NON-WESTERN AMERICAN
THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION THROUGH PICTURES The Mexican Revolution was a hugely significant moment in modern Mexican history. By 1911, the 34-year dictatorial rule from the Porfirian regime had come to an end, eventually overthrown at the Battle of Ciudad Juárez by a group of revolutionaries, thrusting the country into a decade of social unrest, uprising and uncertainty. Despite this defining moment in Mexican history, it is often hard to reduce the revolution to a singular driver. Political leaders like Francisco Madero represent bourgeois sentiment, yet populist figures like Francisco ‘Pancho’ Villa and Emiliano Zapata played a significant role in mobilising the agrarian classes. What can we learn from the photography of the revolution? Despite its eventual downfall, the Porfirian regime can be split into two contrasting eras: the years of economic modernization and infrastructure development, between 1876 and 1905; and the years of social unrest, between 1905 and 1910, leading up to the revolution. The first era can be considered a relative success for the Porfiriato. Porfirio Díaz moved Mexico away from the centrifugal tendencies of the Maximillian Dynasty towards an economically and politically centralized state. With that came a development of infrastructure, extending the Mexican railways from 400 miles to over 19,000 (picture 1), as well as an economic integration into the USA’s market.
Díaz’s biggest success, however, was arguably his biggest downfall. With modernization came political understanding, and with political understanding came democratic values and Porfirian opposition. Francisco I. Madero, leader of the Anti-Reelectionist Party, was one to emerge from this. Madero challenged Diaz for the presidency in 1910 before his false imprisonment to give Díaz a unanimous victory. In response, Madero called for an insurrection against Díaz resulting in the defeat of the Porfirian regime and the establishment of Madero as President of Mexico. But who was Francisco Madero?
economic system fairer. At face value, the photograph promotes this narrative. Madero was initially viewed as a populist figure; one that could unite Mexico following an era of social disunity, and him delivering a speech to a crowd from all spectrums of revolutionary sentiment epitomises that. Despite Madero’s initial populist support, it is hard to reduce his political actions once in power to one of populism. His intention of uniting the nation ultimately failed because his idea of reform was largely bourgeois. Madero’s immediate creation of a new political party, the Constitutionalist Progressive Party, alienated many of his supporters, and his attempt to demobilize revolutionary forces resulted in his term starting with opposition. Madero was initially so successful due to populist figures Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata’s ability to mobilise the agrarian classes, yet his failure to implement any lower-class demands, like the prevalent call for land reform, inevitably caused conflict. How significant were Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, the figureheads of the agrarian-class and the arguably true populist leaders, in shaping the Revolution? Pictured (picture 3) in Madero’s camp, Villa gave his support to Madero in 1911 to help overthrow the Porfirian regime. The picture can tell us a lot. As previously covered, it shows that Madero initially had populist support. But it also goes a lot further.
Pictured (picture 2) delivering a speech in Ciudad Juárez following the defeat of the Porfirian regime, the photograph offers a valuable insight into Madero’s political support. Madero initially had support from across the political spectrum. Madero had the support from the bourgeoisie due to his hacienda background; the middle-classes viewed his democratic values as an intention to strengthen the Mexican political process; and the lower-classes viewed his call to return lands to villages and Indian communities, and his criticism of the wage inequality in the Cananean mines, as a chance to make the
16 JUNE 2021 THE MANCHESTER HISTORIAN
