Graduation Project Book by Marah Frehat

Graduation project 1

TOWARDS A FUTURISTIC GREEN SKY

Supervised By

: DR. Malik AL-Momani

Done

: Marah Frehat 20160272

TOWARDS A FUTURISTIC GREEN SKY

‫اإلهداء‬

Contents CH.1 : ABUOT THE PROJECT................................................... 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………… 1 1.1 OVERVIEW …………………………………………….............. 2 1.2 WHY DID YOU CHOOSE THIS PROJECT ?......................... 5 1.3 WHY DO YOU NEED A VERTICAL FARM?........................... 11 1.4 GOOLS AND OBJECTIVES……………………………………. 12

1.5 IMPORTANT OF THE PROJECT…………………….…………

1.6 WHY DID YOU CHOOSE THIS SITE?................................... 18 20 1.7 BENEFICIARY AND USERS…………………………………… CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND............................................ 2.HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE.................................................. 21 2.1 COMPARISON BETWEEN VERTICAL FARMING AND TRADITIONAL FARM………………………………………….

2.2 CONCULSION…................................................................... 40 CH.3 : CASE STUDYS...........……………….......................................... 3.1 CASE ANALYSIS………………………………………………… 3.1.1 REGIONAL CASE……………………………………………… 70 3.1.2 INTERNATIONAL CASE………………………………………. 82 3.1.3 THE IDEA OF RECONNAISSANCE ………………………… 137 3.1.4 CONCULSION………………………………………………….. 140

Contents

CH.4 : SITE ANALYSIS................................................... 2.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT JORDAN………………….. 141 2.2 ORGANIC FARMING IN THE CAPITAL , AMMAN …………

150

2.2.1 REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE CAPITAL, AMMAN….. 153 2.3 ABOUT THE SITE................................................................ 154 2.3.1 SITE LOCATION...................................................................... 155 2.3.2 ACCESSIBILITY................................................................ 156 2.3.3 SURROUNDING STREET ANALYSIS.............................. 158 2.3.4 LAND USE ………............................................................. 165 2.3.5 HDMU REGION LOCATIONS........................................... 166 2.3.6 MICRO ANALYSIS ABOUT THE SITE............................... 171 2.3.7 VIEW IN & OUT................................................................. 177 2.3.8 LAND MARK ...................................................................... 180 2.3.9 LIMITLESS TOWERS........................................................... 180 2.3.10 THE ECONOMIC SIDE ..................................................... 184

2.3.11 CONCLOUSION ……………………………………………………………. 186

Contents CH.5 : PROGRAM............................................................ 5.1 TOTAL PROGRAM ………………………………….............. 189 5.1.1 PLANTING AREA……………………………………………. 190 5.1.2 EDIUCATIONAL……………………………………………… 190 5.1.3 MANAGMENT................................................................... 191 5.1.4 RESIDANTIAL....................................................................... 191 5.1.5 MANUFACTURE PART..................................................... 192

5.1.6 MARKET........................................................................... 192 5.1.7 TECHNICAL PART ………................................................. 193 5.1.8 QUALITY CONTROLLING................................................ 193

CH.6 : TECHNIQUES .................................................... 6.1 THE OPERATING SYSTEM ……………………….................... 194 6.1.1 TERRASPHERE TECHNIQUE ………………………..…. 201 6.1.2 VERTICAL AND HYDROPONIC CROPS …………………… 202 6.1.3 GO-GRO-TECH........................................................... 203 6.1.4 PEEK technology…………………………………………………………. 204 6.1.5 Green House Technology (Greenhouses)…………............ 205 6.1.6 PLANTING CAPSULES………………………………………………….. 206 6.1.7 KAST SUBWAY ……………………………………………………………...……. 207 6.1.8 Treatment plants ……………………………………………………….. 208

Contents 6.1.9 DESIGN STANDARDS FOR THE TECHNIQUES ….......... 209 6.1.10 GENERAL GROWING CONDITIONS…………………......… 210 6.1.11 The Netherlands: Overview of vertical farming

activities ………………………………………………………………….. 211 6.1.12 International overview of smart cities with urban & vertical

farming activities………………………………………………………. 214 CH.7: CONCEPT ……………………………………………. 7.1 The philosophical concept of the design idea……….. 225 7.2 The practical application of the design idea................ 227

REFERENCES…………………………………………..

CHAPTER ONE

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Did you know? 262 million people were affected by climate disasters in 2004, more than 98 percent of them in developing countries

1. INTRODUCTION Although agriculture is one of the causes of the continuation of mankind and the emergence of civilizations However, the development of life styles in line with the current conditions and the technological revolution have caused pollution, overcrowding of cities and desertification. These applications dealt with the realistic concept of agriculture as a basic response to these conditions in the goal of achieving practical goals related to the human race, such as repairing a break in the food system, developing local communities and raising the standard of their lives. . practically; Vertical farming proposes a non-tax space To integrate nature, agriculture and urban expansion Eco-friendly city centers and avoiding dangerous expected risks - shortages around the world. It is a creative solution aimed at using traditional solutions in a modern way Technology-supported agriculture to raise production and save the country by preventing soil degradation, for example, and also supports highlighting aspects of good traditional agriculture. 1

CH.1 : ABUOT THE PROJECT................................................... 1.1 OVERVIEW My project is a three-dimensional farm located in Amman - Abdoun Abdoun Al Shamali The project aims to serve neighboring residential neighborhoods and improve the quality and quantity of crop production These buildings will produce edible fruits, vegetables, algae, and fungi throughout the year. This helps reduce the energy costs of transporting food to cities, and reduces the carbon footprint in the atmosphere

The project consists of: General Administration, Quality Control Center, Manufacturing District, The agricultural and marketing area, in addition to the residential and office floors, is attached to a miniature treatment plant The project consists of 30 floors

The content of the project was conceived as a vertical plant farm: beginning with a middle market open to all floors for the use of products in the purchasing process of the farm, The project also provides an exhibition as a basic nucleus and educational exhibition spaces that dominate the path of movement for the visitor within the project to go through a single experience that shows the importance of clean food in our lives and explains to him that the health of the agricultural process and plant health is our health, and the visitor's sequence is governed by the sequence of plants historically down to hybrid plants, The project also provides a section for community participation in this new type of project that stimulates the user to accept this type of project in general and the new agricultural technology in particular and to absorb, educate and educate them in agricultural techniques, The movement continues to infiltrate the project,

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The project creates an internal natural environment such as forests. The movement between levels is vertical in the form of a vertical garden that provides a green environment and is considered an educational outlet for the residents.

The main goal By 2050, 80% of the Earth's population will rise in urban centers. Which requires the provision of large quantities of food supplies, energy resources, and suitable areas for residential, commercial and agricultural activities. In addition to water supply, integrated food production for human population density with good food distribution Thus, we have to limit the unexpected climate changes resulting from the unbalanced (traditional) agricultural activity that causes desertification, so we turned our minds about meeting those necessary needs through the creation of new urban engines that provide job opportunities such as vertical agriculture that uses traditional solutions with modern methods and current global technology. This concept includes a new environment for the development of plants in crowded cities within urban centers within a multi-storey building subject to climate control, free from pollution, pesticides and bacteria, protecting crops from chemicals and providing seasonal crops throughout the year under special conditions. It also enables us to produce agricultural crops in much less time than traditional farms.  The world lost 1/3 of arable land He destroyed its soil by consuming the nutrients present in it, so we must leave it alone to renew itself, the main goal of man’s existence is to reconstruct the earth and exploit its natural wealth to rebuild it and not to destroy it.

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Discovered from the earliest humans and structured in a modern, engineering, technical and scientific way And transporting them from the destroyed outside polluted with fertilizers, fungi, weeds and pesticides to a clean interior using smart agricultural towers containing agricultural technologies of different sizes and heights inside the wards produce clean healthy food completely free of fertilizers in line with intensive studies to understand the environmental aspects, i.e. dependence in the first class on simulating the environment to secure an environment An elaborate interior virtualization whose secret lies in the operating system and the process of development and achieving flexibility in the merging between them is flexible and permanently developable in the face of difficulties, and this in turn represents the continuity and sustainability of the building being the main engine for the required quantitative and qualitative transmission, and thus we achieve a sustainable chain formation as in the unfinished food chains

The general significance of the project o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Crop production all year round There is no relationship between crops, droughts, floods and pests The food is grown naturally without any pesticides or fertilizers Restoring agricultural lands to nature and restoring ecosystem functions Significantly reduces the incidence of many infectious diseases, obtained from growing crops Converting gray and black water into potable water by collecting water from evaporation and transpiration It is added to the grid to generate methane gas from fuel consisting of compost and parts of plants and animals not edible Dramatically reduces the use of fossil fuels (no tractors, plows and charging needed Create a sustainable environment for urban centers. It creates new jobs The economy improved in the tropics and subtropics It can reduce the incidence of armed conflict over natural resources, such as water and agricultural land. Prevent loss of crops due to shipping or storage 4 Protect crops from unpredictable, harmful weather

CH.1 : ABUOT THE PROJECT................................................... The main points that sparked the world's trend of rethinking the agricultural sector o o o

o o o

Preserve the soil and not deplete its valuable nutrients Avoid this cultivation of any type of sanitation Cultivation in these towers does not require washing because washing transforms limited pollution into total contamination during the washing process, so food remains clean as long as pesticides are not used and field weeds and fungi are not available, and 11% of food pollution comes from green leafy vegetables Also, wrapping leaves in humid environments leads to contamination, as 60% of what comes out of farms of food is destroyed Also, the shelf life for consumption is significantly higher than the shelf life of field crops, which is estimated at 12 days, except that they reach stores after the first or second day approximately. It has a beneficial effect in poor cities as it provides job opportunities for the local population The vertical farm idea emerged to address the global food crisis, environmental pollution and desertification Its productivity is 130 times the field farms 1 foot, equivalent to 130 times the amount on the same area

1.2 WHY DID YOU CHOOSE THIS PROJECT ?................................ •1.2.1 Desertification •1.2.2 Frost •1.2.3 Famine •1.2.4 War •1.2.5 Pollution

•1.2.6 Overpopulation •1.2.7 Water Scarcity •1.2.8 Lack of agriculture land •1.2.9 Global Warming •1.2.10 Temperature change

CH.1 : ABUOT THE PROJECT................................................... 1.2.1 Desertification........................................ Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land area becomes arid Increasingly, they usually lose their water bodies as well as plants and wildlife. It is caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change and human activities. Desertification is a major global environmental problem

Conclusion The cause of desertification to a shortage of agricultural land

1.2.2 Frost...................................................... Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies according to the type of plant and the exposed tissues and the extent of the temperature drop: "light frost" from 0 to (-2) degrees Celsius. (28-32) degrees Fahrenheit Frost Hard It will harm plant species (-2) degrees Celsius, (28) degrees Fahrenheit

Conclusion Freezing weather conditions affect plants

1.2.3 Famine................................................... Famine is a widespread scarcity of foodstuffs caused by several factors including crop failure, population imbalance, or government policies. This phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed by regional malnutrition, famine, epidemic and increased mortality. Almost every continent in the world has experienced a period of famine throughout history. Some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, continue to experience severe famine.

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o The vital resources on which agriculture depends are overexploited and misused o 800 million people in developing countries face chronic undernutrition o 199 million children under the age of five suffer from acute or chronic shortages of protein and energy o Arable land and clean water became scarce o While agriculture struggles to keep up with the population o Agriculture is declining as a priority for research, investment and foreign aid.

Conclusion Starvation due to lack of food security

1.2.4 War....................................................... War is a state of armed conflict between societies . It is generally characterized by intense mass aggression, destructiveness, and usually high mortality. The absence of war is often called "peace." Total war is a war that is not limited to purely legitimate military objectives, and can result in significant civilian or noncombatant casualties.

Conclusion

In wars the use of weapons is harmful to the environment as harmful chemical weapons in plants and agricultural lands

CH.1 : ABUOT THE PROJECT................................................... 1.2.5 Pollution.................................................. Pollution is the introduction of pollutants into the natural environment that causes negative change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light Pollutants and constituents of pollution can either be foreign substances / energies or naturally occurring pollutants. Pollution is often classified as either a continuous source or a non-stationary source

Conclusion Pollution and increased carbon dioxide spending affect plants and plant life

1.2.6 Overpopulation...................................... Overpopulation occurs when the number of species exceeds the carrying capacity of their ecological niche. Population increase is a function of the number of people compared to the related resources, such as water and essential nutrients that they need to survive. It can result from more births, lower mortality rates, increased migration, unsustainable biomes and resource depletion.

1.2.7 Water Scarcity......................................... Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the water needs within the region. It affects every continent and about 2.8 billion people around the world at least one month each year. More than 1.2 billion people lack access to clean drinking water.

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1.2.8 Lack of agriculture land........................... One of the major problems facing agriculture is the loss of agricultural land, because as more land is lost, it will become difficult to produce the amount of food needed to feed the growing population. When discussing land area, the term hectare is often used, and this term is a unit of area equivalent to 10,000 square meters, or about 2.5 acres.

•1.2.9 Global Warming.................................... Global warming and climate change are the terms for the observed mean temperature rise in the Earth's climate system and its related impacts.

1.2.10 Temperature change........................... A) Low temperature damage: 1- Asphyxia in cold regions during the winter and the ice accumulates and covers plants for long periods, which leads to the formation of the process of inhalation of toxic substances and the diffusion of carbon dioxide and increases the concentration and thus plants can suffer, especially with slow growth

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2- Physiological drought In some cases, the plant cannot absorb what it needs from the water despite its availability in the soil to compensate for the lost through the transpiration process. 3- Hearing This process occurs after the ice melts, as it is extended in the ground, which leads to the uprooting or cutting of the plant roots and thus the death of the plant due to the inability to absorb water.

B) High temperature damage: Associated with the effect of high temperatures and drought, which causes direct damage to protoplasm cells (PROTOPASM). It appears that young seedlings and seedlings are at a high temperature between (5060). The damage depends on the type of crop, the age of the affected part of the plant and the duration of exposure to this degree. The damage appears in several forms. : 1- Torso stem 2- Heat heaters 3-SUN SCALD 4. Metabolic disturbance: High temperatures also affect the rate of photosynthesis, as it decreases with the increase in gastric respiration, and depends on plant temperature at a high degree to resist the quality of the protoplasm and the tissue with low water content can withstand more water than the presence of an insulator from the wax layer or The cork in the peel and the vertical positioning of the leaves died to protect the plants from damage to high temperatures

Conclusion o

A study concludes that rising temperatures due to climate change could see up to 1.2 billion people suffer from heat stress by 2100 if greenhouse gases are not curbed.

Deferent temperature for various plants variation , Each plant need different surrounding temperature

CH.1 : ABUOT THE PROJECT................................................... 1.2.11 Climate change......................................

1.3 WHY DO YOU NEED A VERTICAL FARM?.........

save the earth !!

CH.1 : ABUOT THE PROJECT................................................... 1.4 GOOLS AND OBJECTIVES............................

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CH.1 : ABUOT THE PROJECT................................................... 1.5 IMPORTANT OF THE PROJECT...................... o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Crop production all year round; 1 closed acre equals the equivalent of 4.6 acres or more outdoors, depending on the crop (for example, strawberries: 1 acre equals 30 outdoor enclosed acres) There is no relationship between crops, droughts, floods and pests. Food grows naturally without any pesticides or fertilizers; This method prevents water run-off by recycling the black water. Restoring agricultural lands to nature and restoring ecosystem functions Significantly reduces the incidence of many infectious diseases, obtained from growing crops Converting gray and black water into potable water by collecting water from evaporation and transpiration It is added to the grid to generate methane gas from fuel consisting of compost and parts of plants and animals not edible Dramatically reduces fossil fuel use (no tractors, plows and charging needed) Transforming abandoned urban properties into food production centers; Create a sustainable environment for urban centers. It creates new jobs The economy improved in the tropics and subtropics It can reduce the incidence of armed conflict over natural resources, such as water and agricultural land. Prevent loss of crops due to shipping or storage Protect crops from unpredictable, harmful weather

Economy....................................................... o Production available in all 4 seasons

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o Vertical farm: The required amount is 5% of the required traditional farm quantity o In the vertical farm, one (1) dunum can accommodate 49 people o In the traditional horizontal farm, 166 dunums are needed to accommodate 49 people

o The space required :  Vertical farm: 1 acre Traditional farm: up to 166 acres  1 outdoor strawberry acre is equivalent to 30 acres in Agricultural Towers 1 closed acre is equivalent to 4.6 acres or more o

Conventional farming takes a long time in transportation and produces pollution: vertical farming is the opposite

CH.1 : ABUOT THE PROJECT................................................... The importance of the project in the countries of the Middle East This technology can be received in the countries of the Middle East if it is dealt with in the right way At the outset, we can say that this concept is only a new and modern concept, but it is the content of results and quality

The countries of the Middle East are worthier than other countries in applying this modern technology, as it is a major market due to o The lack of arable land or the misuse of our farmland o Big problems with food security o Our water scarcity o The most expensive part of such projects is energy, but energy is relatively cheap in Middle Eastern countries compared to America, for example o We can also optimize the use of renewable energy sources due to the high temperature that we are suffering from. We can crystallize and convert them to another form represented in electric energy, as it is not without wind turbines. o

Also, the countries of the Middle East want to eat ample amounts of power. If the market share is considered, we find that these countries are the healthiest food groups.

Also, diabetes and other diseases are widespread in the countries of the Middle East, and we hope to reduce it over the coming year

The taste, nutritional habits and people's awareness of these clean foods dominate the culture of an entire society by reconsidering the nutrients that enter their bodies as well as the calories they enter into their bodies, and this makes them accept this category of food to reduce obesity and control weight loss.

16 Water resources in Jordan are very limited, and the per capita share of water is 15 cubic meters of what

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international standards recommend

An increase in the large population, which leads to an increase in the demand for water and food resources

The wastewater used in the Jordan Valley is mainly transported by gravity from the treatment plant at Khirbet al-Samra to the King Talal Dam and then to the Jordan Valley farms. Along this system, treated wastewater (recycled blue water) is used to generate hydroelectric power as it flows from the King Talal Dam.

Excessive withdrawal of groundwater that leads to climate change, which in turn will reduce the amount of rain. It is necessary to look at the numbers and use the actual water in light of the amount of products that were exported from Jordan.

It should also be noted that Amman, the capital, is supplied with non-renewable groundwater, which forces energy to pump water. Therefore, solutions must be developed for the use of ground and surface water in agriculture.

Future food security risks due to its population growth and its dependence on food imports that are constantly exposed to price increases, making agricultural production within the country a potential vital force.

This trade in actual water provides support for the continued work of the agricultural sector and those in charge of it. Given the less productive conditions that the agricultural sector is going through compared to other sectors (only 3.5% of the country's GDP), this support allows for the continuation of current, possibly inefficient uses of water

Understanding this idea by itself will create the building of our great farms

CH.1 : ABUOT THE PROJECT................................................... 1.6 WHY DID YOU CHOOSE THIS SITE?.............................. o

The project is located in the center of the capital, Amman

The project is surrounded by the most important main roads in the capital, Amman

Ease of accessibility

It is located within a central location among the most important tourist attractions in the capital, Amman

The existence of Wadi Abdoun Street, which connects southern and western Amman with its center

It is located within the Zahran area, where Zahran Street is one of the most important streets in Amman

The site overlooks Oman's seven hills and mountains

There is a view of the Citadel Mountain and the Royal Hotel

The project is located in an area that is mostly characterized by the use of modern style, as the construction of a glass tower accompanied by a green mass will fully harmonize on the site

The site is classified in the Amman Master Plan as a tower area. We can rise in the agricultural tower without affecting the sky line in Amman. The area is completely planned by Amman Municipality , and it varies between residential, commercial and entertainment

The region is represented in the future as a single market in itself

The plot is classified as a street landmark

Adjacent to it is a farmhouse

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The area in general is characterized by the availability of many restaurants, embassies, attractions, tourism, health-care treatments, recreational places, mosques, museums, and the Orthodox Club.

Also, the planned un-built lands are available around it, so the project is considered a magnet for the immediate revival of the area

Close to shopping malls and open markets

The location of the area on wide, wide streets accommodating a future plan in a modern, civilized manner

Princess Basma Street has been prepared in the northern part of the express bus project, and this of its role facilitates and facilitates movement and reduces the crisis in the future Its location near the civil defense and the immigrants station, and the availability of gas stations in the area

The existence of trends in supplying smart German-made sorting machines and containers using high technologies for the project of sorting and recycling waste from the source in a part of Al-Radwan neighborhood (Zahran area). And a middle-income area (Al-Riwaq neighborhood and Al-Jarn neighborhood / Basman area), and the commercial area in the center of the country.

The project phases include creating a plan and a comprehensive awareness and promotion campaign

Disposal of pollutants: the capital and a destination for many neighboring cities, villages, tourists and workers ... The crises are super, the increasing number of cars and the increase in particulate matter from their smoke Planted ceilings of 6 sq.m. remove particulate matter.

o o o

Providing and exporting organic products and access to clean food: they are not readily available in Jordan

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o o

Gathering communities and creating social bonds, common vegetable gardens. Building communities and creating connections. Raising awareness of environmental considerations: The parks in Amman are limited and overcrowded, and parks are located on the outskirts

Most of the population does not have experience with plants.

1.7 BENEFICIARY AND USERS........................................... 



Responsive environment (beneficiary and users) 1.

Mental space

Physical spaces

Aesthetics

Aesthetics 1.

the government

Citizens

The Ministry of Environment

CHAPTER TWO

CH.2 : 2 HISTORY BACKGRAOUND………………………………………….....

 History of agriculture (pre-Christian agriculture)  A map of the world showing the approximate centers of origin and spread of agriculture in prehistoric times

Records the date of planting o o

Recreation of plants and animals Productively developing and disseminating the techniques of breeding these plants and animals

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND…………………………………………..... o

Cultivation began independently in different parts of the world, and included a variety of varieties. In 11 regions of the Old and New Worlds, wild grains were collected in 9500 BC, and eight of the founding crops of civilization, wheat was the first grain to be sown and harvested.

 China 6200-5700 BC........... o

Rice was one of the earliest crops known, followed by mung, soybeans and red beans

Fourteenth century

Grain in ancient Egypt

 New Guinea 7000 BC.......... o

Sugar cane and some root vegetables have been domesticated

 Africa 5000 BC.................... o



Sorghum has been domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa

Civilizations…………………………………………………….......

 Sumer 8000 BC.............................................. o

Agriculture depended on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers Irrigation canals leading from the rivers allowed grain to grow in large quantities

 Ancient Egypt 10,000 and 4000 BC................................ o o o

Agriculture depended on the Nile River and its seasonal floods They developed irrigation methods They created the gardens of Amun

 Indus Valley…………………………………...................................... o o o

They developed irrigation They developed sanitation and sewage They used animals to plow the lands by 2500 BC

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND………………………………………….....  Ancient China 1st - 6th century BC.................... o o

o o

The Chinese invented the hydraulic powered trip hammer to pull out the grain Chain pump is used in general water supply works to raise water from a lower height to higher to fill irrigation canals and farmland canals In the late 2nd century, iron plowshares were developed Asian rice was domesticated with wild rice 8200 to 13,500 years ago

Iron plow

Series pump

 Ancient Greece and the Hellenistic World….................... . o



Agriculture in ancient Greece was hampered by the terrain of mainland Greece, which allowed only about 10% of the land to be properly cultivated, which necessitated the specialized export of oil and wine and the import of grain from Bulgaria.

Roman Empire.............................................. ...... .

The Romans used the feudal system that flourished in the Middle Ages



The Romans had four systems of farm management:

o Direct work by the owner and his family o Slaves perform work under the supervision of slave managers, o Chartered farming or distillation: Where the owner and lessee divide the farm's production; And cases in which the farm was rented to the lessee

The manly or feudal economic system

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND………………………………………….....  Andes in South America between 8000 - 5000 BC...................... o o

Potatoes have been domesticated In addition to cereals and coca

 Central America 4000 BC............................. ......... ......... ....... o

The soil suffers from a lack of nutrients in it

 Agricultural problems were solved by: 1. 2. 3.

Cutting and burning Included ridge configuration Leave fallow fields (crop rotation)

Conclusion: The exploitation of the listed hills for agriculture in light of the lack of agricultural lands and lands unfit for agriculture in the past, is nothing but similar in the idea of vertical farms that took a solution for cultivation in any land and at any time and environment

 Aztec civilization...................................... ......... .... o The Aztecs developed irrigation systems, formed terraced hillsides and fertilized the soil o They developed artificial islands

 South America.......................................... ......... ... o o

During the Inca civilization, the main crop was potatoes Inca farmers use a human powered foot plow

 North America......................................... ..... ..... ... o Indigenous people practiced various forms of planting forest gardens and raising sticks, ensuring the continued availability of the food and medicine required to create a low-intensity fire environment that prevented large and tragic fires and the sustainability of low-intensity agriculture.

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND………………………………………….....

Fires reproduce typical forests The organisms have adapted to withstand natural forest fires.

 Australia........................................................... ........ ........ . o o

They were good hunters and most of them did not participate in traditional farming Native Australians used systematic incineration, and incendiary stick cultivation, to enhance natural productivity

 The Middle Ages and Early Modernity  Arab world.............................................................. ... o

Agricultural practices were transformed as a result of the spread of many crops and plants along the Islamic trade routes, More advanced agricultural technologies and an agro economic system that encourage higher yields and efficiency have proliferated Trade caused major crops to enter Europe via Al-Andalus, along with their cultivation techniques

It was among the technologies that were introduced to Europe (the Nuria water wheels) through Andalusia in the medieval Islamic world. o Development of water lifting devices

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND…………………………………………..... 

Irrigation systems before Islam were considered insufficient to meet the needs of the new agricultural revolution, so canal technology, water lifting devices and methods for storing, transporting and distributing water were developed.

Old water lifting devices

 Animal powered water lifting devices have been replaced to water powered ones

Persian wheel



Butcher device

The Middle Ages and Early Modernity

 Europe................................................. .......................... ... o

Knowledge related to agriculture and forestry was gathered within the monasteries

The system used in agriculture was - the feudal system –

The Arabs introduced the concept of summer irrigation to Europe

The Europeans developed a system of sugar cane cultivation through the use of slaves in the intensive cultivation

The introduction of watermills along with windmills

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND………………………………………….....

 The factors that led to the increase in agricultural production and the increase in population o Iron smelting in the production of new agricultural tools o The presence of clay soil in northern Europe o Deforestation in northern Europe and an increase in agricultural production o Crop rotation and biomass increase

 The Columbian Exchange....................... ................. ...... o Maize and cassava replaced the indigenous African crops and became staple foods o Dependence on grains has caused regional and national famines o The potato became a staple crop throughout Europe This reduced disease and caused a population boom. The introduction of potatoes also brought about the first intensive use of fertilizers and the first synthetic pesticides.



Modern agriculture

 British Agricultural Revolution................... ............... ... 

New agricultural practices emerged such as:

o o o o

Incorporation of small lands into larger farms Use of the machine (mechanical machines) Agricultural crop rotation method Selective reproduction - the adoption of a specific development in phenotypic traits – This in turn led to the dispensation of a large proportion of the workforce and the orientation towards the industrial revolution, so production increased, and this in turn led to a major turning point in history, the emergence of more productive techniques for agriculture, the method of crop rotation was used due to the depletion of the soil nutrients, the most important of which is nitrogen levels.

o o

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND………………………………………….....

The roots of legumes worked to regenerate the soil nitrate, the method of hybridization was used to achieve the maximum of the desired characteristics, the use of a mechanical machine to spacing the seeding at the correct depth, the plow was improved from iron to metal, the agricultural machinery began to be powered by a Richred engine, the first gasoline-powered plow was developed in general 1892

 Twentieth century 

Intensive cultivation

•

Development of assembled, selfpropelled mechanical harvesters, which speeded up the completion of the agricultural process

•

Industrial fertilizers were used

•

Collective cultivation began

Transgenic peanut leaves

o And agricultural applications have evolved to manipulate genes and develop economically viable biofuels such as ethanol, and the number of people working in agriculture, especially in industrialized countries such as America, decreased from 24% to 1.5% in 2002. Farms were also merged and their ownership became limited to concerned persons to increase the focus on them. o Famine continued to sweep the world during the twentieth century as a result of climate events, wars, government policy and crop failure, causing the death of millions of people Agricultural globalization continues to this day. 68.7 percent of a nation's food supply and 69.3 percent of its agricultural production are crops of foreign origin.

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND…………………………………………..... 

The Green Revolution  Norman Borlaug led an initiative that included developing high-yielding varieties of grains, expanding irrigation infrastructure, modernizing management techniques, and distributing hybrid seeds, industrial fertilizers and pesticides.

 Crop yields increased in the early 20th century due to: o o o o

Industrial increase of nitrogen Increase of mined rock phosphate And pesticides And machine

 And since the earth will not be able to support its growing population, the techniques of the Green Revolution, pesticides and synthetic nitrogen were the ideal solution for producing surplus food.

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Organic Agriculture

For most of its history, agriculture was organic, in the absence of industrial fertilizers or pesticides, and with the advent of chemical agriculture, Rudolf Steiner called for agriculture without synthetic pesticides. This movement has become a global movement, and organic farming is now practiced in many countries.

 Applications of organic farming:  Vertical farming

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A timeline of vertical planting

Agritecture o A Timeline of Vertical Farming  600 BC - King Nebuchadnezzar of ancient Babylon constructed the Hanging Gardens of Babylon for his homesick wife, Amyitis. The Hanging Gardens encompassed an array of plants and trees, imported from Medes, overhanging the terraces within the for consumption (Jurkiewicz).city’s walls and up the sides of the mountain. Since the area suffered a dry climate, the gardens were watered using a chain pull system, which carried water from the Euphrates River and streamed it to each landing of the garden (Krystek).

 1150 AD – Aztec Indians created chinampas, which were floating gardens of rectangular plots built on swamps. Since they were incapable of growing crops

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND………………………………………….....

on the lake’s marshy shore, they built rafts out of reeds, stalks, and roots, topped the rafts with soil and mud from the bottom of the lake, and then drifted out to the center of the water. Crops would grow on top of the rafts as their roots grew through the rafts and down into the water. The rafts often attached together to form floating fields the size of islands (Turner). 1627 – Sir Francis Bacon first introduced the theory of hydroponic gardening and farming methods in his book Sylva Sylvarum, in which he established the idea of growing terrestrial plants without soil (Saylor).

 1699 – English scientist, John Woodward, conducted water culture experiments with spearmint and found that plants would grow better in less pure water than they would in distilled water and that plants derive minerals from soil mixed into water solutions (Turner).

 1909 – The earliest drawing of a vertical farm was published in Life Magazine, depicting an open-air building of vertically stacked stories of homes cultivating food for consumption (Jurkiewicz).  1915 - American geologist Gilbert Ellis Bailey coined the term “vertical farming” in his book, “Vertical Farming,” in which he introduced a method of underground farming contingent on the use of explosives. Multiplying the depth of fertile land, such explosives allow and

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND………………………………………….....

 1922 - Seeking efficient techniques to house sizeable communities of people, Swiss architect Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, “Le Corbusier,” developed

Immeubles-Villas, his project consisting of five-story blocks into which one hundred singular apartments are stacked on top of one another. The plan’s basic unit is the single-person apartment, each isolated from its neighbors, giving them all secluded open space imbedded with greenery (Gallagher).

 1937 - In a scientific journal article, William Frederick Gericke coined the term “hydroponics,” the process of growing plants in sand, gravel, or liquid, with added nutrients but without soil combining “hydro” meaning water, and “ponos” meaning labor (Jones).

 1940 – Hydroponic systems were used in the Pacific during World War II, where US troops cultivated fresh lettuce and tomatoes on barren islands (Jones).

 1972 - SITE (Sculpture in the Environment) proposed the concept “Highrise of Homes,” which calls for a conventional steel tower framework accommodating dirt plots, as it supports a vertical community of private homes (SITE).  1975 – Allan Cooperman introduced the nutrient film technique in which a thin film of nutrient solution flows through plastic channels, which contain the plant roots (Jones).

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND………………………………………….....

 1989 – Architect Kenneth Yeang envisioned mixed-use buildings that move seamlessly with green space in which plant life can be cultivated within open air, known as vegetated architecture. This approach to vertical farming is based on personal and community use rather than production and distribution matters.  1999 – American ecologist Dr. Dickson Despommier reinvented vertical farming, as it emerged at Columbia University, promoting the mass cultivation of plant and animal life for commercial purposes in skyscrapers (Globacorp). Vertical farms, several floors tall, will be sited in the heart of the world’s urban centers, providing sustainable production of a secure and diverse food supply, and the eventual restoration of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming (Despommier).

 2006 – Nuvege, the forerunner in technology for the innovative growth method of hydroponically grown vegetables, developed their proprietary lighting network, which increases the return rate of vegetable growth by balancing light emissions that also advance photosynthesis through amplified levels of carbon dioxide (Inada).

 2009 – Sky Green Farms built a vertical farm consisting of over 100 nine-meter tall towers in Singapore where green vegetables such as bak choi

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND………………………………………….....

and Chinese cabbage are grown, stacked in greenhouses, and sold at local supermarkets (Doucleff). Singapore’s vertical farm is the world’s first water-driven, tropical vegetable urban vertical farm that uses green urban solutions to maintain enhanced green sustainable production of safe, fresh and delicious vegetables, using minimum land, water and energy resources,” (Sky Greens). It uses sunlight as its energy source, and captured rainwater to drive a pulley system to rotate the plants on the grow racks, ensuring an even circulation of sunlight for all the plants (Despommier).  2011 – Dutch agricultural company, PlantLab uses red and blue LEDs instead of sunlight in their vertical farms and grow plants in completely controlled environments. By giving the plants only blue and red light, PlantLab can avoid heating its plants up needlessly, leaving more energy for growth (Hodson).

 2012 – Farmed Here, a sustainable indoor vertical farming facility opened in a 90,000 square foot post-industrial building in Bedford Park, IL. Fresh, healthy, local greens such as arugula, basil, and sweet basil vinaigrette are

produced here, away from the bugs, diseases, and weather that impact most produce today (Despommier).

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND………………………………………….....

 2012 – Local Garden, North America’s first ever VertiCrop farm, was constructed in Vancouver, Canada, shifting sustainable farming and food production practices. VertiCrop, a new technology for growing healthy, natural vegetables in a controlled

environment maximizes space usage and eliminates need for pesticides. The garden is capable of growing and harvesting up to 3,500 pounds of a variety of fresh greens every week, such as kales, spinach, arugula, endive, lettuce, bak choi, escarole, basil, parsley, chards, etc. (Despommier).

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The development of Vertical Farming

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND…………………………………………..... 2.1 COMPARISON BETWEEN VERTICAL FARMING AND TRADITIONAL FARM ………………………………………………

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND………………………………………….....

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND…………………………………………..... 2.2 CONCULSION……………………………………………………… Farming indoors is not a new concept, per se, as greenhouse-based agriculture has been in existence for some time. Numerous commercially viable crops (e.g., strawberries, tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, herbs, and spices) have seen their way to the world’s supermarkets in ever increasing amounts over the last 15 years. Most of these operations are small when compared to factory farms, but unlike their outdoor counterparts, these facilities can produce crops year-round. Japan, Scandinavia, New Zealand, the United States, and Canada have thriving greenhouse industries. As far as is known, none have been constructed as multi-story buildings. Other food items that have been commercialized by indoor farming include freshwater fishes (e.g., tilapia, trout, stripped bass), and a wide variety of crustaceans and mollusks (e.g., shrimp, crayfish, mussels). What is proposed here that differs radically from what now exists is to scale up the concept of indoor farming, in which a wide variety of produce is harvested in quantity enough to sustain even the largest of cities without significantly relying on resources beyond the city limits. Cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and other large farm animals seem to fall well outside the paradigm of urban farming. However, raising a wide variety of fowl and pigs are well within the capabilities of indoor farming It has been estimated that it will require approximately 300 square feet of intensively farmed indoor space to produce enough food to support a single individual living in an extraterrestrial environment (e.g., on a space station or a colony on the moon or Mars)(35). Working within the framework of these calculations, one vertical farm with an architectural footprint of one square city block and rising up to 30 stories (approximately 3 million square feet) could provide enough nutrition (2,000 calories/day/person) to comfortably accommodate the needs

CH.2 : HISTORY BACKGRAOUND…………………………………………..... CONCULSION . of 10,000 people employing technologies currently available. Constructing the ideal vertical farm with a far greater yield per square foot will require additional research in many areas – hydrobiology, engineering, industrial microbiology, plant and animal genetics, architecture and design, public health, waste management, physics, and urban planning, to name but a few. The vertical farm is a theoretical construct whose time has arrived, for to fail to produce them in quantity for the world at-large in the near future will surely exacerbate the race for the limited amount of remaining natural resources

 The best vertical farming experiences in the world

 best vertical farming experiences in the world AeroFarms (USA): The largest vertical farm in the world.

Established year : Before 2015 Area : 69,000 square feet Site : The location is in Newark and it is the largest city in New Jersey : This building is the headquarters of AeroFarms, a company that has been developing vertical farm technology for the past decade Certified B Corporation is led by Fast Company and is one of the world's most innovative companies Our patented Aeroponic technology provides ideal conditions for the healthy growth of plants leading indoor vertical cultivation to a new level of precision and productivity with minimal environmental impact and virtually zero risk.

What are Aerofarms? Started in 2004, AeroFarms is a vertical inhouse agricultural company on a mission to grow the best plants possible for the betterment of humanity. “The way we grow is also 390 times more productive than field farming, with little impact on the environment: We grow with 95% less water, part fertilizer, and no harmful pesticides, herbicides or fungicides. We grow food. Fresh without any soil or sunlight, we provide our community with free food and pesticides all year round! '' o

The company has secured a whopping $ 40 million in financing from world-famous chef David Chang, the giant IKEA group and the ruler of Dubai - Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid. The company intends to use the funds to meet the growing challenge of providing healthy and sustainable food to a growing global population using their innovative aerobic farming system.

 best vertical farming experiences in the world

They transformed a vacant steel plant in Newark into the largest productive vertical farm in the world just 45 minutes from Manhattan. The green project will also create 78 new jobs for the city by the end of 2015, as well as bringing fresh, nutritious, and pesticide-free food to the Newark community. The facility operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Local product delivery takes place 4 times a week to local food markets and restaurants around Newark.

Leafy greens grow without sunlight or soil in vertically stacked ponds in a fully controlled indoor environment. It's better for the planet than conventional farming because it requires 95 percent less water, grows in half the time of conventional crops, doesn't deplete the soil and can be grown year-round and served locally - even in cold climates.

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The cumulative growing system can produce 70 times more spinach than conventional farms

Although the technique doesn't make sense for row crops like corn and wheat, it works well for something like leafy greens, which sell for more at the grocery store - making it possible to grow them in or near a city.

An aerial view of the Alms steel plant with its conversion in Newark.

The 70,000 square foot indoor facility produces 75 percent more productivity than a conventional outdoor farm of the same size. This is partly due to: The ability of indoor vertical farm to regulate crops regardless of season, giving 22 crop cycles per calendar year.

Basins stacked vertically

 best vertical farming experiences in the world

o They often tend to wilt when they travel thousands of miles from a ranch in California to as far away as New York.

 Site analysis

The farm was completed in stages, and has culminated in three independent buildings. Building 1 is equipped, shipped and received, and farm related support areas; Building 2 will consist of a growing and cooling space and a laboratory; Building 3 will contain additional growing space, germination, event space and corporate offices.

Root spray technology

AeroFarms technology o It features a rooftop garden and a AeroFarms growing lab from Where students learn how to grow food. o “The physical energy of what is consumed on conventional farms is really enormous,” Rosenberg says. A quarter of the state's energy is used to get water to places like farms, and about half of a crop like baby spinach ends up in the trash.

The farm uses innovative AeroFarms technology that grows soil-free plants by spraying a spray of a high-nutrient solution onto the crops. Instead of soil 44

 best vertical farming experiences in the world

The plants take root in a fine permeable woolen cloth stretched across modular, stackable planters. The sustainable process uses recycled water, no pesticides and fertilizers, and takes up less space and resources than conventional farming.

Monitoring equipment will regulate the amount of carbon dioxide the plants receive, as well as the color wavelength and intensity of overhead lamps.

The company is using the latest technology to grow leafy greens, herbs, and delicate vegetables in a process called Aeroponics, using large-scale LED systems with mist-filled nutrients and growth lamps.

Aeroponics process In this process, the seeds are placed on a cloth and placed in 5'-0 inch growth trays where they are sprinkled with nutrient-rich water. The trays are placed on growing shelves under built-in LED lighting.

 best vertical farming experiences in the world

Once the seeds have germinated and reached maturity, the trays are removed from the racks and transported by trolleys to the harvesting machine. The harvesting machine removes the greens from the cloth and fills the product in plastic containers. From here, the greens are packed for shipment.

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The company aims to produce 2 million pounds of fresh produce every year Of which: vegetable salad, turnip and herbs (all without sunlight or soil and all seasons) thanks to high technology and climate control

Smart pest management " Every aspect of our growing process has been optimized to reduce and reduce pest infestation. In addition to the indoor environment we control, our growing methods disrupt the natural life cycle of common indoor pests until they never begin."

Smart scaling The size and configuration of AeroFarms is highly customizable. The systems consist of units that act as building blocks that can be stacked vertically or lengthwise. "This allows us to grow in diverse locations and achieve final revenue per square foot, regardless of area, with quick installation."

Smart data : Our botanists monitor millions of data points every harvest season. "They are constantly reviewing, testing, and improving our growing system using predictive analytics to create a superior and consistent result. Through remote monitoring and controls applied, we have reduced the typical risks associated with conventional farming."

 best vertical farming experiences in the world Substrate smart : “We have developed a patented reusable cloth for sowing, germination, growth and harvest. Our growing cloth media is made of BPA-free recycled plastic, which each takes 350 water bottles (16.9 ounces) from the waste stream. The cloth can be completely sterilized. After harvest, they are replanted without risk of contamination, as they act as a barrier between the fog and the vegetation.

Smart light : “We use LEDs to create a specific light recipe for each plant, giving the greens exactly the spectrum, intensity and frequency they need for photosynthesis in the most energy-efficient way possible. This engineering lighting allows us to control size, shape, texture, color, flavor, and nutrition with sharp prickly precision and increase productivity. . " o

The company worked hard to optimize every step of their growth process. When they looked at LEDs, for example, they realized that plants didn't need the yellow spectrum to grow, and that yellow light was the biggest hog in energy, so they redesigned the lamps to bring out the yellow. They have also developed their own systems for everything from robotic harvesting to packaging.

The indoor farm system adopts a crop stacking system to grow sufficient quantities of food and production, but this also means that each shelf must have its own light source for the plants to grow. All of these lights increase your energy bill. Inland lands to the environment - growing crops, but this energy This habit depends on the internal verticality of the "Pink house" system, so it grows faster with less energy

 best vertical farming experiences in the world

A new wave of research is showing that "pink" light - a mixture of red and blue wavelengths is all that a plant really needs to grow. In the full spectrum of ROYGBV, O, Y, G, and V are not really necessary for plant growth, only R and B. In addition to reducing the energy amount of lights, the LEDs are cooler, which also reduces the cooling load Pink house is a new type of indoor farmhouse that grows crops with pink light. Instead of bathing the plants with white light (which has all the colors of the spectrum), Pink house uses a mixture of red and blue light. By not using all the other colors, indoor vertical planters can reduce your energy bill by using low-power LEDs that only emit just the right shade of purple. Purdue University researchers are currently studying the use of red and blue lights on plants, an application example that has already been used on a real indoor farm, Caliber Bio therapeutics grows plants for medical use and has a 150,000 square foot indoor farm in Texas that relies on this pink light. Stacked up to 50 feet tall, their indoor planting system grows 2.2 million plants with red and blue LED lights, designed by EEA Consulting Engineers. "A photon is a terrible thing to miss," says Barry Holtz, of Caliber Bio therapeutics. "So we developed these lights to properly match the photosynthesis needs of our plants. We achieve 20 percent faster growth and save a lot of energy." o

The facility generates part of its energy from renewable sources, such as solar energy.

“What will we plant? “

 Small greens  Baby Greens 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Baby watercress Baby turnip Baby spicy mix Super baby mix Spring baby mix Baby ruby streaks Baby Pak Choi

1. 2.

Marinated spicy mix Mix super small

 best vertical farming experiences in the world

Dream Greens are carefully grown indoors in a safe environment, so all delicious Dream Greens are always pesticide-free. Nothing washable or rinsed, it's ready to be enjoyed and eaten straight from the container. Free from pesticides means it's better for you and better for our planet o

We grow small greens. Whether spicy, refreshing, sharp or sweet, this way we grow volume on flavor, green for a delicious symphony of tastes and textures.

 The places where Dream Greens products are spread within New Jersey

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3. 4.

What makes the vegetables inside AEROFARM so special and award-winning: Local growth all year round "We grow vegetables in the city, and we bring new life to the old buildings." Urban growth means fewer miles, fewer carbon emissions, better nutrition, and a fresher taste. The flavor is amazing - "We grow the most flavorful varieties of every type of vegetable, grow them and then raise them with special recipes of light, nutrients and a lot of love!" 95% less water - "Water is our most valuable resource, so we grow with less than 95% of water in this area." Pesticide Free - "We support growing methods that reduce and eliminate the use of pesticides commonly used in agriculture. Our greens are clean and ready to eat, so no washing necessary." "Do More for Less" - "The unique way we grow increases productivity by 390X per square foot compared to field cultivation, using less fertilizer, no harmful pesticides, and 95% less water."

 best vertical farming experiences in the world

TOTALLY SAFE AND TRANSPARENT - "Our job is to tie our local farms to the fork. Each bite can be traced back to exactly a square foot where it's grown, setting a new standard for food safety."

Community Focused - "We support the communities in which we grow in every way we can. We employ locally, pay fair wages, and work with schools to connect children with what's on their page."

Reduce and Eliminate Food Waste - "More than 50% of products in the United States go to waste. Not those local greens! Our country is tipped with tons of care, so you can enjoy more fresh and delicious vegetables for kids for longer."

Top 5 reasons that agriculture is free of pesticides: 1.

According to the Environmental Working Group, about 70% of fresh produce sold in the United States has pesticide residues, even after washing. Environmental Action Group's annual analysis of USDA data says leafy greens like cabbage and spinach are among the most heavy-duty pesticides. Over 92% of the turnips tested contained two or more pesticide residues, according to the analysis, and one sample of conventionally farmed turnips could contain up to 18 different pesticides. While organic growers are often committed to the use of limited or no pesticides, they can - and often - use the pesticides permitted under the standards for the National Organic Program. Therefore, organic does not automatically mean free of pesticides. Pesticides are not only dangerous to our bodies, but to the planet as well: run-off of pesticides from agriculture can pose significant risks to public health, food safety and the environment.

 best vertical farming experiences in the world The 4 Nutrients of Vegetables We Need: o

Green, leafy vegetables contain lots of nutrients that are important to maintain our health. And rich in C&A vitamins betacarotene, two essential nutrients found in large amounts in dark leafy greens.

Lutein :

Lutein is a member of the carotenoid family, just like betacarotene (the vegetable form of vitamin A). Along with another compound called zeaxanthin, lutein is the macular pigment, which means that it lives in our eyes and acts as a major protector from sun damage, preventing chronic eye diseases like cataracts. Dark leafy vegetables are an excellent source of both lutein and zeaxanthin

Folate :

Dark leafy greens and lettuce are good sources of folate. A member of the B family of vitamins, Folate plays a wide range of important roles in our bodies, including DNA production and the growth of healthy cells. Folic acid deficiency may lead to neural tube defects in newborns, so it is especially important for pregnant or breastfeeding women to consume folic acid. Folate occurs naturally in beef liver, beans, and leafy greens, but many grain and cereal products are also fortified with folate. Dream Greens are good sources of folic acid everywhere, especially Kale which will get you a whopping 30% of your daily folate needs!

Magnesium : Although it is a simple mineral, magnesium is a star nutrient with hundreds of functions in our bodies. Some of its main activities include making sure that our muscles and nerves are working properly, while maintaining our blood sugar and blood pressure, and even keeping our hearts beat in the correct rhythm. In recent years, soil quality has declined worldwide, which has directly affected the presence of magnesium in our food supply. "The way we grow ensures our vegetables get the ideal amount of vitamins and minerals like magnesium throughout the year."

 best vertical farming experiences in the world 3.

Sulforophan :

Sulforaphan is a phytochemical that has recently garnered a lot of attention from medical researchers for its biological activity, including antioxidants, antimicrobials, anti-aging, and potential antiinflammatories. It has also been found to be a very promising chemo protective agent against a variety of cancers as well as against cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and diabetic diseases. The good news is that sulfurophan is found in most types of cruciferous vegetables including Baby Kale, Baby Pac Choi, Baby Watercress, and Baby Super Mix, and in higher concentrations in smaller greens like Micro Super Mix, which include Kale, Red Cabbage, and Buck Choy Microgreens. Eat raw vegetables to get maximum Sulforaphane content,

 Patents The equipment used to manufacture the growing apparatus, the growing method and apparatus, the harvesting and cleaning apparatus, are protected by pending patents and grants in the United States and elsewhere. Marks are placed on virtual patents of the US Invention Act. CEO David Rosenberg says the giant Newark facility is just the beginning He told the Huffington Post: "Our mission is to build farms in cities all over the world." "We are building the infrastructure to a large extent not to build a farm or two or three farms but to build 20, 30 or 50 farms. "

 best vertical farming experiences in the world 2.

Fujitsu (Japan) Lettuce farm Fujitsu, a Japanese company that creates semiconductor chips for computers, decided to take advantage of the safe that it no longer uses in a different way.

From inside the bunker! Make lettuce chips! Vault chips have been converted into a small green farm inside the company's headquarters, where lettuce is grown, the company has chosen to make it distinct within a low level of potassium, to be suitable for kidney patients who cannot tolerate a high level of minerals in their bodies. The plant depends on the nutrients reached by the pumps? You will be amazed that you are in front of fifty thousand lettuce heads in this small place

London UK): Two forgotten undergrounds turn green) They plan to produce a variety of crops such as peas and different types of radish, mustard, cilantro, celery, parsley, and they put the idea into their plan to expand into neighboring tunnels in the future.

Queen's University Urban Agriculture Laboratory Queen's University Belfast worked alongside the Biospheric Foundation in Salford England to design and implement a multi-level aquaponics system inside an abandoned old mill over a 12-month period

 best vertical farming experiences in the world

Their goal was to determine whether such a system could be implemented in a former industrial building and whether it could be successfully operationalized in the coming years.

Seoul (South Korea):

Vertical farmhouse on the top floor, and a classroom below

It consists of three floors, where vegetables and crops are grown on the second and third floors, while the first floor devotes a semester to teaching agriculture. The vertical farms will be controlled by computers, to provide pinpoint accuracy in customizing lighting fixtures, as well as to adjust temperature and humidity conditions, and monitor the level of carbon dioxide, West Yang cheon District was chosen as the headquarters of the first farm in South Korea

 best vertical farming experiences in the world

o o

An acre of lettuce absorbs between 1,800 and 3,500 cubic meters of water. Skyfarm consumes 14.4 cubic meters, that is, 1/240. This adds a lot of electricity. Fortunately, we can produce energy when using the organic waste from the city's green container fertilizer program.

The 97 tons of collected waste per day will be pumped into an anaerobic digesters that produce methane, which then powers gas-powered generators General Electric

Then the rich carbon dioxide exhaust is consumed through photosynthesis to increase food production and convert it back into oxygen and feed it into the atmosphere of the sky surface

 best vertical farming experiences in the world

Nothing is wasted. Even a little of the nutrient depleted wastewater is treated through a self-contained biological wastewater treatment biological system designed to purify the water using microorganisms, algae, plants, snails and fish.

It is a sophisticated system where green food waste is fed in Toronto at one end and lettuce comes out at the other end, and green food waste is exploited as a rich fertilizer for traditional farms outside the city. The vertical farm is part of a closed system Through efficient use of vertical resources to the maximum and functional separation of the world Vertical farming would increase the resilience of the city Naturally, cities can achieve food security in the midst of environmental shifts and resource shortages that will cripple the traditional urban food web.

 The creative leap that Gordon is making is to connect the vertical farm to the city's organic waste system, but there's a really good reason to put this in the middle of a sea of condominiums: It could act as a giant filtration system. Imagine if all of these buildings had vacuum waste systems to deliver organic waste, separate toilets in urine to deliver phosphorous, and gray water systems to supply plants, which then returned pure water through dehumidifiers. It feeds the city and treats its waste in a closed loop A plausible case of why one would want to set up a vertical farm in the city center, showing how it could really function both technically and economically.

La Cavern Urban Farm Location: Paris It's an empty parking garage converted by Cycloponics into a huge underground farm of mushrooms and vegetables

 best vertical farming experiences in the world

Young greens sprout under growing lights

Effective shipping container farms

o Shipping container farms can produce fresh fruits and vegetables all year round.

A solution for communities that have to ship fresh food from far away is to start sourcing their fresh local produce from Local Roots shipping containers or 40foot parking lots by converting them to hydroponic farms that only consume 5 to 20 gallons of Water per day to grow products like lettuce, strawberries or turnip, can produce 5 acres of food with 97% less water.

Vertical Harvest Farm Designed by E / Ye Design The Location: Designed on a 30 x 150 ft. Plot of unused city land next to a Jackson Car Park.

An efficient building of 18,000 square feet, the planting area is 4,500 square feet within this three-story area. By using hydroponic techniques and no pesticides at all, the farm will produce more than 37,000 pounds of greens, 4,400 pounds of herbs and 44,000 pounds of tomatoes. Up to 100,000 pounds of product every year

 best vertical farming experiences in the world o

This cold, landlocked city will enable it to provide locally grown produce for its residents all year round.

The developers made sure to plan to grow only products that are currently imported so they don't compete with local farms, but rather support local businesses by saving on transportation costs.

The city is located one mile above sea level and is covered with snow for several months, and vertical farming techniques will enable this city to produce a very large amount of fresh produce and provide residents with a locally grown alternative that Jackson's climate previously prevented because it was forced to import much of its food.

The building's 150-foot greenhouse facade improves the potential of natural light, improving photosynthesis and reducing the facility's energy costs. There will be times when artificial light is required - for example, it is impossible to grow tomatoes during a freezing winter on natural light alone - and thus planting lights will be installed in order to ensure the farm meets production goals.

 best vertical farming experiences in the world Although growth lights will require a certain amount of energy, founders Vertical Harvest Nona Yehia and Penny McBride stated that it is still a net energy savings on imported products, while high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps for tomatoes will be used, (and LEDs will be used). In "Lettuce Varieties, Small Greenery and Breeding Areas")

Vertical Harvest will provide fresh produce for Jackson, and will also serve as an educational facility, with a "small (hands-on) classroom" and easy for visitors to see planting areas without contaminating crops.

Harlem Edge Competition for Urban Agriculture Design

o The competition focused on the location of DSNY's 135th Street Marine Transfer Station on the Hudson River, and invited participants to establish a multimodal transit center and nutritional education facility

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Each competition team was evaluated on four main criteria according to : For the spirit of the 2020 Vision Waterfront development plan for New York City The Waterfront Redevelopment Program (where designs should expand access to Hudson Water for Harlem residents. Customer's mission of striving to provide "Nutrition for All. “Each project should also explore the potential of urban agriculture at scale. Entries were assessed based on (broader criteria for sustainability and creative programming) striving to stimulate economic activity

 best vertical farming experiences in the world Winning projects The competition focused on the location of DSNY's 135th Street Marine Transfer Station on the Hudson River, and invited participants to establish a multimodal transit center and nutritional education facility

First prize was Sym.bio.pia Farm The 2012 ENYA Competition First Prize is awarded to Sym.bio.pia, by architects Ting Chin and Yan Wang of Linearscape Inc. Food can be grown locally throughout the year in controlled symbiotic environments and distributed through existing networks of farmers' markets, grocery stores and communitysupported agricultural meeting areas.

Food can be grown locally throughout the year in controlled symbiotic environments and distributed through existing networks of farmers' markets, grocery stores and community-supported agricultural meeting areas. This structure consists of a multi-faceted landscape meandering along the Hudson River, rising across a network of steep paths and featured in a series of iconic towers that include vertical water parks.

 best vertical farming experiences in the world Public spaces are available from the waterfront of the Hudson River to the soaring Harlem neighborhood, but its towers are a step beyond that. These vertical hydroponic farms enhance the project and bring environmental, agricultural and economic vitality to the project and the neighborhood, providing a link to the emerging urban agriculture market.

Thus, Sym.bio.pia is simultaneously seen as an iconic urban agricultural structure providing public access to Harlem's waterfront, and a replicable component of a sustainable, citywide economic network and nutrition along New York City's waterfront.

Each constellation operates in a symbiotic relationship with its aquatic crops. Collecting graywater from mixed-use areas irrigates crops, which filters the water for reuse. Inedible plant material is converted into compost; The heat produced by this process is converted into energy to help run the building's activities. Additionally, the entire Sym.bio.pia anchors a complex community network including Hudson, Harlem, and other waterfront neighborhoods with their own iterations of this project.

 best vertical farming experiences in the world The second prize was for SWARM

It consists of a multidisciplinary educational and experiential center for experts and activists in food policy, nutrition, environment and urban systems. Spaces in this sprawling waterfront complex include a green market, barns for transporting produce, educational and research facilities, a series of terraced gardens that wind towards the Hudson River, framing a view of the city skyline in the background

10. California Cannery Farm (From farm to table) For city dwellers who like to savor a little bit of the countryside at home, eating local food is easy as the city center is planned for the community, featuring a market hall, office space, retail space, lofts and mixeduse apartments.

California Cannery Farm (From farm to table)

California canning plant

 best vertical farming experiences in the world The second prize was for SWARM

Easy access to services, paths and tracks from all homes

Cycling and walking paths will be laid out throughout the project

A third of the land will be designated for public spaces, with pedestrian and cyclists in mind

Destinations are linked together ensuring that each destination within The Cannery is no more than a 10-minute walk or five-minute bike ride.

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A variety of properties are planned on the site including:

Large family homes with six bedrooms and five bathrooms Apartments and townhouses consist of up to four bedrooms.

Home prices range from $ 400,000 to $ 1 million (all feature solar-powered electricity, LED lighting, tankless water heaters, and electric car chargers)

Smallest residences at 1,400 square feet

•

The tiny home crowd will have to look elsewhere to meet their needs

A wide range of different house styles will be available at The Cannery

 best vertical farming experiences in the world What are we going to plant ?! Corn, tomatoes, squash and fruit trees  In partnership with the Land Based Learning Center, it will provide fresh produce to residents and local restaurants. It will also serve as an agricultural classroom for junior farmers. The pre-programmed indoor garden will regulate water and air conditions so that all you need to do is harvest and eat on healthy aquatic vegetables

11. eVolo 2013 Aeroponic Vertical Farm

technologies, rice can be grown compactly with minimal water while creating jobs and supplying food for the area.

With over 3 billion people around the globe relying on rice as their major food staple, there is high demand not only for the grain, but also the land on which to grow it. The Philippines is one of many countries that struggles to maintain food production while devoting land for housing and other industries. A solution, proposed by Jin Ho Kim, however, would see the construction of vertical farms expressly designed for the cultivation of rice. Using aeroponic growing The Aeroponic Vertical Farm is made up of an array of bamboo parallelograms that are formed to create stepped terraces of rice fields.

 best vertical farming experiences in the world Located in cities, these compact farms would not only help grow rice for the area, but also create jobs and provide space for the community to gather and interact.

The farm makes use of aeroponic gardening, which is different than hydroponic in that is sprays water directly onto the roots of the plants. o o o

This greatly reduces the amount of water and energy needed for growing plants Water is pumped up to the highest tier and then gravity fed down to the rest of the plants. The terraced facility also provides places for children to play, as well as a place for adults to meet and socialize.

12. Vertical Farm in San Diego-Brandon Martella California may be one of the major produce growers in the US, but a lot of that food is consumed within the state - the 30,000+ residents of the urban core of San Diego alone eat 21,231,000 lbs of produce each year. To address the daunting issue of future food 65

 best vertical farming experiences in the world production, Southern California designer Brandon Martella has designed a vertical farm and residential tower for downtown San Diego. Situated right next to the convention center, Live Share Grow could provide up to 10% of the city's produce and enhance the community with vibrant live/work spaces. o

Live Share Grow is a proposal by Brandon Martella for a combo residential tower and vertical farm for downtown San Diego.

The multi-story tower is dual purpose one side is holds residential apartments in varying sizes, while the other is a largescale hydroponic vertical farm.

Located in a popular area amidst other residential towers, offices, tourist attractions and very close to the bay, Live Share Grow would aste, grey water and black water can all be redeemed through recycling, grey water infused aquaponics, and black water compact combustion to create thermal energy. The tower would also provide new opportunities for education, commerce and healthy living.

Site plan within San Diego

The produce sold through the open air market would contribute towards the local economy serving residents and restaurants a like, while providing jobs to local residents, even residents that live inside the tower.

 best vertical farming experiences in the world

Site plan and elevations Cross section of Live Share Grow.

According to the FDA, the average American alone consumes 707.7lbs of fruits and vegetables each year and the residents of San Diego consume 21,310,000 lb a year. Martella's tower would provide enough space to group about 532,000 lbs of produce every 3 months.

This is approximately 10% of the produce the city consumes - a sizable portion of the city's needs and produced in a sustainable and local facility

Cross section of a typical apartment in Live Share Grow.

 best vertical farming experiences in the world 13. Vertical Farm in San Diego-Brandon Martella Darwin Ecosysteme has been working on a larger project to build a sustainable community in Bordeaux, and the vertical farm is one aspect of it.

La Ferme Musicale = also known as Ferme Darwin - is a concept for a vertical farm and cultural center in Bordeaux. o The facility addresses health, food, and ethical and social concerns and provides space for people to gather together to celebrate food and life

Passersby and members of the community can learn more about sustainable food production, and the venue is suited for parties, events and concerts. La Ferme Musicale is designed to transform the remains of a warehouse into an educational gallery, a stage, community rooms and growing facilities. Above the ground floor, a series 68 of lightweight steel structures house the growing facilities.

CHAPTER THREE

Hong Kong Vertical farm 3.1.1 REGIONAL CASE.............................................................

o o o

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Project Tittle : VERTICAL FARMS FOR HONG KONG(2012) Site :China in Hong Kong Designer : Spain-based architectural firm JAPA by Javier Ponce Awards: FuturArc Prize 2013 A Strategic Rethinking of the Asian City: China's Limited Area of Agriculture

The reason for choosing the case study o o o

Because it meets the standards required to build these types of towers. Its location is within high-rise towers and in the center of the densely populated city. Vertical structures that provide food, save the earth and simultaneously act as a magnet for biodiversity and keep away from soil damage and erosion.

It added the entertainment, educational and cultural aspect to the people of the Hong Kong region, as it is an outlet for the people of the region.

Because it contains a structural structure suitable for high altitudes as lightweight and recyclable materials.

Its structural structure contains the necessary treatments that support the passive design of the building.

Hong Kong Vertical farm

Provide 360-degree viewing platforms and new survey areas on farming techniques

The important hydroponic technology of our time is used to grow food by a series of vertical processes and interconnected structures

Its architectural design inspired by Chinese rural transformation terraces (paddy fields) and the introduction of environmental treatments of moving earth panels to allow natural light to enter and integrate into rural areas

Project goals o

Re-introduction of urban agriculture Hydroponics technology is used in the suburbs of growing cities through a series of vertical processes and interconnected structures containing laboratories, research centers and healthy food processing

Feeding all surrounding areas and reducing the need for traditional agriculture by vertical orientation and avoiding soil damage and erosion

Bringing educational and recreational places to create job opportunities for the local population

Civilization developed with agriculture Places that allow the distribution of traditional agriculture in China •

China can cultivate only 15 percent of the total land area, which is 10 percent of the world's arable land

Hong Kong Vertical farm Vertical Farming Tower - Hong Kong These vertical towers contain structural systems, light and moving earth panels to allow in natural light and integrate into rural areas and which contain recycled metal materials build up.

About the project : The Spanish company JABA proposed building a vertical farm through vital vertical networks built from lightweight minerals, enabling farmers to produce crops throughout the year and support the local economy and be in city centers and close to the market due to the exposure of China and the whole world to many factors, including: o

It provides little arable land even though China supports 20% of the world's population through food production.

The population of the world continues to increase dramatically, and this is at the expense of agricultural lands and will continue to destroy the area per square kilometer.

The farm is inspired by the graded rice cultivation techniques in China Structures for growing food, 187.50 meters in length, compared to 31 floors, with a height of 6 meters for the floor

Hong Kong Vertical farm Vertical Farming Tower - Hong Kong •

Built of lightweight metals close to dense urban residents to

provide proximity to where to buy and eat, which in turn reduces transportation miles, energy and the carbon footprint of the food produced.  The series of graded plots used in rice cultivation in the traditional way is expressed through the vertical, tiered and vertically stacked structures.  Crops are rotated throughout the year according to the season and circular levels are rotated to allow the plants to receive the right amount of sunlight The farm is located in Tai Po, the second largest administrative district in Hong Kong and the land is divided into about 200 million households with an average land allocation of only 0.65 hectares (1.6 acres).

Site selection: China's limited cultivation area has been a problem throughout its history, resulting in chronic food shortages. Whereas production efficiency on agricultural lands has grown over time, as the lands of western and northern China have suffered from cold and drought. Since the 1950s, farm space has come under pressure due to the increasing land needs of industry and cities.

Tai Po, with an area of about 14,800 hectares in the northeast of the New Territories, is the second largest administrative district in Hong Kong, and this

Hong Kong Vertical farm

site was chosen because it is close to the high-rise developments of the Kowloon and Hong Kong regions. It is also a positive aspect of the proposed infrastructure for the production of food miles Lowland that can feed city dwellers (near urban centers). The proposal deals with the development of modern, efficient and environmentally acceptable agricultural structures, and we foresee a paradigm shift to vertical agricultural structures that can be integrated into a regional network across the country.

It is a series of high-rise towers located on the outskirts of the district that provide opportunities that provide the nutritional needs of the city.

Structures: Made of lightweight and high tensile materials using the largest possible number of recyclable resources.

Changing floors in structure, inspired by traditional rice farms in China, Each ring of a building can change its position to suit the plants better, by making them receive the most sunlight or moisture.

System used: Hydroponics to grow produce, with little or no soil .

Laboratories: to better monitor the growth and nutritional value of crops.

Visitors can also enter the building to increase their awareness and to enable them to learn more about local agriculture and see the 360degree panoramic views offered by each platform.

Hong Kong Vertical farm Tai Po County Climate in a city Average temperatures and precipitation

Area: 148.00 sq km A traditional market town, it had a population of 290,240 in 2001, and the county has the third least populated population in Hong Kong.

The "mean daily maximum" (solid red line) shows the maximum temperature of an average day for every month for Hong Kong. Likewise, the "mean daily minimum" (the solid blue line) shows the average minimum temperature. Hot days and cold nights (dashed red and blue lines) show the average for the warmest day and coldest night of each month for the past 30 years. For holiday planning you can forecast average temperatures, and be prepared for the warmest day and coldest night.

Cloudy, sunny, and precipitation days

Rainfall chart is useful for planning for monsoon influences such as monsoons in India or rainy season in Africa Note: Rainfall amounts represented in tropical regions and complex terrain tend to be lower than local measurements.

Hong Kong Vertical farm

The graph shows the monthly number of sunny, partly cloudy, overcast and rainy days. Days are considered sunny, with cloud cover less than 20%, with 20-80% cloud cover being partly cloudy and with more than 80% showing overcast

 Reykjavik in Iceland has mostly cloudy days, Sossusvlei in the Namib Desert is one of the sunniest places on earth.

Wind speed Wind rose

The diagram for Hong Kong shows the days per month, during which the wind reaches a certain speed

Hong Kong Vertical farm

General site analysis The Hong Kong wind rose shows how many hours per year the wind blows from the indicated direction. SW example: winds blowing from the southwest (SW) to the northeast (NE). Cape Horn , the southernmost point of South America, has strong westerly winds, which make crossings from east to west very difficult, especially for sailing boats.

Accessibility

Site plan

Pedestrian traffic analysis

Hong Kong Vertical farm Sun analysis

Wind analysis

Processors used

The concept

This flower was considered a national symbol in Hong Kong

Design of a moving floor panel inspired by "traditional terrace concepts in Chinese rice cultivation". The crops will be grown in hydroponics to create a soil free environment. The plants will benefit from high levels of natural sunlight from the open, unobstructed design.

The Chinese are always proud of being the owners of the four famous ancient inventions, which are the compass, gunpowder, paper and printing.

Hong Kong Vertical farm Top View

The ratio between the solid and void :

Plans analysis

The percentage of cultivated and non-cultivated crops :

Functional divisions within a single scheme:

Employment relationships: Movement analysis

Hong Kong Vertical farm Distribution of spaces on the plan:

Spaces table

It's the real time hydroponics technology was adopted in this project - form follows function as in railway system.

The introduction of the natural light needed by the plant is controlled by a rotating platform that rotates to bring in the maximum amount of sunlight.

Hong Kong Vertical farm Architectural facades

Program

Recycling technologies

Conclusion: The environmental project works to improve the quality of crop production and put it in a densely populated area to serve the area. The project works to purify the air that is full of pollution. The environmental project reduces energy.

The Korean Pavilion at Expo 2015 in Milan 3.1.2 INTERNATIONAL CASE.......................................... o

Designer name: BCHO Architects

Project area: 3384.6062 m2

Designed: 2014

Budget: $ 5 million - $ 10 million

Expo Milano 2015

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Exhibition theme: Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life. Exhibition period: from 5 to 10 months (184 days). Visitors: 20 million, of whom 1/3 are foreigners. Location: almost in the center of Milan

The need for exhibitions: 1. Is it possible to guarantee water and food for all the world's population? 2. Is it possible to increase food security? 3. Can we have new solutions that take into account the planet's biodiversity? ) The goal is not only to provide solutions, but to plant this thinking in the minds of visitors and revitalize the human mind about creating solutions, so follow the method of asking questions and providing visitors with the necessary tools to find their own answers.( 4.

Activating dialogue between visitors and participants on a daily basis through events, presentations, conferences and meetings

Visitors can participate in activities within this world fair

Adding the exhibition as an entertainment aspect for the visitors82

The Korean Pavilion  Expo Milan

 Inside the Expo •

It allowed others to create their own wings, and countries could join "certain food groups" (such as coffee, spices, grains, tubers, and chocolate)

•

The theme of nutrition was reflected in the overall design in its architecture and its erected suites, reaching its participants as well.

The need for exhibitions: •

The spaces within the exhibition site have been linked in line with the main paths under the theme (Feeding the Planet). Each of these tracks provides different interpretations that focus on the main concept and are designed according to the visitors' interests.

The Expo Location in Milan :

The site of the Korean pavilion inside the Expo :

The Korean Pavilion Climate in Milan

Wind rose

The percentage of time spent at different comfort levels of humidity, classified by dew point.

The wind rose for Milan shows how many hours per year the wind blows from the indicated direction. SW: winds blowing from the southwest (SW) to the northeast (NE)

The need for exhibitions:

Accumulation of mean precipitation (solid line) over a 31-day sliding period centered around the respective day, with ranges of 25 to 75 and 10 to 90. The thin dotted line is the average snowfall equivalent to a liquid

The percentage of hours where the average wind direction is from each of the four primary wind directions, excluding hours where the average wind speed is less than 1.0 mph. Areas of light color at the border are the percentage of hours spent in the implicit intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).

The Korean Pavilion Climate in Milan The "mean daily maximum" (solid red line) shows the maximum temperature of an average day for every month for Mina. Likewise, the "mean daily minimum" (the solid blue line) shows the average minimum temperature. Hot days and cold nights (dashed red and blue lines) show the average for the warmest day and coldest night of each month for the past 30 years. For holiday planning you can forecast average temperatures, and be prepared for the warmest day and coldest night

Accessibility

The percentage of time spent by each cloud cover tape, classified by the percentage of the sky covered by the clouds.

The Korean Pavilion Neighborhoods

Accessibility

The Korean Pavilion Neighborhoods

Main exhibition themes

The Korean Pavilion Human story 1. A major topic that includes art, livelihoods, human settlement, and trade 2. Food History for Every World Population. 3. It sheds light on the individual characteristics of the population, from their agricultural techniques to the developments in which they change and develop food

The contemporary comparison between famine and sufficiency 1. Two parties that half of the world suffers from food deprivation and death from malnutrition due to poverty and difficulty in obtaining drinking water 2. The other half of the world deals with physical and physiological ailments caused by being overweight 3. Solve this paradox : Science, education, prevention, international cooperation, social engineering and politics

The future of food What kind of food will be eaten in the future? The basis of our children's diet? The answer lies in our increased knowledge and understanding of new food technologies, scientific discoveries and research to improve the nutrition of tomorrow. A way to feed the world that cares about agricultural technologies and food quality.

Sustainable food = an equitable world A better balance between food production and natural resources? Discussion platform for both biodiversity and traditional cultures.

The Korean Pavilion Taste is knowledge 1. Focus on the necessity of eating along with the taste: Groups of different tastes and flavors in different cultures tell their own story, introduce cultural events and allow visitors to taste.

2. 3. 4.

Learn about individual products. Useful food preservation techniques Offer different cooking methods to help preserve or change flavors.

The exhibition contains an entertainment side for children

About the project

The Location: Korean Pavilion inside the Expo Milano Pavilion The project revolves around a dialogue between international players to exchange views on these major challenges

The Korean Pavilion

The building consists of 3 floors, with a roof garden Technologies used on the farm

It contains vertical farms with a hierarchy that moves from vegetables to marine life and then water

Complete agricultural cycle, renewable agricultural urban farm The farm represented the solution of the pearl of agriculture and the city together

o The most sustainable spherical exhibition shape to achieve the required exhibition space. Project Description The project consists of: A long entrance, exhibition spaces, restaurants, and plazas all make up the three lower levels of the pavilion, with a rooftop garden complete with solar cell jungle, 90 vertical gardens and hydroponics.

The Korean Pavilion Agricultural places 1.

around the building

The percentage of planting in the roof garden% 2.

Rooftop garden image

It represents a dense urban farm (a forest of vertical tubes shaded by a solar panel tree in a roof garden) to generate energy for the building and used as canopies to reduce the intensity of the sun

The Korean Pavilion

Emphasis on simple structures and a strong consideration of nature. Design approach (the phenomenon of light and space, manufacturing and construction methods, recycling and reuse, and a sense of sustainability (social / cultural / physical) that uses collective creative energy to reduce the demand for grid energy.) Structural structure

Structural stability to work against wind and lateral forces is achieved through the application of recyclable structural elements; The amount of structure can be reduced due to the lightness of the scaffolding The domes system was used because it is the optimal design for the large construction area - used in the exhibition We also note its construction with the applied gable structure system Recyclable

They are coated with recyclable leather

Description of the structure The entire structure consists of scaffolding, locally sourced and reusable, for infinitely adjustable nature with energy embodiment.

The shell is made of gears

The Korean Pavilion

The structural structure of the building that represents the frame and scaffolding The scaffolding structure has been used for the main structural design and is considered for spatial use. It is easy to assemble, disassemble and replace the scaffolding structure - this is a form of sustainability for the building.

Scaffolding structure Structure component and design criteria: Easily locally sourced structural element selected Application of European and Italian design standards The German lightweight construction chassis Werner Sobek From the Stuttgart Institute of Light Engineering.

Building sustainability and recyclable materials High-quality low-tech materials Its design is unbroken Structure: Fully recyclable scaffolding Reduce your waste by participating in the exhibition The necessary concern for the environment is reflected in the recyclable materials The Shared Land (Educational Building) Essential locally manufactured building materials to reduce transportation's carbon footprint

Recyclable structural elements have been applied

The exhibition dome is installed with a recyclable gable frame system and is clad with recyclable leather

The Korean Pavilion

The scaffolding structure has been used for the main structural design and is considered for spatial use. It is easy to assemble, disassemble and replace the scaffolding structure - this is a form of sustainability for the building. As it can be converted and used in vertical farming structures of all kinds

The reason for choosing the case study 1.

As a result of the containment and intertwining between the farm and the exhibition and the focus in that on the methods and methods of targeting the human mind as it is not the top of the pyramid in the reform of this tragedy and the first and basic engine in this transformation process

Renewable agricultural urban farm and water parks , Focuses on how to deal with the participatory land, so the focus here is on the materials used and thinking in terms of disassembly, transportation, ease of installation and durability of building materials

As it is a virtual travel trip that focuses on controlling a person's focus and feelings and moving it between the borders of countries and helping him discover and experience experiences through the topic of nutrition (where each wing represents a country)

The external and internal design of the project: through a transparent plan that enables visitors to see and understand the structure of the building and the interdependence of its relationships

The Korean Pavilion She takes them on a trip across Korea within Italy :

Feeling rejuvenated, getting to know other food cultures, and enjoying sampling food and learning about the planet's precious food and resources. The project emphasizes the ability to produce and distribute food locally Avoiding a traditionally wasteful transportation system (inducing states to self-produce) Providing the potential and ideas for urban agriculture through sustainable thinking

The best minds from all over the world to share ideas and exchange Roads Focuses on visitors Encourages participation talks about the problems of nutrition and the resources of our planet

It also carries important goals in our time, in line with the goals of the Expo Milano project that it adopts, including:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

Fight hunger and thirst Food quality and safety Preventive health Food education Environmental protection in the food and energy chain Fighting food and water waste Food safety is a tradition Encouraging innovation

General site analysis Traffic is heavy on all sides of the site

The Korean Pavilion General site analysis

The ratio of the building to the non-building

Pedestrian area 3%

All land was used by building on it, leaving few traffic lanes The main viewing area is in the northern part

The main entrance leads to the offices or turns and then leads to the dining hall

Sun and wind analysis

The Korean Pavilion General site analysis Project entrances

The eastern entrance Main Entrance - South

Plans analysis Ground floor plan

Functional divisions within a single scheme:

The functional relationships of the ground floor:

The Korean Pavilion Distribution of spaces on the plan:

Table of sections areas on the ground floor:

function analysis

Service section

Career Section - Offices Section

Entertainment section

The Korean Pavilion interior shots inside ground floor plan

o The main entrance represents the southern entrance to the building o The offices section is entered from the main entrance

A 3D drawing showing the interior spaces of the ground floor plan

The Korean Pavilion Plans analysis First floor plan

The ratio between the solid and void :

Zone analysis

Functional relationships of the first floor:

Distribution of spaces on the plan:

function analysis

Table of sections areas on the ground floor:

Service section Functional section

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The Korean Pavilion function analysis Entertainment section

Movement analysis for the first floor

interior shots inside First floor plan

A 3D drawing showing the interior spaces of the first floor plan :

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The Korean Pavilion

Zone analysis second floor plan

The ratio between the solid and void :

Functional relationships of the second floor:

Service section

6% void solid 94%

Distribution of spaces on the plan:

Entertainment section

Table of sections areas on the second floor:

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The Korean Pavilion Movement analysis for the second floor

interior shots inside second floor plan

The ratio between the solid and void :

100 %

Table of sections areas on the ground floor:

Roof garden plan

Roof garden analysis: Internal functions

Zone analysis

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The Korean Pavilion Movement analysis for rooftop garden

The eastern facade Cafeteria facade

Movement analysis for rooftop garden Front end - south Facade of the main entrance

The back side the north

o This design aims at the distinct farm and city views, and aims to provide a solution to merge the two. section

Attention was given to operating safety as the public's priority in this exhibition, and a plan was developed to meet public safety

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The Korean Pavilion

Frequent flow zones will increase this flow by incorporating small fans located in the middle of the scaffolds.

Dual Skin Ventilation and Heat Cleansing System:

Positive and negative project

Geothermal system: Underneath the foundation of the Korean Pavilion there is a horizontal thermal cooling system to help maintain a constant comfortable temperature within the main display area.

Positive

negative

The method of dealing with the materials used to make use of them as much as possible with the fans and processors placed in the building The design and movement are exquisite, creating an experience in the human feeling through diversity It creates a common environment between the interior and the exterior, as it is an exhibition, but the vertical forests visible to the user by looking at the transparent structure creates the feeling for the user to wander through an exhibition in the middle of forests

It is continuing production only during the supply period and represents only 184 days

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New York vertical farm

o o o o o o o o

Location: New York, Manhattan, United States Design: 2009 Site area: 4,360 m2 Building area: 4,360 m2 Total floor area: 78,000m2 Usage: Versatile high Designer: Jungmin Nam, AIA Assistant Project Consultant: Professor Ingeborg Rocker

Project Description o The building is an example of productive urban life integrating controlled ecological farming within a vertical building o Backed by infrastructure to recycle water and daylight o It is located in the Meatpacking District of New York City o This new high rise grows into a large cultural plaza and pedestrian networks at the farmers' market o Includes agriculture, water recycling, housing and work areas above. o Pedestrians enter the building by continuing to walk on the gently sloping floors, reaching the agricultural and water recycling areas o The building is operated by the participating farmers' market network in addition to the well-established pedestrian activities in this area and the project contains community participation areas where people gather, communicate, shop and grow food. o It represents a sustainable method of consumption, food distribution, job creation, healthy food source and civic space for the local community

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New York vertical farm Site selection The farm is located in New York, where its contribution to the global greenhouse gas emissions and its impact on the ecosystem is very large, and that was one of the reasons for choosing the site . In 2005, New York City was responsible for the emission of 58.3 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Manhattan has the highest population density and built environment. It is the place where cultural places and events are gathered, the place where fresh food markets and people's interest in organic food are increasing as it has been chosen to test the new concept of urban living, Vertical Farm becomes a local center for food production and distribution, as well as being a local attraction for buying and growing vegetables. And eat it Project Description Site analysis :

o Located within an urban center, the farm continues with surrounding farm programs and public programs from the High Line Road as well as pedestrian circulation on this road, and brings pedestrian traffic to the building, with a view of the Hudson River and city center. o The non-contact front square was rotated to the high line, by gently guiding pedestrians to the raised plaza and the top of the roof through smooth rotating stairs and stairs, along the planting area.

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New York vertical farm Considerations for locating an urban vertical farm

 The population, means of transportation, modified and linked streets surrounding the project were studied and annexed to the project as a connected pedestrian zone, and the attractions surrounding the project were studied in order to establish the design

108

New York vertical farm The urban farm, as an additional attraction along the existing pedestrian network in the Highline District takes advantage of the current situation and brings pedestrian traffic and activities to the building along the farm area. The climate

Neighborhoods

Monsoons generate continuous strong winds from December to May, and calm winds from July to October.

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New York vertical farm General Site Sun and wind analysis Design considerations for an urban vertical farm :

Paved street view The building was directed accordingly: 1) the fall of the angle of the sun 2) the temperature

Vehicle movement analysis

A glimpse of the southern façade for more sunlight during the winter

Angular glazing Note the angled roof that lets in more sunlight Conclusion: The latitude angle was studied to find out the sun incidence angles

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New York vertical farm

Integration: Slope Floor System + Flat Floor System

Farm floor area

Plans analysis First floor plan The agricultural ramps (vertical movement) on the southern side Flat floors (horizontal movement) on the north side

Hydroponics Development + Supporting Programs

Zone Analysis in the first floor scheme :

Planned floor level 12 m It rises by 6m divided over two floors The location of the diagram from the vertical section

Hydroponics area + Supporting programs The agricultural area as an NFT system, with a sloping floor, To be integrated with the flat tile system NFT System https://www.greenandvibrant.co m/nutrient-film-technique

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New York vertical farm Distribution of spaces on the plan:

Functional relationships of the first floor:

The proportions of the sections from the scheme

Table of sections areas on the first floor:

The percentage of cultivated and non-cultivated crops :

The ratio between the solid and void : 30% 70%

void solid

112

New York vertical farm Table of sections areas on the first floor:

Career Section - Department of Agriculture

Indoor shots on the ground floor

Entertainment section

Image illustrating - experimental cultivation -

Hydroponic system Hydroponics with Nutrient Film Technology (NFT) system Hydroponics is a system where plants are grown in nutrient water enriched with mineral elements. It is used to improve yield and product quality especially for indoor space. Hydroponics is a technically advanced and well-established business practice in most regions of the world. It can be the best technology available to grow vegetables in cities, especially inside the building, which provides high yield from a small area.

Service section

113

New York vertical farm Experimental cultivation It is a farm used to conduct research in agricultural sciences. The goal: to provide a place that can be used to test new ideas and technologies before asking the agricultural community and to consider adopting these technologies and testing new crops such as hybrids and genetically modified crops before launching them to the public, taking into account the development of strong and high-yielding crops. Agricultural equipment, chemicals and new agricultural technologies are being tested, with various tests being conducted on crops of interest in different areas of the farm. Industrial agriculture Industrial agriculture refers to the process of mechanizing the cultivation, harvesting and processing of food. It includes innovation in agricultural machinery and farming methods, genetic technology, and technologies of achieving economies of scale in production

Farmers' market

Movement analysis for the first floor

View of the central portico and Circulating Planting area

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New York vertical farm

The proportions of the functional sections of the scheme :

Plans analysis second floor plan Zone Analysis in the second scheme :

Functional relationships of the second floor: The floor level of this plan is 18 m and continues to the level of 32m divided into 4 floors, and the height of one floor represents 3.15 m It includes experimental cultivation Table of sections areas on the second floor: The percentage of cultivated and noncultivated crops :

Distribution of spaces on the plan:

The ratio between the solid and void :

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New York vertical farm function analysis

The proportion of jobs from the functional areas in the second scheme

Career Section Department of Agriculture

Two types of cultivation were used 1- Experimental (to conduct research in agricultural sciences) 2- Industrial (mechanization of growing, harvesting and processing food) Movement analysis for the second floor

Entertainment section

Service section

116

The proportions of the functional sections of the scheme :

New York vertical farm Plans analysis Third floor plan Zone Analysis in the Third scheme :

Functional relationships of the third floor:

Table of sections areas on the third floor:

The percentage of cultivated and noncultivated crops :

Distribution of spaces on the plan:

The ratio between the solid and void :

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New York vertical farm function analysis

Career Section Department of Agriculture

The proportion of jobs from the functional areas in the third scheme

The educational section

Movement analysis for the third floor The third plan - Industrial Agriculture, 7 floors )Duplicate over 7 floors(

The educational section

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New York vertical farm

The proportions of the functional sections of the scheme :

Plans analysis Forth floor plan Zone Analysis in the forth scheme :

Functional relationships of the forth floor:

Table of sections areas on the forth floor:

Section

Space

Department of Agriculture

1881.18m2

The exhibition

857.74m2

Open areas

997.31m2

Distribution of spaces on the plan:

The percentage of cultivated and noncultivated crops :

The ratio between the solid and void :

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New York vertical farm function analysis

The proportion of jobs from the functional areas in the forth scheme

Movement analysis for the forth floor

Career Section Department of Agriculture

Service section

Repeats on two floors of industrial cultivation

The educational section

120

New York vertical farm

The proportions of the functional sections of the scheme :

Plans analysis Fifth floor plan Zone Analysis in the Fifth scheme :

Functional relationships of the Fifth floor:

Table of sections areas on the fifth floor:

Section

Space

Department of Agriculture

119.55m2

The swamp

964.7m2

Open areas

456.39m2

Vertical movement

The percentage of cultivated and noncultivated crops :

32.1m2

Distribution of spaces on the plan:

The ratio between the solid and void :

121

New York vertical farm Movement analysis for the fifth floor

Six floor plan The proportions of the functional sections of the scheme :

Functional relationships of the Six floor:

The elevators transfer visitors to the stages of purification at its various levels

Plans analysis

The percentage of cultivated and noncultivated crops :

Six floor plan 33%

Implanted

67%

The ratio between the solid and void : Zone Analysis in the Six scheme :

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New York vertical farm

Table of sections areas on the Six floor: Section Department of Agriculture

Distribution of spaces on the plan:

Space 150m2

clarification

1544.95m2

Open areas

530m2

Vertical movement

448.58m2

Internal shot of the treatment area

Movement analysis for the Six floor

Plans analysis seven floor plan

Zone Analysis in the seven scheme :

The sixth plan - represents the third stage of the purification stages, which includes two levels within this stage The chart here represents the second level and shows the major movement coming from123 the first level below it

New York vertical farm

Six floor plan

Distribution of spaces on the plan:

Table of sections areas on the seven floor: Section Department of Agriculture

The proportions of the functional sections of the scheme :

Functional relationships of the seven floor:

Space 204.44m 2

Bioreactor

2951.43m2

Open areas

485.36m2

Vertical movement

129.65m2

The percentage of cultivated and noncultivated crops :

Movement analysis for the seven floor

The ratio between the solid and void : Seventh plan - represents the second stage of the purification stage It includes 3 floors, with a height of 4 meters for the floor

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New York vertical farm

The proportions of the functional sections of the scheme :

Plans analysis Eighth floor plan Zone Analysis in the eighth scheme :

Functional relationships of the second floor:

Table of sections areas on the eighth floor:

The percentage of cultivated and noncultivated crops :

Distribution of spaces on the plan: The ratio between the solid and void :

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New York vertical farm Movement analysis for the eighth floor

Ninth floor plan The proportions of the functional sections of the scheme :

Functional relationships of the Ninth floor:

Plans analysis

The percentage of cultivated and noncultivated crops :

Ninth floor plan

Zone Analysis in the Ninth scheme :

The ratio between the solid and void :

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New York vertical farm

Table of sections areas on the Ninth floor:

Plans analysis

Distribution of spaces on the plan:

Movement analysis for the Ninth floor

Tenth floor plan

Zone Analysis in the Tenth scheme :

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New York vertical farm Distribution of spaces on the plan:

Table of sections areas on the Tenth floor:

Six floor plan The proportions of the functional sections of the scheme :

Functional relationships of the Tenth floor:

The percentage of cultivated and noncultivated crops : Movement analysis for the Tenth floor

The ratio between the solid and void :

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New York vertical farm General Section

Project functional divisions ratios:

Processing stages diagrams

Warm vegetables on the northwestern side Cold vegetables on the southwestern side

Housing water recycling system

To use recycled water for food crops, the water must pass through a Class III recycled water system. Using the similar system with the live machine, the vertical farm will recycle the gray water from the above housing for return along with the food crops growing.

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New York vertical farm Non _ vegetation program ( public program )

Program

Section

Vegetation Programs

Section on Agriculture Repeated on all floors

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New York vertical farm Cross ventilation

Program Tower, housing and office level For each residential and office unit with cross ventilation, the semi-public and greenhouse cultivation area activates allround ventilation along the central chimney.

Cross ventilation: air enters the compartment from one side and exits the other side Domestic passive ventilation through cross ventilation

Water purification system The open space required for the pneumatic bioreactor improves the air deflection by the chimney effect.

Primary cultivation and the atrium The planting area contains cross ventilation as well as stack effect ventilation along a connected interior space. The large air vents in the common hall help ventilation in general.

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New York vertical farm Vegetation Programs Section-profile Demonstrates the growing agricultural area

Three to four mile model

Warm vegetable set

A picture - a vegetable nursery in the nineteenth century

Exterior shot Cold - Warm vegetable group

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The urban master plan includes vertical farming

Downtown Shanghai EXCEPT Integrated Sustainability. Designed for Expo 2013. Diameter: a range of 1km, 50.000 people per intervention.

An integrated solution

BUILD PRIMARY REPLACEMENT HOUS-ING ONNON RESIDENTIAL AREA & REL-OCATE RESIDENTS.

DEMOLISH BUILDINGS ON PATHS & CANALAS FOR CONSTRUCTION ACCESS.L

SELECT BUILDINGS SLATED FOR CONSERVATION.

CONSTRUCT CANALS, GREENWAYS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

How to filter grey water naturally

CONSTRUCTE & ACTIVATE CORE

OFFER QUADRANTS FOR DEVELOP-MENT

Methane gas production

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Eco .laborator Seattle's Belltown neighborhood . Cooper - Hewitt/2010 National Design Triennial. 17,200 m2 First Prize : Cascadia Natural Talant Design Competition2008. National Natural Talent Design Competition-2008.

Ventilation system Earth tubes to funnel clean , natural air into the building through underground ducts ; vertical axis wind turbines and solar panels for on site green energy ; and hydrogen fuel cells powered by methane , a byprod- uct of the waste water treatment system

Waste water treatment It is whole earth catalogue of green systems ; hydroponic garden to grown food for the community ;biological wastewa - ter treatment system to convert black water to grey water and po-table water

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Evf: experimental vertical farm EVF: Experimental Vertical Farm. Claudio Palavecino Llanos. University Of Chile Santiago Chile. Urban Artificial Ecosystem in Santiago de Chile. Continuous skin connects helicoidal levels around with an curved structural perimeter. CROP UNIT

STRUCTURAL SKIN

Helicoidal continuous surfuce connected by a central column.

Repetitive unit where vegetables are proda uced.

BIOCLIMATE SKIN

Continuous skin interacts with wind, sunlight and humidity.

Opend folding windows: Better gas

Closed folding windows: Less inside

trading 02-0O2 in day (better cellular breathing) caused by baliance between inside and outside temperature.

temperature flutuation between day and night .it keeps a lot of CO2 inside for better photosynthesis in early morning

MAIN BODY

Sunlight Structure Structure from and scale emerge from angle sunlight analysis : all inside of peripheral Structural skin and his formal pattern are designed to increase solar exposure to inside with minimum Structural elements .

Colour skin is a continuous green translucent surface the chlorophyll-green layer worksas a filter which increases photosynthesis performance. the different green shades around the volume are resulted from mixing this standard layer with warming colours with different intensity in different locations according to vegetable locations inside:this changes affect in growth, size ,photosynthesis performance and nutritional value in vegetables.

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Breathing vertical farm

London Columbia University in New York Loft London Farm Tower Competition

In the city there is still a strong demand for housing and for public functions in downtown areas where the presence of public transportation makes the site ex-tremely strategic.ln the city there is still a strong demand for housing and for public functions in downtown areas where the presence of public transportation makes the site extremely strategic. The city offers the chance to build a real vertical village, which may include a public plaza, shopping areas, restaurants and residences. Londoners welcome these macro-structures that allow them to experience the city as well as possible. At the same time this project allows people to enjoy both indoor and out-door activities, regardless of the weather.

Formal language design process

main structure

Farm

circulation

residential

Final image

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implementation process do your own urban farming

3.1.3 THE IDEA OF RECONNAISSANCE…………………………..

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138

139

3.1.4 CONCULSION…………………………………………………………….

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CHAPTER FOUR

2.1 General information about Jordan……………………………. The city of Amman It is considered one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world. It was built on the ruins of a city known as "Rabat Ammon", then "Philadelphi" and then "Amman", derived from the "Goddess of Ammon" The city is established on seven hills Amman expanded in a way that the city had never seen before. The Amman Inclusive City Plan won international awards, including the Global Leadership Award in City Planning and the 2007 Asian City Award The number of administrative regions in the Amman Municipality is 22, and in terms of administration there is the Greater Amman Municipality Council, which includes 68 members headed by the Mayor of the Capital. Cities of neighboring countries Damascus km 180 Baghdad km 800

Jerusalem 80 km

Makkah 1225 km

Neighboring cities

80 km Irbid The Jordan River 45 km

Aqaba 360 km

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Landforms Amman mainly extends over twenty mountains, most of which are now within East Amman The northern region consists of several somewhat undulating mountains, as in Al-Jubaiha, Shafa Badran and Abu Naseer The central region intersects the valleys with the stream of Oman, steep valleys such as Wadi Abdoun, Wadi Saqra and Wadi Al Haddadah The western region extends on the side of the Jordan Valley, and exceeds 1000 meters in height, as in Tla 'Al-Ali, Shmeisani and Sweileh The eastern and southeastern region, characterized by its undulating surface, is considered an arid desert land extending into the Jordanian desert, as well as in southern Marka and Qweismeh.

Neighboring cities Amman is divided into two main parts: East Amman, which is the oldest part of the city. West Amman, which is the newest part of the city. Western Amman has grown rapidly in the last two decades as entire neighborhoods have emerged. The Amman Municipality is trying to establish ambitious development projects in East Amman during the current period

Green cover The terrain varies in rural Amman, including: plains, high mountains, and valleys Distribution of tourist places in Amman :

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Green cover Downtown Amman is devoid of forests, except for some places Transportation and communications Express Bus Project (BRT) The idea of the express bus line depends on allocating lanes for the movement of public transport buses, and other vehicles are prohibited from using these lanes. Thus, large numbers of people can be transported through these routes quickly and easily. The transport capacity for each lane can reach about 40,000 passengers per hour in each direction, in addition to the fact that the cost of building the lines is very acceptable and does not exceed 5% of the cost of building a railway-based transportation system.

There are two large bus complexes in the city, which are the North Bus Complex and the Southern Complex. Urban planning The city followed its haphazard growth The growth was around the core of the Husseini Mosque and the commercial area extending from Ras al-Ain to the site of the National Library (the headquarters of the old Amman Municipality) and on both sides of Wadi Sail Amman. The growth process was random. The city’s growth came in the form of sudden convulsions resulting from political factors that the region went through. The first expansion

The second expansion

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Zones constellations

The areas of the towers have recently been identified with only four areas: the new commercial center of the Abdali area, the center of main road intersections (along the Wadi Abdoun Corridor), the northern Amman Gate (located in Jubaiha along Jordan Street), and the southern Amman Gate (the adjacent area in terms of Eastern Road to the airport and surrounded by the ring road of Wadi Abdoun). Urban fabric The housing sectors A, B, and C are distributed in the western part, such as Shmeisani, Sports City, Jabal Amman, Abdoun and Deir Ghbar. The housing sectors C and D are distributed in the eastern and southwestern regions, such as Jabal Al-Qusour, Al-Hashemi, Al-Qalaa, AlJoufeh, Marka, Al-Ashrafiya, and Nazzal. Architectural identity Oman is characterized by the use of stone as a main part that supports the facades of the building on all four sides West Amman, with the beauty of architecture, the quality of services, and the spread of five-star hotels and most of the ministries established on distinct foundations and standards in architecture and construction Architecture in Jordan has been influenced by the cultural heritage of Amman, by Islamic, Roman and Greek architecture Some architects assert that Islamic art is a goal and a wish for them Engineers are faulty for some buildings, which they call assembly buildings, in which the design bears the characteristics of western architecture With zone designs Without taking into account the architectural character that characterizes the region, its history, and other cultural and civilizational considerations Some of them design a building whose façades carry more than one culture and heritage, which the engineers called "the dazzling style" and devoid of content, legacy and engineering failure, and they mentioned a number of these models in various places in Amman. The engineers did

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not deny the need sometimes to include some modern materials for construction, such as glass and sheet metal, within a thoughtful design that takes into account the development of Arab architecture, indicating that this overlap is required and unacceptable.

The University of Jordan Library, 1962, is an example of the international style in the city's modernist architecture.

The use of square Kufic script in one of the stone facades of the mosques

The facade of an Omani heritage house of pink Jerusalem stone, which is widely used in the neighborhoods of the Old City.

Town centre

The new city center The Abdali Project, or the Abdali District Development Project, was started in 2005 and is expected to be completed in 2010. The directions were to take the Abdali project as a new city center for the city of Amman, and it would become the new heart and center of Amman. The project is based on a land area of 804 square kilometers, of a built area of more than 1.7 million square meters, which includes residential complexes, offices, hotels, serviced apartments, shops, and entertainment centers; Thus, it will become the hub of business and housing in the Jordanian capital, Amman. Al Abdali has been developed as a smart city center that brings together the media and communication infrastructure, ensuring the delivery of the most advanced technologies to every home, office and shop, while general energy solutions and central gas systems are available to ensure a safe and friendly environment as well as significant savings in the energy bill. . The city center will be fully equipped with technologically advanced building management, fire protection, safety management and backup systems. The Abdali Development Project contributed to creating excellent road networks and traffic solutions around and within the project, ensuring smooth flow for about 90,000 people a day, including residents, workers and visitors, when the project is fully operational.

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The capital of Arab and Islamic culture

Amman embraces local and Arab activities and festivals, since it was declared the capital of Arab culture in 2002. On the other hand, Amman was declared in 2017 the capital of Islamic culture for the Arab region. Amman has a large number of galleries, fine arts centers, and several popular markets in Downtown, Jabal Amman, and Jabal Al-Weibdeh.

Downtown Amman The Ras Al-Ain region includes many cultural facilities, including the AlNurain Mosque, the Fountains Square, the Palm Square, then the City Hall, the Greater Amman Municipality and the end of the Al-Hussein Cultural Center. This area includes the Jordan Museum, Al-Hussein Cultural Center Theater, the National Institute of Music, in addition to the popular crafts market. It was also planned to implement an opera house project, which is the King Abdullah II House for Culture and Arts, but it was stopped and it was transformed into a popular market in 2014. Also in Jabal Amman, there is a market specialized in crafts and popular culture, called Jara Market It is very popular with tourists during the summer.

Economy Today, Amman is considered the center of economic life in Jordan, whose economy flourished with the return of capital and investors from Kuwait and the Gulf in 1990, as development plans began to find their way in the city from the establishment of many projects. The city's economy depends on the construction, banking, insurance and trade sectors, and largely on the tourism and hotel sector, in addition to food, light and medium industries. Many citizens of the Arab Gulf states and large wealthy Arabs own real estate and businesses in West Amman

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market Amman contains several old markets: sugar, Bukhari, Friday, Wadi Al-Sorour, vegetables, Yemeni, grain, halal, goldsmiths, happiness, antiques, modern construction, in addition to modern shopping centers, and the spread of stalls in the streets of the markets remains present.

tourism Oman is witnessing a significant increase in the number of tourists due to the mild Mediterranean climate Among the forms of tourism: cultural festivals and artistic activities, restaurants (especially those located on the outskirts of the capital and outside it in the midst of forests and woodland trees such as the Ajloun Mountains, Debbine and Pomegranate Heights), the Roman amphitheater, Amman Citadel and Ammonite cabbage stoning, crafts markets, large shopping centers, sports clubs, horseback riding, swimming and clubs Health, recreational cities, parks and public parks Among the most important areas that tourists visit: Thaqafa Street, Abdoun, Wakalat Street, Sweifieh Market, Rabieh Market, Mecca Street, Medina Street, University of Jordan Street, Jabal Al Weibdeh Street, Rainbow Street, Jabal Al Hussein Market, Umm Uthaina Market, and the downtown areas where the tourist sees many restaurants in it

Historical Sites

Parks, entertainment and sports places

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Hotels

Castle mountain

Amman has at least 36 four and five-star hotels, most of which are established in West Amman. Many of them follow a global hotel chain, such as: Radison SAS

The Sheraton

Meridian

The Royal Hotel in Amman is distinguished by its unique architecture, as it appears on the city skyline as if it were a castle above Jabal Amman

The Four Season

Grand Life

Intercontinental

Royal

Higher Education Amman includes a large number of universities according to the number of residents in the city, whether at the private or governmental level

Scientific Research Amman contains many ancient centers in the field of scientific research in all its branches, such as: the Royal Scientific Society specialized in scientific and technological development, the Jordanian Royal Geographical Center specialized in surveying sciences and maps, and there are many societies interested in medicine, energy, engineering and the arts.

Farming Oman was famous for its many grains, especially wheat, and it was described as the mineral of grains, good fat sheep and delicious honey, and grape vines spread around it and made raisins, and it was famous for its many fig trees, among which they made cotton, dried figs, and it was also famous for many fruits and oak trees. It is 148 used in the treatment of people, such as pain in the liver, kidneys, and colic

Farming The Balqa region was described in the Middle Ages as containing villages and farms, and its land is Zakia Taiba, and Jadia (one of the Balqa villages) was famous for cultivating saffron - Al Wars.

One of the popular vegetable markets in Amman called “Hisba”.

Problems The high cost The city of Amman suffers from the continuous rise in prices. The report indicated that the Jordanian capital rose four ranks in the list of the most expensive cities in the cost of living to be ranked 48th in the world for the year 2015, Slums As a result: the unexpected increase in population, wars, random growth even in highend neighborhoods as a result of randomly dividing plots, the spread of a number of housing units in an ill-considered manner and their extension in unorganized directions, which leads to randomness in services, little green areas in relation to buildings, the spread of housing, Limited public parks

Traffic crisis Caused by the increase in the city’s population as a result of asylum and the return of expatriates, which in turn affected the road network The city suffers from a lack of future planning for its streets 1 Most roads are not expandable 2 Government reluctance to find solutions to the problem Poor distribution of services Amman suffers from the multiplicity of life and urban patterns among its neighborhoods Oman is divided into two halves The first part, West Amman, is for the affluent 149 The second part, East Amman, for the disadvantaged poor

2.2 Organic farming in the capital, Amman………………………

Case studies Planting the roof of the Belgian ambassador's house in Abdoun Ten units are made of lacquered wood and include built-in seating and lighting. In addition to using (pumice stone), the beds are planted with vegetables, herbs and some ornamental plants.

Green Center: Green Hub The Landmark Hotel The hotel's restaurant is provided with plants It is a pilot project that provides a model of what can be accomplished in the near future in terms of urban agriculture in the context of Oman

An experimental laboratory for agricultural research An experimental laboratory for urban agricultural research. It includes a dome of geodesic greenhouses of 78 square meters, which includes 45 square meters of growing surfaces for the aquatic, hydrophonic, aerobic and hydroponic systems. It also contains very small hydroponic groups, and they've installed a compost bin on the roof. As for fish, they harvest 150 kg of fish every year. The plant hydrophobic system uses fish waste to provide organic fertilizer for the plants. The approximate cost of building and equipping the dome was 7,000 Jordanian dinars.

Jad knowledge and culture: Located along one of the public stairs that connects the downtown area to Jabal Al Weibdeh, he has a rooftop

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garden planted with products connected to his café. Its cost is 2,500 Jordanian dinars It includes two farming systems 1- To cultivate the soil, (contains a fertilizer basket) 2- For hydroponic methods

Schools The private school in Dabouq - Amman Building a greenhouse on the roof that occupies an area of approximately 78 square meters as an educational tool that tells students to grow food crops. The greenhouse has been designed and installed by sustainable development and includes three large growing families. The family uses an aquaponic growth system filled with pumice stone and water flows through it through the energy provided by the mechanical pump. Students of different age groups were participating in the growing process, from planting to harvesting, under the supervision of Qais Al-Hanti, who works as a biology teacher in the school. There are also suggestions. To expand the project to include unused building terraces

Planted: tomatoes, cucumbers, paprika, lettuce and herbs in it

King's Academy School: The private school outside the city of Madaba We bought hangars (containers) length of 40 feet occupying an area of 30 square meters) containing a closed loop hydroponic irrigation system, LED lighting, and systems to control temperature, The first example of computerized container cultivation, which is planned to be used in Jordan, contains 256 "planting poles". Two or four tons of green leafy products may be produced each year using less than nineteen liters of water per day. The school will use the container farm for the educational part and to produce materials for its cafeteria kitchen

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Organic farming in the capital, Amman Community markets Noor Al-Baraka Market Noor Al-Baraka Market Saturday, run by the non-profit organization Noor Al-Baraka: The organization serves children and adults with special needs, as it fully understands the therapeutic value of agriculture and they are present every Saturday in Princess Iman Park, a public park in the Rabieh area in Amman that the organization uses for its activities They rent stalls to sell their crops in the Saturday market. The organization has also built facilities in the park that carry out various recreational and educational activities for people with special needs.

Sun Farmers Market Backed by the Jordan Investment Banking Bank It is organized weekly at the bank branch in Abdoun area in Amman. The market includes organic products grown by farmers in the Ajloun governorate in northern Jordan. In addition, farmers received some training from the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature in order to cultivate organic products in cooperation with the Jordanian Organic Agriculture Association

Site analysis The proposed site Abdoun Valley

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2.2.1 Reasons for choosing the capital, Amman……………….. Get rid of pollutants Amman is the capital of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and is a destination that attracts many neighboring cities, villages, tourists and workers ... Consequently, the formed crises are super, and the increase in the number of supercars, in turn, filled Oman with the severe substance that causes its smoke. One of the studies states that one of the studies states that planted roofs with an area of 6 square meters remove the particulate matter caused by cars.

Access to clean food Organic products are not readily available in Jordan, so they can be supplied and exported.

Gathering communities and creating strong social bonds: In a number of cities in North America and Europe, for example, residents grow cuttings in communal vegetable gardens. These urban plans play the role of building local communities and forging strong bonds between their members.

Raising awareness of environmental considerations The number of parks in Amman is very limited even though the city of Amman is very densely populated, and the majority of these parks are located on the outskirts Amman also suffers from shrinking the green areas planted in Amman and being a densely populated point and building blocks Most of the population does not have experience with plants.

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2.3 About the site…………………………………………………………. ‫محافظة العاصمة‬

: ‫المحافظة‬

‫اراضي عمان‬

: ‫المديرية‬

‫عمان‬ ‫عبدون الشمالي الشرقي‬ ‫جدول األحياء‬

: ‫القرية‬ : ‫الحوض‬ : ‫الحي‬

01286

:‫رقم القطعة‬

15785.96 m2

:‫المساحة‬

Hypothetical water types Green water: rainwater Blue Water: Surface or groundwater (used in production) that is no longer an ecosystem Gray water: It is the amount of water that is polluted during the production process. (Contaminated)

The percentage of treated blue water that is used to irrigate vegetables and fruits is estimated at about 5- 15 million cubic meters in Amman, which is a significant percentage, the largest percentage in Mafraq and Ma'an. Treated wastewater is (recycled blue water)  It is concentrated in the highlands and is able to continue producing rainwater

Volumes of virtual blue water used in the Kingdom's governorates to irrigate crops. Highest usage In the desert and in the Jordan Valley

 The percentage of treated blue water exceeds the green water used in Amman, which in turn increases the depletion of energy used in treating it

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Energy use is concentrated in recycling and treating hypothetical blue water while energy is not used in green water and as we know 97% of its energy is imported from neighboring countries and that these supplies come largely in the form of non-renewable fossil fuels and natural gas, volatile energy prices will always be behind Great influence on food production. This would explain spending such a large percentage of Jordan's budget on energy resources, and most importantly, energy conservation and creating water resources and areas that need fewer resources

The figure shows the distribution of energy per cubic meter of water, and we note that the largest use of energy is the areas of recycled blue water use, and a high rate in Amman is estimated at about (5.01-12.50) kilowatt hours / cubic meter.

2.3.1 SITE LOCATION…………………………………………………………..

Jordan's location in relation to the world

The location of the plot of land in relation to the regions of Oman and its neighborhoods

The location of the plot of land in relation to Oman

Amman site for Jordan SITE LOCATION

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2.3.2 Accessibility……………………………………………………..

South Abdoun Abdoun North The proposed site

Ras Al Ain North complex Raghadan Complex Sweileh complex

aldhirae al'akhdar

almuhajirin Jabal Amman alhilal Al-Radwan North 'am 'adhniat alsharqii alshamal

Main roads connecting to and from Amman

'am 'adhniat algharbi

alrawabi alsahl alsuwifia dayr ghubar

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Main streets at the far level in Amman and their arrival to the site: The site is connected to Wadi Abdoun Street, which connects south and west Amman with the central region Connected to Airport Street

The most prominent main streets in Amman surrounding the region and the width of the temple part of them:

A two-way main street Temple street width: 30m

A major two-way highway Temple street width: 35 m

A two-way main street Temple street width: 14.25m

A major two-way highway Temple street width: 35.5 m

A two-way main street Temple street width: 18.58 m

A two-way secondary highway Temple street width: 22 m

A one-way secondary highway fragmented with separate roads Length: 2.8 kilometers. Temple street width: 25 m

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2.3.3 Surrounding street analysis............................. Street views from inside the project

Princess Basma Street, the eastern part

Princess Basma Street, the northern part

The express bus route for the project

Prince Ali Street, Mosul to Wadi Abdoun Street

A. Central district - HDMU condensation Photos of the site before digging

The architectural style of the streets surrounding the project Princess Basma Street

Development area The northern part of the street The main façade of the project is located opposite the express bus lane extending from the northern part to the northeastern part

Northeast facade

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Modern style distribution places - Princess Basma Street, the northern part

Architectural style at street level Princess Basma Medical Center

Evo Italian Restaurant & Garden

Apartments

The St. Regis Amman Hotel & Residences under construction

The use of traditional stone in the building The architectural style is traditional and straightforward. The materials used in the building are stone and glass. The structural system here is the beam and shaft system The area is classified as residential and commercial. The upper floors range from 4-6 floors.

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Travel and tourism office

Modern style at street level The beginning of the departure from the ordinary by forming using flying tiles Structural system: tire system

Al Baraka Takaful Company

Dar Al-Omran for Planning, Architecture and Engineering

Fairmont Amman Hotel

Royal Aviation

Commercial building Jordan Trade Company

The modern style was embodied by increasing the use of glass by a large percentage and the introduction of steel to the side of glass and their merging with the stone part that is indispensable in the identity of Oman The use of the new structural systems depends on the beam and column system, in addition to the terraces and the "steel frame". Cubic shapes. Residential commercial area Corporate heights range from 10-13 floors This street contains commercial buildings: Schools Shops Banks It also contains the Homsi Mosque It also contains the residential part of the provisions (C, D)

Princess Basma Street

Residence c Development area Commercial

Housing d A two-way The eastern part main street of the street Temple street width: 38.29 m

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Princess Basma Street, the eastern part almuhajirin Gas station

This street contains commercial buildings: Schools Shops It also contains mosques such as the Homsi Mosque It contains an immigrant security center It also contains the residential part of the provisions (C, D)

Al-Homsi Mosque

Princess Basma Street, in its northern and eastern parts Abdoun Suspension Bridge

Dar Al-Omran for Planning, Architecture and Engineering

Al-Homsi Mosque

Princess Basma Medical Center Princess Basma Street The northern fissure The eastern rift Abdoun Suspension Bridge

The neighborhoods at the level of Princess Basma Street and connected to it Al Khalidi Medical Plaza

Pharmacy One

Moaz farm

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The area is well served by health centers and pharmacies The southeastern side

With its height, the Royal Hotel faces the eastern side of the project's views, and the Citadel Mountain faces the southern view of the project - the views of the agricultural tower will be distributed on the eastern side to the south, and the agricultural tower rises from the valley to reach the most beautiful archaeological Jordanian musical tourism

Development area Eastern side

The most prominent views of this street are the Royal Hotel facing the eastern side of the project

Prince Ali Street connecting to Wadi Abdoun Street

Princess Basma Street Analysis Prince Hashem intersection

The cost of constructing the 'Corridor Abdoun Street' and Princess Basma is 20 million dinars, after completing complementary and cosmetic works for the two streets. Implementation of the last traffic link on Prince Hussein Bin Abdullah II Street (Abdoun Corridor) and linking Prince Hashem Intersection to Al Qaysiya Roundabout towards Princess Basma Street, about 12 million dinars The Abdoun Corridor project has great economic implications and works to raise the civilizational and developmental level of the region, as well as

Wadi Abdoun Street (Abdoun Corridor) Princess Basma Street The link between Prince Hashem intersection and Al Qaysiya roundabout

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Princess Basma Street Analysis re-establishing Princess Basma Street according to the best international standards of roads. The Municipality of Amman has developed energy-saving lighting systems along the traffic link of 3 and a half kilometers and a width of 40 meters, and implemented infrastructure (box ferries) at a cost of 6 million dinars, and also completed a typical path of 7 seven meters along the street for walking, in addition to enhancing green spaces for the surroundings. The external street, taking into consideration a future vision, by providing an express bus route. It includes plots of separate and organized multi-use plots from the center of Amman - Al-Qaisiya neighborhood and Prince Hashem bin Al-Hussein Street extending between Abdoun Circle and the Al-Yasmine neighborhood

Al Qaysiya Roundabout Prince Hashem intersection

The link between Prince Hashem intersection and Al Qaysiya roundabout

Central Amman

(Corridor Abdoun) Princess Basma Street

the West

the South

Prince Hussein bin Abdullah II Street (Wadi Abdoun Street) contributes to linking southern and western Amman with the city center to the east of Amman, which reduces traffic congestion on the streets of the capital Amman, including Jerusalem, King Abdullah II (the airport), Zahran and Queen Zain Al Sharaf, linking traffic and transportation. Between the Airport Street to the center of the country without going through the main internal streets. It contributes to facilitating movement between the eastern and southern areas of Amman to the city center and western Amman areas

Al Quds street Queen Zein Al Sharaf Street Zahran Street

airport Street

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The site is located near Zahran Street

Zahran Street is one of the most important streets in the Jordanian capital, Amman, as it extends approximately 7.5 km from the first circle in the east in the Jabal Amman neighborhood in Zahran district to the eighth circle at Bayader Wadi Al-Seer in the west. The area from the first circle to the fifth circle includes many heritage facilities such as "Zahran Palace", "Islamic Scientific College", "King Hussein Club" and "Intercontinental Jordan Hotel". And other residential buildings that were built in the early and mid-century of the last century, which do not exceed four floors. The more modern part from the sixth to the eighth circle connects with the other most important roads that are important arteries to the capital, such as the airport road and the road leading to the north and south of Jordan. Prevailing architectural style on the site:

Our buildings are divided into old, middle-aged and modern buildings The old buildings consist of one or two floors only Modern buildings range from 1 to 6 floors

Old buildings of stone and mud

Modern buildings are divided into two parts 1- Built of stone and glass 2- The use of a large percentage of glass compared to stone and the introduction of steel into the design

Middle-aged buildings made of stone and glass in the windows

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2.3.4 LAND USE …………………………………………………

A. Central district - HDMU condensation Land use

Site

selection criteria: Suitable for HDMU development Impact on development at the city level Selection and marketing Access to transit and main roads An opportunity for urban design

Built and not built

View of the tower from the main facade

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2.3.5 HDMU REGION LOCATIONS.............................

Area B: Condensation (North)

We notice that the zone is an intermediate between the areas of condensation

Area A: Condens

ation (middle) Area C: Condensat ion (south)

Area A: condensation

A. Central district - HDMU condensation

(Center)

Area B: Condensation (North) Area C: Condensation (South)

Other land uses: commercial and residential

A. Central district - HDMU condensation Determine the zonal area Linking the Abdoun Valley from the south side to the city center with the airport Surrounded by stable and variableincome neighborhoods

Zone A is located in the valley looking south to Jabal Amman Organizational boundaries of the area: the new Abdoun Bridge to the Al-Qaysiya settlement. Princess Basma Road extends through the northern half of the region and the east to the offices of the Greater Amman Municipality. The proposed intersection with the new Abdoun Valley Road (ie on the "Ten Bridges") is located at the southern end of the area and will connect the city center with the airport. Zone (A) is surrounded by existing and stable 166 neighborhoods, with varying levels of income and financial status.

Public area: transportation

Framework for public transport in the Greater Amman Municipality and transit corridors The zones fall within existing and proposed elements of a transportation framework including expressways and proposed express bus transit (BRT) transport corridors.

B Ab da li

Highways BRT transit routes Future episodes

Road hierarchy Access to each of the temporary areas. Within each zone concept plan is a proposed network of transit roads, collectors, local access streets, service alleys, public stairs, and paths. Public Domain: Hierarchy of Roads The developer will be required to pay a proportionate share of the costs of building this network. Transport :

30 m

Arterioles - transit routes Street width is 40 meters with 3 rows of landscaped trees With defining intermediate lanes for the express bus

40 m

Main collectors: Main streets Street width 30 Parallel parking on each side with a row of trees separating and afforestation of streets on both sides

The ridges are linear viewing perspectives running along valley corridors adjacent to the areas

Focus on developing BRT lanes and a pedestrianfriendly transport network.

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Public area: transportation

18 or 20 m 8 m

24 m

Service alleys

Local access

Minor collectors

8 m behind HDMU plots One Path - All Way (OR) Single track one-way (with) stacking space on one side

18 m row or 20 m On the shopping street One track - every direction 2 rows of trees Car parks and sidewalks on both sides

24 meters with one lane in each direction 2 tree rows - both sides

Landscape with drought-tolerant tree species Street parking (parallel) An environment for bicycles Pedestrian friendly features Sidewalks, islands and pedestrian crossings Communication with open public and private spaces The focus is on reducing roads, slowing traffic and favoring pedestrians.

The planned design idea for Area A

Total Area: HDMU Zones: HDMU Lots: Landmark High Medium-High Medium Medium-Low

Open Space:

25.6ha 11.9ha 36 1 0 8 16 11

6.1ha

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The planned design idea for Area A

Zon e1

Open space or low-rise development between HDMU areas

Pedestrian links from HDMU areas to existing lowaltitude communities

Zon e2

land mark

Open space and buffer community facilities HDMU areas

Zon e3

Open space or low-rise development between HDMU areas

Zon e4

There are places for express bus stops in the area facing the project Map division area Access road to the complex

Public stairs

Public open space

3 BRT stops Landmark site (Limitless Towers site)

Places of distribution of open areas and places of community services and determining the construction area

HDMU Sites, Optional Platform

HDMU required platform sites

On-line construction for the shopping street

Area A - Zone 3 The open areas between HDMU areas will be acquired and established as a public open area.

The construction line of the project on the specified street

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The planned design idea for Area A

social communication Attachment site

HDMU mid-low sites, without a platform

Public open space

4 Access road to the complex

BRT stops

On-line construction for the shopping street

HDMU required platform sites

Public stairs Transit Road

Public open space

Area A is surrounded and framed by hills and the maximum building height is directly related to the height of the surrounding hilltops. The plane identified through the three points shown defines the ceiling height of the building which is only permitted to penetrate a building on a prominent development plot.

Ht: This defines the maximum building height allowed in the area

Ceiling height of the building

Landmark Building (tower site)

Zone A: ceiling height of the building

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The planned design idea for Area A

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

The open areas between HDMU areas will be acquired and established as a public open area.

Zone 4 25 meters between the towers

2.3.6 MICRO ANALYSIS ABOUT THE SITE........................... Medium high build build with base 128

Abdoun North District

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Site photos

Satellite Image - 2011

Satellite Image - 2008

The project's previous status - compared to its current state Site area:

Plot coordinates: 31 ° 56'42 "N 35 ° 54'19" E

98. 25 m

The area of the plot of land on the ground = 15785.96 m2 Segment dimensions = (the side facing the street) * 98.25 m147.63 Vertical sections on site

147.63 m

The longitudinal section of the plot faces a great slope due to the impact of the place and its effect. The site is located in a valley and begins to rise gradually at the edges.

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the climate

Sunrise and sunset, dawn and dusk

Amman has a temperate and warm climate Generally, the weather is hot and dry in the summer and pleasant and wet in the winter

Solar and surface meteorology

Climate analysis on site

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Climate analysis on site

Carbon emission

Sundial

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Northwest in winter

Southeastern winds in summer Winter's sun Summer sun

In the month of 6 pm at 5 pm

In the month of 6 at 2 pm

In the month of 6 at noon

In the morning times, the shadow of the buildings lies on the western side of the site and gradually begins to move towards the eastern side until it reaches the longest stretch at sunset. At noon the shade is on the building itself

In the month of 3 at In the month of 3 at 2 pm 5 pm

We notice that the shade is perpendicular to the ground in the summer

In the month of 3 at 9 pm

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The level of the sun’s fall reaches the middle of the solar range (the area covered by the sun in summer and winter) in the month of 3 and continues to descend until the degree of sunfall reaches its maximum in the winter months

We notice that the shade extends sideways to the ground in winter

Lighting and ventilation

The influence of the sun is important to the building so we suggest rotating the blocks and placing the sun shields to reduce the heat in summer

Wind direction affects infiltration into the building

Solutions

Surface treatment materials to deflect from the sun and absorb heat during the day and at night

Identify the entrance by planting trees

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2.3.7 VIEW IN & OUT....................................................... VIEW OUT North the West

the South

the East

The front end of the project from the eastern side, The vertical farm is generated from the valley and rises upwards in an eastsoutheast twist, starting with the unveiling of the Rotunda Royal Hotel and continuing to reach the historical view of the Citadel Mountain, full of concerts.

For the main interface View OUT

Forward

the left

Back

right

View in

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The source of pollution towards cars from the residential area

The main source of inconvenience caused by the movement of cars and the main cause of the project is the presence of the project on a highway and the increase of this is the project being located at an intersection

Number of parking spaces / 50 m Two parking spaces for an ambulance The places of entry for the car parks within the project were determined based on an analysis of the movement of cars, trying to control the crisis as much as possible

Entrances Exits

The proposed parking location is on the basement floors in line with the depth excavated and prepared for the construction of a tower

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MICRO ANALYSIS

The crisis forms at intersections and intersections

( LIive traffic ) fast slow

site analysis micro

Saturday

Tuesday

Peak times are between 2-4 pm (the crisis is most intense at that time) on all days of the week The crisis will decrease, as is evident, on Friday, and the movement of cars will be fast in the project area

at (2-4 ) pm ( typical traffic )

Sunday

Wednesday

Monday

Thursday

Friday

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2.3.8 LAND MARK ………………………………………………………….…… Land mark

2.3.9 LIMITLESS TOWERS……………………………………………………………… Information about the unpermitted tower Architects: Jan, Chicago / USA Site: Abdoun / Amman / Jordan Planning time: 2008-2009 Construction time: not specified Client: Limitless Dubai / Emirates Project content: The project will include 500 apartments and will include more than 10,400 square meters of retail and entertainment space, and 5,600 square meters of open green space, including a landscaped garden and an outdoor communal area of 1,000 square meters. The construction of the towers will be completed in 2011. The project also contains restaurants, cafes, and clothing stores for international brands in the lower parts, and the residential part is located in the upper parts. It also contains a gym for males and females and contains a spa The project will be overlooking the mountains of Amman

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Limitless Towers

Limitless Tower Project: Planning for it began in July 2008 Project external structure: It consists of two thin high-rise towers consisting of 50 floors with a height of 200 meters on a rectangular floor plan. The buildings are tilted slightly in the longitudinal direction and are scheduled to be the tallest buildings in Jordan. 225,000 cubic meters of land has been cleared to build the massive foundations of the building. Project planning and management: The exploration portion of the project is planned to be completed by Midsummer, 2009 The cost of the project : $ 300 million.

Project content: A historic and magnificent destination that combines luxurious and eco-friendly living with high-quality retail and leisure facilities, including outdoor green spaces - the hallmark of all developments without borders. Sanaya Amman will include: more than 50 floors, with 500 apartments (1,2,3 bedrooms, in addition to lofts and penthouses) 10,000 square meters of retail and entertainment space, over five floors, 5,600 square meters of open green space, including A 1,000 square meter landscaped garden A shared open-air yard is the tallest suspended swimming pool in the world, connecting the two towers, 125 meters above Amman, and separate sky bridges, providing a pathway between wind-generating buildings and water recycling systems that will reduce consumption by 30 % Of parking is over 1000 vehicles

Excavations at the site led to the creation of a crater 124 meters long and 74 meters wide, dropping more than 40 meters below street level at its deepest. The work is nearly 70 percent complete, with 1,800 cubic meters of land being moved every day

74 m 40 m

124 m

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Limitless Towers

The environmental aspect of the project: It was planned to be the first major environmental project in Jordan. Bahaa Abu Hattab, Regional Director of Limitless in the Levant and Turkey, said: “Sanaya Oman sets new standards in creative architecture and sustainability: a historic destination that combines bold design and environmentally friendly systems that will make it the first green building in Jordan. The development will use energy generation and water recycling systems. Generated by the wind, which will reduce consumption by 30 percent .. In addition to energy-saving glass, sensor lamps, central air conditioning and waste management systems, it will reduce costs by two million dollars. The company will finance the project at about 70 percent of its $ 300 million cost. " Abu Hatab emphasized that the global crisis affected the company's projects in general It is noteworthy that Limitless specializes in developing outstanding and sustainable urban projects. Visual distortion caused by billboard rust

Solid waste pool

Those abandoned pits through which the rocks were split by the residents of the region sounded that it had become a green pond that filled the bottom of the project after it was formed as a result of the accumulation of rainwater since the start of the winter season at a time when rust began to afflict the paintings bearing the name of the project and were about to collapse with gusts of wind.

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Limitless Towers

Topographic

The method used here to reduce the intensity of the sun

Building

Surroundi ng streets

Initial visualizatio n of the two towers

The suspended swimming pool

The base of the tower

Building Envelope Standards

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2.3.10 THE ECONOMIC SIDE ……………………………………………..

The economic benefits of urban agriculture Family level: Through urban farming, participants produce food that has market value. Urban agriculture also provides the added advantage that producer and consumer can be one and another. Moreover, urban agriculture does not exclude the possibility of product barter Commercial level (supply to hotels, markets, etc.): We believe that urban agriculture may provide significant economic opportunities at the commercial rather than the household level.

The economic side 1- The initial capital costs of establishing such farms are naturally high (but it is okay if the project is adopted by the investment owners) 2- Operating costs associated primarily with providing artificial lighting that simulates sunlight, as well as temperature control features, are energy intensive, and therefore costly and potentially polluting. (However, the rapid growth of renewable energy sources may provide a solution to this issue)

The cost of the project The cost was calculated based on what was estimated globally: $ 103,175 for the first year $ 427,088 for the second $ 450,274 for the third

o We notice that the cost in relation to energy decreases gradually from year to year until the project achieves its cost and produces its profits The cost of building a greenhouse in Jordan ranges from 3 to 55 Jordanian dinars / square meter

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The cost of the project

The cost of building a greenhouse in Jordan ranges from 3 to 55 Jordanian dinars / square meter The economic feasibility lies in: 1- Growing leafy green leaves is the most commercially feasible because it brings high prices and requires less time than others to grow. The project is located in Abdoun district in Zahran district The project will cover the entire Zahran area, which has an area of (13.8) km² and a population of (600,000) people A person’s portion is estimated at no less than 80 grams of vegetables and fruits per day, which is approximately 5 servings Farm production in grams = area population * individual share per person (1) = 600,000 * 80 gm = 48,000 g per day Farm production in quotas = population of the area * per capita (2) = 600,000 * 5 = 3,000 classes per day Department of Statistics

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Economic analysis of the photovoltaic system in the Abdoun Valley

The economic aspects of all energy systems play and this includes the costs of its components, their installation, operation, and maintenance over their service life. Solar systems are also characterized by high prices due to their high manufacturing costs and the form of panels cost about 60-40% of the system cost as a whole

In the Abdoun Valley region, the results of the benefit and compensation for the high cost of the energy system will appear after the tenth year of the system’s operational life.

2.3.11 CONCLOUSION………………………………………………………… The current psychological effects of the site on humans: We cannot overlook that the chosen site is nothing but a cultural landmark and an urban façade for the region, which reflects the entire neighborhood as well as the philosophy of the citizens residing in the central part of Amman, represented in the northern part of the Abdoun area. Now, 12 years ago, the site still represents the Landmark in another way incurred by tension and depression. For the residents and passers-by by creating emotional and psychological reactions that do not need to be generated in areas overlooking the roads and highways and main streets to avoid reactions. What we see today is nothing but a deep hole for a trap for insects and waste.

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Green spots: It was suggested that a lightweight green mass be placed to absorb the tension and anger of people in the last 12 years drum, due to the psychological behaviors it reflects after being received by the retina of the eye to dissolve the vision centers in the brain and return with positive effect, comfort, love, joy and joy On viewers that reflect positively on social and environmental behaviors Psychological effects of green: The green color is the color of green that God has covered the earth with trees and plants, and the color circle is in between the blue and yellow, so this location makes it fall between the calmness of the blue color and the heat of the yellow color. Therefore, if it became cold and a gradual towards blue, its role in summoning tranquility, calm and wisdom appeared, and if it increased warmth and a gradualness towards yellow, its effect appears in stimulating vitality and feelings of optimism and warmth, as it is a color that is comfortable for the eyes that can be easily accessed

Sign Language: The tower will express the musical language produced by the design idea and emphasize the musical link transmitted to the tower between the terraces and their views connected with the concerts held on the castle mountain that overlooks the site Sky line: The height determined for the tower is in line with the sky line on the hills adjacent to it and continues to overlook the hills of Oman and gradually moves in its levels until it reaches its middle level, so the user can feel within the highest point in the tower as if it simulates the natural level known to Oman on the side sides and exposes the entire Abdoun Valley From the bottom side (This addresses the feeling of fear and phobia from high places, especially in the permanent residential part)

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Views: The panoramic view achieved through the soaring views corresponding to the hills and the seven mountains on which Oman is built generates energy and dynamism in the human psyche in addition to the visual and musical connections coming from the concerts at Mount Citadel.

Natural and climatic factors: The back slope towards the rise of the side hills can form a link between the levels around the project by creating pedestrian ramps to exploit the largest number of visitors to the project. Also, we can take advantage of natural slope to create a pool well to treat its water and use it in agriculture Climatic aspect: the amount of solar radiation in the valley is higher than in the mountain because it is cut across longer distances, so we can save large amounts of solar radiation in that region and use it in solar power generation systems containing panels at the required angle In addition to exploiting the wind speed at the highest altitudes of the tower and establishing a miniature wind farm, as it is planned that the towers will be in a small area compared to the traditional heights, so that the wind movement will be strong and not affected by the windbreaks. The functional aspect of the project The first significance here is to educate people and encourage them to accept products and dominate their minds, as it is the only and primary supportive decision to continue our work and its development. The exhibition will be adopted as the true core around which the project is wrapped to create the real experience and subject them to the experience of movement and place to deliver the desired goal and entice them to it. 1- Graduation and transition from the nucleus of the exhibition to the nucleus of operation and linking them in a gradual, sequential method

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CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 TOTAL PROGRAM

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5.1 TOTAL PROGRAM 5.1.1 PLANTING AREA

5.1.2 EDIUCATIONAL

190

5.1.3 MANAGMENT

5.1.4 RESIDANTIAL

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5.1.5 MANUFACTURE PART

5.1.6 MARKET

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5.1.7 TECHNICAL PART

5.1.8 QUALITY CONTROLLING PART

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CHAPTER SIX

TECHNIQUES 6.1 THE OPERATING SYSTEM …………………..……. The project is being run by: Traditional farmers and engineers include the mechanical aspect of the building (structural, lighting and electronics engineers, control engineers, and process engineers). Also, there are (crop biologists, physiologists, crop pathologists, scientists in molecular biology and microbiology) all working together to improve the microbiology. We also have programmers and data scientists that understand plants, understand data in a closed farm system and submit it to the research team to develop and improve taste, texture, nutrient densities, and productivity.

Components of the building operating system: 1. Their employees 2. Technical part

The workers in the building are divided into 4 parts : o o o o

o The workers in the building are divided into 4 parts 1. 2. 3. 4.

The engineering (mechanical) part Biological part The programming part The research and development part

These parts were interconnected in a seamless manner to achieve the main goal of the building idea The real secret to the sustainability and durability of the building in operation: the combination of plant nutrition and health and its impact on human health ,

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TECHNIQUES

This is achieved through the effectiveness of the operating system and its influence on the hydration process to achieve the required plant health

Mechanism of Action 1.

The mechanical part (engineering):

deals with the engineering mechanical aspects related to lighting, pumps and air flow inside the agricultural wards It consists of (112 mechanical engineers, structural, lighting, electronics and control engineers and process engineers within the mechanical framework) 2.

The biological part:

deals with the biology aspect of crops and crop diseases Composed of (biologists, crop physiologists, crop pathologists, scientists in molecular and microbiology)

The programmatic part:

deals with the aspect related to the data within the system, the data of the computers and the sensors, and the faults of the application based on their understanding of plants and linking them to the data in the correct way.

The research and development part:

receives the access from the previous sections and starts the research and development stage based on scientific studies to develop and improve the taste, texture, nutritional density and productivity

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TECHNIQUES

The mechanical part introduces scientific and technical engineering solutions to generated problems and presents to:

The biological part tests the suggestions coming from the mechanical side and their suitability with the crops and is submitted to: The programmatic part tests the proposals coming from the biological side and studies the extent to which data and technologies are consistent with the proposed matters and their possibility of achieving them, and progresses to the research and development part The research and development part:

seeding

Germination

The development stage

The seeding stage It includes sowing and germination with an artificial growth medium (tissue) that has been used for several years They are cleaned periodically after planting is harvested

Agriculture

Harvest

Clean the seed interface

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TECHNIQUES

Germination stage The tissues are placed inside the puzzle (a germination chamber) in a black colored box Seed germination takes only 24 hours, equivalent to 5-7 days in conventional cultivation. The seeds planted in the tissues are irrigated in the spray. During this phase, the acceleration of growth processes is controlled automatically by: The germination stage is summarized in: 1. 2.

The primary cotyledon is born Followed by the stage of root growth

The development stage •

The system is based on 3 main axes :

1. 2. 3.

Agricultural techniques Sensor control devices energy

The sensor is placed between the lights to sense temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide

steps

Tissues

Root penetration into tissues

The seeding stage

Lighting

The stage of emergence of the cotyledon

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TECHNIQUES Mechanism of action of agricultural technique 1. 2.

3. 4.

What happens in the growth stage: Techniques are found within the growth stages, so the plants are fed within the growth towers that contain different agricultural techniques with water spray and aerobic cultivation that takes place under the tissue. The role of control means of equipment and sensors in this process: Al-Inma Towers are carefully monitored, knowing what is going on in each tower, monitoring development, and observing different variables through the containment of each technique on a computer that includes sensors and smart monitoring devices for complete control of lighting and spraying the roots with nutrients. The appropriate of the feeders Hand-held computers are also available through a special application for remote monitoring, whether inside or outside the towers or within governorates and countries, and in this way the entire working unit communicates and understands what is happening at any time and under any circumstances. The program and development algorithms were also developed to accelerate the growth process and obtain a better product as possible

One of the factors that produce more effective photosynthesis is the replacement of the sun and wind with lighting and fans 8. Fans: 9. Offer plants exactly what they need 10. It works to stress the plants and strengthen them with some movement of the air so that the CO2 is provided to them in a distributed distribution and in a greater quantity than in open spaces

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TECHNIQUES NFT Membrane Feeder System Algae removes and retains nutrients and micro-nutrients through purification processes BlackBox works principle: Spray feeding method: It is a method of introducing and distributing nutrients in the form of a spray to deliver limited droplets to the roots of the plant Which leads to enhancing the absorption rate of these droplets Micronutrients are constantly monitored

The sensor is placed between the lights to sense temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide

Aquaponic: The aquaponic system takes the aquatic system a step further, combining plants and fish in the same ecosystem. • Fish are grown in indoor ponds, and they produce waste rich in nutrients that is used as a source of nutrition for plants in the vertical farm. Plants, in turn, filter and purify wastewater that is recycled into fish tanks.

The shallow nutrient solution flows through the tubes. The bare roots of plants absorb the nutrients in solutions when they come in contact with water. The NFT system is similar to Ebb and Flow technology Both use water pumps to deliver nutrients to the plants. , NFT is a continuously flowing system. (Complete cycle) And simpler to build and easier to operate, It provides optimum conditions for plant growth

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TECHNIQUES NFT Membrane Feeder System Agriculture machine

Introduce the nutrient solution

Flow of nutrient solution

Continuous cycle

To ensure solution flow, the drain tip is lower than the input

Nutrient solution

The nutrient film technique is used to grow young and fast growing plants such as different types of lettuce, vegetables and strawberries.

N.F.T. Cross section of the gutter system

Trellis system Heavy plants such as tomatoes or squash A self-contained trellis system is adopted to support the plants People use plants as an image Nutritional food • Medicine Medicine • Decoration decoration • Gifts

Aquaponics, and hydropons, as well as containers and vertical farming

Growth acceleration 72% Increase plant size by 50% Reduce costs by 62% Expand every 3 years

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TECHNIQUES 6.1.1 TERRASPHERE TECHNIQUE ………………. It consists of approximately 11 to 15 levels, The price depends on the size of the order. It consists of 60 horizontal spaces, Number of employees: 25-30 employees at a favorable level. Recovery: varies according to: 1- crop economics 2- local economy, Recovery is generally achieved within 2-3 years. Machinery components: heavy-duty aluminum and plastic Maintenance: It must be suitable and continuous up to 20 years

Production speed: Production speed varies by product. Estimated production speeds Lettuce ~ 45 days from seed Spinach ~ 45 days from seed Basil ~ 30 days from seed

Satellite crops support sustainable and climateresilient agriculture. Suitable for hot sun and dry wind problems

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TECHNIQUES 6.1.2 VERTICAL AND HYDROPONIC CROPS ………………… Growth approximately 20 times higher than the volume of natural production of field crops requires only 8% of water consumption Able to grow more than 50 kinds of green leafy vegetables

Growth approximately 20 times higher than the volume of natural production of field crops requires only 8% of water consumption Able to grow more than 50 kinds of green leafy vegetables

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TECHNIQUES 6.1.3 GO-GRO-TECH......................................................

Vertical sky farm in Singapore Classification: hydraulic vertical farm The first low carbon in the world It uses minimal land, water and energy sources Productivity: 10x more productive than conventional farming Electricity consumption: it consumes only $ 360 / month ($ 3 / tower) Number of floors: 3 floors capable of producing 1 ton of fresh vegetables every day

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TECHNIQUES

8 . 1

6.1.4 PEEK technology………………………………………………….

2.5

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TECHNIQUES 6.1.5 Green House Technology (Greenhouses)………………

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TECHNIQUES 6.1.6 PLANTING CAPSULES………………………………………………

Dulse: dark red kelp is edible with branched fronds. Fiddleheads: One of the small, coiled leaves of some fern (such as an ostrich fern) that is often cooked and eaten

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TECHNIQUES 6.1.7 KAST SUBWAY ………………………………………………...….

Dulse: dark red kelp is edible with branched fronds. Fiddleheads: One of the small, coiled leaves of some fern (such as an ostrich fern) that is often cooked and eaten Rotary hydroponic units technology The rotary hydroponics units

Rotating cylinders containing plants arranged around a light in the center. Area: approx 20 square feet, up to 80 plants. Its most successful crops: a variety of herbs, leaf lettuce, citrus, pepper, strawberry, eggplant, tomato, cucumber, and some flower varieties.

What will we plant? Basil herbs, salty, mint, parsley, thyme, lettuce, green leaves, watercress, pepper, strawberry, eggplant, tomato Peas, soybeans, green beans, squash, broccoli, spinach, cauliflower, onions, garlic, carrots, cucumbers, cabbage, potatoes Marigolds, pansies, oca, romanesco, colrabi, dulse, fiddleheads

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TECHNIQUES 6.1.8 Treatment plants …………………………………………………..

Balck water to Grey water

How does your fuel tank work? The function of the tank is to protect the drain field or other components from clogging by the suspended solids in the wastewater. Lighter solids like grease, oils, and toilet tissue form a scum layer. Heavy solids and decomposing waste fall below to form a layer of sludge. The solid outlet barrier and regular cleaning ensure a nominal amount of solids enter the drainage area. Above is a cross section of the septic tank to be serviced based on the level of scum and sludge. Above is a cross section of an overlooked tank. The sludge is able to move from the reservoir to the drainage field resulting in failure. How does my drain field work? Drainage fields are created in permeable soil. Trenches are dug and filled with stone. The perforated tube is placed over the stone and then covered with a few inches of stone. Geo fabric is used to cover the stone so that dirt and debris do not seep into the drainage field when backfilled. The gray water leaves the reservoir, flows through the perforated tube, seeps through several feet of stone, and then flows through the soil that lies beneath the stone.

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TECHNIQUES 6.1.9 DESIGN STANDARDS FOR THE TECHNIQUES …......

Tissue used: Recycle waste into a green spot of recycled plastic (300 plastic bottles of waste and turn it into a green agricultural spot) It is cleaned after harvest and used for several years

Lighting Design Standards

LED lights on the board and the intensity of the diodes. Complete Photoactive Radiation (PAR) outputs help define PAR values in determining the distance from the crop to which you should hang lights It is a measurement that determines the percentage of light coming through the lens

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TECHNIQUES 6.1.10 GENERAL GROWING CONDITIONS…………………………

Lighting 8. What is the recommended height above the plants? The recommended height for seedlings and vegetables is 24 inches above the plants The recommended height for germination is 24-30 inches above the plants The recommended height for flowers is 12-18 inches above the plants 9. What is the recommended lighting time? The vegetative phase: 12-16 hours; Flowering stage, 8-12 hours Red light is very important for plant reproduction. Phytochromes absorb red and distant parts of the light spectrum and regulate seed germination, root development, tuber and bulb formation, lethargy, flowering, fruit and production Blue light stimulates more chlorophyll production than any other color, and encourages thick leaves, strong stems and compact vegetative growth. 2: What kind of plant can be grown with THC LEDs? All kinds of flowering plants: special indoor plants, tomato, pepper, eggplant. Pink etc. All kinds of green vegetables: herbs and leafy greens, lettuce, bok choy, etc.

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6.1.11 The Netherlands: Overview of vertical farming

activities……………………………………………………………………..

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6.1.11 The Netherlands: Overview of vertical farming

activities……………………………………………………………………..

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6.1.11 The Netherlands: Overview of vertical farming

activities……………………………………………………………………..

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International overview of smart cities with urban & vertical farming activities

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International overview of smart cities with urban & vertical farming activities

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International overview of smart cities with urban & vertical farming activities

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International overview of smart cities with urban & vertical farming activities

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International overview of smart cities with urban & vertical farming activities

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International overview of smart cities with urban & vertical farming activities

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International overview of smart cities with urban & vertical farming activities

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International overview of smart cities with urban & vertical farming activities

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International overview of smart cities with urban & vertical farming activities

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International overview of smart cities with urban & vertical farming activities

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International overview of smart cities with urban & vertical farming activities

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CHAPTER SEVEN

Concept 7.1 The philosophical concept of the design idea......... Music and vegetation Plants are sensitive and equal organisms that need good treatment. Plants and music are two sides of the same coin. Plants speak music just as they need it to strengthen and grow You also need love, patience, and music

The reason for the Concept test The secret of the musical energy inherent in the plant is to hear and communicate it to the visitors that it expresses Strengthening our relationship with nature and caring for our environment Also trying Unify the greater relationship between humans and nature

An auto-generated musical experimental project by plant life systems

Transforming plant And letting plant music speak to visitors in energy into musical conversations that stimulate the human symbols and tunes mind so that it can rethink to build its relationship with nature - and music plays its role here in the galleries. Also, our music here travels through the outlets of the tower to form a musical link and meet with the concerts held inside the thresholds and stones of history in the castle mountain and what he witnessed and followed him in terms of singing and playing, being one of the most important views of the project

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Concept

The plant here is exposed to music twice a week

The plant was not exposed to music during the growing period

This technology unleashes silent seedlings as their own vocal release Turning the garden into an organic medium of music is very impressive and beautiful. Musical notes are extracted from the plant by: Connecting electrodes to leafy ends, the plant emits vital electrical emissions that flow through wires to a programmatic device that translates the charges and absorbs the small voltage through its software, and converts the data into ambient melodies and harmonic frequencies. These melodies released are nothing but an ambassador for renewable energy, so the plants quench their fresh music to reach our goal of Strengthening our relationship with nature and caring for our environment It also tries to unify the greater relationship between humans and nature

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Concept 7.2 The practical application of the design idea………. The first form

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Concept The second form

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References 1. Food and Agriculture Organization, World Health Organization. 2004 statistics on crop production (available online).

2. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003 report on cattle production (available online). 3. Jelle Bruinsma, ed., Appendix of World Agriculture: Towards 2015/ 2030, UNFAO (2003) Earthscan Publications, London. P. 432. 4. Ibid 5. Hillel D. Out of the earth. Civilization and the life of the soil. University of California Press. Berekely, CA. 1991. P. 321. 6. IFA Agriculture Committee. Summary Report. Global Agricultural Situation and Fertilizer Consumption in 2000 and 2001. June 2001. (available online) 7. Measures of environmental performance and ecosystem condition. (Schulze P, ed. National Academy of Engineering). 1999. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C.; P. 303. 8. Earth Policy Institute, “Deserts Advancing, Civilization Retreating”, Earth Policy Institute, 3/03. 9. National Resources Inventory. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 10. Williams M. Deforesting the Earth. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago and London. 2003. P. 689. 11. Molyneux DH. 2003. Common themes in changing vector-borne disease scenarios. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 97:129-32. 12. Zupan J. 2003. Perinatal mortality and morbidity in developing countries. A global view. Med Trop 63:366-8. 13. Stromquist AM, Burmeister LF, et al. 2003. Characterization of agricultural tasks performed by youth in the Keokuk 14. County Rural Health Study. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 18:418-29.

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References 48. https://www.meteoblue.com/ar/weather/historyclimate/cl imatemodelled/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8 6%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D 9%8A%D8%A7_3173435 49. https://m.meteoindiretta.it/giornale-meteo/394/i-ventitipici-del-mediterraneo-e-italiani/ 50. http://www.ideabooom.com/11440 51. https://architizer.com/projects/competition-entry-for-thekorean-pavilion-for-the-2015-expo-in-milan/ 52. https://weatherspark.com/y/62545/Average-Weather-inMilan-Italy-Year-Round 53. http://www.ideabooom.com/11440 54. http://www.chinaacn.com/index.php?m=content&c=index &a=show&catid=70&id=2354 55. https://www.interiordesignblogs.eu/bcho-architectsproposal-for-the-korean-pavilion-at-the-2015-expo-milan/ 56. http://www.archcollege.com/archcollege/2014/04/1846.ht ml 57. http://www.architecture-student.com/architecture/aguide-to-site-planning/ 58. http://www.oktokki.co.kr/pr/248?postCateId=16&childPos tCateId=&page=6&sub=&year=&q= 59. https://architizer.com/projects/competition-entry-for-thekorean-pavilion-for-the-2015-expo-in-milan/ 60. https://www.designboom.com/architecture/bchoarchitects-proposal-korean-pavilion-2015-expo-milan-3-232014/ 61. http://www.architecture-student.com/architecture/aguide-to-site-planning/ 62. https://www.designboom.com/architecture/bchoarchitects-proposal-korean-pavilion-2015-expo-milan-3-232014/ 63. http://www.oktokki.co.kr/pr/248?postCateId=16&childPos tCateId=&page=6&sub=&year=&q=

References 63. https://architizer.com/projects/competition-entry-for-thekorean-pavilion-for-the-2015-expo-in-milan/ 64. http://www.veoliawatertechnologies.co.za/watertechnologies/aerobic-anaerobic-biological-processes/ 65. http://oa-lab.com/project/urban-epicenter/ 66. https://www.moffittcorp.com/natural-ventilationdefinition/ 67. https://www.worldcat.org/title/vertical-farm-feeding-theworld-in-the-21st-century/oclc/653476308#borrow 68. https://dreamaction.co/thesis-mae-kha-canal-fromdumping-sites-to-longest-linear-park-of-northern-thailand/ 69. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/510243832754912900/ 70. https://www.amazon.com/Vertical-Farm-Feeding-WorldCentury-ebook/dp/B003P8QMHY 71. https://insteading.com/blog/vertical-farming/ 72. https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780312610692 73. https://assets.newatlas.com/archive/dinner-future-1.jpg 74. https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcSKBBJLwxffBSt j8v259E86iSGMC9euDjBTvZYDrBWAEPAnj5pp&usqp=CAU 75. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/546976317222862161/ 76. https://www.treehugger.com/green-food/real-live-verticalfarm-built-in-south-korea-churning-out-lettuce.html 77. https://houseplansllcblog.wordpress.com/category/thevertical-farm/ 78. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/01/09/thevertical-farm 79. https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/thisweek-in-tech-ikea-and-other-heavy-hitters-invest-40million-in-vertical-farming_o 80. https://www.architectmagazine.com/organization/aerofar ms 81. https://infocus.delltechnologies.com/laddie_suk/seedingthe-right-iot-architecture-at-aerofarms/

References 1. https://inhabitat.com/aerofarms-is-building-the-worldslargest-indoor-vertical-farm-just-45-mins-from-manhattan/ 2. https://kssarchitects.com/design/our-work/aerofarms-0 3. https://aerofarms.com/2018/08/13/how-aerofarms-isdesigning-a-new-playbook-for-the-future-of-agriculture/ 4. https://inhabitat.com/aerofarms-is-building-the-worldslargest-indoor-vertical-farm-just-45-mins-from-manhattan/ 5. https://inhabitat.com/ova-studio-proposes-jenga-likemodular-farming-structure-to-bring-fresh-greens-to-urbancenters/ 6. https://inhabitat.com/?s=vertical%20farm 7. https://medium.com/@KSSarchitects/bringing-farms-backto-the-people-2ffd4dde2d12 8. Stefano Mancuso – Brilliant Green: The Surprising History and Science of Plant Intelligence 9. Update on the Effects of Sound Wave on Plants – Md.Emran Khan Chowdhury, Hyoun-Sub Lim and Hanhong Bae 10. Update on the Effects of Sound Wave on Plants Md. Emran Khan Chowdhury, Hyoun-Sub Lim and Hanhong Bae 11. Plants respond to leaf vibrations caused by insect herbivore chewing – H. M. Appel & R. B. Cocroft – Oecologia, August 2014, Volume 175, Issue 4, pp 1257– 1266 12. Peter Tompkins & Christopher Bird – “The secret life of plants” 13. Silvia Buffagni – “The music of the plants” 14. Paco Calvo – The Philosophy of Plant Neurobiology: A Manifesto 15. Ian T. Baldwin & Jack C. Schultz – “Rapid changes in tree leaf chemistry induced by damage: evidence for communication between plants” 16. Stefano Mancuso – Brilliant Green: The Surprising History and Science of Plant Intelligence