Margaux Young's Portfolio

MARGAUX YOUNG

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING, AND PRESERVATION MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE 2011 - 2014

The following is a selection of works complete between the fall of 2011 and the spring of 2014 at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation.

CONTENTS SYMBIOCITY

Advanced Studio IV - C-BIP Critic: Janette Kim

POROUS CITY

Advanced Studio IV - C-BIP Critic: Janette Kim

OPENED STUDIOS

Architecture Technology V Critic: David Wallance

MAX/MIN

Core Studio III - Housing Critic: Lindy Roy

FILTERED

Core Studio I Critic: Galia Solomonoff

8 16 38 66 98

DECONSTRUCTING THE WALL

Vauban’s Military Urbanism Professor: Victoria Sanger

CRITICAL DISCLOSURE

Advanced Studio VI Critic: Mark Wasiuta

REWALL

Advanced Studio V Critic: Amale Andraos

MEMORY BANK

Core Studio II Critic: Karla Rothstein

NOODLOO

Fast Pace / Slow Space Critic: Brigette Borders & Mark Bearak

108 114 148 166 182

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Throughout my GSAPP career I have struggled, as many students do, with defining my process.

As a person, I am very logical and rational. As a designer, that trait keeps my work aligned to reality, but requires me to constantly fight to stave off boring. I have spent the past three years treading the line between reality and an alternate reality, between what is and what could be.

This book is divided into those two sections – What Is, and What Could Be. I have done this as I have found that my less successful projects over the years have always been those where I design with too much realistic rationale, where my predispositions take over and I accept too much of how the world already operates. My more successful projects are born from questioning an existing state in the world and imagining an alternate reality. In these projects, the rationale is driven by a reality that could be instead of what is and the results are consistently more fruitful.

To all of the GSAPP faculty, staff and students who have helped me along the way – Thank you all for your knowledge, your time, and your support.

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What is

SYMBIO CITY

9

SYMBIOCITY USER DEFINED ENVELOPE IN INDUSTRY CITY

tenant

envelope

SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN TENANT AND ENVELOPE

4 BASE POINTS

4 OFFSET POINTS

PROGRAM POINT

STRUCTURE INSULATE

SHADE

GROW

E

FIC

OF

N

TIO IL A

NT

VE

G

IN

UR

T AC UF

T

TIS

AR

AN

M

E AG

S

TIS

N SO

R PA

E

TA DA

I ER

OR ST

L CO

E AG

OR ST

PU

BL

IC

SS

10

L

I TA

AC CE

RE

N

TIO

BU

RI

ST DI

USER-DEFINED ENVELOPE SymbioCity is a user defined system that recognizes the often forgotten space of the exterior envelope. The envelope addition reclaims this vertical square footage for the adjacent tenant with the goal of creating a symbiotic relationship between tenant and envelope. SymbioCity recognizes and responds to the light, air, and comfort needs of the interior tenant, while simultaneously creating a generative space that can produce resources, both physical and monetary, for the tenant.

handful of the tenants that occupy the complex.

With this is mind, SymbioCity has a built in trade feature as well. The system maps the potential for square footage trade between tenants. A kitchen may rent the facade space of an office or trade the office some of their unused storage space for control over the growing potential of their envelope. SymbioCity then records the trade potential and revenue increase for the building from its own installment.

SymbioCity was designed with Industry City, an industrial complex in Sunset Park in Brooklyn, NY, in mine, but the system is also designed with flexibility in mind and could be deployed on a wide variety of buildings and urban structures.

Industry City is used as the test case because of its variety of tenants. The complex houses many companies in food services who would benefit greatly from having growing space in direct proximity to their kitchens, but that is only a

(previous page) Industry City facade at 70% occupancy

(left) SymbioCity workflow diagram

(above) Interior perspective of Industry City Distillery

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UNIT INSTALLATION Individual facade units are constructed of a structural unit and a planter unit. The planter unit is defined by the needs of the tenant on the inside. The structural unit is installed first and then depending on the tenant’s needs for insulation, shade, or growing area, the specific planter unit is installed next. The planter units are all installed against the original facade by default, allowing for public access to the SymbioCity envelope.

Tenants may pay more rent to have their planters offset and a private exterior space, or are granted this if portions of their interior square footage are appropriated by the building, for such things as larger hallways for atrium/light well spaces.

INPUT EXISTING BUILDING

SUB-INPUT

TENANT

UDF

ORIENTATION

RETAIL

TRADE

OUTPUT traded space (square foot)

north south revenue generated ($)

MANUFACTURING FLOOR HEIGHT low high

COURTYARD PUBLIC ACCESS PATHS

ARTS / DESIGN

GROW

occupied envelope (%)

added load (lbs)

OFFICE

PUBLIC ACCESS DISTRIBUTION

SHADE

growing potential (lbs)

STREET ACCESS new R-value

DATA STORAGE

CLIMATE CONTROL VENTILATION PATHS

(top) Perspective inside SymbioCity envelope

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controlled ventilation open ventilation closed climate variable control

(bottom) SymbioCity workflow diagram

STORAGE

INSULATE

(right page) Envelope individual units and application

cooling load reduced

INSULATE

SHADE

INSULATE

SHADE

GROW

INSULATE

INSULATE

SHADE

GROW

SHADE

GROW

GROW

SHADE

INSULATE

STRUCTURE

GROW

SHADE

GROW

INSULATE

SHADE

INSULATE

STRUCTURE

GROW

TURE

SHADE

INSULATE

STRUCTURE

GROW

STRUCTURE STRUCTURE

SHADE

INSULATE

STRUCTURE

STRUCTURE

13

PROCESS Installation of SymbioCity occurs in three steps.

The first step deploys a Program Grid. This first system defines the optimal locations for specific programs based on the predefined needs of those programs. For example, retail programs are placed adjacent to public access, while distribution centers are located on the ground level facing the Industry City’s supply streets.

Once program is defined, a structural grid is defined across each facade. This grid is deformed by ventilation and access paths which cut holes through the buildings. The structural grid serves as the base map for the planter unit types.

TENANT

RETAIL MANUFACTURING

PROGRAM GRID INDUSTRY CITY

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OFFICE

DISTRIBUTION DATA STORAGE STORAGE

STRUCTURAL GRID

(above) SymbioCity process diagram

ARTS / DESIGN

(right page) depiction of process

POINT READER

Finally the planter types are installed across the facade. The type of planter installed is defined by the type of program within. The program grid is read to define which type of planter is installed on the corresponding facade.

STRUCTURE

GROW SHADE INSULATE

PROGRAM GRID

STRUCTURAL GRID

PLANTER

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POROUS CITY

POROUS CITY PorousCity seeks to challenge notions of boundary created by conventional modern and industrial urbanism. By closing itself off from both the community and natural resources available to it, Industry City’s rigid boundaries have created an isolated and sterile site. PorousCity breaks these boundaries, softening the site in varying ways and amounts, in order to collect sunlight, rainwater, and air, to blur its structural and spatial limits, create new circulatory connections, and to replace the existing expansive hard scape with soft landscape. The results are new public spaces, improved quality of existing private spaces, and reduced demand on city infrastructure. These operations create new challenges, and hint at a new model of urbanism that simultaneously demands privacy and connectivity, density and openness, and sensitivity toward the paradoxes and environmental difficulties that these demands may create.

In collaboration with Rong Zhou, Heeyun Kim, and Marc Mascarello

(above) aerial view of Industry City today Image courtesy of Bing Maps

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INDUSTRY CITY Industry City is a multi building industrial complex located in Brooklyn’s Sunset Park. The complex was constructed at the turn of the century as a large factory and distribution hub. Trains and steam ships carried goods made and stored within the complex far and wide.

Today, Industry City’s glory days have come and gone. The complex has turned over many times and is now under new management who hope to restore Industry City back to the bustling multitenant industry hub it once was.

Many challenges face Industry City today. With its antiquated construction and now potentially dangerous water front location, many issues need to be addressed if the complex is to move forward successfully. The complex has one major advantage — it’s size. The huge amount of square footage both inside and out can provide the site and material for the changes Industry City so desperately needs.

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STRATEGY In order to open Industry City to natural resources and community access, three types of porosity were identified: Public porosity, wind porosity, light/rain porosity. These access pathways were designed and then varied and altered as a result of the phasing strategy. Once these pathways had been defined, building elements were applied across the building at varying scales to harness these resources. The SymbioCity green facade generates physical and monetary resources for the tenants and building complex. A rain canopy collects rain water for use throughout the building and captures solar energy on sunny days. Light wells pull sun light deep into darker areas of the buildings. Finally, at the building scale, connectors create stairs, ramps and bridges between buildings, redefining the public ground floor condition, while, at the scale of the site, these connectors serve as wetland and wave breaks.

(right) diagrammatic sections of current and proposed states of Industry City’s environmental interaction

20

BEFORE SITE ANALYSIS: Existing Site Condition A,B

C

A) Lack of daylight

B) Water overflow + Storm surge

AFTER C) Disconnected buildings

SITE ANALYSIS: Proposed Site Condition A,B

C

A) Increase daylight entrance

Wetland Wave break B) Decrease speed of water flow

C) Connecting buildings

21

Public access corridors are cut through the buildings to promote retail programming at the existing ground floor level. These corridors are defined by proximity to public transportation routes.

the building. During sunny days, photovoltaics harvest solar energy to mitigate energy costs. The canopy creates covered outdoor public space ion the roofs and in the building courtyards.

Light wells cut vertically through the buildings bringing daylighting deep into previously dark spaces. Diva analysis software is run on each floor to define where more daylighting is required.

Ventilation path ways are cut laterally through the buildings to promote natural ventilation and passive cooling in the summer months. The direction of the pathways allows for wind flow in the summer but not in the winter.

A rain/solar canopy is deployed across the roof scape of the industry city complex. During rain, the canopy collects rainwater and directs this water through the light wells for distribution within

PUBLIC ACCESS

LIGHT

22

All of these additions allow for a final program redistribution based on these new amenities.

RAIN/SOLAR CANOPY

VENTILATION

PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

23

PHASING STRATEGY Phase 1 takes the current condition of Industry City into account. At this point, the building is 70% occupied, there is one public access point from the eastern entrance through to the courtyard, two ventilation pathways serve to naturally ventilate the buildings, and softening of the landscape has begun.

Phase 2 assumes an increase in occupancy following the Phase 1 changes. The building is now at 90% occupancy, and the wetland and park landscape has grown.

Phase 3 implements further changes in response to the growing occupancy of Industry City. Now that nearly 100% of the facade has been rented, more light wells are added to bring in daylight to darker areas of the building. Two additional ventilation pathways have been added to increase the exchange of air throughout the building.

(right) Models of the 5 phases of development with changing outputs

24

Phase 4 addresses an increased frequency of storms. The wetland system moves closer to the building to avoid untreated water entering the river prematurely, while wave breaks protect Industry City from storm surge. Public corridors are joined with multi-level connectors allowing for public circulation throughout. The building is now primarily retail.

Phase 5 combines ventilation and light paths to create a new urban context for Industry City. The mega block that had existed previously, has been severed to generate a neighborhood context.

Street and public access has grown and light and air now flow freely through the buildings.

PHASE 1

10%

Horizontal Porosity

10%

Verical Porosity

70% Occupancy

PHASE 2

% ANNUAL ENERGY SAVE

68 % Cooling

42

%

10% 17%

Revenue Generated

59,000.00 $

11,053 SF

Heat

Area Removed

64,000 LBS

118,170 SF

Produce Growth

Rentable Facade

Horizontal Porosity

10,774 FT3

Volume Remov

5387 SF

Occupiable Faca

10%

Verical Porosity

90% Occupancy

PHASE 3

% ANNUAL ENERGY SAVE

98 % Cooling

61

%

30% 24% Heat

Horizontal Porosity 91,000 LBS Produce Growth

Revenue Generated

84,000.00 $

11,053 SF Area Removed

162,000 SF Rentable Facade

10,774 FT3

Volume Remov

5387 SF

Occupiable Faca

50%

Verical Porosity

100% Occupancy

PHASE 4

% ANNUAL ENERGY SAVE

98 % Cooling

62

%

40%

Revenue Generated

80,000.00 $

27%

40,000 SF

Heat

Area Removed

Horizontal Porosity 90,000 LBS Produce Growth

38,070 SF Rentable Facade

51,000 FT3

Volume Remov

38,100 SF

Occupiable Faca

60%

Verical Porosity

100% Occupancy

PHASE 5

% ANNUAL ENERGY SAVE

98 % Cooling

62

%

60% 27% Heat

91,000 LBS Horizontal Porosity Produce Growth

Revenue Generated

80,000.00 $

38,000 SF Area Removed

160,000 SF Rentable Facade

50,000 FT3

Volume Remov

38,000 SF

Occupiable Faca

80%

Verical Porosity

100% Occupancy

% ANNUAL ENERGY SAVE

98 % Cooling

49

%

Revenue Generated

30,000.00 $

0%

96,000 SF

187,200 FT

Volume Remov

Heat

Area Removed

10,000 LBS

8,000 SF

Produce Growth

Rentable Facade

25

5,000 SF

Occupiable Faca

PHASE 1 In Phase 1, voids are cut through the building to increase daylighting and ventilation. The SymbioCity envelope system reduces solar gain and helps to insulate the building. The two systems together greatly reduce energy loads in both the winter and summer months.

26

The rain/solar canopy collects a third of the building’s required water, while creating additional public space for tenants. The addition of a tiered wetland treats all of the building’s gray water before it flows back into the river. The SymbioCity envelop generates revenue for the building and it’s tenants through product growth and leasing.

70% Occupancy

% ANNUAL ENERGY SAVE

42

%

Revenue Generated

59,000.00 $

68 %

17%

11,053 SF

10,774 FT3

Cooling

Heat

Area Removed

Volume Removed

64,000 LBS

118,170 SF

5387 SF

Produce Growth

Rentable Facade

Occupiable Facade

% PUBLIC PROGRAMS

2 # of Public Path

10

% 4

Retail Programs

27

28

29

PHASE 3 In Phase 3 there are further additions of both occupied envelope and light wells. As the vegetation growing on the envelope reduces the amount of light allowed in the summer months, the light wells compensate increasing light in these darker areas. At this point, the building is operating at 100% occupancy with an increase in revenue of

30

$80,000 /month from renting envelope space to tenants. Through the additions, the building has reduced its energy costs by 62%.

100% Occupancy

% ANNUAL ENERGY SAVE

62

%

Revenue Generated

80,000.00 $

98 %

27%

38,000 SF

50,000 FT3

Cooling

Heat

Area Removed

Volume Removed

91,000 LBS

160,000 SF

38,000 SF

Produce Growth

Rentable Facade

Occupiable Facade

% PUBLIC PROGRAMS

6 # of Public Path

30

% 12

Retail Programs

31

32

33

PHASE 4 In response to an increased amount of annual storms, the ground plane of the public courtyard has risen to maintain a dry space during times of flooding. The new multi-level public courtyard, in combination with increased public circulation and corridors running through either arm of the building, define the building now as a highly public and

34

primarily retail center. Visitors can access multiple floors from the central courtyard space and the building attracts a large amount of retail tenants.

100% Occupancy

% ANNUAL ENERGY SAVE

62

%

Revenue Generated

80,000.00 $

98 %

27%

40,000 SF

51,000 FT3

Cooling

Heat

Area Removed

Volume Removed

90,000 LBS

38,070 SF

38,100 SF

Produce Growth

Rentable Facade

Occupiable Facade

% PUBLIC PROGRAMS

6 # of Public Path

30

% 12

Retail Programs

35

36

37

38

OPEN STUDIOS

39

40 9'-0"

9'-0"

18'-0"

18'-0"

9'-0"

9'-0"

13'-6"

13'-6"

13'-6"

13'-6"

13'-6"

13'-6"

112'-6"

112'-6"

13'-6"

13'-6"

13'-6"

13'-6"

27'-0"

27'-0"

1'-6"

1'-6"

1

6'-0" 1

6'-0" 2

36'-0" 36'-0" 2

27'-0"

3

27'-0"

3 4

36'-0" 36'-0" 4

36'-0" 36'-0"

28

5

6

6

7

7

8

8

9

9

82'-0" 36'-0" 36'-0"

36'-0" 36'-0"

27'-0" 27'-0"

36'-0" 36'-0"

6'-0" 6'-0"

123'-6" 123'-6" Roof Roof

95'-6" 95'-6" 7th Floor 7th Floor

72'-0" 72'-0" 6th Floor 6th Floor

58'-6" 58'-6" 5th Floor 5th Floor

45'-0" 45'-0" 4th Floor 4th Floor

31'-6" 31'-6" 3rd Floor 3rd Floor

18'-0" 18'-0" 2nd Floor 2nd Floor

0'-0" 0'-0" 1st Floor 1st Floor

41

36'-0"

Opened Studios are located in an industrial artist loft in The Bronx in New York. The loft, designed 6 7 with a variety of tenants in mind, features flexible spaces for rent that may be tailored to the tenants own light, air, and 36'-0" spatial requirements.

The loft celebrates itself and its tenants through materiality and varying levels of transparency.

In collaboration with Rong Zhou, Hajeong Lim, and Anna Vander Zwaag

8

27'-0"

9

36'-0"

6'-0"

123'-6" Roof

95'-6" 7th Floor

72'-0" 6th Floor

58'-6" 5th Floor

45'-0" 4th Floor

31'-6" 3rd Floor

18'-0" 2nd Floor

0'-0" 1st Floor

East elevation

42

A 4'-0"

B 24'-0"

C 12'-0"

D 24'-0"

6'-0"

5'-10"

123'-6" Roof

95'-6" 7th Floor

72'-0" 6th Floor

58'-6" 5th Floor

45'-0" 4th Floor

31'-6" 3rd Floor

18'-0" 2nd Floor

0'-0" 1st Floor

43

STRUCTURE The structure and materiality of the building are deliberately expressed throughout. Six foot deep trusses hang the glass block facade and are left exposed as the ceiling of the double-height top floor. These trusses allow the top floor to remain largely column free in order to house events and large installation pieces. The columns throughout the building are round hollow steel sections filled with fiber reinforced concrete which serve to fireproof the columns from the inside out, so that the steel may remain exposed.

(above) structural perspective

44

(right) structural truss connection detail

45

1

36'-0"

3

27'-0"

24'-0"

D

STORAGE

70'-0"

12'-0"

C

A

46

4'-0"

24'-0"

B

A

4

36'-0"

6'-0"

6'-0"

2

36'-0"

TOP FLOOR PLAN

5

6

7

8

9

282'-0" 36'-0"

36'-0"

27'-0"

36'-0"

6'-0"

B

BALCONY

STORAGE

EVENT SPACE A

B

47

1

2

6'-0"

3

36'-0"

27'-0"

4

36'-0"

36'-0"

6'-0"

BAY PLAN B

D

24'-0"

STUDIO 1

STUDIO 2

STUDIO 3

STUDIO 4

STUDIO 8

STUDIO 9

STORAGE

6'-1 3/4"

12'-0"

70'-0"

C

A

48

4'-0"

24'-0"

B

STUDIO 7 A

TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

5

6

7

8

9

282'-0" 36'-0"

36'-0"

27'-0"

36'-0"

6'-0"

B

STUDIO 5

STUDIO 6

STORAGE

STUDIO 10

STUDIO 11

STUDIO 12 A

BAY PLAN A

B

49

1

36'-0"

3

27'-0"

4

36'-0"

36'-0"

6'-0"

6'-0"

2

24'-0"

D

MECHANICAL ROOM

70'-0"

12'-0"

C

A

50

4'-0"

24'-0"

B

LOBBY A

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

5

6

7

8

9

282'-0" 36'-0"

36'-0"

27'-0"

36'-0"

6'-0"

B

MECHANICAL ROOM

A

B

51

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

The studio spaces are heated and cooled by acMECHANICAL tive chilled beams. The return air from this system SYSTEMS is then exhausted through the cavity between the

into one condensed space. This system gives the tenant control over the light and air exposure in their studio space, allowing them to tune their space to their specific needs. The structural and mechanical systems work together to allow for a space that is adaptable to the desires of the changing tenants.

glass block and glazed curtain facade. The active beams, lighting, sprinklers, and return air intakes all sit within the structural beam depth creating a tight slab which integrates all of the systems

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

282'-0" 36'-0"

27'-0"

36'-0"

36'-0"

36'-0"

36'-0"

27'-0"

36'-0"

6'-0"

6'-0"

6'-0"

N1 24'-0"

D

W1 NW1

N2 NW2

N3

N4

NW3

NW4

N5

N6

N7

NE1

NE2

E1

70'-0"

12'-0"

C

(above) mechanical zone plan

52

C2

SW1

SW2

SW3

SE1

SE2

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

4'-0"

A

C1

W2

24'-0"

B

(right) section diagramming heating, cooling and ventilation system

E2 SE3 S6

S7

A

B

4'-0"

24'-0"

D

12'-0"

24'-0"

ROOFTOP AIR HANDLING UNIT

EXHAUST FAN

3'-0"

C

123'-6" Roof

27'-0"

RETURN AIR (ROOM TEMPERATURE)

TEMPERED OUTSIDE AIR SUPPLY CHILLED WATER SUPPLY CHILLED WATER RETURN HEATED WATER SUPPLY HEATED WATER RETURN SPRINKLER

6'-0"

TEMPERED OUTSIDE AIR SUPPLY CHILLED WATER SUPPLY CHILLED WATER RETURN HEATED WATER SUPPLY HEATED WATER RETURN SPRINKLER

RETURN AIR (ROOM TEMPERATURE)

TEMPERED OUTSIDE AIR SUPPLY CHILLED WATER SUPPLY CHILLED WATER RETURN HEATED WATER SUPPLY HEATED WATER RETURN SPRINKLER

RETURN AIR (ROOM TEMPERATURE)

TEMPERED OUTSIDE AIR SUPPLY CHILLED WATER SUPPLY CHILLED WATER RETURN HEATED WATER SUPPLY HEATED WATER RETURN SPRINKLER

RETURN AIR (ROOM TEMPERATURE)

TEMPERED OUTSIDE AIR SUPPLY CHILLED WATER SUPPLY CHILLED WATER RETURN HEATED WATER SUPPLY HEATED WATER RETURN

13'-6"

13'-6"

112'-6"

13'-6"

13'-6"

RETURN AIR (ROOM TEMPERATURE)

95'-6" 7th Floor

72'-0" 6th Floor

58'-6" 5th Floor

45'-0" 4th Floor

SPRINKLER

13'-6"

RETURN AIR (ROOM TEMPERATURE)

TEMPERED OUTSIDE AIR SUPPLY CHILLED WATER SUPPLY CHILLED WATER RETURN HEATED WATER SUPPLY HEATED WATER RETURN

31'-6" 3rd Floor

SPRINKLER

18'-0"

RETURN AIR (ROOM TEMPERATURE)

TEMPERED OUTSIDE AIR SUPPLY CHILLED WATER SUPPLY CHILLED WATER RETURN HEATED WATER SUPPLY HEATED WATER RETURN

18'-0" 2nd Floor

SPRINKLER CHILLER

BOILER

0'-0" 1st Floor

53

1

6'-0"

1

36'-0"

2

36'-0"

3

27'-0"

3

27'-0"

4

36'-0"

4

36'-0"

36'-0"

36'-0"

6'-0"

6'-0"

2

6'-0"

D

24'-0"

24'-0"

D

70'-0" 70'-0"

B

12'-0"

C

12'-0"

C

24'-0"

B

24'-0"

1

4'-0"

A

6'-0"

4'-0"

A

24'-0"

D

70'-0"

12'-0"

C

A

54

4'-0"

24'-0"

B

6'-0"

2

36'-0"

3

27'-0"

4

36'-0"

36'-0"

5

6

7

8

5

36'-0"

6

36'-0"

7

9

TYPICAL REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

282'-0" 27'-0"

8

36'-0"

9

6'-0"

282'-0" 36'-0"

5

36'-0"

6

27'-0"

36'-0"

8

7

6'-0"

9

282'-0" 36'-0"

36'-0"

27'-0"

36'-0"

6'-0"

TYPICAL DUCT WORK PLAN

55

GLASS BLOCK FACADE The south facade consists of an interior unitized curtain wall system, and an exterior panelized glass block system. This double skin facade capitalizes on the southern light quality while controlling for solar heat gain. The glass blocks display a blurred image of the interior structure and interior on the exterior of the building.

The massive, continuous glass block facade is comprised of 4’-6” x 13’ panels of 18” square glass blocks. The panels are assembled from the top of the building down, and are hung from the truss system at the roof level. Each subsequent row of panels connect to the row above it and is laterally anchored back to each floor. The inner curtain wall is outfitted with horizontal louvers to provide shading from direct solar gain. The two facade systems are linked by a catwalk which provides access for cleaning and maintenance of the exterior facade.

(opposite) exterior and interior partial views of double-skin glass block facade

56

57

1' 2" 7"

5"

7"

3-1/4"

6"

1"

(above) detail section through glass facade to truss connection

58

(right) exploded axon of the glass bock facade hanger detail

2"

13'-6"

1'-5"

5"

1

3/ 4"

7 1/2"

1'2"

6"

7 1/ 2"

4'6"

59

4

5

5

5

5

6 1/4

22

33 1/2

7 3/16

2

2 1/8

9

2 1/2

2 3/8

7 3/4

15 3/4

28

36

2

36

1 1/2

14

18

15 3/8

4 1/4

2

2 1/2

6 1/2

6 1/2

2 7/16

24 3 3/4

2 5/16

15 1/2 6 1/2

4

2

1 3/4

2

4

1

1 3/4

(top) section through glass block facade and cat walk connection

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(bottom) plan for glass block facade and catwalk connection

(right) glass block facade axonometric

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BIFOLDING FACADE The remaining three facades are made up of large tilt-turn windows that allow for studio spaces to open to the exterior, sheathed with a Bi-folding wood panel door system that gives tenants control over the light allowed into their studio and gallery spaces. The 2’-3” wooden doors span 13’6” floor to floor to create a continuous panelized facade, but as the doors are opened, they generate a variable and continually shifting facade.

(opposite) exterior and interior partial views of bi-folding facade doors

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2 1/2

2 3/8

2’ 4”

64 2 2 1/8 9 7 3/4 15 3/4

22

36

36

14

6 1/4

4 1/4

2

2 1/2

6 1/2

(left top) detail section through bifolding door to slab connection

(left bottom) detail plan of bifolding door

(above) exploded axonometric drawing of bifolding door connection

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MAX/MIN

Max/Min critiques Bloomberg’s micro-unit for the redundancies that are generated in the repetition of space and isolation of its occupants, as well as in its lack of long-term vision for how the spaces can adapt to fit the needs of future residents. The limitations of this design are combated by redefining the unit as being only what is primary to the occupant, and reallocating spaces that can be shared amongst multiple residents. The redefinition of a single unit allows the space to be defined by the resident. Thus, as the resident changes over time, the unit has the ability to shift and age with them. These areas of temporal transition are emphasized in the overlap of unit clusters and occupant groups, aiding in the life-cycle shift of the building as well as the residents.

In collaboration with Anna Vander Zwaag

(right) serial section through the building

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REDUCING REDUNDANCY

300 square foot micro unit

Bloomberg’s Micro Unit reduces living area while creating excessive between units. Units and apartment types have been redefined. Kitchens, bathrooms and living space are shared between 2 or 3 private units. Excess space such as storage or laundry facilities have moved outside of the unit to give more living space to the occupants. By focusing on the collective instead of the individual, the building community can all benefit from more shared spaces.

two bedroom / one bathroom

+

three bedroom / two bathroom duplex

+

four bedroom / three bathroom triplex

+

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(left) axonometric diagrams showing the evolution of the apartment types

(above) red indicates excess space removed from the apartments to be reallocated in shared programming

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UNIT CLUSTER Ten different two-three unit apartment types are nest to form apartment two clusters. These two base clusters are doubled and combined to form larger clusters with four entry points and a 50’ x 50’central courtyard. These larger clusters define a variety of neighbor groups around a central courtyard.

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SUBCLUSTER A

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SUBCLUSTER B

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TYPICAL FLOOR PLANS

5THFLOOR

The knotted units allow for greater exchange between residents and apartments. Exterior space is shared between apartments, units, and residents.

Unlike typical apartment buildings which stack units directly on top of one another, the knotted clusters allow for the rearrangement of units in a more selective way. If a family wishes to expand their apartment, they could purchase a portion or unit of a neighboring apartment.

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3RD FLOOR

4THFLOOR

1ST FLOOR

2NDFLOOR

(above) layered cluster plan

(right) individual floor plans of a typical cluster

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SITE APPROACH The triangular site is bordered to the south by a sanitation garage, to the west by the Metro North elevated train tracks and to the north east by the Harlem River and Harlem River Drive. In order to buffer against the harsher conditions to the south and west, the building mass is designed as a wedge with the west edge built up the highest and the south east edge pulled to ground level. This shape opens views to the river and city, allows pedestrian access onto a landscaped roof which connects to the Harlem River Park to the south east, and elevates the residents above the harsher conditions on the south and west edges of the site.

PROGRAM STRATEGY Public program is primarily inserted below the residences. These programs aid in elevating the western resident clusters above the train tracks, while providing a slope to the landscaped roof above. The primary public programs are then accessible from the street, while private resident programs are sandwiched between residence clusters. neighborhood 1

neighborhood 2

neighborhood 3

neighborhood 4

neighborhood 5

neighborhood 6

neighborhood 7

fitness center

medical center

senior community center resident parking

(top) diagram of site constraints and approach

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visitor parking

daycare bike storage parking entrance

zipcar

(bottom) diagram of program strategy

business center

cafe

SITE

ACCESS

EXTENDING THE PARK

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UNIT FLEXIBILITY The apartments are organized such that each unit is defined by what is primary to the occupant. In the above diagram, the individual unit is depicted as the lightest area. The common space shared amongst connected units are depicted in light gray, and dark gray identifies neighboring units.

In this way, the flexibility of the unit allows for a transition from a one bedroom with shared adjacent common space, to a two bedroom unit with private bathroom, to a fully private three bedroom unit for a multi-generational family as the occupants grow and change.

individual individual

(above) unit flexibility diagram

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couple couple

(right) selection of apartment types

single parent

small family

large family

single mom

small family

large family

TWO UNIT APARTMENT

THREE UNIT TRIPLEX

TWO UNIT ELDERLY APARTMENT

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Units are arranged interlocking in 5 story clusters with a 50’ x 50’ courtyard in the center. Occupants may enter into the courtyard from hallways at ground level which contain mailboxes for the units and stair cores with access into the units above. There are two aging adult clusters at the south east end of the building with ramps within the courtyard for wheelchair access into the upper units. Each cluster serves as a type of neighborhood within the larger structure.

As the clusters aggregate on the site, they converge to form larger irregular apartments which serve as links between clusters and share two neighborhoods. These larger apartments operate as transition and multi-generational homes.

(above) interior courtyard

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Clusters are connected together to form the building as a whole, through both the convergence with another cluster, but even more so, through their connection to supporting program.

Aging adult clusters are supported by a community and medical center. Young family neighborhoods share the community center and connect with the day care.

(above) aging adult care center

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GROUND PLAN The main residential entrance is at the south east corner of the site. There are two entrances on 131st street into the community and aging adult centers. There is a one pedestrian entrance on Park Avenue that accesses the adult aging center, the community center and day-care, and in to residences through a keyed entry. There is

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pedestrian access on to the landscaped roof from the south east corner of the building.

CONSTRUCTED GROUND PLAN As the housing clusters stack and shift above the public zones, a series of ramps and stairs allow for continuous residential access through the residential zones of the complex. The above plan show the continuous “constructed� ground of the housing clusters.

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ROOF PLAN The roof is landscaped to serve as a shared green space between residents and the public. The south east corner slopes down to allow for street access while connecting back to the Harlem River Park to the south east.

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THIRD FLOOR PLAN Storage spaces are moved outside of the apartments to create a porous barrier wall to protect against the elevated train and the sanitation garage. Each unit is allocated storage space based on the size and number of occupants.

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(top & opposite) Resin model with painted wooden clusters embedded

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FILTERED

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY’S FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE Columbia University’s Food Research Institute is just one of the many programs moving to the new Manhattanville Campus. The Institute negotiates it’s neighborhood by bringing the private Columbia community into dialogue with the greater Manhattanville and West Harlem community around the education, production and consumption of food. This neighborhood is a food desert, lacking proper access to produce and healthy food choices. The institute aspires to alter the current perception of Columbia University in the area as a private entity motivated by its own private interested. Here, the larger community is welcomed into the building to learn about food cultivation and healthy consumption.

A 6-storey hydroponic farm surrounds visitors, students and researchers while providing all with fresh produce. At the 6th and top floor, rain water collected enters the filtration wall where water is filtered in steps at each level. At the top layer, rain water passes through a sediment filter and is then infused with nutrients and minerals vital to plant growth. The farm wall curves back to meet the water wall at this level to facilitate easy distribution of water into the hydroponic system. From this point, water flows through the hydroponic farm, collects at the base, and is pumped back to the top to repeat the cycle. The curve of the vertical farm allows for maximum sun exposure on clear days, while LEDs, below the catwalks, supersede when necessary.

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FILTER

The building acts as a filter. Filtering both collected water and the visitors of the building.

The building’s visitors are filtered into separate streams of private Columbia and public community circulation. Community members enter the building through the seed gallery, which is a long ramped passageway displaying local plant varieties and providing information on growing habits. The seed gallery pulls visitors from the ground entrance level to the interior public spaces above the neighboring highway and providing views out to the Hudson River. Columbia students and educators may enter the same way or can pass directly to the elevator and stair core to access the private classrooms and labs on the upper floors.

The building additionally filters rain water collected by the roof. Rain water flows through a cavity wall filtering system where water is filtered and distributed in stages. At each research level, the water passes through an additional stage of filtration and that water is distributed for its specific use. After passing through the first stage of filtration, some of the water is distributed throughout the building as gray water and the rest enters the hydroponic cycle. At the final level, water is distributed as potable water for building wide use. All gray water produced by the building is expelled into the constructed wetland on the southern corner of the site where it is treated and returns to the building as usable gray water. Black water is the only water that returns to the city’s sewage treatment facilities.

(top) Water circulation diagram

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(bottom) Visitor circulation diagram

WATER CIRCULATION

rain water collection sediment filter nutrient addition kdf/gac carbon filter uv light hydroponic water circulation

toilets constructed wetland

gray water

to city sewer

VISITOR CIRCULATION

hydroponic farm central staircase

main concourse seed pavilion

elevator and stair core labs, classrooms, and offices

public seminar rooms cafe / public space kitchen auditorium

main entrance

public circulation columbia circulation

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN (+42’)

The Ground Floor of the Food Research Institute floats 42’ above street level. This large public space hosts a cafe, teaching kitchen, and exhibition space to educate visitors about the Institute’s ongoing research. The Ground Floor is accessed principally through the seed gallery, a 200 foot

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long, ramped corridor which displays the seeds and growth habits of the plant species housed within the building. The gallery is entered at street level and pulls visitors across the site and up above the train tracks to an unobstructed view of the Hudson river and the building’s public center.

6TH FLOOR PLAN (+120’)

The 6th and top floor best illustrates the building systems. The slant of the roof forms a funnel for rain water collection. The water then cascades through a cavity wall that divides the research laboratories and classrooms from the hydroponic atrium and public spaces. At each floor, water

passes a level of filtration specific to that level of research. The vertical farm is fed by the water removed at the 6th floor, as this water needs only basic filtration. The farm wall curves upward towards the water wall and meeting at the top levels permitting access for maintenance.

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What could be

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Deconstructing The Wall THE ROLE OF MILITARY ARCHITECTURE IN PRE AND POST-AERIAL WARFARE

As military technologies have changed, so have the barricades that divide inside from outside, and safety from danger. This trend could be likened to Newton’s third law of physics, in which every action has an equal and opposite reaction. In the case of war, each offense, requires an equal and opposite defense. It is the party with lesser offensive or defensive technology that is most often defeated. Up until the advent of aerial warfare, for military defense this has meant a development of the protective wall. Following the inventions in gunpowder and the development of the iron cannon balls, triangular bastions became the staple form of military fortification. Defensive walls thickened in response to the growing power of artillery throughout history. That trend shifted with the introduction of airplanes and aerial warfare. Walls and were thickened to form bunkers, buried, or hidden entirely.

Today the art of war faces an entirely new non-physical challenge. With the development of the Internet and computer networks, the threat of cyber warfare is quickly becoming a reality. Now as offensive tactics leave the physical realm, so must defensive architectures.

The defensive wall, as we have historically known it, has dematerialized, but a common link remains. Whether material or immaterial, the goal of offense has been and continues to be infiltrating to access what is behind the wall.

Information has always been the most powerful and most guarded military tool. Here I will examine Louis XIV’s plans-reliefs as an intelligence tool and enemy attempts to access this aerial information. Comparatively, I will discuss today’s technological defense strategies and the cyber warfare attempting to access the information behind these defenses.

Arguably, the greatest changes in military planning and technology came with advent of flight and the integration of airplanes into acts of war. These shifts have been greatly analyzed, discussed, and written about with primary focus on the first and second world wars. As such, I will instead focus on the eras before and after aviation and the warfare during these times, which I will henceforth refer to as pre-aerial and post-aerial war.

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PRE-AERIAL WAR Prior to aircrafts, walls only needed to be as high as the possible vantage point of an outsider. [Fig. 1] The walls needed to hide or at least disguise what was inside from those outside of the walls. Once an enemy saw over or behind the fortified wall, they gained the information of the city’s organization and operations. They would be able now to know where to strike and when. But this information was as valuable to the defensive leaders as it was to their enemies. Proper mapping and documentation of the fortified cities within their borders, and particularly along the borders, greatly facilitated pre-aerial war planning and strategizing.

More and more pressure faced military engineers of the sixteenth century as the development of solid shot artillery required greater advances in defensive measures. Geoffrey Parker credits the French invasion of Italy in 1494-1495 as the catalyst for swift and widespread development of military architecture in the following sixteenth century.1 The French troops brought a force of artillery unparalleled in Italy at the time and the Italian defenses were overcome. The sixteenth century witnessed the thickening and lowering of fortress walls, the development of the triangular bastion, and the fortification of border towns.2 [Fig. 2 & 3] With fortifications and military resources sent out to the border towns, so it became vital Fig. 1 Plan and elevation of Montdauphin to maintain control over the border towns.

Antoine Picon, dir., La ville et la guerre, Editions de l’imprimeur, 1996. p. 99.

At this time, it became vital for military leaders located in the capital cities to have accurate representations of the fortified border towns charged with protecting the nation’s interior.3 After maps failed to properly depict the three dimensional nature of these fortified cities, Louis XIV, under the guidance of his war minister Louvois and his military engineer Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, established a collection of plans-reliefs of the various fortified towns in France.4 [Fig. 4 & 5] The plans-reliefs were extremely Fig. 2 Bastion diagrammatic section detailed models of entire cities and their surroundings at a scale of Christopher Duffy, The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great 1660-1789, London and Boston, Routledge and 1:600 with some of the largest models occupying upwards of 1000 Keegan Paul, 1985. p. 2. square feet.5 The models included as much information about the cities they represented as possible at that scale. Trees, windows, and cobblestones were all modeled with painstaking precision.6 By the end of the seventeenth century, the collection contained 144 models of 100 cities making it the largest collection at the time.7 It was extremely important that the models be as accurate as possible as they served as tools for the King and his highest in command.8 In their primary function, the plans-reliefs allowed the King and the leaders of the military to test the preparedness and plan the defense of border cities, miles away from Paris.9 However, it is because of the accuracy with which the plans-reliefs were constructed, that made the plans-reliefs highly confidential and sensiFig. 3 City plan of Lille with fortifications Ibid. p. 7.

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tive tools. The models were kept within the walls of the royal palaces and were only viewed by, as mentioned earlier, the King and his highest in command. Fortress walls were built as much to conceal the plan of the city as they were built to withstand siege. In the pre-aerial age, spies were sent behind enemy lines to attain information as to the plan and organization of fortified cities.10 If an enemy were to gain access to one of the plans-reliefs, they would gain the knowledge of the organization of entire fortified cities and the results could be potentially catastrophic. The threat of spies accessing the plans-reliefs was quite real. At the time, France controlled a very large spy network, from innkeepers and merchants paid for the information they gained, to professionals deeply entrenched in foreign governments.11 In pre-aerial warfare, information was the most important tool for any leader and ensuring the confidentiality and control over this information was the most important advantage one could have.

While the models were only accessed by a select group of high-ranking individuals and the information contained within confidential, the models were not a complete secret. The plans-reliefs Fig. 4 Illustrations of plans-reliefs on view served as a symbolic and psychological war tool as well.12 Enemy Isabelle Warmoes and Victoria Sanger, dir., Vauban, bâtisseur du nations were made aware of the plans-reliefs and the magnitude of Roi-Soleil, Somogy, Cié de l’architecture, Musée des Plans-reliefs, Paris, 2007. p. 184. the collection Louis XIV controlled as a method of intimidation and deterrence.13 Starting in the eighteenth century, Louis XIV began showing the plans-reliefs off to select visiting dignitaries under strict conditions; access was highly controlled and sketching or docu-

menting was completely forbidden.14

With this knowledge, any attack on any French fortress was now an attack on Louis XIV and Paris and would be defended as such.

The plans-reliefs allowed for faster communication between Paris and the outlying fortress towns, as the King and his military commanders could simulate and oversee what was happening and direct accordingly. The King could quite literally watch over the fortresses under his control. These potential battles, which had previously been isolated from the King and the higher military commanders occurring only between the attacking and defending armies, could be manipulated and controlled by the highest military officials in France, or so it was to be perceived.

During the pre-aerial France reign of Louis XIV, military architecture operated at two scales: the scale of the city and the scale of the model. At the city scale, the bastioned fortifications served as the first physical line of defense. The extremely thick stone and rammed earth ramparts of the fortified cities protected the militarized town within from the threat of artillery force, while the layout of the town inside facilitated communication between the defending wall and the strategizing interior. Additionally, the physical fortified wall concealed the interior town organization from potential enemies, yet the wall simultaneously defined the enemy’s target. This was the primary wall that opposing armies and their spies desired

Fig. 5 Plans-relief of Besançon Ibid.. p. 272.

Fig. 6 Neuf Brisach plans-relief Emilie d’Orgeix, Victoria Sanger, Michèle Virol, Isabelle Warmoes, Vauban, la Pierre et la plume, Gérard Klopp, Editions du Patrimoine, Paris, 2007. p. 100.

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to overcome, both physically and through intelligence. Military architecture at the scale of the model served as a more transient barrier. It served as a symbolic and psychological wall – a wall of non-physical intimidation and deterrence – to an enemy, yet was a window into these cities for those that controlled the representations. In pre-aerial warfare, the fortified wall, no matter how high or materially strong, breaks with vision. When a person can see in, they gain access to the information housed within and the wall fails. This was the case when aviation was incorporated into warfare. Now that enemy’s could readily access the information of these fort cities from above, the fortified wall collapsed.

POST-AERIAL WAR In studying military architecture one is essentially studying defensive technologies. Architecture is an inherently defensive mechanism in war. Its walls and roofs shield whatever needs to be protected, whether that is people, arms, or information. However, with the shift into the realm of robotics and cyber warfare, military defenses must change in order to occupy the same territory as the offenses they are protecting against. Thus defensive “walls” must move from the physical into the cyber realm.

Possibly the greatest shift in military architecture and urbanism, since pre-aerial warfare, has been the dissolution and dematerialization of the defensive wall. As technology has advanced, a primarily, since the creation of the Internet, the need for physical definition of cities has dissolved, and thus the city wall has dissolved with it. Paul Virilio posits that urban borders shifted with the revolution of transportation and technology associated with aviation. Writing about airport designated borders he says, “In this new perspective devoid of horizon, the city was entered not through a gate nor through an arc de triomphe, but rather through an electronic surveillance system.”15 The architecture of these city ports is reduced to a shelter for the true borders, the technological borders defined by access and surveillance within.

It is nearly impossible now to define cities in population and geographic terms, or any other physical terms. As a result of growing technological communication systems, the physical distances that once defined regions has been negated. Thanks to web searches and video-chats, foreign countries and cities are seconds out of our reach, “distinctions of here and there no longer mean anything.”16 This new state of constant communication and free information created by the Internet and advanced with personal technologies such as smart phones, make defining boundaries and walls physically impossible. The free information post-aerial era has eliminated the use of visual access that once broke down the walls of the pre-aerial world. Now targets can be Googled. Military targets no longer need to be seen, they simply have to be known.

In post-aerial warfare, war is now fought on a technological level. Drones, highly mobile robotic vehicles, which can be operated by a single person with a computer hundreds of miles away and safe from harm, function with the use of instantaneous, wireless communication between machine and “pilot”. Some require no human driver at all. Yet one constant remains. It is the amount of knowledge about the target that determines the victor. Just as was true in pre-aerial warfare, if one side has more information, if one side can “see” more than the other, they will win.17 Warfare is information centric, and

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post-aerial warfare, in particular, is determined by who has the greatest amount of, and access to information. Just as in pre-aerial warfare, military architecture in this post-aerial era is an architecture that conceals and denies information. In order to comprehend the defensive wall of information-based warfare, we first must understand the existing offensive technologies.

Cyberwar is defined by the RAND (Research And Development) Corporation, a nonprofit global think tank first created to research and analyze the United States Armed Forces, as “conducting, and preparing to conduct, military operations according to information-related principles. It means disrupting if not destroying the information and communications systems…on which an adversary relies in order to “know” itself: who it is, where it is, what it can do when, why it is fighting, which threats to counter first, etc.”18 Cyberwarfare may involve network hacking and intelligence collection, but what I think to be the most advanced and likely future is that of “smart” weapons or computer programs which exist currently in the form of viruses, malware, and worms. These “smart” weapons are still in their infant state, but there exists one example, Stuxnet, a worm that is largely regarded as the first true cyberweapon.

Stuxnet is a highly complex multi-layered piece of malware with the goal to “reprogram industrial control systems,” systems such as those used in power plants by manipulating the system’s code while concealing this process from the systems operator and supervision.19 For Stuxnet, the end result was to interfere with the systems that controlled the centrifuges in Iran’s Natanz uranium-enrichment plant.20 Stuxnet reprogrammed the control system for the centrifuge rotors causing the rotors to spin at speeds that would cause them to break, while simultaneously reporting that nothing was wrong.21 In order to accomplish this, Stuxnet employed at least four zero-day exploits, which are software or strategies that utilize a security hole or weakness, which is still yet unknown in the target software. Stuxnet was able to infiltrate the network of the Natanz uranium-enrichment plant, copy itself and spread through various computers until it found computers operating Step 7 projects (its target) and automatically launched with the Step 7 program.22 In this way, Stuxnet reprogrammed the programmable logic controllers (PLCs), which controlled the centrifuge rotors as well as the surveillance system without being detected as malware.23 The sophistication of Stuxnet as software and the complexity of its proliferation cannot be stressed enough. An Iranian nuclear facility is not without its own highly complex security controls. The plant’s network would have been set up as a series of isolated networks and centrifuges, so the virus would have had to be introduced via a removable drive, and subsequently spread using removable drives.24 Certain digital signatures were required to access higher security levels within the network, which would have had to be attained by physically entering the premises.25 Stuxnet then set up a peer-to-peer network with other infected computers so the authors could access the program and push updates once it was set up within the plant.26 Stuxnet infected approximately 100,000 host computers, with over 60,000 of the infected being within Iran.27 Due to the program’s high level of sophistication, Symantec estimates that the program would have been written by a team of 5-10 core developers and executed with the assistance of numerous others, it’s required physical infiltration of the plant in its planning stages, and its unprecedented use of zero-days which typically come with hundred thousand dollar price tags, it is highly likely that Stuxnet was the product of a national

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intelligence team.28 Fingers have been pointed at both the United States and Israel with many journalists believing it to be a joint effort.29 It is this likely governmental association that potentially defines Stuxnet as the first form of cyberwarfare.

So if weapons have dematerialized to the extent that they can now be written and deployed using a single USB drive or the Internet itself, the defense against such technologies must similarly dematerialize. Defenses for cyberwarfare like Stuxnet focuses on organizational changes less than physical. Decentralization of networks is important to make accessing highly confidential networks more and more difficult, but total network isolation becomes critical. Known as an air gap, the defensive wall that is now necessary for the protection of information is the complete dematerialization of the defensive wall into thin air. The only way to truly shield a computer or network from threat, maintain complete disconnect from the Internet, from a larger LAN network and from other computers entirely. In the post-aerial information age, the best defense materially is air.

As military technologies have advanced, military architecture and the defensive barriers built have had to adapt to protect the information within these walls. Yet the goals and advantages of warfare have not changed. The side with the most information wins.

As technologies have advanced, historically artillery has grown in size and impact and fortifying walls thickened and grew stronger to protect against them. Now as weapons technologies moves people away from the front, weapons are becoming faster, more accurate, and harder to see. In response, the once thick stone fortifying walls of Louis XIV’s France are dissolving into void.

1

Geoffrey Parker, “The Military Revolution Revisited,” in The military revolution: military innovation and the rise of the west, 1500-1800, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 9.

2

Ibid. pp. 11-12.

3

Jean Dethier, “Model Cities” The Architectural Review. vol. 187, no. 1119, May 1990, pp. 89-92. p. 89.

4

11 John C. Rule, “Gathering Intelligence in the Age of Louis XIV.” Rev. of Lucien Bély. Espions et Ambassadeurs au Temps de Louis XIV. (Paris: Fayard, 1990. Pp. 905.) The International History Review, 4 Nov. 1992, pp. 661-880. p. 740.

Dethier, p. 89.

21

13

Ibid.

22

14

Falliere, 2.

Sanger, p. 124.

23

Ibid.

15

5

Ibid. p. 116.

17

6

Ibid.

7

Ibid. p. 123 Ibid. p. 116.

9

Ibid. p. 123

10

Ibid.

20 Ralph Langner, “Stuxnet’s Secret Twin.”

ForeignPolicy.com. The Foreign Policy Group, 21 Nov. 2013. Web. 11 Dec. 2013.

12

Victoria Sanger, “The French Collection of Plans-Reliefs as Political Instrument.

Exhibition Review: La France en Relief” Journal of Architecture, vol. 18, no. 1, Feb. 8, 2013, pp.

115-134. p. 123.

8

Stuxnet Dossier. “Http://www.symantec.com.

Symentec, Feb. 2011. Web. 11 Nov. 2013. p. 1.

Steve Redhead, Ed. The Paul Virilio Reader.

New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. p. 85.

16

Ibid., p. 87.

John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, eds., In Athena’s Camp: Preparing for Conflict in the Information Age [Electronic resource]. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1997. p. 23.

18

Ibid.

24

Ibid., p. 3.

25

Ibid.

26

Ibid.

27

Ibid., p. 5.

28

Langner.

29

Ibid.

Ibid., p. 30.

19

Nicolas Falliere, Liam O’Murchu, and Eric Chien. “Symantec Security Response: W32.

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CRITICAL DISCLOSURE

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JAR SALEH TECHNOLOGY CENTER The Jar Saleh Technology Center is located outside of Qatar’s capital and largest city of Doha at the Al Udeid Air Force Base. While the base is Qatari owned it is occupied largely by coalition forces.

Jar Saleh means “good neighbor” in Arabic. This is the position of the coalition forces stationed at Al Udeid Air Force Base. The Jar Saleh Technology Center was formed in order to foster these positive public relations between the coalition service men and women and the local population.

Through the controlled disclosure of the mechanisms of information collection used by coalition forces, the Al Udeid base and it’s residents can form a closer tie to their Qatari neighbors, through educating visitors on the military’s technological advancements in aviation. The public center is nested within an active air force complex where unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are the primary focus. The building is a technological achievement in itself in that it launches and received UAVs within it’s structure. Visitors are surrounded by technology in spaces designed to reveal and educate on the coalition’s technological strides in the field of aerial data collection.

The following is a depiction of a typical site a visitor would see when on the tour of the Jar Saleh Technology Center.

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RESEARCH Critical Disclosure evolved from a large body of research on the Qatari owned and coalition run Al Udeid Air Base just outside of Doha, Qatar.

The air base is located 15 miles west of Doha and occupies approximately 360 million square feet, or 13 square miles. The base is loaned to the coalition for free. The majority of the coalition forces housed at Al Udeid are American Air Force service men and women. In the late 1990s, the former Emir Sheikh Hamad invested the equivalent of $1 billion USD to construct the base.

Since then, the US government has spent almost $600 million USD in additional construction and development contracts, while the Emir has spent another $500 million USD. In 1999 Emir Sheikh Hamad was quoted saying that he would like to see 10,000 US service men permanently stationed at Al Udeid. Today the base has the capacity to support over 10,000 coalition troops.

The base is home to the Combined Air and Space Operations Center (CAOC) for the Central Command region of the US Air Force. The base also acts as the forward Head Quarters for the Central Command region. This means that the base monitors all air traffic in the region and gives commands throughout the Middle East region often based on the information gathered in the CAOC. CentCom as it is often referred, often employs unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to monitor combatants on the ground and to gather Intel from the air. These UAVs are deployed from a base within the region, piloted by members of the air force on US soil, and commanded by generals at Al Udeid.

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CAOC

Combined Air and Space Operations Center

Doha, Qatar

Al Udeid Air Base Qatar CENTCOM Forward HQ since 2009

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Creech AFB Nevada, USA Garrison of the Royal Air Force’s 39 Squadron

7,500 miles

CENTCOM MacDill AFB, Florida Head Quarters for the US central command, overseeing all strategic operations in the middle east

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CAOC

Combined Air and Space Operations Center

Doha, Qatar

Al Udeid Air Base Qatar CENTCOM Forward HQ since 2009

Kandahar Airfield Afghanistan established as a coalition base in 2001. Home to 5 US owned and coalition operated reaper drones

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APPROACH The mechanisms of information collection employed at Al Udeid Air Force Base are isolated parts connected via satellite. The goal of the Jar Saleh Technology Center is to educate visitors about these highly technologically advanced mechanisms of collection and how they work together. In order to achieve this goal, all of these isolated parts much be brought into one location.

Here the CAOC, pilots, and all of the necessary components for UAV flight are housed under one roof. To make this all possible, the coalition has teamed up with the Qatari Museum Authority (QMA). QMA programmed areas of the building are nested within active Air Force program allowing for information to permeate between the typically separated populations.

Following the goals of the technology center, the building itself launches and receives UAVs. The structure’s tower launches UAVs into flight, while it’s roof is slanted 3o upwards for UAVs to land on their return. The slope allows for a shorter landing distance. At the end of the runway, a 60’ x 90’ lift transports the UAVs from the runway to the ground floor maintenance and storage facilities.

(opposite top) diagram illustrating the program strategy

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(opposite bottom) diagram illustrating the drone launch tower and landing ramp

Collection

Jar Saleh Technology Center

QMA US military

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REVEAL Throughout the Jar Saleh tour the visitors pass thresholds where information is either requested from them or revealed to them. This process maintains security within the base while allowing the visitor a glimpse behind the curtain into an operational Air Force Base.

At the primary vehicular entry to the Jar Saleh complex, a visitor must identify themselves with passports.

Here sensors scan the vehicle for any explosives. From this distance, the building is legible and the slatted skin of the building allows for slight transparency, but interior activity is still difficult to read.

Vehicles and visitors may then proceed to the car park which is located 100’ away from the building.

Here, each visitor gets the first up close look at the building. The skin that was previously obscuring now gives glimpses into the building’s UAV storage and display zones. The entrance is located directly below the launch tower and if a visitor arrives at the right time, they can watch a UAV launch form below.

Visitors proceed through the entrance where they pass through metal detectors and X-ray machines. At the front desk, they exchange their camera’s, cell phones, and passports for visitor’s passes and a tour guide and proceed through electronic turnstiles which check these passes.

Visitors then proceed through a glass enclosed escalator taking them form ground level up to the gallery level. Here, they get their first glimpse into the maintenance zones and of the UAV launching area.

The gallery is a large open gathering space outfitted with a cafe and the book store. It is sandwiched by the UAV landing retrieval lift on one side and the launch area on the other. Visitors not on a tour may stay here and watch the cycle or take of and landing of the building’s UAV program.

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From the gallery visitors may continue up a ramp to the funicular which takes people up to the observation deck at the very top of the launch tower, or with an accompanying tour guide, they may travel down the opposing ramp to commence the tour.

The tour starts with an introduction to the building on the Maintenance Steps. These stairs hover in the rafters of the UAV maintenance and preparation areas. The two zones are separated only by their height. Visitors may watch what happens as UAVs are prepared for take off and checked after their return from flight.

The tour then proceeds through the UAV display are where visitors view a range of different types and sizes of UAVs developed for and used by the Air Force. Tour guides demonstrate how smaller UAVs operate.

The CAOC is suspended above the visitor’s floor below it. A flight map of the CentCom region is projected onto one of it’s opaque walls. There is one door in accessed from the Maintenance and Storage floor below. Visitors do not have any access to this space other than being witness to its presence.

The last stops on the tour are the Control centers.

On one side only the doors of the control center are visible and a lucky visitor may see pilots entering of leaving these rooms. Visitors rarely even notice these doors since they are surrounded by information displays which visualize the information collected by the UAVs, as well as simulation control centers so visitors can get a feel for what it is like to fly a UAV. On the opposing side of the control centers, a glass partition allows visitors to see UAV pilots in action

Disclosure Visual access to Army camp from the road Visual access to maintenance floor Visual access to launching floor Visual access to launching floor & UAV lift Visual & auditory access to mechanical floor Access to UAV display area CAOC UAV geolocation board Access UAV control simulators Visual access to UAV control centers Visual access to base from observation deck

Security Main Gate identification check Manditory Valet parking and vehical scan X-ray and metal detector scan Manditory passport, mobile phone and camera check Visitor pass scan Visitor pass check. Tour guide manditory Visitor pass check

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REWALL

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ReWall re-imagines the existing American Embassy site in Amman, Jordan. The existing embassy has failed as a functional addition to Jordan. The Embassy has never ceased to be an entirely foreign entity. This failure and many of its related problems stem from the embassy’s perimeter wall.

The perimeter wall, as it stands now, is a symbol of American isolation. The wall separates the Americans on the inside from the visiting Jordanians and the surrounding community. The wall as a single entity defines the embassy staff as “local” and Jordanians as “foreign.” The surrounding security as well as the visibility of the embassy above the (top) aerial photo of the ReWall embassy in Amman Jordan

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(bottom) photo of the existing American Embassy in Amman, Jordan.

wall serve to reinforce the perimeter as a symbol of American separation.

To break this symbol, ReWall repeats and exaggerates the wall in order to exhaust it’s symbolism, and following redefines the perimeter wall.

In Embassy design, the perimeter wall is no more than a symbol. The flow of people in and out is controlled by secure entrances, while threats are controlled by the presence and absence of technology. The perimeter wall protects against physical threats associated with terrorism, but the greatest destructive potentials lie in the intangible realm. Today, the perimeter wall functions primarily as a symbol. Were that function removed, the perimeter wall itself could be broken and re-contextualized.

The perimeter wall serves as a divisive symbol demarcating inside from outside, citizen from alien, allowed from forbidden. The power of the symbol and following, the symbol itself, can be removed from the wall through the act of repetition. As the wall repeats, the symbolic meaning is split and shared and split again until the meaning that is left supporting one single wall is too insignificant to attach symbolism. The wall is now mundane.

Now the question arises as to the remaining purpose of the physical perimeter wall. If it is now meaningless, what is the role of its physical presence? If the perimeter wall remains as the enclosure for it’s references, it’s symbolic divisive power remains. Redefining the perimeter removes the link between parent and child, reference and iteration. This destructive act leaves the remaining walls as instances of something that no longer exists.

(top) axonometric drawing of the existing American embassy in Amman, Jordan

(middle) axonometric drawing of the perimeter wall of the existing American Embassy in Amman

(bottom) through repetition of the perimeter wall, the original loses some of it’s original power

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THE ITERATIVE PROCESS

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Unveiling the massing strategy was an iterative process. The relationship between wall and occupied space was tested using a variety of base strategies.

Were the wall and program one where the wall grew to enclose program?

Were they separate discrete form where the wall divided program from one another but the two never intersected?

The answer is a combination.

The walls grow and shrink to accommodate program and circulation and extend to divide and define exterior program.

Orientations were tested. What would be considered the back side of the site was favored and the walls of the embassy grew parallel and perpendicular to this preferred edge.

Overlapping orientations were tested but rejected. The overlap denied the previous iterations’ structure making a larger read of the embassy difficult.

The defined structure required greater density to achieve a field condition where the walls would break down into a holistic architecture

Greater density required a shifting and reorganizing of the base geometry. Program bars shrink and compress together, but void space continues to dominate.

It has become clear that the perimeter wall cannot be truly broken by the repetition of walls alone, It must be broken and recontextualized.

Can this happen through the rejection of the site definition for a new form?

No. The consistency of the perimeter only heightens the reading of inside and outside.

The walls must extend to the site boundary in order to redefine the perimeter. Now the perimeter can be broken and rebuilt using program instead of brick.

Will a reorientation aid in breaking the wall from it’s context?

Yes. But should it?

In maintaining an allegiance to one street, the embassy privileges one side. This privilege allows the embassy to meet the street as a local entity, while acting as a foreign body elsewhere.

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FORMAL PROCESS Throughout the design process, there was a constant motion back and forth between solid-void drawings and model making. The drawing allowed for the proper density to be established while the model making established the heights of the walls and the depths of the voids.

(above and left) layered laser cut museum board models.

1’ = 1/128�

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WALL AS PROGRAM Once the perimeter wall is broken, there is a void left that must be filled with some form of security measure. Now that the perimeter wall has been divorced from the site boundary, the wall may be redefined by the program implement.

A ring of commercial spaces surround the embassy allowing the local public to occupy the space neighboring the secure wall of the embassy. The jagged edge of the embassy facing the main visitor entrance on Al Umaweyeen create a push and pull between the perceived interior and exterior of the embassy. Without a passport or appointment visitors and residents of the are can get the feeling of getting behind the “wall” by accessing any of the pores in the form.

A new blast resistant wall now runs along the edge of what is publicly accessible. The 3’ thick wall serves as the perimeter wall but does not actually occupy the embassy’s perimeter and it largely hidden from view.

US embassy design requires a 100’ offset form the barrier wall for office and residence programs.

This offset is dematerialized barrier in the ReWall embassy. The offset is realized through a void physically separating the buildings housing the Chancery offices, residences and mechanical services for the embassy from the less sensitive storage, community services, and recreational areas. The void allows for further isolation of sensitive programs while creating a continuous path of circulation throughout the embassy.

(opposite) (above) security diagram

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(opposite) (below) program diagram

Public zone Community zones Security Consulate Chancery Storage / Services CMR MSGR

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WALL AS VOID The offset void carves through the embassy breaking the rhythm of the base orthographic formal constraints and revealing glazed curtain walls and skylights where structure once was.

Severing walls, the void further instates the in-between spaces of the embassy. Visitors must cross this void to enter the consulate. In this procession, they must exit to enter.

The model is constructed of milled high density foam for the ground and laser cut museum board and acrylic for the structure.

The scale is 1’ = 1/16�.

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Ground floor plan 1/32” = 1’

(above) ground floor plan

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Ground floor plan 1/32” = 1’

3rd floor plan 1/32” = 1’

(above) third floor plan

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Service exit security check

Storage facility

Classified Chancery

Chief of Mission Residence

Declassified Chancery

Consolate

Visitor waiting area

Community facilities

Perimeter wall

Public retail and commecial spaces

(above) north west corner of the United States ReWall embassy in Amman

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(above) chancery entrance

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PURSUING THE IN-BETWEEN The concept of the in-between runs throughout the perceived interior and exterior of the embassy. Along prominent facades of the Chancery and consular buildings, building height unconditioned corridors further blend inside and out.

These corridors provide access between floors but also allow for passive heating and cooling. A glazed curtain wall allows for full use of the light received through the porous facade, while the stone facade protects from the harsh direct sun of Jordan

(right) Chancery void corridor

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MEMORY BANK

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The flagship memory bank is a juxtaposition of open, public gathering spaces and gathered private, and semi-private areas for encoding, recall, and recovery. As users move from the exterior to the interior, the encoding and recall areas shift focus from brief superficial memories to complex, internal memories. These recollections are stored digitally in a server mass that both structures and choreographs program. Memories expand past the barriers of one’s own mind to form new digital proximities.

(top) West elevation

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(bottom) Image of top level recovery area and recall chambers

(opposite) perspective looking at North West corner of the memory bank

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MEMORY HIERARCHY The ground floor of the memory bank is a large open space for gathering. Upon entering, visitors are faced with the server mass, the physical and symbolic container for the memories stored within the bank. Visitors may travel downstairs to check-in prior to utilizing the encoding or recollection facilities, or remain in the gathering space awaiting others.

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The upper floors deal with increasingly more complex memory encoding and recall services.

The fourth floor is dedicated to autobiographical memory encoding and recall. Isolated tensile chambers provide private spaces inside for full mind and body immersion. Outside, the collection of chambers create a forest-like space where visitors may take their time reintegrating themselves with the present.

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The encoding and recollection facilities are organized hierarchically by floor, based on the complexity of the memories addressed. The second floor services memory most external to the individual. These are factual memories such as remembering dates, names, and general facts.

A person may utilize this floor after a networking event to upload memories of the names, faces, and basic facts of some of the people they met.

Encoding and recall spaces resemble booths, as the process is a surface based process with little to no recovery time.

+70 ADDITION / REPLACEMENT / REMOVAL

At the 5th level which is a half level at the top, clients are able to privately consult with a staff member when deciding to alter or permanently remove stored information from the data vault.

(opposite page) cross section

(right) program map

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(top) second floor plan

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(botton) ground floor plan

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(above) Preformative elevation depicting how the bank’s western facade obfuscates a person’s perception of the building as they walk past.

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MATERIAL STUDIES The design process began with a series of material studies. The studies involved one of architecture’s staple materials - blue foam. The foam was melted first with a heat gun shifting the direction and distance of the heat to see in what ways the foam would retract. Foam was then combined with acetone to form a liquid. In one iteration, the liquid was poured outright and allowed to solidify in a sheet. Bubbles began to form as air tried to escape the liquid. In another test, the liquid was poured over ice. The liquid solidified much faster, but was also much less dense than when cured at room temperature. Finally, acetone was very carefully dropped into isolated points in a block of foam. Once all each hole had been formed, the remaining exterior foam was melted away, again with acetone.

It was uncovered that once the foam dries, having been melted with acetone, that portion is less susceptible to the effects acetone. This meant that the melted “hole” could be removed form the larger block of foam by first creating a hole with the acetone and then melting away the remaining outside foam. The holes could then be reassembled using the foam-acetone liquid as an adhesive.

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ASSEMBLY MAP The drawing to the right is a map for the reassembly of foam holes. In studying the technique of melting holes into foam blocks and separating out the newly formed pods, I learned how to make longer and shorter pods. The map indicates which type of pod is to be placed where and in what relation. Xs indicate the base of the pod and the lighter reading Xs indicate the length. Starting at the bottom right corner, pods are added to the previous one in specified numbers before rotating 90 degrees and continuing on.

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POROSITY After generating many material studies, I tested once specific variation for its porosity. Many different curable liquids were tested to uncover which would create the best map of the porosity once dry. A silicone rubber was cast over a block of acetone melted foam, then the foam was removed and the silicone remained as the map of the previous form.

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This process was then translated into a relief drawing constructed out of pins and thread. The thread was woven around each top pin and then mapped the flow of the silicone, with each drip layer on top of the previous. This drawing later became the inspiration for the memory bank’s facade.

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NOODLOO

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Sit back, relax, and noodle around.

Noodloo is soft like a poodle.

Their slits let them canoodle.

Its noodles are bundled straight, but not an extrudel.

Noodles are cut, shredded, bundled, the whole kit and caboodle.

Lounging on this bed of noodles, with light filtering throudle, its bright colors put you in a good moodle.

Sit, wade, squish play, sway, and lounge the day away in the oodles of noodles of Noodloo.

(opposite) roof plan of the Noodloo pavilion

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Noodloo is composed of 10 graduate architecture students from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation in New York City. The group and project make up 1/3 of Brigette Borders’ and Mark Bearak’s course: Fast Pace \\ Slow Space.

Tired of stiff and monochromatic architecture, they joined together around a desire to create colorful and playful structures. Noodloo weaves and bundles common foam pool noodles to create flowing landscapes and enclosures that people can’t help but enjoy.

Developed in collaboration with Eileen Chen, Anna Vander Zwaag, Jenny Lin, Madeeha Merchant, Rebecca Riss, Rashad Palmer, Gabriel Calatrava, Gemma Gene, and Dan Luo

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MATERIAL TESTING We tirelessly tested the potentials of the pool noodle as a material for our pavilion. Initial tests centered around optimizing the way to bundle vertically oriented noodles. As we continued, we developed multiple techniques for weaving the noodles together. In order to play with light quality and firmness, the density and method of weaving was altered.

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2 1/2” noodle

4 3/4” x 5”

top view

1’-1 1/2” x 5 1/2” 5 1/2” x 51/2”

noodle 2 1/2” noodle WEAVING TYPES

4 3/4” x 5”

noodle

top view

weaving type 1

2 1/2” noodle

weaving type 1 4 3/4” x 5”

weaving type 2 1’-1 1/2” x 5 1/2” 5 1/2” x 51/2” weaving type 2 1’-1 1/2” x 5 1/2” 5 1/2” x 51/2”

top view

5’

4’-6”

5’

4’-6”

5’

4’-6”

5’

4’-6”

top view front view

front view

front view

front view

side view

side view

side view

side view

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1’-1 1/4” x 5 1/2”

weaving type 3 1’-1 1/4” x 5 1/2” weaving type 3 1’-1 1/4” x 5 1/2”

1’-0 3/4” x 5 1/2”

weaving type 4 1’-0 3/4” x 5 1/2” weaving type 4 1’-0 3/4” x 5 1/2”

1’-0 3/4” x 1’-1 3/4”

weaving type 5 1’-0 3/4” x 1’-1 3/4” weaving type 5 1’-0 3/4” x 1’-1 3/4”

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FABRICATION In order to quickly fabricate the pavilion, a jig had to be designed which would allow for quick cutting of the noodles. Three boxes were fabricated which allow for the three types of cutting. One noodle sits inside a box and guides along the slides indicate where slitting occurs. In order to prevent the cuts in the noodles from continuing to split,

(above left) Photo of a noodle in the jig.

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(above right) Photo of a noodle after cutting with the jig

holes in the jig guide a soldering iron which melts the foam at the end of each slit into a curve. This allows for force to move around the curve instead of pushing down through the foam. The noodles were color coded so that each color receives a specific type of cut.

(opposite top) diagram of the three jig types with the corresponding noodle color

(opposite bottom) diagram of the types of slitting and the corresponding color

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STRUCTURE As the noodles themselves are not structural, a rigid frame structure was constructed out of PVC and galvanized steel pipe. For each column and beam, the inner most pipe is steel.

The combination of elements allow for a light yet rigid structure. The four-part columns and beams are easily hidden within the holes of the noodles allowing the pavilion to maintain a light appearance.

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1/2” PVC pipe 1/2” Galvanized Steel Pipe

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ASSEMBLY ASSEMBLY ZONES (TO BE CONSTRUCTED IN NUMERICAL ORDER) The beams are connected to each column with bolts for easy assembly and disassembly. In assembling the pavilion. The noodles are divided into zones. Each structural member is given its own zone with the remaining zones, two on the ceiling, and four on the ground, remain “soft� or without structure. Noodles are woven together in their zone. The upper structure is assembled and the soft ceiling zones are connected by adding in specific key noodles which connect zones together.

The whole system is flipped once the ceiling and columns are in place. Then the ground zones are connected to form the full structure.

Assembly Zones Top: Zone 1 (connect to structure-columns): Zone 2 (connect to structure-beams): Zone 3 (connect to zones 1+2):

Assembly Zones Bottom:

Zone 4 (conncet to structure-beams): Zone 5 (connect to zones 1+4)

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ASSEMBLY GROUP 1:TOP (TO BE ASSEMBLED UPSIDE DOWN ZONE 1

ZONE 2

ZONE 1

ZONE 2

ZONE 3

ZONE 3

ZONE 2

ASSEMBLY GROUP 2: (TO BE ATTACHED AFTER THE TOP IS UPRIGHT AND IN PLACE ZONE 4

ZONE 1

ZONE 2

ZONE 1

Top Structure: Columns and Beams

ZONE 5

ZONE 5

ZONE 5

ZONE 4

ZONE 5

Bottom Structure: Columns and Beams

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The form of a cube was initially chosen in order for the design process to be subtractive. We eroded the interior to allow for covered seating areas while allowing for structure to stay uninterrupted. The base of the pavilion is dense to allow for seating within while the upper areas become more sparse to allow light to filter through.

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With special thanks to: Galia Solomonoff Karla Rothstein Jennifer Preston Lindy Roy Janette Kim Laura Kurgan Scott Marbel Joseph Brennen Christine Nasir David Wallance Victoria Sanger Amale Andraos Alfie Koetter Mark Wasiuta Adam Bandler Rong Zhao Hajeong Lim Heeyun Kim Mark Mascarello Anna Vander Zwaag Eileen Chen Dan Luo Madeeha Merchant Gabriel Calatrava Rebecca Riss Rashad Palmer Gemma Gene Jenny Lin Brendan O’Brien

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