
Session: 2020-21
Submitted By: Manas Sharma 2016PUSPABARX04513 FIFTH Year, B.Arch.
Ar. Saurabh Sharma GUIDE Ar. Akanksha Modi CORDINATOR
School of Planning & Architecture Poornima University, Ramchandrapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan – 303905
APPROVAL The study titled ‘POST COVID-19 ARCHITECTURE DILEMMAS: Future of workspace design’ is hereby approved as an original work of Manas Sharma, enrolment no. 2016PUSPABARX04513 on the approved subject carried out and presented in manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid down by the university. This report has been submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Architecture degree from School of Planning and Architecture, Poornima University, Jaipur.
It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, any opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose it has been submitted.
Date: 18-12-2020 Jaipur
Ar. Saurabh Sharma EXTERNAL EXAMINER:
GUIDE
Ar. Akanksha Modi
Ar. Manish Jain
CO-ORDINATOR
DEAN
i
DECLARATION I, Manas Sharma, here by solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me, titled ‘POST COVID-19 ARCHITECTURE DILEMMAS: Future of workspace design’ is my original work and wherever I have incorporated any information in the form of photographs, text, data, maps, drawings, etc. from different sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report.
This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of the guide allotted to me by the school.
Manas Sharma V year B.Arch. School of Planning and Architecture Poornima University, Jaipur
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep and heart-felt gratitude to people who have contributed for this dissertation. I find myself in debt of a number of acknowledgements to directed to a number of people who have contributed in this internship in some way or the other to make it a successful possibility. I would firstly like to thank my dissertation guide Ar. Saurabh Sharma for her continuous guidance and valuable inputs in my research and to inspire me and make me think out of the box, with her timely scolding and never-ending faith in me. I would also like to thank Ar. Preethi Agarwal for her life learning lessons till date, because of which I’m able to survive in various difficult situation. I want to thank my family for their continuous love and support and being with me whenever I needed them. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my seniors Ar. Mohit Messy for their valuable suggestions and support.
Also, I am really grateful to my colleague Monika Pareek for always being there and for making sure I could always rely on her. Apart from these would also especially like to thank my faculties for their boosting morale and being there every time, I needed guidance.
So, thank you everyone for everything.
Manas Sharma V year B.Arch. School of Planning and Architecture Poornima University, Jaipur
iii
ABSTRACT
TOPIC: POST COVID-19 ARCHITECTURE DILEMMAS: Future of Workspace Design
INTRODUCTION: In Year 2020, world got introduced with a new normal situation due to COVID-19 pandemic, which has spread with alarming speed infecting millions and bringing economic activity to a near standstill ask countries imposed tight restrictions on movement to halt the spread of the virus. Over 7.45 Million people in India was affected by this pandemic according to Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India, till 18th October 2020. The research is evolving around the ways and method of changing our perceptions and altering our priorities. As the world is slowly reopening, easing lockdown measures, everyone is adapting to new realities. This research focus on workspace design and how it’s been affected by this pandemic and what can be a good architectural solution regarding the same and help us to hold this kind of pandemic in future so that work. In this challenge of workspace design for a safe environment for users and creating a safe environment by forcing them to certain rules like Social distancing, Proper sanitization, etc. This new prototype would be on the basis of modularity, affordability, feasibility as well as sustainability. Thus, it would be for all the people in the need. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to: 1. To design a module for every kind of work space, which can be a home workspace, a small office space, a cubical space for few people, etc. 2. To find good architecture solution regarding the same and help us to hold this kind of pandemic in future so that work. 3. To give a set of guidelines which can help in development of workspace. 4. To enhance spaces with collaboration with proper sanitation and social distancing
iv
CASE STUDY: Literature Review 1. Article and Theory Analysis. Literature Case Study 1. ESSTEAM Design Services LLP, Surat 2. C.A. Rashesh Shah and Co., Surat 3. Packpaper House, Surat PARAMETERS: 1. Planning 2. Space Proportion 3. Common Spaces 4. Social Distancing 5. Number of Employees 6. Ventilation 7. Organization of Workstations 8. Degree of Encloser
RESULT OF STUDY: Improvement that can be done in existing workspace and new programs that can be implemented to improve and to maintain all the regulations of hygienic environment at workspace.
GUIDE: Ar. Saurabh Sharma
v
CONTENTS
Approval
i
Declaration
ii
Acknowledgement
iii
Abstract
iv - v
Contents
vi-vii
CHAPTER 1: SYNOPSIS 1.1 Introduction
2
1.2 Aim
4
1.3 Objectives
4
1.4 Scope
5
1.5 Case Study
5
1.6 Limitation
5
1.7 Method and Tools
5
1.8 Methodology
5-6
CHAPTER 2: ABOUT WORKSAPCES 2.1 History of Workspace design 2.2 Offices of Tomorrow
8 - 12 13 - 14
CHAPTER 3: LITRATURE STUDY 3.1 Post Covid-19 Workspace Design Theory Analysis
16 - 31
CHAPTER 4: SURVEY & INTERVIEWS 5.1 Architects Interview
33 - 42
5.3 Survey Analysis of exiting workspace
43 - 46
CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY 5.1 Parameters and Evaluation Criteria
48
5.2 Essteam Servies L.L.P., Surat.
49 - 58
5.3 C.A. Rashesh Shah and Co., Surat
59 - 66
5.4 Packpaper House, Surat
67 - 74 vi
CHAPTER 6: ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION
List of Figures & Tables Bibliography
76 - 81 83
viii - xiv xv
vii
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
CHAPTER 1: SYNOPSIS
1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aim 1.3 Objective 1.4 Scope 1.5 Case Study 1.6 Limitation 1.7 Method and Tools 1.8 Methodology
MANAS SHARMA
1|Page
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
OFFICE [aw-phis, of-is] Noun 1. A room, set of rooms, or building where the business of a commercial or industrial organization or of a professional person is conducted: The main office of an insurance company; a doctor’s office. 2. A room assigned to a specific person or a group of persons in a commercial or industrial organization: Her office is next to mine. 3. A business or professional organization: He went to work in an architect’s office.
MANAS SHARMA
2|Page
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
1.1 INTRODUCTION Imposing dramatic changes to our lifestyles, the coronavirus has brought a new "normal," shifting our expectations and changing our goals. As the world is increasingly re-opening, relaxing lockdown policies, everyone is adapting to new realities. Driven into analyzing and examining our world, we are continually responding and expecting a relatively uncertain future. Architecture will help people to change the perception at looking at things and forcing them to follow certain rules like Social Distancing, Proper Sanitization, etc. In case of workspace design there are few more opportunities to design interior of workspace to maintain social distancing, since people are working from home but it can’t be a permanent solution. The main problem facing workplaces is how they can adjust their open office formats to physical distances and keep offices from being virus Petri dishes in the coming months. When our governments are working hard to retrofit airports, metro stations, and other public spaces for physical distances, it is imperative that workspaces implement such steps so that workers can feel comfortable to join the workforce and return to their desks.
CURRENT SITUATION OF WORLD AFFECTED BY COVID-19
Figure 1.1.1 World current COVID-19 Scenario https://covid19.who.int
MANAS SHARMA
3|Page
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
1.2 AIM The aim is to study the future of workspace design and to understand the repercussions after Covid-19 Pandemic in workspaces. 1.3 OBJECTIVES The objective of this research is to: 1. To design a module for every kind of work space, which can be a home workspace, a small office space, a cubical space for few people, etc. 2. To find good architecture solution regarding the same and help us to hold this kind of pandemic in future so that work. 3. To give a set of guidelines which can help in development of workspace. 4. To enhance spaces with collaboration with proper sanitation and social distancing 1.4 SCOPE 1. This research will focus on creation of guidelines for planning workplaces according to current scenario. 2. This research will focus on creation of a module for every kind of workspace. 3. Designing safe and clean environment for employees to work and research on sensor technology to make a hygienic environment. 4. Research on types of planning can be done on size of workspace and number of employees.
1.5 CASE STUDY Literature Study 1. Post Covid-19 Workspace Design Theory Analysis Live Study 1. ESSTEAM Design Services LLP, Surat 2. C.A. Rashesh Shah and Co., Surat 3. Packpaper House, Surat
MANAS SHARMA
4|Page
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
1.6 LIMITATION 1. Solution will be module based and can restrict to number of employees and workspace area. 2. This research will be limited to Indian context.
3. Research will not include construction technology and construction material to be used.
1.7 METHOD AND TOOLS 1. Literature Review of Articles 2. Study of workspace and culture 3. Analysis of existing office design
1.8 METHODOLOGY In attempt to study the future of workspace design, the dissertation is formulated in two parts. Herein, the abstract of background of workspace design looks into the understanding the evolution of workspace design, what they are, and how these spaces came to be. For this, the dissertation looks into the progression of workspace/office spaces, issues faced by office due to Covid-19 pandemic and how the reboot of those spaces can be worked out.
The primary data for this research includes the following: 1. Anthropometry Standards for workspace and their typologies 2. Article analysis for the post Covid-19 workspace design and study of different strategies which can help in this scenario. Once obtained, then case study of existing office layouts and understanding the ideology & typology of office design by different parameters, so that understanding of post pandemic scenario by different parameters i.e., Social distancing, Density, etc. The Conclusion drawn from these studies and analysis allows to understand the outcomes of pandemic on workspace layout and now new layouts can be reformed so that efficiency of work can be improved. This dissertation concludes with a note for designers.
MANAS SHARMA
5|Page
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
-
AIM
Introduction
Workspace Design Study
-
Post Covid-19 Workspace Design Theory Analysis
Understanding
Literature Study
History of Workspace Design Offices of Tomorrow
-
Synthesis
OBJECTIVE
2020
Analysis
Evaluation
Case Study & Post Covid-19 Impact
-
Analysis Stage 1
History of Workspace design & Office of Tomorrow
Analysis Stage 2
-
Planning Space proportion Common Spaces Social Distancing Number of Employees Ventilation Organization of Workstations Degree of Enclosure
Analysis Stage 3 Architects Interview and Survey
MANAS SHARMA
Interviews & Survey
Recommendation s
-
Architects Interview Individual Survey of Existing Workspaces
Conclusion
Case Study & Post Covid-19 Impact
6|Page
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
CHAPTER 2: ABOUT WORKSPACES 2.1 History of workspace design 2.2 Offices of Tomorrow
MANAS SHARMA
7|Page
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
2.1 HISTORY OF WORKSPACE DESIGN As the years have passed the concept of office layout has been modified so many times. Previously in the era of Taylorism, the design and layout of the office were mainly to be focused on productivity. This was done to create a strict working habitat, and the working stations was not like today it was arranged into a row to create the ‘Assembly line’ system under one roof, and monitored by higher authority. The workspaces were so secluded from the outside world so that workers can concentrate on their work.
Figure 2.1.1 Factory workers working in a row after industrial revolution https://sites.google.com/site/irmhrh/home/costs-of-theindustrial-revolution
The majority of changes in office design were done when there was the advancement in building material in the 1950s. Office structure changed from rigid to flexible structures. The new concept of ‘Office Landscape’ was developed by the German team named Quickborner, in which they introduced new elements of design like potted plants, Storage units, and screens. The layout was so flexible and free as it could be re-organized when needed, and workers from the same field can assemble easily and collaborate. As it has divided higher category executive staff as they were situated in other subdivided areas... Till the end of 1960s, the period of ‘open landscape’ has come to an end and it didn’t last longer. During that time ‘action furniture’ was stated developing and companies were adapting new environment.
Figure 2.1.2 Quickborner’s plan for Osram’s Munich office, 1965. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HqJg2ZvqI3o/SdO_SkECsI/AAAAAAAAAAk/SFYWn09ruQU/s1600h/1962_OsramGmbH_Henn_plan.jpg
MANAS SHARMA
8|Page
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Figure 2.1.3 Modular furniture system of the Action Office https://www.wired.com/2014/04/howoffices-accidentally-became-hellishcubicle-farms/
Figure 2.1.4 A highly personalized workspace in an Action Office https://www.onlinereality.co.uk/blog/t he-action-office
The trend of office design moves towards a more human-centered approach, with the short-term popularity of Burolandschaft in Germany and the 1950s and the Action Office in the US in the 60s. Due to the emphasis on management approach the Burolandschaft, or office landscape was adopted in the office design in Europe and North America, was aiming to minimize hierarchy and promote egalitarian human interactions by the random arrangement of furniture.
Figure 2.1.5 Herman Hertzberger Dutch Architect https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hertzb erger
This flexible and non-rigid layout, through increased workplace flexibility and fostered collaboration, was however challenged with the criticism focusing on the difficulty in enabling workers to familiarize themselves with the office space.
By the late 1950s, Herman Hertzberger who was a Dutch architect developed a structuralist architecture that gave birth to new office structures. In 1974, the official plan was designed to allow staff to “feel part of a working community without being lost in the crowd�. In this design process, they design small spaces that allowed for small groups up to 10 occupancies for a structured work environment.
MANAS SHARMA
9|Page
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
In the 1980s, as there was an increase in the management staff, there was a need for more workspaces in offices for each individual which is flexible, and economically viable as possible. Which lead to the birth of the ‘Sea of Cubical’. What is Cubical? The question arises as in the present time it’s an open office culture but due to covid, it might come back. The cubicles are the partially enclosed spaces that divide each individual into their separate workspace they are usually 5-6 feet(1.5 – 1.8 Meter) in height. It was a technique used by offices to make their workers focus and isolate from each other. The sea of the cubical or cubical farm is a good lesson in the history of workspaces office that any good idea or thought can be Figure 2.1.6 Standard size of cubical options https://www.ofwgo.com/DiscountOfficeFurniture/NewAnd corrupted by anyone and cubical help to UsedCubiclesMilwaukee focus things out and it improves efficiency in human resources. It showed that many corporate firms and companies had little interest in making a free environment for staff. Instead, offices were more intend to create space as small as possible to accommodate many employees and cheap & quick as possible. In the 1980s, the trend started changing and Silicon Valley was born so did the startups. These new innovations were supposed to improve the work culture as it should make the workspaces less laborious and more efficient. Due to this, there were more innovations in the work culture as the Hierarchies were flatter, the work process MANAS SHARMA
10 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
improves with a high degree of teamwork, amenities got improved and now everything started to get on the surface. Many start-ups got their boom in the industry and a new generation of workspaces got idolized, companies like Apple and Hewlett Packard showed the workspace should be like. Cubical was adopted as the symbol of traditional office space and many Silicon Valley companies taken it as their office workspace as it can accommodate many people in the small space, even some companies adopt this technique but now it is a good solution to adopt the kind of culture as due to COVID-19 it will help to keep people separate from each other and keep the workspace of an individual sanitize and healthy. 1900 Taylorism
1950 Burolandschaft
1960 Action Office
1980 Cubical Farm
1990 Casula workspace
Figure 2.1.7 Workspace evolution from 1900-2000 Author
MANAS SHARMA
11 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Workspace design history states that it was focused on productivity and maximum output from employees. As the trend keeps on changing the consideration of workspace environment got into consideration from Taylorism era to Casula workspace. After the Taylorism era when there were changes made its outcome can be seen in the cubical farm where employees have their separate workspace and no scope of interaction between them. After Silicon Valley and startups came into the picture the perspective of workspace design changed and the importance of designing was given more to employee’s comfort, a safe environment, and more interaction than to workstation design. The question is why are we studying the history of workspace design? The answer is simple, due to COVID-19 we might go back to the cubical farm, as there is a requirement for a safe environment, and now architects & designers need to focus more on Workstation design again as safe environment point of view and less importance to be given to interactive spaces.
MANAS SHARMA
12 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
2.2 OFFICES OF TOMORROW Since, the evolution of office and workspace has taken place the architecture of an office building is not just about productivity or working. It has bifurcated into other terms, and office building is driven fundamentally by the culture of business. Despite the development of technology, it's still people who launch and drive the company. If there was a characteristic to characterize the "millennial," the term would have been "independence". This can be seen as there are not just big office which has a workspace there is a sprawl in other type of offices, which has led to increase in freelancer and startups which lead to establishment of firms.
Figure 2.2.1 Types of Offices as independent workspaces Author
1. Freelancers In a recent Graduate Employment Survey conducted across three universities in Singapore, the overall trend showed an increase number of graduates taking a part-time, temporary and freelance jobs. This trend is likely to continue in the coming years. Established businesses are already taking advantage of this by out sourcing short-term work to freelancing professionals at lower costs compared to hiring them full time. Coupled with the rise of information sharing technology, the barriers to entry for freelancers and decreasing further. Still, these freelancers need a base of operation and a platform to advertise both virtually and physically.
MANAS SHARMA
13 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
2. Startups The term "startup� has gained a lot of popularity these days. More and more individuals are interested in becoming entrepreneurs and therefore open their own business. Therefore, there are also more entities interested in helping new businesses. Although its presence in today's society is notorious, this concept still raises some uncertainty about what it really means and what it represents. However, the startup ecosystem remains a very fragile business setup which require a critical mass to succeed. Many startups are failing financially, and those which succeed will eventually grow into small scale company or small MNCs. Spaces hosting these startups will need to be flexible for growth and demise of these companies. 3. Independent Business While the number of startups may decrease in the future, its impact will remain in established business. In terms of organizational structure, small temporal terms will form and dissolve as per projects. These temporal terms consisting of multi-disciplinary workers will then function as an individual unit, similar to startups.
MANAS SHARMA
14 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
CHAPTER 3: LITRATURE STUDY 3.1 Post Covid-19 Workspace Design Theory Analysis
MANAS SHARMA
15 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
3.1 ANALYSIS OF THE POST COVID-19 WORKSPACE DESIGN "IS COVID-19 GOING TO CHANGE OUR CITIES? THE ANSWER IS NO," SAYS NORMAN FOSTER https://www.dezeen.com/2020/10/13/coronavirus-covid-19norman-foster-cities/
The Corona virus pandemic will not fundamentally change cities, but could lead to more sustainable buildings, a "renaissance" for urban farming, and a "new future" for monorails, says Norman Foster. He said that this pandemic will not a long-term impact on cities and their people but it will help in accelerating trends, he said in a speech of the United Nations Forum of Mayors in Geneva. Figure 3.1.1 Architect Norman Foster (Foster + Partners, London Studio)
"Is Covid-19 going to change our cities?" asked the founder of London-studio Foster + Partners. "I suggest that it might seem so now, but in the wider arc of history, the answer is no." "Instead of change, it has merely hastened, accelerated trends of change that were already apparent before the pandemic," he continued. "Each crisis hastened magnified the inevitable"
and
By comparing this pandemic with the previous crises which have impacted cities and its people, which has led to improvements in healthy life style, health-driven architecture, and better building standards.
Figure 3.1.2 The Great Fire of London, Depicted by an Unknown painter (1675) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London
"Take London as an example" he explained. "The Great Fire, 1666, created Building Codes that led to fireproof brick construction." "The Cholera Epidemic of the mid-nineteenth century cleaned up the Thames from an open sewer and was the birth of modern sanitization," he added. "In its wake came the healthy dimension of public parks." "Then Tuberculosis struck and helped the birth of the modern movement in architecture – big windows, sunlight, terraces, white and clean," "But every one of those consequences – fireproof construction, sewers, green parks, modernism – would have happened anyway and not just in London but in cities around
MANAS SHARMA
16 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
the world, because cities learn from each other – each crisis hastened and magnified the inevitable." European Architects who were key figures in high-tech architecture development believe that this pandemic will speed up the process of adoption of more sustainable transports and building design. It has been proven by scientist that green building with natural ventilation is not only responsible for good health, it also helps in better performance. The development of sustainable transportation and open spaces within cities small or big will cumulatively affect the city and neighborhood to become healthier cleared, safe, and greener which is the requirement of time & future. "History tells us that the future is not twometer distancing" According to him, architects are positive that the world will recover from this quickly. He recalled the Spanish flu in the early 20th Century (191820) (in Indian it was known as Bombay Fever) where people were recommended for social distancing, lockdowns, and quarantines but not for the long term. Architects can conclude this pandemic & crises by improving the standards, places which are more appealing to live in and more resilient to future health.
Figure 3.1.3 Officials inspect street cleaners during the Spanish Influenza in Chicago in 1918 https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politicsnews/breaking-point-anti-lockdown-efforts-duringspanish-flu-offer-cautionary-n1202111
"A pandemic is a tragic event for so many, we have all lost loved ones and for the moment the virus continues," he said. "But stepping back, I am confident that cities will prove their resilience and appeal – they will bounce back stronger and better as a consequence." In conclusion, Covid-19 is going to change the way of living and improve the standard of cities in a way so that cities will be cleaner, healthier, and safe for living. As it will speed up the process of sustainable architecture. In previous crises and pandemics, the world has recovered from them very quickly like from Spanish flu, even all the parameters were they’re like social distancing, face mask, lockdowns, and quarantine but not for a long period of time, instead, it has helped architect and planners to improve the standards & facilities of building construction and sanitization. This pandemic will change the future of Workspace design as to adopt sustainable methods is the option to make facilities in workspace design smoother, efficient and healthy according to the requirement of time so that it can be used in such crises or pandemic in the future.
MANAS SHARMA
17 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
DESIGNING THE POST-PANDEMIC WORKSPACE DESIGN -People Matters June 2020
From the past the animated series The Jetsons (1962), the Hanna-Barbera animated series ran on cartoon network. Question arises why are we talking about an animated series from the past? What makes it memorable? Figure 3.1.4 Mass quarantines and complete lockdowns, the epidemic has re-ignited and amplified the debate over the future of the workspace. https://www.peoplematters.in/
The answer is its opening theme featuring the family flying in a spacecraft, jettisoning to their daily activities. When the main character, George Jetson, arrives at his work, his spacecraft closes up into a briefcase, and then he takes a conveyer into his space, right to his desk. Throughout the show, several robots and smart appliances assist him, pouring his coffee, taking his coat — he even does video conferencing with his boss. As we fast forward to 2020, video conferencing is normal and it has become the part of new normal with working remotely is important and collaboration is a must-have tool for a productive environment. Due to mass quarantines and complete lock-downs, the epidemic has re-ignited and amplified the debate over the future of workspace design. While the big corporate firms like Twitter, Facebook, Tata Consultancy Services have announced work from home for their employees. Does that mean the beginning of the end of the traditional office typology? Short answer is – No! This pandemic won’t kill the concept of working in an office, but the new normal should come back with alternative spaces for working designed with the benefits of a healthy environment. Companies throughout the world are working on bringing their workforce back and changes are being made with keeping in mind the safety of workers and to make a healthy and productive environment. While some of that strategy involves testing and monitoring employees to prevent the spread of the coronavirus, architects are thinking about the actual physical design of offices.
MANAS SHARMA
18 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Automation & Voice Technology Changes can be made in the current office design with the use of technology and make it more efficient. Redesigning the post-COVID-19 workplaces would require companies to invest in a new suite of contactless technologies to reduce disease transmission. Take some inspiration from Zaha Hadid Architects new headquarters for the Bee’ah waste management company in Sharjah, UAE. The company has come up with ‘Contactless pathways’, whereby employees rarely need to touch the building with their hands. Basic technology can be used to manage regular task like: • Motion sensors and Facial recognition on office doors • Automatic vending machine which can Figure 3.1.5 Bee’ah waste management company in Sharjah, UAE. take order from smartphone. https://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/beeah• New interface like Amazon Alexa, Siri, headquarters-sharjah-uae/ Google and remove the need for physical pushing button to avoid touch surfaces. • To remind employees for social distancing • Video conferencing to extend office and to avoid large number of people in conference room. Cushman & Wakefield has installed beacons into its office to track employees’ movements via their mobile phones, potentially sending alerts when six-feet rules are breached.
Figure 3.1.6 Cushman & Wakefield logo https://www.cushmanwakefield.com
Cubical Will Be Back Offices are approaching the old technique of accommodating employees from 1980s by using transparent barriers to maintain social distancing and sanitization. Companies like Toyota are using this technique by installed transparent barriers (plexiglass) at the tables and desks and workstations. Nike office in Memphis, Tennessee, United States, among others have installed plexiglass as barriers at the desks.
MANAS SHARMA
Figure 3.1.7 Cubical with transparent partitions to keep it sanitize https://www.peoplematters.in/
19 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
This Six Feet Rule Companies like Cushman & Wakefield has taken this pandemic as challenge and establish six feet rules to maintain social distancing in an office space. THE SIX FEET RULE
6 FEET QUICK SCAN
6 FEET RULES
A concise but thorough analysis of the current working environment in the field of virus safety and any other opportunities for improvement.
A set of simple and clear workable agreements and rules of conduct that put the safety of everyone first.
6 FEET ROUTING A visually displayed and unique routing for each office, making traffic flows completely safe.
6 FEET CERTIFICATE A certificate starting that measures have been taken to implement a virus-safe working environment.
6 FEET WORKSTATION An adapted and fully equipped workplace at which the user can work safely.
6 FEET FACILITY A trained employee who advises on and operationally ensure an optimally functioning and safe facility environment.
Physical Distancing As physical or social distancing is been prescribed by the government so that the contamination of this virus can be reduced. Keeping in mind there is an Amsterdam designed by Cushman & Wakefield has come with a concept of physical distancing at the workspace. This desk will be surrounded by the color zoned carpet which will define the area for movement and let people know if Figure 3.1.8 Cushman & Wakefield movement concept https://www.cushmanwakefield.com there are too close. At the start of the day, workers pick up a paper desk pad on which to rest their laptop, and which is discarded when they leave. Arrows on the floor guide them to move around clockwise. While corporate giants like Twitter, Facebook, Tata Consultancy Services have announced permanent work from home for their employees, innovative use of technology can help get us back to office which is safe.
MANAS SHARMA
20 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
Figure 3.1.9 Cushman & Wakefield movement concept https://www.cushmanwakefield.com
2020
Other techniques used by office to maintain physical distancing in office: • Offices are using signages for proper movement i.e. Zaha Hadid Architect are using signage for distance movement in office. • Proper standing spots in lifts, circle around desk, circles in corridors and walls of offices are covered with visual instructions.
In conclusion, Covid-19 has changed the way of thinking and it has a change of concepts of workspace design. To convert the existing office space to a healthy & safe space for employees, they should be an involvement in a standard operation procedure (SOP) to alter existing spaces into a workable environment. Things which need to keep in in mind are: • Physical Distancing • Six Feet Rule • Sensor Technology • Proper use of technology
Figure 3.1.10 Distancing in Elevators Author
The world has accepted the portable way of working and some companies like Facebook, Twitter & Microsoft has permitted their employees to work from home and it is quite efficient, even in working in office companies are preferring the cubical modulation in their office to make the space more efficient. This pandemic actually accelerated the process of things as we were thinking about digital India but it is now possible everyone is adjusting and the world is standing back, according to the requirement of time so that it can be used in such crises or pandemic in the future.
Figure 3.1.11 Physical Distancing in Corridors Author
MANAS SHARMA
Figure 3.1.12 Distancing in Elevators Author
21 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
COVID-19: IS THIS WHAT THE OFFICE OF THE FUTURE WILL LOOK LIKE? -World Economic Forum, May 2020
Figure 3.1.13 Wall Street, New York, USA https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/covid19-coronavirus-change-office-workhomeworking-remote-design/
After the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic, it has hit the economy as it has changed how and where people do the jobs.
Companies like Facebook and Twitter have announced work from home to their employees to work remotely permanently. Few other companies are trying to do this but not all the companies are able to do this as different countries are lifting up restrictions of lockdowns, companies want their employees to come back to the office to work. There are ways which can be implemented to change the program of the workplace: 1. Augmented Reality Workstations Companies like Facebook are experimenting with futuristic desk set-ups where screen can be resized and can be taken anywhere. It helps to collaborate the co-workers in virtual meeting room. Infinite workspaces can be created with a combination of augmented and virtual reality. Figure 3.1.14 AR & VR Technology https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/covid19coronavirus-change-office-work-homeworking-remote-design/
2. The Social Distanced Office Some changes can be made to existing design layout or new concepts can be made like designer’s form Amsterdam Cushman & Wakefield has given six feet rule to maintain distance in office. “Office desks have shrunk over the years, from 1.8-metre to 1.6-metre, to now 1.4-metre and less, but I think we’ll see a reversal of that, as people won’t want to sit so close together.”
MANAS SHARMA
Figure 3.1.15 QR code for Cushman & Wakefield video of 6-feet rule
22 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
3. Simple Solutions Simple rules and regulations should be established via SOP (Standard Operation Procedure), which should be followed by each employee. 4. Closed Plan The office is following open plan for a long time and but most of the architects think its time to go back to the cubical farm typology from the 1980s as the cubical was used to accommodate a large number of employees in a small space but as per the requirement of time to maintain social distancing open plans are needed to be converted into closed plans so that density of a workspace can be maintained. 5. More Signage Think road markings, but for offices. From squash-court-style lines in lobbies to standing spots in lifts, and from circles around desks to lanes in corridors, the floors and walls of our offices are likely to be covered in visual instructions. One possible approach is to encourage employees to walk clockwise, creating one-way flow to minimize transmission, as adopted by many hospitals during the current outbreak.
Figure 3.1.16 Cushman & Wakefield signages https://www.cushmanwakefield.com
6. Contactless Technology Companies need to move to sensor-based technology to reduce disease transmission. This can be seen in Zaha Hadid Architects new project which is headquarters for the Bee’ah Waste Management Company in Sharjah, UAE in which ZHA has designed a contactless pathway with fully automation motion sensors form doors to lift to coffee machines. 7. Rebuild
Figure 3.1.17 Bee’ah waste management company in Sharjah, UAE. https://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/beeahheadquarters-sharjah-uae/
In this situation companies need to re-structure there office policies and structure according to the requirement of time.
MANAS SHARMA
23 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
8. Fresh Air With good ventilation being the secret to avoiding the spread of COVID-19, a major trend might literally be opening a window-if windows can be opened, that is, since many workplaces are now enclosed, monitored units. And if recycled air is the only alternative, it may be a boom time for high-end workplace climate control systems. China's widespread implementation of this technology to combat inadequate air quality is believed to have helped its office staff to return to their desks more easily. 9. Greetings
We've always seen the potential, as many companies made policy changes to their greetings before the office workers were sent off. Handshakes are gone, and they seem set to stay that way for some time to come. Yet new greetings have arrived. Earlier this year the Beijing billboards encouraged the clasping of one's own palms. The UAE and Qatar asked people to stop nose-to-nose greetings, and the French government frowned with a kiss on their greetings. Expect more safe-distance greetings to grow quickly in an office near you.
MANAS SHARMA
24 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
TOGETHER AGAIN: THE FUTURE OF SHARED SPACES IN THE OFFICE -Steelcase Working in an office space was the traditional way of working. Discussion over coffee in a comfortable meeting space and it’s the collective energy and vibe of a space full of people united in a common purpose. After pandemic work done remotely and after all the struggles over video call, some work was generated and new ideas came into existence. After all the struggle employees are missing the intrinsic human experience of working together – face-toface – in spaces that were specifically designed to work with the vibe of productivity. There are few changes needs to be done to make existing space workable. Due to informal spaces in an office which was share by employees to socialized, collaborate, focus and enhance the work experience before Covid-19 sent all the employees’ home. If the question is asked to employees “Why do you want to return?” the answer is simple “To meet people, socialize and collaborate in the way they use to do it before.”, as it is not possible remotely. Due to this space for interaction in an office will not go away but some changes need to be done. Due to Covid-19 the post architecture of an office will be complete change so to create a safe environment of an office. Performance Principles Due to Covid-19, the workspace principals need to be change and workspace to be designed in which shared spaces that are both desirable and productive places to work. The foundation for designing high-performance social and collaborative spaces, this can be achieved by addressing density, geometry and division: 1. Proximity In the design of shared spaces like office the proximity and density go side by side. There are following types of proximity: a. People to People (consider physical distancing) b. People to Technology (Open meeting spaces must match the provision of enclosed spaces) c. Furniture to Furniture (arranges according to people and maintain distancing)
MANAS SHARMA
Figure 3.1.18 Illustration of Proximity https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/postcovid-workplace/better-together-future-shared-spaces-office
25 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
Figure 3.1.19 Illustration of Privacy https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/postcovid-workplace/better-together-future-shared-spaces-office
3.
2020
2. Privacy In the design of shared spaces like office the privacy factor includes – acoustical, visual, informational, territorial. Each type of privacy leads to providing a sense of psychological safety and protection – allowing people to feel at ease, free to exchange ideas and make work noticeable. Screens, or the addition of divisions, may not only allow you to obtain rooms, but may also offer obstacles to the safety of users from people in adjacent workspaces or the guidance of traffic.
Posture It is an important factor as it helps in contribution to health and wellbeing. Different type of sitting compliments the furniture layout and enable changes in the geometry of furniture arrangements, as needed.
Figure 3.1.20 Illustration of Posture https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/postcovid-workplace/better-together-future-shared-spaces-office
4. Personality In the office design aesthetics places the important role which helps to tone the workspace environment, brand and culture. The pandemic has created a new focus on cleanability for the residentiallyinspired fabrics and finishes of today’s shared spaces. Figure 3.1.21 Illustration of Personality https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/postcovid-workplace/better-together-future-shared-spaces-office
MANAS SHARMA
26 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Design Challenges As the world is coming out of this pandemic, there are few design challenges which needs to be taken care of for a safe environment. There challenges are: 1. Physical Distancing There should be a mandatory physical distancing of 6ft/2m sphere in both static and dynamic environments. To maintain 6ft/2m from other people, each individual is responsible for their own sphere and how it intersects with others as people come together in shared spaces – or move through the office. According to that Furniture arrangement will be dame to maintain adequate distancing to accommodate personal spheres.
Figure 3.1.22 Illustration of physical distancing Author
2. Circulation Pattern Creating a circulation patten in which employees can move within office spaces and maintain a social distancing. Safe circulation through and around shared spaces can be addressed through adequate width, directional traffic or additional shielding. Figure 3.1.23 Illustration of circulation pattern Author
3. Spatial Context According to space designing is done and to maintain & Understanding spatial context is required to adapt and design shared spaces to solve for physical distancing and circulation patterns. After understanding everything the density, furniture arrangement, airflow, enclosed space is planned.
MANAS SHARMA
27 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Design Challenges Examples There are few examples of Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19 changes which need to be done in a workspace environment. 1. Example 1 Formal Conference Spaces Size: 25' x 14'; 350 sq ft Capacity: 10 Pre-Covid-19 Scenario Spatial context: Fixed walls and entryways in an enclosed space limit the space available to provide adequate physical distancing and safe circulation patterns – particularly for generative work.
Figure 3.1.24 Illustration of pre-covid-19 scenario of conference room https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-future-shared-spacesoffice
MANAS SHARMA
28 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Post-Covid-19 Scenario Size: 25' x 14'; 350 sq ft Capacity: 6
Figure 3.1.25 Illustration of post-covid-19 scenario of conference room https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-future-shared-spacesoffice
Size: 25' x 14'; 350 sq ft Capacity: 4
Figure 3.1.26 Illustration of post-covid-19 scenario of conference room https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-future-shared-spacesoffice
MANAS SHARMA
29 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
2. Example 2 Open Space: CafĂŠ Size: 25' x 25'; 625 sq ft Capacity: 20 Pre-Covid-19 Scenario Spatial context: Open space settings provide more flexibility to allow for adequate physical distancing and safer circulation patterns.
Figure 3.1.27 Illustration of pre-covid-19 scenario of open space cafe https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covidworkplace/better-together-future-shared-spaces-office
Post-Covid-19 Scenario Size: 25' x 25'; 625 sq ft Capacity: 10
Figure 3.1.28 Illustration of post-covid-19 scenario of open space cafe https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-future-shared-spacesoffice
MANAS SHARMA
30 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Size: 25' x 25'; 625 sq ft Capacity: 10
Figure 3.1.29 Illustration of post-covid-19 scenario of open space cafe https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-future-shared-spacesoffice
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: KEY STRATEGIES The following three key strategies are tools that can be used to solve for these design challenges: Density Reducing the number of people accommodated within a space to satisfy 6ft/2m physical distancing requirements. Geometry Changing the arrangement of furniture to maximize distance and minimize close faceto-face orientation. Division Adding screens or panels to create boundaries and barriers between people, spaces and pathways.
MANAS SHARMA
31 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
CHAPTER 4: SURVEY & INTERVIEWS 4.1 Architects Interview 4.2 Survey Analysis of exiting workspace
MANAS SHARMA
32 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
4.1 ARCHITECTS INTERVIEW
AR. ANSHUMAN SHARMA Principal Architect, Design Inc. Chairman, IIID Jaipur Chapter Jaipur, Rajasthan, India 1. As it is a new beginning of new era due to COVID-19 and world economy has taking the major hit due to this, so I want to ask what is your say for about this pandemic and how it is affecting people? As we know this pandemic like this or other Figure 4.1.1 Architect Anshuman Sharma slowdowns or in a meltdown, so to speak they always hit the construction industry first, and later on, it's got units tentacles staring into so many areas so many aspects of your other businesses. When lockdown started happening one after the other and after that attempt was how to revive the economy. So, interestingly the construction industry was up again and it's bounced back nicely and they all are working in full swing as of today. So, you know, you need to understand that there are a lot of Architects who work specifically for Builders. Also, all those Architects got severely impacted because the Builder industry is of the game came down heavily and you know the jobs were just shut as you all know, you're the migrant migrants are going back the labor work going back to their villages to the small towns. They also wrote and what impacts other Architects other designers, you know whom you are doing a different kind of works, you know, so to speak they're not doing the Builder Builders Works. They found themselves on the right track because you know, when The Knockouts started happening, then you will be bounced back into they are now I think that to where they were that's what I'm trying to say is people Wanted to build houses people who wanted to get their Interiors done. They now are you know back to where they were so, you know, people are still getting their houses made and the industries bouncing back nicely. The fear is still there. But people are taking things positively and nothing can stop them to do what they do. 2. What is your go-to tips and methodology for designing an office? So, designing in office discuss his requirements. The way we operators in I have at least two to three-point where I am getting the requirements after that I will know to function my requirements, which I feel that you know is required which no problem is missed out or even if it would be no certainly make am aware that we still need to bring this discussion over it. This case study is involved in designing an office and finding out why these offices are considered a good design. After all the studying
MANAS SHARMA
33 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Figure 4.1.2 Video Conferencing with Ar. Anshuman Sharma Author
I strongly feel that you are people who make the office and not the furniture and environment. The ones are using this places people react to be there at the punisher you like setting that how you react to increase the other people studies to be what why we can catch summer in a Let you inside their office to walk through intake pictures for that will be a big help to you, but I am not to show a string that meant to happen. 3. As we follow standards before designing and according to that we give certain spaces to the user of space but due to new normal we need to maintain social distancing, so what can be the architectural solution needs to be taken into consideration? I strongly believe that you know when this is going to end but you know which soon, we are at a stage where are you now getting better, which thing is that once things are normal people are just going to forget this is it was never make out that there is no adapting to the psychology of a lot of people the fear is not fading away and if I design in a new office with social distancing measures and you all that I am going to lose out on several seats. My client is that you know, it's not the number of people, you know, you want to find out of the box if the environment individual Google office in to do in that area entire working schedule of your having this place you are building up in your body and peoples are always happy to work in such kind of environment and you need to get the right environment for you need to cater to your client’s requirements or so but a dictionary box people. 4. What are the key points to remember to use existing office space or an SOP (Standard Operation Procedure) to be established in the pandemic situation? I think one thing which was worked is office management people decided to divide their staff in such a pattern that half of the staff can come to the office on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays, and the other on Tuesdays and Fridays and I think it is a big change in-office schedule. Even at DESIGN INC., we have established some rules to make a healthy environment without keeping people’s life at risk. • The staff is strictly to be patients as no casual taking in the hallway or standing in clusters. • Strictly no online food services are allowed. MANAS SHARMA
34 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design • •
2020
Every employee should have a sanitizer and even the office entrance has one and all the working stations are cleaned in every few hours. Even the discussions are to shifted online due to maintaining social gatherings.
5. Does it mean it is the beginning of the traditional office typology? I think the old typology of working in a cubical will be back as it has been seen previously in pandemic like Spanish Flue the people think it was end of the world but after decades people has move on and started taking things positively and they are evolving and to deal with this people can go back to working in the traditional way of working as humans are selfish and we can adapt change just to grow or evolve.
MANAS SHARMA
35 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
AR. VIVIANO VILLARREAL Founder & Director at MASS OPERATIONS San Pedro Garza García, Mexico Ar. Viviano Villarreal is a Mexican architect who has great experience of working with different firms all around the world started in Mexico – Chile – Netherlands – Hong Kong – Macao – Mexico. He has a 5-year experience with OMA Architects and working with Pritzker winning Architect Rem Koolhaas. After taking good experience he established his own practice MASS OPERATIONS in Mexico in 2015 and in a later year in Hong Kong and Los Angeles, USA.
Figure 4.1.3 Architect Viviano Villarreal
1. As it is a new beginning of new era due to COVID-19 and world economy has taking the major hit due to this, so I want to ask what is your say for about this pandemic and how it is affecting people? I think it might affect the world. I think the key to human solution has been the city and the city if we understand it in a more most basic way is just density. It's just the accumulation of people living nearby and that accumulation of people living near to each other create networks and create ideas and create businesses and create synergies and so the more indents a city gets the more prosperous and wealthier and better it gets now. So, you need to be far away from each other pandemics have happened throughout the history of the human story. However, never before had we been so connected and travel-wise as in the previous pandemics. So that's what's made this a little bit scarier and such a fast spread and I think everything I mentioning is pretty obvious, but at the same time never have we been so connected and connected digitally we're able to do this from Mexico to India and real-time. We couldn't have done that beforehand. I mean telephone calls in the 50s - 60s were like barely getting there. You would have a long delay. If we talk in terms of architecture so, architecture lasts for a long time and the use of art that you can re-appropriate it so all the buildings that we have. They're working as office spaces. Should this pandemic last a lot longer than we're thinking might be reinterpreted into being used in different ways where people are more separated from each other where there are anti lobbies where you can have like screening checks that are properly placed there probably done according to whatever the scientists recommend, you know you in the use of a see air conditioning systems versus natural are might come into question materials might come into question.
MANAS SHARMA
36 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Figure 4.1.4 Video Conferencing with Ar. Viviano Villarreal Author
2. What is your go-to tips and methodology for designing an office? That the client wanted a tower and of course you could have done at our and we're excited when they came to us originally asking for a tower but it's all we've been a terrible mistake for headquarter office because you have to understand that if you have 500 employees and you know, you come up with a typical plan for a tower that perhaps could have maybe 30,000 square foot maybe 15,000 square foot as a floor plan out of which some of that will take up space with elevators and stare chords and you get about 15 floors with 20 floors to house. Then you're 500 employees plus parking if you consider that it's very wasteful first of all, because you're going to have to repeat your elevator core the shaft for 15-16 stories, and then the staircases are going to have to repeat 15-16 stories, so that's very wasteful but primarily what the client failed to understand. Let's say the CEO wants to talk to X or Y person they have to go through the elevator down to the floor and talk to that person. And what's going to happen is they're just going to pick up the phone or send an email. They're not going to do it. They're not going to wait for the elevator because waiting for elevators is horrendous. You need to understand how the program works, you know, it's very different to come up with an office for let's say a lawyer's office then an office for an architect different office require different levels of privacy and we need to understand the evolution of the workspace going from you know, medieval workshops on to well, there's no office now because everything's on your phone. We're all doing home office in between that there was a fight of the cubicle to cubicle. No cubicle partitions open-plan open plans distracting than an open plan as to where ideas happen, and there's collaboration cubicle is restrictive, but it's more focused. It's more private so different types of offices will require a mix. Six of these different spaces and so that's getting down to the finer grain and it's a lot about interior design less so, architecture, but of course, we like holistic projects where the architecture into a design is part of the same. 3. What is your concept and ideology for an office design? I think some architects conceptualize their design with a sketch or follow the basic Ideology of FORM FOLLOW FUNCTION OR FUNCTION FOLLOWs FORM but the problem is that we need to understand what form is and form has both a function and a meaning, you know, the figure of things have meanings. The
MANAS SHARMA
37 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
problem is that we need to understand what form is and form has both a function and the meaning, you know, the figure of things have meanings. Example: Our project this pharmaceutical headquarter is an A or in a V shape form which starts as a normal building with a core in the middle and then opens up towards the North and it opens up towards the north where actually the site is a bit larger because most of the site is like A circle and then a rectangle so we started it would like that and open up to the north. Why because the north is the best lighting you don't need to have any sun shading you don't need to have any a recently. So, we don't approach it by former approach it by problem-solving. We need to figure out those problems but something there's no problem solving is a perfect side. 4. What are the key points to remember to use existing office space or an SOP (Standard Operation Procedure) to be established in the pandemic situation? This is an interesting question because I guess every company will have their operations in a different way so I can only speak to how we design and so if a client comes to me and says look, we work this way Monday's this happens Friday's this happens. There's an entry point the next point we have a loading dock or loading base that you know trucks and need to come in and out or you know, we have buses coming in with our employees, we have the board meeting once a month. So, we need to have a really well set up board meeting but it takes a lot of space. So how can we use that space while there's not a board meeting taking place? We have an auditorium, but we only use that is determined once a year. So, how can we use that space for the rest of the year? So these kinds of things will come into play we need to know what are their standard operations to figure it out, you know their genetics we can also be embedded in them and sort of like a spy kind of spy on them, see how they work and then say well actually you saying Do this in this but if you look closely what you're actually doing is this isn't this hence you need this space. So that's what we try to do. We actually did go with Learner's older for three months to figure out, you know their DNA and so I understand you know, it's a big move from having a non-corporate office to then joining the whole team in one office and you have to make sure that whatever the magic was to make this company successful before doesn't get ruined in the process. 5. “It’s not the building it’s the user who makes the space lively not the furniture”. what are your views on this that how we can create a safe environment in office for its users how to create a safe environment safe? Well, it goes from the architecture to the finer detail interior design and Industrial design is very important that in that conversation. Parameter we need to take into our consideration are: • Provide adequate sunlight • Adequate ventilation I think you always need to have the opportunity to open a window, but it's very difficult these days to do this because once you open a window you throw all the calculations that the engineers for ventilation made so it's very difficult to MANAS SHARMA
38 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
convince Engineers of that point. But I think it's very useful to have the opportunity to open a window if you so desire now if you're making a façade that is a curtain wall. • Provide for outdoor spaces • Furniture and interior should be done in considering the type of user. We need to know what our materials around us are being used and in construction, some things are very toxic. You can look up what a V.O.C., V for Victor 0 for O C for Captain V.O.C. is volatile organic compounds used in the finishing of many materials We need to know what our materials around us are being used and in construction, some things are very toxic. You can look up what a V.O.C. is volatile organic compounds used in the finishing of many materials. We really need to know what our materials around us are being used and in construction some things are very toxic. You can look up what a V.O.C. is volatile organic compounds used in the finishing of many materials. 6. Does it mean it is the beginning of the traditional office typology? They might be back for a short time until we kind of overstep this this little problem we have of Covid-19. And they won't come back exactly like they were in the 1970s. They will come back maybe more transparent. Let's see. I don't know the office cubicle is very aggressive because it feels like you're in a little prison. However, it's very useful if you want to focus on your work, but that means that you're not collaborating. So, if you're not collaborating, why are you there with the team anyway, is it because we just want to make sure that you are working and keeping your working hours or there's a lot of methods of tracking that through computers that we're using our computers, you know. I can put a little piece of software on your laptop that tells me every time your screensaver gets activated. So that thing is counting the hours in your working. I think that's a temporary measure just like how acrylic became really expensive because of this new requirement.
If we remember what happened in the U.S with 9/11 people didn't want to fly anymore and they'd rather take a long bus or a long car drive, but we all fly back again. It’s just things change but not that radically is just a slow transition to a new face of our existence with new technology.
MANAS SHARMA
39 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
AR. MARIANA CABUGUEIRA CUSTODIO DOS SANTOS Senior Architect Designer International Competitions and Commissions High-End Design Zaha Hadid Architects London, United Kingdom Ar. Mariana Cabugueira is a Portugal architect who has great experience of working as she is Currently working with ZAHA HADID ARCHITECTS from last 3-yeares as Senior Architect and mostly do High-End Design Projects in Competitions.
Figure 4.1.5 Architect Mariana Cabugueira Custodio Dos Santos
1. As it is a new beginning of new era due to COVID-19 and world economy has taking the major hit due to this, so I want to ask what is your say for about this pandemic and how it is affecting people? It has affected a little bit, but it is very interesting and unpredictable. So, we started working from the home. we have the very good team in the office setting everything for us, and that was actually very impressive. Show they all setup remote connection to the server. So, we were able to work from home with not of difficulties its running very smoothly. One of another reason is when you working in an office, you know when you have to finish, which time we have to finish so you go back home and you end your work, and when you working from home you and the extending it because they are blended write your plan think your living space with their working space and its turns out that you are not managing the right. So, like I said the reason unpredictable most likely in another six months with have completely opposite results are so you can see everything seems positive the amount of work is that you do is positive. You also learn how to balance this like if you put yourself in this situation right now, I am actually able to develop my workshops and I can I tell you can a lot of my personal stuff because you have it seems like you can connect your time with better than when you doing the traditional 9 hours every day. 2. What is your go-to tips and methodology for designing an office? Everything depends obviously on your brief, like what can office is this is like Amazon office is a Google office, or is this make a small practice office that makes a big difference? Because like for example, we know that the Google and
MANAS SHARMA
40 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Figure 4.1.6 Video Conferencing with Ar. Mariana Cabugueira Custodio Dos Santos Author
Amazon and this big Silicon Valley kind of offices they required an allot more of playfulness and allotment of free time. They really appreciate their free time or they say they appreciate space they make them engage and more creative activities but not all officers are like, some other officers prefer like less recreational activity’s examples of them is at your space is going to be pure work some officers have a very high hierarchy within your face so that they may be used to create partitions within the same space offices with less hierarchy can be or more open space. It really depends on what's the structure of an office, Organization basically which help to design an office. 3. What will be your new perspective for designing an office in future? Its smart for the short-term work for covid-19 but we need to act differently right now. I'm not sure if in three years this is going to extend, everything will probably go back to normal and don't forget that's the different measures cost money and you have to convince your client to waste money on this kind of measures. So, it's already herds to convince the client required to spend more services on environmental protection or environmental solutions because they are more expenses. I don't see it. I don't think. I think that of course is right. I think that in the future it’s not going to take into consideration will change anything. I had this conversation in another interview actually a knife and a pretty much that it is really depends on your cultural and where you’re building because like in India and I understand watch your kind of boundaries are physical boundaries, you have a lot less than London and if I go to Swedish offer some pretty sure that they have like even bigger boundaries. I don't think this will change the open plan will still exist.
MANAS SHARMA
41 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Things that are important in Office design are: • Ventilation • Density of office The open plan planet has been here around since 60’s - 50’s and it's very profitable for client because it's like a completely free plan and you can just put that however you want and you have this flexibility. So, your client would rather will say that “I can fit 50 people in here then can say that I can fit 10 within the safety measures”. 4. What are the key points to remember to use existing office space or an SOP (Standard Operation Procedure) to be established in the pandemic situation? I think it has been making a lot of sense working from home, it makes lot of sense working remotely and I think that sometimes especially beneficial for a project to meet with the team and to meet a physically with the team sometime beneficial but that doesn’t mean that we need to go back to this very traditional structure when you started 9 finish and 6 regardless of the amount of work to have any have to go to your office and have to be there in present. I think we can actually start managing our working time on our own so the best scenario for me, I think you would be a very flexible way to use join office. So, you come to your office one or two times per week and you meet your team one or two times physically and then you go home and so far, the results are good. I think we should we configure our office which means having more meeting spaces with bigger area having a lot smaller spaces for desks allowing working from Home.
MANAS SHARMA
42 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
4.2 SURVEY ANALYSIS OF EXITING WORKSPACE This survey was taken via a google form, to find out what is the current scenario of existing workspaces, how existing offices are taking care of their employees in this pandemic situation, and precautions that are taken by offices. This study was done for the Indian office only and the names of the participants are kept anonymous. 1. Locations RAJASTHAN MAHARASHTRA DELHI HARYANA UTTAR PRADESH KERALA ASSAM BIHAR Figure 4.2.1 Pie chart of survey locations Author
This describes the location of an individual who has participated in this survey from different locations, in which people form 8 states of India has participated and more than 50% are from Rajasthan, India. 2. Type of Profession
PRIVATE JOB SELF OWNED BUSINESS GOVERNMENT JOBS PROFESSIONAL CONSULTANTS FREELANCERS SCHOOL TEACHER PART-TIME JOB
Figure 4.2.2 Pie chart of type of profession Author
This describes the type of profession of an individual who has participated in this survey from 7 different professions, in which more than 50% are Freelancers.
MANAS SHARMA
43 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
3. Type of Workspace
PERSONAL CABIN WITH COUCHES 11.8% PERSONAL CABIN 11.8% PERSONAL SEPARATE WORK STATIONS 11.8% CUBICAL WITH 2 WORKING STATION 2.9% OPEN DESK WITH MULTI WORK STATIONS 17.6% CUBICALS 11.8% HOME 2.9% OTHER 29.4% Figure 4.2.3 Pie chart of type of type of workspace Author
This describes the type of workspace of an individual who has participated in this survey who work in 8 different types of workspaces. 4. Type of Workstation Area/Space 1.5 SQUARE METER / 16 SQUARE FEET 41.2% 3.3 SQUARE METER / 35.5 SQUARE FEET 11.8% 3.8 SQUARE METER / 40.9 SQUARE FEET 2.9% 5.75 SQUARE METER / 62 SQUARE FEET 8.8% BIGGER THAN ABOVE 35.3%
Figure 4.2.4 Pie chart of type of workspace area Author
This describes the type of workspace area/space of an individual who has participated in this survey, who works in 5 different types of area/space workspaces.
MANAS SHARMA
44 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
4. Type of Measures Taken by Offices Due to COVID-19 SOCIAL DISTANCING 44.1% SANITATION 41.2% WORK FROM HOME 70.6% AUTOMATION/HAND FREE TECHNOLOGY 23.5% MINIMIZATION OF ISOLATION ROOMS 11.8% AUGUMENTED REALITY/VIRRTUAL REALITY 11.8% SIGNAGES 8.8% PROPOERSIGNAGE AND GUIDELINES 29.4% OTHERS 14.7%
Figure 4.2.5 Pie chart of type of measures taken by offices due to Covid-19 Author
This describes the type of Measures Taken by Offices Due to COVID-19 of an individual who has participated in this survey. There is different type of measures taken by offices which are mentioned below: • • • • • • • • •
Social Distancing Sanitation Work from Home Automation/Hand free Technology/Contactless Technology Minimization of Isolation Room (Conference Rooms) AR (Augmented Reality)/VR (Virtual Reality) Workstations Signages Proper Signage and Guidelines for Covid-19 Free Environment Other
5. Suggestions by the Participants for Improving Workspaces There is different type of suggestions which the participants of this survey want to be improve in their workspace area which are mentioned below: • • • •
Alternative Sitting in Cubical Semi-Private enclose spaces to maintain physical distancing Always wear mask and use sanitizer Individual Cubical
MANAS SHARMA
45 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design • • • • • •
2020
Temperature checkups regularly at entry, exit, and work from home unless a task absolutely requires your presence at the office or on site Transparent panels around the table Restriction on number of people. Avoid placement which includes sitting next to each other. Work from home Proper sanitization and alternate shifts.
Figure 4.2.7 Cubicles work stations at Pinnacal Infotech Solutions Survey Participant
Figure 4.2.6 Personal workspace at Public Works Department Office Survey Participant
MANAS SHARMA
46 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
CHAPTER 5: CASE STUDY
5.1 Parameters of Study 5.2 ESSTEAM Design Services LLP, Surat 5.3 C.A. Rashesh Shah and Co., Surat 5.4 Packpaper House, Surat
MANAS SHARMA
47 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5.1 PARAMETERS OF STUDY 1. Planning – Concept and Ideology of Planning The Planning parameter focus on the concept of planning and ideology/concept behind planning of different office design, thinking of a designer as well as the owner of office or the head of the company. 2. Space Proportion – Space Dividation And Its Proportion The Space Proportion parameter focus on the area divination of a workspace design according to the type of office and area given to different spaces. Analysis of Space Proportion in consideration of Common space and working stations. 3. Common Spaces – Percentage of Common Spaces The Common Spaces parameter focus on the percentage common spaces in the office design layout and analysis. 4. Social Distancing – Working Stations Typology and Distance The Social Distancing parameter focus on the type of working station for an individual employee and the distancing between each working station is given in the office layout. 5. Number of Employees – Area Per Employee The Number of Employees parameter focus on the area given to each employee as a workstation and the density of an office layout which will help in comparative analysis. 6. Ventilation – Opening Size and Orientation The Ventilation parameter focus on the Opening sizes and orientation of a office building and lay outing of office so that the amount of light entering in an workspace area is sufficient of not. 7. Organization of Workstation The Organization of Workstation parameter focus on the composition and layout of workstations in an office design and the flexibility of working stations layout. 8. Degree of Enclosure The degree of enclosure of a space can be defined as the extent to which a space can be isolated. A fully enclosed space creates a cohesive, isolate space, whereas a low degree of enclosure creates a space which is loosely bound and has a fluid configuration. The scale of a space is affected by the degree of enclosure, and in turn is affected by the accessibility of a space, and dictates user preference and comfort in the space. It also affects circulation hierarchy by creating variations in the intimacy gradient for any given area.
MANAS SHARMA
48 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Firm started in 2002 as S. Team Design Services in the heart of old city of Surat. After 18 years & over 500 projects, and all proactive perseverance, ESSTEAM has 75+ members, strong qualified and experienced team. Climate change has woken up everyone and forced us all to rethink their model of growth and development. They are a team who loves this planet, and would love to serve our client and help them in creating wonderful buildings, spaces & products that are sustainable, easy to maintain, joy to use and cost effective. Their insistence on excellence, technology integration and scientific approach help us achieve this, and all these keeping the growth of the People- their Team, their Clients and their Vendors at the center.
MANAS SHARMA
49 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5.2 ESSTEAM DESIGN SERVICES LLP, SURAT Site Location 4th Floor, ‘Samanvay’, Near Chandni Chowk circle, Gymkhana Road, Piplod, Surat, Gujarat395007 Construction Area 8,050 square feet / 748 square meter
INDIA
Year of Completion 2013 Type of Office Architecture Designers
SURAT GUJARAT
SATELLITE VIEW OF ESSTEAM DESIGN SERVICES LLP Figure 5.2.1 Location of Essteam Design Services LLP, Surat Author
MANAS SHARMA
50 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5.2.1 PLANNING CONCEPT PLANNING
AND
IDEOLOGY
OF
This is the office of an architectural firm that promotes a sustainable built environment. So, when the architect started the design of this office, they wanted to be an open culture office where they can promote ‘Walk the Talk’. The basic ideology was to divide each floor keeping in mind the functionality. The design thereby included the Public floor, Studio floor, Recreation floor, and the Deliberation the floor also taking care of the office hierarchy.
Figure 5.2.1.1 Floor bifurcation according to functionality Author
1. Public floor consists of the following: • Reception • Waiting Area • Pantry • Toilet • Meeting room 1,2,3,4 • Administration • Managing Directors Room • Store • Server Room Figure 5.2.1.2 Public floor area allocation Author
2. Studio Floor consists of the following: • Studio Cobalt • Studio Olive • Studio Ochre • Studio Crimson • Toilet • Server Room • Plotter Room
Figure 5.2.1.3 Studio floor area allocation Author
MANAS SHARMA
51 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
3. Recreational (Terrace) Floor consists of the following: • Conference Room • Dining Area • Toilet • Pantry • Server Room
Figure 5.2.1.4 Recreational (Terrace) floor area allocation Author
5.2.2 SPACE PROPORTION SPACE DIVIDATION AND ITS PROPORTION As the floor is divided by keeping in mind the functionality of the floor which are as follows: 1. Public Floor 2. Studio Floor 3. Recreational Floor
PUBLIC FLOOR Figure 5.2.2.1 Floor Plan layout for Public Floor https://www.essteam.in
MANAS SHARMA
52 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
S.NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
2020
PUBLIC FLOOR AREA STATEMENT NAMES OF AREAS AREA (SQ.MT.) Reception 10.3 Waiting Area 44.2 Pantry 6 Toilet 4.5 Meeting Room 1 20.1 Meeting Room 2 9.7 Meeting Room 3 8.6 Administration 17.6 Managing Director Room 42.4 Store 7.3 Meeting Room 4 8.4 Meeting Room 5 9.6 Passages 16.6
Table 5.2.2.1 Area Statement for Public Floor Author
STUDIO FLOOR
Figure 5.2.2.2 Floor Plan layout for Studio Floor https://www.essteam.in
MANAS SHARMA
53 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
S.NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2020
STUDIO FLOOR AREA STATEMENT NAMES OF AREAS AREA (SQ.MT.) Studio Cobalt 31.8 Studio Olive 38.6 Studio Crimson 45.6 Studio Ochre 50.6 Toilet 4.5 Plotter Room 6.1 Server Room 2.5 Passage 33.5
Table 5.2.2.2 Area Statement for Studio Floor Author
RECREATIONAL FLOOR Figure 5.2.2.3 Floor Plan layout for Recreational Floor https://www.essteam.in
MANAS SHARMA
54 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
STUDIO FLOOR AREA STATEMENT NAMES OF AREAS AREA (SQ.MT.) Conference Room 43.5 Open sitting 16.3 Toilet 4.5 Pantry 6.1 Server Room 2.5 Open Green Area 161.5
S.NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Table 5.2.2.3 Area Statement for Recreational Floor Author
5.2.3 COMMON SPACES PERCENTAGE OF COMMON SPACES As the office have different floor planned according to different activities the layout of common spaces against workstations are different on each Floors as well as the open spaces is only on the Terrace Floor. The percentage of common area on each floor are given below in figure 5.2.3.1, 5.2.3.2 & 5.2.3.3. 33.5
33.5 24.8
43.5
56.4 70.3
166.6
161. 5
COMMON SPACES COMMON SPACES
COMMON SPACES
CONFERENCE ROOM
WORK STATION
WORK STATION
OPEN SPACES
MEETING ROOMS Figure 5.2.3.1 Percentage of common space for Public Floor Author
Figure 5.2.3.2 Percentage of common space for Studio Floor Author
Figure 5.2.3.3 Percentage of common space for Recreational Floor Author
It can be seen that Recreation Floor has open space compared to other floors and all the floors has less than 20% of common space which include passages and movement space.
MANAS SHARMA
55 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5.2.4 SOCIAL DISTANCING WORKSATION TYPOLOGY The office has an open work station layout with no barriers so that ideas can flow from anywhere so that they can listen to everyone. They discuss, argue, disagree, and then try to find a win-win proposition for every circumstance. They work for each other’s professional growth, personal growth. They have open space work stations with 1.2 meters of space between 2 rows and have a 0.75 meter of distance between each work station.
Figure 5.2.4.2 Open sitting layout https://www.essteam.in
Figure 5.2.4.1 Open sitting layout Author
Figure 5.2.4.3 Open sitting layout https://www.essteam.in
5.2.5 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AREA PER EMPLOYEE In this office as they have an open workstation so employees share their space as it is shown in photos. Each studio has 10 employees and each employee have 3.27 square meter of area. It has been designed for 30 employees.
Figure 5.2.5.1 Open sitting layout
Author
DENSITY Average Density of working space according to area is 5.55 sq.mt of 30 employees
MANAS SHARMA
56 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5.2.6 VENTILATION OPENING SIZE AND ORIENTATION An architect’s office would require abundance of daylight and view, lots of storage and a floor plate that can be organized into design studios, meeting rooms and many other functions.
Figure 5.2.6.1 Opening layout for abundant lighting https://www.essteam.in
The penetration of light is much more if drawn from the higher level compared to the conventional ones. This principle has been applied ensuring that artificial lights are not needed in most of the spaces from morning to evening. There is a 450 mm ribbon window on the bottom and a 900 mm ribbon window on the top of each floor level running all around the three elevations of the building. The northern rectangular block takes care of the vertical circulation, sanitation requirements and the spaces needed Figure 5.2.6.2 Opening layout for abundant lighting for various other services. For https://www.essteam.in energy management, the architecture of the building provides daylight due to the ribbon windows at the top and bottom on every floor, drawing maximum daylight throughout the day. Equipment’s such as pumps, elevators, AC’S etc. are selected to make the building energy efficient. 9 inches thick layer of soil filling on the terrace floor keeps the slab cool and creates an impact on the fifth floor AC energy consumptions as well as acts as a green terrace garden.
MANAS SHARMA
57 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5.2.7 ORGANIZATION OF WORKSTATION As the office have open work station layout so the organization of workstation is in a stack formation. The modular furniture is very ergonomic and indigenously designed using Mild Steel and magnets. This screw-less system is easy to dismantle to take changes in future including wiring and accommodating new technologies. Another innovation is in terms of the service routes hidden the peripheral storage areas. This would Figure 5.2.7.1 Furniture again make any of layout illustration the utility very Author easy to service or repair or replace.
Figure 5.2.7.2 Furniture modulation https://www.essteam.in
5.2.8 DEGREE OF ENCLOSURE The degree of enclosure of a space is psychologically comfortable as it has proper natural light and ventilation is also comfortable with proper amount of space of each individual. Due to open workspace design the studios are not congested.
Figure 5.2.8.1 Degree of enclosure Author
MANAS SHARMA
58 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Rasesh Shah & Associates is a team of distinguished Chartered Accountants, Corporate Financial Advisors and Tax Consultants in India. They provide insightful and individualistic advisory services provide an invaluable safeguard in the current scenarios. We pride on our extensive experience to rigorously evaluate governance procedures, processes, information and controls and when required, recommend the best way to strengthen them.
MANAS SHARMA
59 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5.3 C.A. RASHESH SHAH AND CO, SURAT Site Location 4th Floor, Titaanium Business Hub, Bhimrad Road, Althan, Surat395017 Construction Area 4,400 square feet / 409 square meter INDIA
Year of Completion 2018 Type of Office Private Office
SURAT GUJARAT
SATELLITE VIEW OF C.A. RASHESH SHAH AND CO. Figure 5.3.1 Location of C.A. Rashesh Shah and Co., Surat Author
MANAS SHARMA
60 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5.3.1 PLANNING CONCEPT AND IDEOLOGY OF PLANNING The entire concept of this office resulted from the minute details that were designed according to the theme and the color palette borrowed from the traditional motif - be it the blue threads on the light fixtures or the motif imprinted door handles to continue the idea or the numbers allotted to each working desk with a stationery holder or the fabric light fixtures to give a softer yet elegant look to the spaces.
Figure 5.3.1.1 Working station layout concept https://www.essteam.in
It was an obvious choice to use tiles and laminates due to the budget, so the richness was brought in by these small gestures. As it is a family practice and the owner wanted to expand their company by a different criterion of office.
The office has only 1 floor and it is divided into different parts according to the requirement. • Waiting lounge • Reception • MD’s Chamber • Meeting Room • Director’s Cabin • Executive lounge • Working Station • Toilet • Pantry • Storage Figure 5.3.1.2 Floor area allocation Author
MANAS SHARMA
61 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5.3.2 SPACE PROPORTION SPACE DIVIDATION AND ITS PROPORTION Floor plan is divided into different working stations, executive chambers, movement space, waiting areas, meeting rooms and services.
Figure 5.3.2.1 Floor Plan layout https://www.essteam.in
MANAS SHARMA
62 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
S.NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
AREA STATEMENT NAMES OF AREAS Waiting Lounge Reception Desk Peon Desk MD’s Chamber Director’s Cabin 01 Meeting Room Server Room Director’s Cabin 02 Conference Room Director’s Cabin 03 Executive Lounge Common Toilet Dressing Chamber Informal Meeting Area Work Station Lounge Meeting Room 01 Meeting Room 02 Meeting Room 03 Meeting Room 04 Meeting Room 05 Meeting Room 06 Meeting Room 07 Meeting Room 08 Toilet Pantry Record Room
2020
AREA (SQ.MT.) 26.5 4.5 1.9 30.9 11.2 6.2 1.7 10.5 17.3 14.3 12.9 2.7 6.2 21.7 83.3 11 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6 5.3 6 1.8 9.4 19
Table 5.3.2.1 Area Statement for Floor Plan Author
MANAS SHARMA
63 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5.3.3 COMMON SPACES PERCENTAGE OF COMMON SPACES As the office layout have different spaces planned according to different activities 22% the layout of common spaces COMMON SPACES 42% against workstations are WORK STATION different on each Floors. The MEETING ROOMS percentage of common area on 36% each floor are given below in figure 5.3.3.1. It can be seen that Floor has more common spaces compared to working stations Figure 5.3.3.1 Percentage of common space on Floor which include passages and Author movement space.
5.3.4 SOCIAL DISTANCING WORKSATION TYPOLOGY The office has an open work station layout with no barriers so that ideas can flow from anywhere so that they can listen to everyone. They discuss, argue, disagree, and then try to find a win-win proposition for every circumstance. They work for each other’s professional growth, personal growth. They have open space work stations with 0.5 meters of space between 2 rows and have a 0.75 meter of distance between each work station. Office has a separate chamber for managing director and director with area of 30 square meter and 10.5 square meter respectively.
MANAS SHARMA
Figure 5.3.4.1 Open sitting layout Author
64 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Figure 5.3.4.2 Open sitting layout Photograph https://www.esstea m.in
Figure 5.3.4.3 Photograph of Directors Chamber https://www.esste am.in
Figure 5.3.4.3 Photograph of Managing Directors Chamber https://www.esste am.in
MANAS SHARMA
65 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5.3.5 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AREA PER EMPLOYEE In this office as they have an open workstation so employees share their space as it is shown in photos. Working station for each employee have 1.2 square meter of area. It has been designed for 40 employees. DENSITY Average Density of working space according to area is 8 sq.mt of 50 employees, helping staff & executive members/owners.
5.3.6 ORGANIZATION OF WORKSTATION As the office have open work station layout so the organization of workstation is in a stack formation. Working stations are separated from the head’s cabins and area also varies. The modular furniture is very ergonomic & flexible in the employees working station which can be relocated. Figure 5.3.6.1 layout of furniture layout Author
5.3.6 DEGREE OF ENCLOSURE The degree of enclosure of a space is psychologically comfortable as it has proper circulation, individual working space with flexibility and office has a motif - be it the blue threads on the light fixtures or the motif imprinted door handles to continue the idea or the numbers allotted to each working desk with a stationery holder or the fabric light fixtures to give a softer yet elegant look to the spaces.
MANAS SHARMA
Figure 5.3.6.1 Photo of furniture layout https://www.essteam.in
66 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
The firm is an exporter of different kind of papers all over India. They are leaders and main suppliers in organized paper business in the city of Surat because of the various industries that need a lot of paper for packing materials, catalogues etc.
MANAS SHARMA
67 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5.4 PACKPAPER HOUSE, SURAT Site Location B-191, Road No. 06 F, Udhana Udhyognagar, Surat Construction Area 14,000 square feet / 13,000 square meter Year of Completion 2014
INDIA
Type of Office Private Office
SURAT GUJARAT
SATELLITE VIEW OF PACKPAPER HOUSE Figure 5.4.1 Location of Packpaper House, Surat Author
MANAS SHARMA
68 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5.4.1 PLANNING CONCEPT PLANNING
AND
IDEOLOGY
OF
This is the office of a supplier in organized paper business in the city of Surat, Gujrat because of the various industries that need a lot of paper for packing materials, catalogs etc. This Project was names as ‘The Oasis in the Desert’ as according to designers the client said "I want a lotus to bloom in the mud" which has ignited the concept of this office. As the site was located on a bland site with no pleasant view so designer went with the idea of inward looking with inner open spaces.
Figure 5.4.1.1 Floor bifurcation according to functionality Author
The basic ideology was to create an office by considering the exposure of the client. The design intent was based on these 4 values according which planning strategies was made. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Flexible Introvert Timeless Vibrant
The office building is divided into 2 floors. 1. Ground Floor is basically a storage unit which is treated as warehouse and it consist of the following: • Security • Warehouse • Warehouse In-charge’s Cabin • Checking Desk • Loading/Unloading Area
Figure 5.4.1.2 Office Floor area allocation Author
2. First Floor is a small office layout basically consist of the following: • Reception MANAS SHARMA
69 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design • • • • • • • •
2020
Conference Room Director’s cabin Family Member Cabin Marketing Section Puja Room Toilets Pantry Toilet
5.4.2 SPACE PROPORTION SPACE DIVIDATION AND ITS PROPORTION As the office is divided by office floor and warehouse floor keeping in mind the functionality of the floor which are as follows: 4. Warehouse Ground Floor 5. Office First Floor 6. Recreational Floor
Figure 5.4.2.1 Office Floor Plan layout https://www.essteam.in
MANAS SHARMA
70 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
S.NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2020
OFFICE FLOOR AREA STATEMENT NAMES OF AREAS AREA (SQ.MT.) Reception 10.3 Conference Room 44.2 Director’s Cabin 6 Family Member Cabin 4.5 Marketing Section 20.1 Accounting Section 9.7 Puja Room 8.6 Toilet 17.6 Executive Toilet 42.4 Pantry 7.3
Table 5.4.2.1 Area Statement for Office Floor Author
5.4.3 COMMON SPACES PERCENTAGE OF COMMON SPACES As the office layout have different spaces planned according to different activities the layout of common COMMON 20% spaces against workstations are SPACES different on each Floors. The WORK STATION percentage of common area on each 18% 62% floor are given below in figure xxxx. MEETING It can be seen that Floor has more ROOMS common spaces compared to working stations which include passages and movement space. Figure 5.4.3.1 Percentage of common space for Floor Author
5.4.4 SOCIAL DISTANCING WORKSATION TYPOLOGY The office has an open work station layout with no barriers so that ideas can flow from anywhere so that they can listen to everyone. They have open space work stations with 1.2 meters of space between 2 rows and have a 0.75 meter of distance between each work station. Office has a separate cabin for director and family with area of 30 square meter and 10.5 square meter respectively.
MANAS SHARMA
Figure 5.4.4.1 Open sitting layout Author
71 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Figure 5.4.4.2 Open sitting layout https://www.esst eam.in
Figure 5.4.4.3 Photo of directors Cabin https://www.esst eam.in
Figure 5.4.4.4 Photo of Family member cabin https://www.esst eam.in
MANAS SHARMA
72 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5.4.5 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AREA PER EMPLOYEE In this office as they have an open workstation so employees share their space as it is shown in photos. Working station for each employee have 1.2 square meter of area. It has been designed for 22 employees. DENSITY Average Density of working space according to area is 9.6 sq.mt of 30 employees, helping staff & executive members/owners.
5.4.6 ORGANIZATION OF WORKSTATION As the office have open work station layout so the organization of workstation is in a stack formation. Working stations are separated from the head’s cabins and area also varies. The modular furniture is very ergonomic & flexible in the employees working station which can be relocated. The space is visually a singular and column- free space which flows seamlessly into various activity areas and the landscape areas making the space seem immensely relaxed and open. The divider between the staff area and the reception is a long furniture unit taking care of all the possible storage needs of the administration.
Figure 5.4.6.1 layout of furniture layout Author
5.4.6 VENTILATION OPENING SIZE AND ORIENTATION The louvers and pergolas in the two linear garden spaces, help in visual screening, sun shading, wind flow and also act as spill out spaces. The floors are stacked on each other similar to the first-floor plan.
The godown needed as much space Figure 5.4.6.1 Opening layout for abundant lighting as possible and thereby the office https://www.essteam.in took the upper floor. The requirement of the office was not as much so we took the MANAS SHARMA
73 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
liberty of creating linear gardens on the two sides if the first floor so that every space looks into a green space.
Figure 5.4.6.1 Photo of louvers and pergolas https://www.essteam.in
5.4.7 DEGREE OF ENCLOSURE The degree of enclosure of a space is psychologically comfortable as it has proper circulation, individual working space with flexibility and the design is such that a lot of natural light is coming through the linear gardens on both the sides.
Figure 5.4.7.1 Photo of furniture layout https://www.essteam.in
MANAS SHARMA
74 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
CHAPTER 6: ANALYSIS & RECOMMENDATIONS
MANAS SHARMA
75 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
6.1 ANALYSIS Analysis of this Dissertation is into three parts as the study was divided into the following: 1. History of Workspaces & Offices of Tomorrow Workspace design history states that it was focused on productivity and maximum output from employees. As the trend keeps on changing the consideration of workspace environment got into consideration from Taylorism era to Casula workspace. After the Taylorism era when there were changes made its outcome can be seen in the cubical farm where employees have their separate workspace and no scope of interaction between them. After Silicon Valley and startups came into the picture the perspective of workspace design changed and the importance of designing was given more to employee’s comfort, a safe environment, and more interaction than to workstation design. 2. Post Covid-19 Workspace Design Theory Analysis This pandemic will change the future of Workspace design as to adopt sustainable methods is the option to make facilities in workspace design smoother, efficient and healthy according to the requirement of time so that it can be used in such crises or pandemic in the future. To convert the existing office space to a healthy & safe space for employees, they should be an involvement in a standard operation procedure (SOP) to alter existing spaces into a workable environment. Things which need to keep in in mind are: • Physical Distancing • Six Feet Rule • Sensor Technology • Proper use of technology Future of workspace which can be implemented to improve the efficiency: • Augmented Reality Workstations • The Social Distanced Office • Simple Solutions • Closed Plan • More Signage • Contactless Technology • Rebuild • Fresh Air • Greetings
MANAS SHARMA
76 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Design Challenges As the world is coming out of this pandemic, there are few design challenges which needs to be taken care of for a safe environment. There challenges are: • Physical Distancing • Circulation Pattern • Spatial Context 3. Architects Interviews and Case Study According to architects this pandemic won’t change anything in long term, it might change few things in the short term as it was seen in the past pandemic like Spanish Flue the people think it was end of the world but after decades people has move on and started taking things positively and they are evolving and to deal with this people can go back to working in the traditional way of working as humans are selfish and we can adapt change just to grow or evolve. According to Ar. Viviano Villarreal “If we remember what happened in the U.S with 9/11 people didn't want to fly anymore and they'd rather take a long bus or a long car drive, but we all fly back again. It’s just things change but not that radically is just a slow transition to a new face of our existence with new technology.” COMPARATIVE ANALYIS 100% 90% 80%
Axis Title
70% 60% Meeting Rooms
50%
Working Stations
40%
Common Space
30% 20% 10% 0% Esstem Design Services LLP, Surat
C.A. Rashesh Shah and Co., Surat
Packpaper House, Surat
Figure 6.1.1 Comparative Analysis of spaces in each case study Author
The Study has shown the office which has more working station space and less common space are working efficiently by limited SOP (Standard Operation Procedures) which is recommended by the Government of India and WHO (World Health Organization).
MANAS SHARMA
77 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS In exploring the possible alternatives towards the new approach of workspace design, we should first identify and the solve the problem of the safety of an employee. The need of physical distancing and circulation area required to make a safe space for every individual in an workspace.
Figure 6.2.1 Illustration of basic need of an employee/individual Author
Recommendation for Existing Office Design Based on research and study for post Covid-19 architecture of workspace and how spaces should have a proper circulation pattern, physical distancing with furniture arrangement accordingly and the contextual planning is required but for usage of existing workspaces some rules and regulation are required to make it a safe space in this pandemic.
MANAS SHARMA
78 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
1. Wear mask all the time in the office premises while on work stations.
Figure 6.2.2 Illustration of mask Author
2 . Maintain physical distancing at all laces and under all the circumstances.
Figure 6.2.3 Illustration of physical distancing Author
3. Dedicated sitting arrangement for employees and distance to be maintain between proper workstations.
Figure 6.2.4 Illustration of physical distancing with work station Author
4. Using online platforms for discussion and remotely working, which will help to reduce the gathering and will reduce the risk of infection.
Figure 6.2.5 Illustration of remotely working Author
MANAS SHARMA
79 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
5. Promoting work from home and portable working.
Figure 6.2.6 Illustration of work from home Author
6. Use of staircase and less of elevators until it is required at maximum capacity of 4 in different corners.
Figure 6.2.7 Illustration of physical distancing in elevators Author
Recommendations for New Office Designs After study and analysis of the history of workspace to present the scenario of workspace is kept on changing and it has improved day by day from closed workspaces to open but here history is going to repeat itself. According to few architects who have been practicing since past 15-20 years in the industry believes that the cubicles will be back from 1980s. The reasons are simple due to this pandemic the density of existing have dropped to half and according to studies in past time to accommodate these cubicles has played an important role in the past to accommodate the number of individuals in same space. This will help in following ways: 1. Physical Distancing 2. Sanitize and Clean Working Space 3. Doubling up the Density of Workspace 4. Keep Employees More Focused
MANAS SHARMA
80 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
Figure 6.2.8 Illustration of post-covid-19 cubical workspace design Author
The cubicles are the partially enclosed spaces that divide each individual into their separate workspace they are usually 5-6 feet(1.5 – 1.8 Meter) in height. It was a technique used by offices to make their workers focus and isolate from each other. Implementation of cubicals will help the furture of workspace design and with the help of flexible workspace design whoch can be removed and assembled into different layout will help in the imporvement of workspace effeciency. Work from home or portable working can also help in the efficency of a company.
MANAS SHARMA
81 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION
MANAS SHARMA
82 | P a g e
Post Covid-19 Architecture Dilemmas: Future of Workspace Design
2020
The research and the proposal, nevertheless, are not without their limitations with regard to its scope of investigation and the actual outcomes. The research aims at studying, in theoretical level, where the research aimed at the history of workspace design and how it has evolved from the Taylorism period (1900) to Open workspace layout (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic changed the scenario of workspace design and by studying the theoretical history of workspace design some solutions can be made for the present scenario. The pendulum of office design was always swinging back and forth and as seen in the past the impact of these pandemics in not a long-term impact on the cities and on workspace, in fact in the past also this pandemic has accelerated the growth and eventually lead to more developed environment. As seen in Spanish flu in the early 20th Century (1918-20) (in Indian it was known as Bombay Fever) where people were recommended for social distancing, lockdowns, and quarantines but not for the long term. "History tells us that the future is not two-meter distancing" After studying the theory, there are some practical implementations which has also done in some office like Cushman & Wakefield, by implementing 6-feet rule and making the workspace useable. Such theories helped in the research and a good proposal can be implemented to make a safe and comfortable environment in office designs. Studying the different type office scenario and what kind of impact it has been created in offices due to this pandemic. Some offices are approaching the old technique of accommodating employees from 1980s by using transparent barriers to maintain social distancing and sanitization. There is a need of proposal in this challenge which includes Physical Distancing, Circulation Pattern and Spatial Context. There are some alternate solutions for minimizing the effect of this pandemic and to maintain a safe environment for employees. This dissertation was more focused on studying the pandemic, its effects and solutions which may be implemented to make existing office/workspace suitable for working and to provide employees/individual a safe space to work. From the past workspace design has always been a challenge for closed plane to open plan design and to this pandemic, architects have always been a key element is this kind of scenario and always finds a solution for different progressions & situations. Even according to top architects this pandemic will not last long and eventually people will adjust to the new terms which has been or will be introduced to safe guard the employees and to create a safe workspace. There will be one question in everyone’s mind even after the pandemic.
“WHAT WILL BE THE FUTURE OF WORKSAPCE DESIGN?”
MANAS SHARMA
83 | P a g e
LIST OF FIGURES Chapter-1 Figure 1.1.1 World current COVID-19 Scenario (https://covid19.who.int) Chapter-2 Figure 2.1.1 Factory workers working in a row after industrial revolution (https://sites.google.com/site/irmhrh/home/costs-of-the-industrial-revolution) Figure 2.1.2 Quickborner’s plan for Osram’s Munich office, 1965. (http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HqJg2ZvqI3o/SdO_SkECsI/AAAAAAAAAAk/SFYWn09ruQU/s1600-h/1962_OsramGmbH_Henn_plan.jpg) Figure 2.1.3 Modular furniture system of the Action Office (https://www.wired.com/2014/04/howoffices-accidentally-became-hellish-cubicle-farms/) Figure 2.1.4 A highly personalized workspace in an Action Office (https://www.onlinereality.co.uk/blog/the-action-office) Figure 2.1.5 Herman Hertzberger Dutch Architect (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hertzberger) Figure 2.1.6 Standard size of cubical options (https://www.ofwgo.com/DiscountOfficeFurniture/NewAndUsedCubiclesMilwaukee) Figure 2.1.7 Workspace evolution from 1900-2000 (Author) Figure 2.2.1 Types of Offices as independent workspaces (Author) Chapter-3 Figure 3.1.1 Architect Norman Foster (Foster + Partners, London Studio) Figure 3.1.2 The Great Fire of London, Depicted by an Unknown painter (1675) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London) Figure 3.1.3 Officials inspect street cleaners during the Spanish Influenza in Chicago in 1918 (https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/breaking-point-anti-lockdown-efforts-duringspanish-flu-offer-cautionary-n1202111) Figure 3.1.4 Mass quarantines and complete lockdowns, the epidemic has re-ignited and amplified the debate over the future of the workspace. (https://www.peoplematters.in) Figure 3.1.5 Bee’ah waste management company in Sharjah, UAE. (https://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/beeah-headquarters-sharjah-uae) viii
Figure 3.1.6 Cushman & Wakefield logo https://www.cushmanwakefield.com Figure 3.1.7 Cubical with transparent partitions to keep it sanitize (https://www.peoplematters.in/) Figure 3.1.8 Cushman & Wakefield movement concept (https://www.cushmanwakefield.com) Figure 3.1.9 Cushman & Wakefield movement concept (https://www.cushmanwakefield.com) Figure 3.1.10 Distancing in Elevators (Author) Figure 3.1.11 Physical Distancing in Corridors (Author) Figure 3.1.12 Distancing in Elevators (Author) Figure 3.1.13 Wall Street, New York, USA (https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/covid19-coronavirus-change-office-workhomeworking-remote-design/) Figure 3.1.14 AR & VR Technology (https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/covid19-coronavirus-change-office-workhomeworking-remote-design) Figure 3.1.15 QR code for Cushman & Wakefield video of 6-feet rule Figure 3.1.16 Cushman & Wakefield signages (https://www.cushmanwakefield.com) Figure 3.1.17 Bee’ah waste management company in Sharjah, UAE. (https://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/beeah-headquarters-sharjah-uae/) Figure 3.1.18 Illustration of Proximity (https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-futureshared-spaces-office) Figure 3.1.19 Illustration of Privacy (https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-futureshared-spaces-office) Figure 3.1.20 Illustration of Posture (https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-future-sh) Figure 3.1.21 Illustration of Personality (https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-futureshared-spaces-officeared-spaces-office) ix
Figure 3.1.22 Illustration of physical distancing Author Figure 3.1.23 Illustration of circulation pattern Author Figure 3.1.24 Illustration of pre-covid-19 scenario of conference room (https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-futureshared-spaces-office) Figure 3.1.25 Illustration of post-covid-19 scenario of conference room (https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-futureshared-spaces-office) Figure 3.1.26 Illustration of post-covid-19 scenario of conference room (https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-futureshared-spaces-office) Figure 3.1.27 Illustration of pre-covid-19 scenario of open space cafe (https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-futureshared-spaces-office) Figure 3.1.28 Illustration of post-covid-19 scenario of open space cafe (https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-futureshared-spaces-office) Figure 3.1.29 Illustration of post-covid-19 scenario of open space cafe (https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/post-covid-workplace/better-together-futureshared-spaces-office) Chapter-4 Figure 4.1.1 Architect Anshuman Sharma Figure 4.1.2 Video Conferencing with Ar. Anshuman Sharma (Author) Figure 4.1.3 Architect Viviano Villarreal Figure 4.1.4 Video Conferencing with Ar. Viviano Villarreal (Author) Figure 4.1.5 Architect Mariana Cabugueira Custodio Dos Santos Figure 4.1.6 Video Conferencing with Ar. Mariana Cabugueira Custodio Dos Santos (Author) Figure 4.2.1 Pie chart of survey locations (Author) Figure 4.2.2 Pie chart of type of profession (Author) Figure 4.2.3 Pie chart of type of type of workspace (Author) x
Figure 4.2.4 Pie chart of type of workspace area (Author) Figure 4.2.5 Pie chart of type of measures taken by offices due to Covid-19 (Author) Figure 4.2.6 Personal workspace at Public Works Department Office (Survey Participant) Figure 4.2.6 Personal workspace at Public Works Department Office (Survey Participant) Chapter-5 Figure 5.2.1 Location of Essteam Design Services LLP, Surat (Author) Figure 5.2.1.1 Floor bifurcation according to functionality (Author) Figure 5.2.1.2 Public floor area allocation (Author) Figure 5.2.1.3 Studio floor area allocation (Author) Figure 5.2.2.1 Floor Plan layout for Public Floor (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.2.2.2 Floor Plan layout for Studio Floor (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.2.2.3 Floor Plan layout for Recreational Floor (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.2.3.1 Percentage of common space for Public Floor (Author) Figure 5.2.3.2 Percentage of common space for Studio Floor (Author) Figure 5.2.3.3 Percentage of common space for Recreational Floor (Author) Figure 5.2.4.1 Open sitting layout (Author) Figure 5.2.4.2 Open sitting layout (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.2.4.3 Open sitting layout (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.2.5.1 Open sitting layout (Author) xi
Figure 5.2.6.1 Opening layout for abundant lighting (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.2.6.2 Opening layout for abundant lighting (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.2.7.1 Furniture layout illustration (Author) Figure 5.2.7.2 Furniture modulation (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.2.8.1 Degree of enclosure (Author) Figure 5.3.1 Location of C.A. Rashesh Shah and Co., Surat (Author) Figure 5.3.1.1 Working station layout concept (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.3.1.2 Floor area allocation (Author) Figure 5.3.2.1 Floor Plan layout (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.3.3.1 Percentage of common space on Floor (Author) Figure 5.3.4.1 Open sitting layout (Author) Figure 5.3.4.2 Open sitting layout photograph (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.3.4.3 Photograph of Managing Directors Chamber (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.3.6.1 Photo of furniture layout (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.4.1 Location of Packpaper House, Surat (Author) Figure 5.4.1.1 Floor bifurcation according to functionality (Author) Figure 5.4.1.2 Office Floor area allocation (Author) Figure 5.4.2.1 Office Floor Plan layout (https://www.essteam.in)
xii
Figure 5.4.3.1 Percentage of common space for Floor (Author) Figure 5.4.4.1 Open sitting layout (Author) Figure 5.4.4.2 Open sitting layout (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.4.4.3 Photo of directors Cabin (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.4.4.4 Photo of Family member cabin (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.4.6.1 layout of furniture layout (Author) Figure 5.4.6.1 Opening layout for abundant lighting (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.4.6.1 Photo of louvers and pergolas (https://www.essteam.in) Figure 5.4.7.1 Photo of furniture layout (https://www.essteam.in) Chapter-6 Figure 6.1.1 Comparative Analysis of spaces in each case study (Author) Figure 6.2.1 Illustration of basic need of an employee/individual (Author) Figure 6.2.2 Illustration of mask (Author) Figure 6.2.3 Illustration of physical distancing (Author) Figure 6.2.4 Illustration of physical distancing with work station (Author) Figure 6.2.5 Illustration of remotely working (Author) Figure 6.2.6 Illustration of work from home (Author) Figure 6.2.7 Illustration of physical distancing in elevators (Author) Figure 6.2.8 Illustration of post-covid-19 cubical workspace design (Author) xiii
LIST OF TABLES Table 5.2.2.1 Area Statement for Public Floor (Author) Table 5.2.2.2 Area Statement for Studio Floor (Author) Table 5.2.2.3 Area Statement for Recreational Floor (Author) Table 5.3.2.1 Area Statement for Floor Plan (Author) Table 5.4.2.1 Area Statement for Office Floor (Author)
xiv
BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 1. Nikil Saval; Cubed: The Secret History of the Workplace; Published by: Doubleday; 2015 2. Kerstin Zumstein, Helen Partin; Total Office Design: 50 Contemporary Workspaces; Published by: Thames and Hudson; 2011 3. Francisco Asensio Cerver; Commercial Space: Office, Spaces, Furniture and lamps; Published by: Rotovision; 1995
Website 1. www.steelcase.com 2. www.issue.com 3. www.essteam.in 4. www.archdaily.com 5. www.zaha-hadid.com 6. www.cushmanwakefield.com 7. www.weforum.org 8. www.peoplematters.in 9. www.nbcnews.com 10. en.wikipedia.org
xv
