Maria, Maria: engaging women to report sexual harassment in public transport in Brazil by Mariana Ozaki

MARIA, MARIA Engaging women to report sexual harassment in public transport in Brazil

MARIANA NAOMI OZAKI 840429 Tutor: Valentina Auricchio

Politecnico di Milano

Scuola del Design Master of Science in Product Service System Design A.Y. 2015/2016

Cover image taken by: FĂĄbio Rodrigues Pozzebom/ AgĂŞncia Brasil

MARIANA NAOMI OZAKI 840429

Tutor: Valentina Auricchio

Politecnico di Milano Scuola del Design Master of Science in Product Service System Design A.Y. 2015/2016

Dedico este trabalho à minha família, por sempre apoiar meus sonhos; aos meus amigos que me fazem ser uma pessoa melhor; às mulheres brasileiras que possuem a força e a sensibilidade para mudar o mundo.

Gostaria de agradecer à minha querida orientadora e professora Valentina Auricchio por me guiar na etapa final dos meus estudos no Politecnico di Milano, principalmente pela sua experiência e ensinamento sobre metodologias em Design de Serviços e suas críticas em todo o processo de tese. Obrigada às pessoas maravilhosas que cruzaram meu caminho nesses últimos 2 anos de vida, pelas conversas e por abrir meus horizontes para novos pontos de vista. Agradeço aqueles que me ajudaram e me deram força para concluir mais essa etapa: Leticia Melli, por conviver comigo diariamente desde o primeiro dia no Politecnico di Milano, por ouvir minhas histórias e desabafos. Rogério Carvalho, por ter a ideia de me tirar da zona de conforto e vir para a Itália fazer esse mestrado, pela sabedoria de rua e de vida. Bruna Kochi, pelos anos de amizade e companheirismo, por me ajudar nas diversas áreas da minha vida, por me manter sã e por tudo que já fez por mim nesses anos todos. E à minha família, Koiti, Nair e Maristela, por me ajudar a concretizar meus sonhos, mesmo que isso signifique estar a um oceano de distância. Sem vocês nada disso seria realizado!

I would like to thank my dear tutor and professor, Valentina Auricchio, for guiding me during the final stage of my studies at Politecnico di Milano, mainly for her experience and teaching on methodologies in Service Design and her criticisms throughout the thesis process. I also would like to thank the wonderful people who have crossed my path in the last two years of my life, for the conversations and for opening my horizons to new points of view. Thanks to those who helped me and gave me strength to finish this stage further: Leticia Melli, for being with me daily from the very first day at Politecnico di Milano, for listening to my stories and let me getting things off my chest. Rogério Carvalho, for having the idea of taking me out of the comfort zone and moving to Italy to do this master’s degree, for his “street wisdom quotes” and life wisdom. Bruna Kochi, for all these years of friendship and companionship, for helping me in the many areas of my life, for keeping me sane and for everything she has done for me in all these years. And my family, Koiti, Nair and Maristela, for helping me make my dreams come true, even if it means being an ocean away. Without you none of this would be accomplished!

Maria, Maria É um dom, uma certa magia, Uma força que nos alerta Uma mulher que merece viver e amar Como outra qualquer do planeta

Maria, Maria É o som, é a cor, é o suor É a dose mais forte e lenta

Maria, Maria

De uma gente que ri quando deve chorar

Mistura a dor e a alegria

E não vive, apenas aguenta

Mas é preciso ter manha É preciso ter graça

Mas é preciso ter força

É preciso ter sonho sempre

É preciso ter raça

Quem traz na pele essa marca

É preciso ter gana sempre

Possui a estranha mania

Quem traz no corpo uma marca

De ter fé na vida

ABSTRACT IN ITALIAN La paura di subire aggressioni o violenze accompagna la maggior parte delle donne brasiliane, condizionando i diversi modi in cui la città viene vissuta. Per conto di una cultura maschilista, in passato le donne credevano che ricevere un fischio e subire molestie sessuali fosse un comportamento accettabile, da considerare “normale”, anche quando loro stesse provavano imbarazzo e paura. Oggi, grazie alla divulgazione di informazioni sui diritti delle donne e il diffondersi dei movimenti femministi, tale atteggiamento è mutato in una nuova mentalità che garantisce a queste donne la consapevolezza su quanto subiscono. Tuttavia i rapporti che registrano il numero di molestie subite nei trasporti pubblici non mostrano aumenti rilevanti, in quanto le persone non sono solite utilizzare questo canale per denunciare i fatti subiti. “Maria, Maria” è il progetto che ha lo scopo di aiutare le donne a cambiare atteggiamento, fornendo informazioni e programmi di sensibilizzazione affinché si impegnino a segnalare le molestie sessuali subite nei trasporti pubblici del Brasile. La strategia adottata si sviluppa in fasi esecutive quali: marketing per sensibilizzare l’opinione pubblica, e una comunità online per il supporto collaborativo che ha l’obiettivo di avvicinare e mettere in comunicazione le donne perché contrastino insieme la cultura e l’ignoranza della molestia e dello stupro.

ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH The fear of assault and violence walk together with the majority of the Brazilian women, influencing on the many ways they experience the city. Because of the male-oriented culture, in the past, women believed that catcalling and sexual harassment was acceptable and considered a “normal” behavior, even when they felt embarrassed and afraid. Nowadays, with the spread of information about women’s rights and feminism, a new mindset has changed this attitude, providing consciousness to these women. However, the numbers of report of harassment in the public transport are not increasing significantly. “Maria, Maria” is a project that focus on how women can change this behavior, providing them information and awareness for engaging them to report the sexual harassment in the public transport in Brazil. It uses as strategy with phases of implementation which are marketing for public awareness, an online collaborative support community, to embrace and connect women to react against the harassment and rape culture and education.

INDEX Chapter 01

12 15

WOMEN IN MOVEMENT But first, let’s talk about gender inequality

Why feminism is important

Sororidade: expressing empathy with other women

22 25

Public awareness: the importance and implications of women’s safety in public spaces Women’s safety in public transport: an universal issue

Chapter 02

28 30

Chapter 03

BRAZIL, WOMEN AND THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT About Brazil

The country

The culture

Violence, harassment and abuse against women

The transport

DESK RESEARCH

Wicked problem

Trends

Empowerment

Peer-to-peer and sharing economy

Emerging force

Case studies: solving the issue of safety on public transport

Women and safety in the public transport: an utopia?

Case studies around the world

The feminist movement in Brazil

Harassment and punishment

Women-only train carriages: separating women from men

Nimb ring and Roar: a panic button through a touch

Vodafone’s secret app: giving women in Turkey a lifeline

70 72

Women’s march

#NiUnaMenos

INDEX 74 75

Não toca na minha miga: humiliating the abusers

Você não está sozinha: a campaign from Metropolitan of São Paulo

78 80

Chapter 04

Case studies in Brazil

Vamos juntas?: empathy and reports told by women about violence in the streets Think Olga: empowering women through information

80 82

Chega de fiu-fiu

82 83

#PrimeiroAssédio

Chega de fiu-fiu, the documentary Partnership between Think Olga and the Public Defender of the state of São Paulo

HelpMe: an app for making a complaint on public transport

Táxi Rosa: a service for taxis just for women

Chapter 05

COLLECTING DATA

114

IDEATION

Quantitative research

117

Mind mapping

119

Idea generation

91 92 94

Online survey for women: listening to the Brazilian women Highlights Analysis

96 97 98

Online survey for men: the other point of view Highlights Analysis

99 100 106 108

Qualitative research

110 110 113

Research conclusion

Interviews 1:1 Observation / Immersion User journey

Findings Insights

Chapter 06

122

THE PROJECT: MARIA, MARIA

125

Engaging women to report

127

Implementation

128

Phase 1: report and awareness

133

Phase 2: support community

136

Phase 3: education

141

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

143

BIBLIOGRAPHY

145

WEBOGRAPHY

146

APPENDIX

Source: Thinkstock

WOMEN IN MOVEMENT 13

BUT FIRST, LET'S TALK ABOUT GENDER INEQUALITY Gender inequality is one of the most discussed topics nowadays. And despite the progress made by many generations of women, it's still a concern for many nations. Gender inequality is also called patriarchy, is both ideological1 — as the beliefs, norms, and values about the status and roles of women in a society — and structural — such as women’s access to and positions within social institutions and it, unfortunately, exists in most parts of the world and it takes different forms. As told by Amartya Sen (2001), an Indian economist and philosopher, on his book "The many faces of gender inequality"2, gender inequality is not one homogeneous phenomenon, but a collection of disparate and interlinked problems. According to Amartya Sen’s research, there are seven types of inequality.

Mortality inequality

In some regions in the world, inequality between women and men directly involves matters of life and death, and takes the brutal form of unusually high mortality rates of women and a consequent preponderance of men in the total population, as opposed to the preponderance of women found in societies with little or no gender bias in health care and nutrition.

Natality inequality

Gender inequality can manifest itself in the form of the parents wanting the newborn to be a boy rather than a girl. There was a time when this could be no more than a wish (a daydream or a nightmare, depending on one’s perspective), but with the availability of modern techniques to determine the gender of the foetus, sex-selective abortion has become common in many countries.

INDEED, GENDER INEQUALITY IS NOT ONE HOMOGENEOUS PHENOMENON, BUT A COLLECTION OF DISPARATE AND INTERLINKED PROBLEMS. Amartya Sen (2001) 15

Basic facility inequality

Even when demographic characteristics do not show much or any anti-female bias, there are other ways in which women can have less than a square deal. Afghanistan may be the only country in the world the government of which is keen on actively excluding girls from schooling (it combines this with other features of massive gender inequality), but there are many countries in Asia and Africa, and also in Latin America, where girls have far less opportunity of schooling than boys do. There are other deficiencies in basic facilities available to women, varying from encouragement to cultivate oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural talents to fair participation in rewarding social functions of the community.

Special opportunity inequality

Even when there is relatively little difference in basic facilities including schooling, the opportunities of higher education may be far fewer for young women than for young men. Indeed, gender bias in higher education and professional training can be observed even in some of the richest countries in the world, in Europe and North America.

Professional inequality

In terms of employment as well as promotion in work and occupation, women often face greater handicap than men. A country like Japan may

be quite egalitarian in matters of demography or basic facilities, and even, to a great extent, in higher education, and yet progress to elevated levels of employment and occupation seems to be much more problematic for women than for men.

Ownership inequality

In many societies the ownership of property can also be very unequal. Even basic assets such as homes and land may be very asymmetrically shared. The absence of claims to property can not only reduce the voice of women, but also make it harder for women to enter and flourish in commercial, economic and even some social activities.

Household inequality

There are, often enough, basic inequalities in gender relations within the family or the household, which can take many different forms. Even in cases in which there are no overt signs of anti-female bias in, say, survival or sonpreference or education, or even in promotion to higher executive positions, the family arrangements can be quite unequal in terms of sharing the burden of housework and child care. It is, for example, quite common in many societies to take it for granted that while men will naturally work outside the home, women could do it if and only if they could combine it with various inescapable and unequally shared

household duties. Cultural stereotypes are ingrained in both men and women and these stereotypes are a possible explanation for gender inequality and the resulting gendered wage disparity. Women have traditionally been viewed as being caring and nurturing and are designated to occupations which require such skills. While these skills are culturally valued, they were typically associated with domesticity, so occupations requiring these same skills are not economically valued. Men have traditionally been viewed as the breadwinner or the worker, so jobs held by men have been historically economically valued and occupations predominated by men continue to be economically valued and earn higher wages. Gender inequality can further be understood through the mechanisms of sexism. Discrimination takes place in this manner as men and women are subject to prejudicial treatment on the basis of gender alone. Sexism occurs when men and women are framed within two dimensions of social cognition. Discrimination also plays out with networking and in preferential treatment within the economic market. Men typically occupy positions of power within the job economy. Due to taste or preference for other men because

they share similar characteristics, men in these positions of power are more likely to hire or promote other men, thus discriminating against women. Despite the strides taken to eradicate gender inequality over the years, the fact is that it still remains. There are many feminist perspectives of gender inequality, including that of liberal feminism 3, socialist feminism, radical feminism, and multiracial feminism. Each of these perspectives views the issue from a slightly different angle and offers different insights into the problem in addition to different solutions. And that’s why debating the topic of feminism is important.

Photo by: Douglas Marçal. Bus from Nova Esperança to Maringá (Paraná), at 6.25am

DISCRIMINATION TAKES PLACE IN THIS MANNER AS MEN AND WOMEN ARE SUBJECT TO PREJUDICIAL TREATMENT ON THE BASIS OF GENDER ALONE. 17

WHY FEMINISM IS IMPORTANT There are some people who believe that feminism is a thing of the past — that women don’t need it anymore because the patriarchal system no longer exists. Along the history we can observe that women could achieve rights and opportunities equal as men, such as voting. Many people might misunderstand what feminism is. According to Mario Sergio Cortella4, one of the most influencing intellectuals in Brazil, feminism is not the opposite of male chauvinism. Feminism is seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in education, employment and advance political, economic, personal, and social rights for women. Feminism is important for many reasons, because when people get married it is assumed the woman will take the man’s last name, when women are assaulted, they are often the ones who feel ashamed. Feminism is needed because women are taught at school how to prevent rape, instead of teaching people to not view

women as objects. Because women are told that walking alone at night makes them “an easy target.” Feminism is needed because FGM (Female Genital Mutilation), the act of cutting off and restitching female genitals to prevent pleasurable sex5 — and can happen to girls as young as 5 months old — is still practiced in 29 countries. Feminism is needed because more than 120 countries don’t have laws against marital rape6, and still allow child brides7 — some as young as 6 years old.

It is not a gender issue — it is a humanity issue. (Michael Johnson 2005) The purpose of feminism is to create a society of equal say, to provide people with the freedom of choice, rather than limited choices of assumption. According to the United Nations Population

Fund8, an organization which works to protect reproductive rights and support equality in developing countries, women comprise two thirds of all illiterate adults worldwide, as well as 60 percent of the world’s poorest people. We live in a rape culture9 where women are incessantly slut-shamed and frequently held responsible for their own rapes — or at the very least asked what they were doing/ wearing/saying to provoke their attackers. The unacceptable practice of victim blaming remains common, people are often encouraged to feel pity for a man accused of rape rather than demand justice for the victim. Until women are no longer held even partially responsible for the actions of violent men, we will still need feminism.

FEMINISM IS NOT THE OPPOSITE OF MALE CHAUVINISM. FEMINISM IS SEEKING TO ESTABLISH EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT AND ADVANCE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, PERSONAL, AND SOCIAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN.

Women’s Strike for Peace and Equality, New York City, Aug. 26, 1970. Eugene Gordon—The New York Historical Society / Getty Images

Mario Sergio Cortella

SORORIDADE: EXPRESSING EMPATHY WITH OTHER WOMEN AND EMPOWERING THEM A feminine noun absent from classical Portuguese-language dictionaries has been vigorously repeated among young women who militate for gender equality: sororidade10 — “sorority”. Sorority is a word unknown to many people, but quite familiar to the members of the feminist movements. The term means fraternity, brotherhood, union and mutual care among women, something essential for a sense of group and recognition of the oppressions suffered jointly by women living in sexist societies. Feminism today also embraces an idea defined by another unusual word: intersectionality11,

a prerequisite for the female brotherhood to be more attentive and careful, noting the special needs of each group of women and the different forms of oppression that They suffer. The idea of intersectionality implies that there is no primacy of oppression over others and that we do not think of women as a universal category, making it necessary to recognize the particularities of each group of women and their oppressions. Sorority, then, is the possibility of seeing other women as “sisters”; as allies, not as enemies or competitors12. Disseminated in Brazil through social networks, the word is sprinkled in phrases like “Sorority can save lives”, “Sorority generates sorority” or “We are here for each other. This is sorority”. In

SORORITY, THEN, IS THE POSSIBILITY OF SEEING OTHER WOMEN AS “SISTERS”; AS ALLIES, NOT AS ENEMIES OR COMPETITORS. Babi Souza

a current definition on the internet, “sorority” refers to a kind of pact among women related to the ethical, political and practical dimensions of contemporary feminism. Or simply an alliance based on empathy and fellowship. Ana Liési Thurler, member of the research group Vozes Femininas13, University of Brasilia (UNB), defines sorority as “welcoming, empowerment, solidarity among women”. The sociologist explains that the term originates in soror, whose meaning is “sister” in Latin. In the United States, in turn, sororities are social organizations in universities: the fraternities integrated by girls. Misogyny - and sorority, its antidote - also becomes a political phenomenon, since it involves the distribution of powers in society - adds the teacher. Sorority has been spread all over the Internet and social media. For example, the journalist Babi Souza recently released the book “Let’s Go Together? - The guide to sorority for all”, at the age of 25. The book is the result of a project created by the young woman on the Internet, whose proposal is to unite women against harassment and other types of violence. Babi Souza is today considered one of the representatives linked to the feminist struggle in Brazil.

Students create system to help colleagues with period “accidents” Manu Marinho is a 20-year-old Design student from Recife, Brazil, who takes sorority very seriously - and believes that it should become a collective action. With a plastic box, a sheet of paper, pens and a handful of absorbents, she created a tampons donation station in one of the bathrooms at the Arts and Communication Center of the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) so that no one else would be embarrassed in the case they got surprised by their period. She wrote on a little sign: “Take one, if you need it. Leave one if you can.” What she did not know was that at that moment she was creating a movement, creating a permanent idea of action that spreaded solidarity and sorority far beyond what she had imagined.

Photo by: Manu Marinho

The idea was very well received and soon began to be extended to other university bathrooms. Until the end of this report, in May 2016, only on the campus of Recife there were boxes donated in at least 16 bathrooms.

PUBLIC AWARENESS:

“Silence kills”. Photo by: Agência PT

THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPLICATIONS OF WOMENâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SAFETY IN PUBLIC SPACES Transport and Mobility are still usually perceived as gender neutral14. However, gender is relevant both from the user perspective, as from the decision-making and workforce sides.

Women and men make different use of transport modes and they experience mobility differently There is a relation between gender roles and mobility. In general, women tend to have more complex patterns of mobility15 (usually at local level) as they have to combine their caring role with their income activities. In most cases, women are responsible for accompanying

their children to and from day-care or school or leisure activities, as well as dependent persons, they to go to their work and they go grocery shopping. This may require the use of multiple transport modes, as their trips are generally shorter, more frequent and more dispersed during the day. Women tend to have less well-paid jobs and, therefore, choose more affordable means to travel. On the other hand, men tend to travel longer distances to their jobs, typically by car, leaving in the morning and returning later in the evening. Thus, women tend to use more public transport, while men make more use of the car (of which they are usually owners). Despite these aspects,

THUS, WOMEN TEND TO USE MORE PUBLIC TRANSPORT, WHILE MEN MAKE MORE USE OF THE CAR (OF WHICH THEY ARE USUALLY OWNERS).

public transport systems are seldom organised according to the needs of their actual users, mainly women, posing several problems related to long waiting periods, safety, inadequate distances from relevant facilities, among others. Although women use public transports far more than men, the transport infrastructure and services do not meet their needs. It is not unusual that infrastructures do not take into account usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; particularities. For instance, if we take into consideration that women are the main public transport users and that they use it for care purposes, high steps to access transport stops might make it difficult to push a stroller or a wheelchair, or even to walk if the person has mobility problems (e.g. disabled or elderly people). Another example is the pavement to access public transports stops/ stations (e.g. gravel or grilled flooring) which might not be adequate to all types of shoes (e.g. high-heels).

Gendered use of the car With regard to the use of cars, in Europe, fewer women than men own or use a car. However, women that drive cars are more attentive to other road users and the traffic rules, and have fewer accidents than men. At the same time, women have more concerns about their

personal safety in public spaces and public transport, which affects their mobility and participation in activities because they tend to self-limit their movements.

Urban transport planning needs to be gender-sensitive In order to make transport policies more gender-sensitive, planning assumes here a crucial role. For instance, analysing travel demand by sex per day (including trip chains, relevant destinations and times of the day), as well as the service coordination between interchange nodes (in order to reduce waiting times) could improve urban transport planning as it would be responding to the actual usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs. This analysis may well be useful to identify other relevant destinations that are currently not covered. Transport providers also benefit from these analyses as it might have a positive impact on efficiency and profit.

Decision-making and labour force positions in the transport sector are male-dominated Decision-making and labour force positions in the transport sector are mainly occupied by men. According to a study about womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s employment in urban public transport sector16,

the share of women in management boards is less than 20 % and only 9.3 % are drivers. This means that there is an unbalanced participation of women and men in planning and deciding on policy actions, which may affect both female and male citizens. A more balanced representation of both sexes would bring in different perspectives and experiences that may improve the decision-making process.

WOMEN'S SAFETY IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT: AN UNIVERSAL ISSUE Globally, women specific barriers to safe public transport include fear and experiences of sexual harassment and violence while accessing and using public transport. Overcrowding, lack of space and information, delay or unreliable public transport services have a disproportionately higher impact on women than men. Trips made by women are typically characterised by off-peak hour trips, trip chaining i.e. grouping multiple activities and/or destinations into a single trip, higher probability of carrying packages or being accompanied by dependents17. These factors make women even more vulnerable to harassment as standard public transport services do not account for them and thus cater to these trip characteristics.

In addition, the complex household and caretaking responsibilities of women usually force them to make multiple stops even in a chained trip (Peters 2013). This makes the trip costlier for women as they may have to pay numerous single-fare tickets during such a chained trip. The off-peak and peripheral public transit routes that women depend on for their travel to shopping or social facilities have less priority than the radial commuter corridors that connect directly to the city centre. While â&#x20AC;&#x153;bad designâ&#x20AC;? of public spaces may not cause direct verbal or sexual assault, the inverse does hold true. Good design plays an important role in creating safe and inviting spaces for women and discourages situations where

GLOBALLY, WOMEN SPECIFIC BARRIERS TO SAFE PUBLIC TRANSPORT INCLUDE FEAR AND EXPERIENCES OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT AND VIOLENCE WHILE ACCESSING AND USING PUBLIC TRANSPORT.

women get harassed. Thus, there is a need to devise guidelines that mainstream gender in all aspects, including planning, operations, participation, maintenance and procurement of bus-based public transport. To ensure increased presence of women in economic activities, availability of safe and reliable transport services is not just desirable but mandatory. Addressing the needs of women also ensures that the needs and issues of other womendependent groups like children and elderly are addressed. Common negative aspects relating to inadequate transport services are: • Long waiting times at poorly lit bus stops; • Unavailable service times matching the start and end of work hours; • High steps making it difficult to travel with the bike, pushchair or luggage; • Poor connections in suburban and rural areas; • Poor multi-modal connections.

in the use of the transport system, but the transport sector is also an overwhelmingly male-dominated sector, characterised by masculine values and practices18. Men and women make different uses of a shared system of transport. Research shows how both car travel and the ideas of freedom and movement associated with the car are persistently linked to masculine identity, and that in adverts, images, film and literature, men are disproportionately more represented as travellers19. So far, despite significant gender differences, transport research and policies remain highly androcentric, focusing on men’s travel patterns and interests20.

Transport policies and provisions have a direct social impact in the sense that they touch on how different groups of citizens access particular and essential facilities and services such as employment, care, education, health and political processes. Gender is highly relevant to the transport field: not only are there clear and persistent gender differences

footnotes 1. Sultana, Abeda. “Patriarchy and women’s subordination: A theoretical analysis.” Arts Faculty Journal 4 (2012): 1-18. 2. Sen, Amartya. “The many faces of gender inequality.” New republic (2001): 35-39 . 3. ”Feminist Theories of Gender Inequality” Research Starters eNotes.com, Inc. eNotes. com 17 Mar, 2017 <http://www.enotes. com/research-starters/feminist-theoriesgender-inequality#research-starterresearch-starter> 4. Cortella, Mario Sergio. Não nascemos prontos!: Provocações filosóficas. Editora Vozes Limitada, 2016. 5. Committee on Bioethics. “Female genital mutilation.” Pediatrics 102.1 (1998): 153156. 6. Marital rape http://www.takepart.com/ article/2014/05/21/marital-rape-0/ 7. About child marriage http://www. girlsnotbrides.org/about-child-marriage/ 8. UNFPA: United Nations Population Fund

available on http://www.unfpa.org/

human geography 23.4 (1999): 567-588.

9. What is rape culture http://www.wavaw. ca/what-is-rape-culture/

16. WISE: http://www.wise-project.net/ pages/index1.html

10. Garcia, Dantielli Assumpção, and Lucília Maria Abrahão. “A sororidade no ciberespaço: laços feministas em militância.” Estudos Linguísticos (São Paulo. 1978) 44.3 (2016): 991-1008.

17. UN Women 2010

11. Laura Torrês on: http://marcozero. org/o-despertar-da-sororidade/ 12. Babi Souza on “Vamos juntas?” 13. Vozes Femininas on Facebook group, empowerment focused on literature made by women: https://www.facebook.com/ grupodepesquisavozes/ 14. Peters, Deike. “Gender and transport in less developed countries: A background paper in preparation for CSD-9.” London, Paper Commissioned by UNED Forum. 2001. 15. Law, Robin. “Beyond ‘women and transport’: towards new geographies of gender and daily mobility.” Progress in

18. Transgen Project Team (2007), Gender Mainstreaming European Transport Research and Policies; Building the Knowledge Base and Mapping Good Practices. Copenhagen 19. Transgen, ibid. 20. See the study realised for the European Parliament on “Women and Transport” by The University of East London (UK) and the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy (DE).

March of Black Women Against Racism, Violence and Good Living in Brasilia, 2015. Photo by Marcello Casal Jr / Archive AgĂŞncia Brasil

BRAZIL, WOMEN AND THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT 29

ABOUT BRAZIL

THE COUNTRY

Brazil is the largest country in South America and the fifth largest nation in the world and third largest in the Americas, with a 7,400-kilometer coastline along the Atlantic Ocean. It has borders with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador. Brazil is a federation composed of 26 States, one Federal district (which contains the capital city, BrasĂlia) and Municipalities. States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly by their voters. They also have independent Courts of Law for common justice. The states and the federal district may be grouped into regions: Northern, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and Southern. The Brazilian regions are merely geographical, not political or administrative divisions, and they do not have any specific form of government. Although defined by law, Brazilian regions are useful mainly for statistical purposes, and also to define the distribution of federal funds in development projects. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and

Political map of Brazil

giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors. According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest urban agglomerations in Brazil are all in the Southeastern Region: São Paulo (21.1 million inhabitants), Rio de Janeiro (12.3 million inhabitants), and Belo Horizonte (5.1 million inhabitants). 1

The culture In one of his most important book, “Raizes do Brasil”2 (Roots of Brazil), Sérgio Buarque de Holanda (1936), Brazilian sociologist and historian, explains where some of the aspects of the Brazilian culture and society come from. According to Holanda, Brazilians make no distinction between private and public environment: Brazil is a society where the State is family property, public men are formed in the domestic circle, where sentimental and familiar ties are transported to the environment of the State. For example, Brazilians don’t use to call people by their last names. Unless the person is introduced to us by his/her last name, we will call him/her by the first name or even by a nickname.

This difficulty Brazilians have to separate private from public is a direct result of organic or communal relations. In other words, it means that Brazilians relate to each other based on kinship, neighborhood and friendship. There is, in the Brazilian society, a very strong attachment to the domestic environment, a reluctance to accept super individuality. There is a great desire to achieve prestige and money without effort. The great social and political movements came from the top down, the people became indifferent to everything. Romanticism eventually became a world out of the world, unable to see the reality, which helped in the construction of a false, bookish reality. Brazil is a peaceful country. It is necessary that Brazilians make a kind of revolution to put an end to the remnants of the colonial history and begin to write a new history, different and particular.

The rape culture Moreover, added to this behavior of Brazilians of being unable to the see the reality, the society is also sexist and male-oriented driven. Brazil is the fifth country in the world in number of murders of women for reasons of gender, the

so-called femicide, according to UN Women3. In an interview with BBC Brazil, UN Women representative in Brazil, Nadine Gasman, says that the number reveals “a very sexist society, very violent, that rapes and rapes women.” According to her, the country has good laws, but they are not put into practice with the necessary force. From 2013 to 2015, Brazil went from seventh to fifth place. Only countries that have data on women’s murders are on the list, but yes, the country is ahead of many others. And the numbers are very strong. There are 50,000 sexually assaulted every year. And that number is the number of women reporting the assault - because we work with the estimate that only a third of the victims report an occurrence. A week or so ago, Actionaid (NGO) launched a poll according to which 86% - well, eighty-six percent - of Brazilian women have already suffered some form of harassment. Brazil has a very sexist society, very violent, strong male-oriented culture and a culture of rape. Rape is accepted by men and not recognized by many as an extreme violation of women’s rights.

Slut March. Photo by: Eduardo Valente

VIOLENCE, HARASSMENT AND ABUSE AGAINST WOMEN THERE IS NO WORSE COUNTRY IN SOUTH AMERICA TO BE BORN FEMALE THAN BRAZIL, ACCORDING TO A STUDY ABOUT SEXISM CONDUCTED BY THE NGO, SAVE THE CHILDREN

The path between women's rights and the struggles for minority equality in general has always been intertwined. In the time of the Brazil Colony (1500-1822), little was conquered. There was a rooted culture of repression of minorities, inequality, and patriarchy. The women were the property of their parents, husbands, brothers or whatever the heads of the family. During this period, the women's struggle was focused on some extremely significant shortcomings at the time: the right to political life, education, the right to divorce and free access to the labor market. Among 114 nations, Brazil takes 102nd in a ranking that takes into account criteria including children’s marriage, teenage pregnancy, motherhood mortality, women’s representation in the Parliament, and education. On one hand, one of the goals of the United Nations Sustainable Development project is to eliminate

early and forced marriage in an effort to ensure gender equality. Some data from the NGO Save the Children4: • 13 women are murdered per day in Brazil (Source: MS / SVS / CGIAE - Information System on Mortality - SIM). • Every five minutes a woman is assaulted in Brazil (Map of Violence 2012 - Homicide of Women). • Every 2 hours a woman is a victim of homicide, 372 a month. (Instituto Avante Brasil - IAB from DataSUS data, Ministry of Health - Map of violence 2012) • Men earn approximately 30% more than women with the same level of education and age. (Data acquired through the report "New Century, Old Inequalities: Gender Differences in Gender and Ethnicity in Latin America," written by IDB economists Hugo Nópo, Juan Pablo Atal and Natalia Winder.)

LEI MARIA DA PENHA5 (THE MARIA DA PENHA LAW) The Maria da Penha Law, popular denomination of law number 11,340, of August 7, 2006, is a Brazilian legal provision that aims to increase the punishment of domestic crimes. It is usually applied to men who physically or psychologically strike a woman or wife. In Brazil, according to data from the Secretariat of Policy for Women, one in five women is a victim of domestic violence. About 80% of the cases are committed by partners or former partners.

The NGO Rio de Paz promotes, in the Beach of Copacabana, public act against the abuse suffered by the women. Photo by: Tânia Rêgo/ Agência Brasil

Decree by the National Congress and sanctioned by the then President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva on August 7, 2006. The law came into force on September 22, 2006, and the next day the first aggressor was arrested in Rio de Janeiro, after trying to strangle his ex-wife.

Sé Station. Photo by: Rogério Cavalheiro/Futura Press/Estadão Conteúdo

THE TRANSPORT Transport infrastructure6 in Brazil is characterized by strong regional differences and lack of development of the national rail network. Since Juscelino Kubitchek's government, from 1956 to 1961, the abandonment of the rail transport was perceived. The transportation field during the JK Government was basically road-based. JK opened the Brazilian economy to Capital International, promoting the implementation of the automobile industry, with the arriving of foreign automobile factories of brands such as Volkswagen (Germany), Simca (France), Ford and General Motors (United States) to the cities of São Paulo, Santo André, São Caetano, São Bernardo and Rio de Janeiro. The car became a common desire on the part of Brazilians who did not need to import it anymore. A great example is the construction of Brasília, where the radial system of highways is notorious, making national integration from the capital to the interior of the country. Even though it was necessary, but no more than the railroad tracks, JK insisted on creating a large number of highways, since its main purpose

was to bring many automobile industries to Brazil. His investment in rails was almost nothing. The country's road network is still very small and concentrates mostly in the South and Southeast.

According to Mobilize7, underground rails are available only in 11 cities, such as: Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Fortaleza, Juazeiro do Norte, Porto Alegre, Sobral, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Salvador and Teresina.

The lack of investments in railroad transportation that would help connecting large centers and cities throughout the country, making the Brazilians travel more affordable and cost-effective, starting the "car culture", which made Brazilians prioritize the purchase of automobiles, refusing to use collective public transportation because of their inefficiency, which have been in the background since the 1950s. Brazilians still suffer from the precariousness of the public transport system and with terrible and endless traffic jams caused by the high number of cars in the cities with no structure to support them. The rail transport in Brazil is used mostly for cargo transport.

The public transport in São Paulo has a key role in the date-to-day life of the people of São Paulo. Although lacking in strong infrastructure, various methods of public transport are offered in the city, including a complex bus system run by SPTrans8 (Municipal Secretary of Mobility and Transport), and various subway and railway lines. A contactless smartcard is used for fare collection for the buses, subway, and railway systems.

Because of this, buses are the common form of transport amongst Brazil’s lower-class residents who have to commute long distances from the outer-city limits to richer areas where they work.

Rio de Janeiro is one of the biggest cities in South America. It is the most important city in Brazil when it comes to recreation and tourism, thanks to its coastal location and over 80 kilometers of open beaches. The subway service (Metro Rio9) has the mass-transit underground railway network that serves the city.

WOMEN AND SAFETY IN THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT: AN UTOPIA?

In the overcrowded buses, trains and subways that circulate in the city of SĂŁo Paulo, users squeeze against each other searching for space. This scraping facilitates wandering hands, deliberate mischievous and coarse whispers, reported by one in three girls interviewed by Datafolha10 in research on harassment. According to the survey, from which 1,092 men and women were interviewed, public transport is the place where more harassment occurs to women in the city: 35% say they have already been subjected to some kind of

harassment in these gripes. 22% of them said they had suffered physical harassment, while 8% had been subjected to verbal harassment and 4% of both. After the public transport, the next place they feel more frightened are in the streets (33%), nightclubs (19%) and work (10%). This result is the increase of movements of activists and feminist collectives for public transport companies to create campaigns and facilitated reporting mechanisms.

ACCORDING TO THE SURVEY, WHICH 1,092 MEN AND WOMEN WERE INTERVIEWED, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IS THE PLACE WHERE MORE HARASSMENT OCCURS TO WOMEN IN THE CITY.

“Vagão rosa” women-only carriages transporting women in Brasilia. Photo by: Fábio Rodrigues Pozzebom/ Agência Brasil

Datafolha

The actions range from protests at subway stations or the distribution of pins on platforms and bus stops as a form of self-preservation to women who have been able to forge campaigning and training of subway staff. According to another research made in SĂŁo Paulo, all the transport companies don't know how to deal with the issue of harassment. First of all, because there are no women in positions of command in these structures.

Results from the survey made by Datafolha: Have you ever been harassed? No: 64%; Yes: 36% Between people who said "yes": 26% men; 74% women. Their profile: Schooling: elementary school: 15%; high school: 50%; higher school: 34% Monthly income: until 2 minimum wages: 28%; between more than 2 to 5 minimum wages: 42%; between more than 5 to 10 minimum wages: 15%; more than 10 minimum wages: 12%; don't know or refused to inform: 2% Age they were harassed for the first time: until 12 years old: 12%; between 12 and 17 years old: 39%; between 17 and 25 years old: 27%; more than 25 years old: 16%; don't know or don't remember: 6%

Throughout a year and a half of contact with Metrô SP11 (the Metro Company in São Paulo) teams, Ana Carolina, a Metrô user who joined the client channel asking for action and suggesting a campaign, has already helped in initiatives to raise awareness of users, reporting channels and training personnel. For her, the recognition of harassment is stuck in the social recognition that harassment is violence and saying that it's a crime already makes harassed and harassing people realize that it's wrong. According to the Metrô SP, the actions resulted in an increase in manifestations by the SMSComplaint: in 2013 there were ten cases in 2014, 61 cases and, until October 2015, 111 an increase of 82% last year to this. In a statement, the Metrô reported that in 2015, 115 incident reports were registered at the Metropolitan Police Station, the body responsible for investigating crimes in the system, and that more than 80% of the reported cases resulted in the identification and referral of offenders. According to SPTrans, 36 reports of abuse within buses were registered from January to October 2015. In 2014, there were 38.

"NOT ONLY THE SUBWAY, BUT ALL TRANSPORT COMPANIES DO NOT KNOW HOW TO DEAL WITH THE ISSUE OF HARASSMENT. FIRST OF ALL, BECAUSE THERE ARE NO WOMEN IN POSITIONS OF COMMAND IN THESE STRUCTURES" Ana Carolina, an user of Metrô SP

Laws and penalties related to public spaces in Brazil In Brazil, Law No. 10.224 / 01, which deals with sexual harassment, is more restricted to the work environment and provides for a sentence of detention of 1 to 2 years. In this law, the legal goods that are intended to be protected are sexual freedom and non-discrimination in the workplace. Harassment on the streets and public spaces often occurs.

On March 9, 2015, the Law of Femicide12 was enacted (Law No. 13,104). The main changes brought by this law are as follows: it makes the crime of murder of women a heinous crime with higher punishments, consequently it is dealt with more severely, without the right to amnesty, grace, pardon, non-bailable, determines the fulfillment of greater Time for regime progression, 30-day temporary detention and conditional release with a 2/3 penalty. This law has received applause from

the womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movement, from some social sectors, from many law-makers, but has also been criticized.

Criminal offenses Offensive offense to embarrassment: Impersonate someone in a public place. To curse in a way that hurts the womanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s modesty. Fine penalty Disruption of tranquility: To annoy someone or to disturb their tranquility, for reasons or for reproach. Penalty of arrest or fine Crimes Injury: Insulting someone, greatly offending their dignity or honor. Penalty of arrest or fine

Results from the survey made by Datafolha: Where harassment to women happens: 35% in the public transport; 33% in the street; 19% at the bar or nightclubs; 10% at work; 6% at school or university; 2% at home

Obscene act: Practicing obscene act in a public place, or open or exposed to the public. Penalty of arrest or fine

of women on the street, of which 248 were injuries, 20 were disturbances of tranquility, 6 are annoyances and an obscene act.

Complaints: In the city of São Paulo there are nine police stations for women’s defense, which, among other cases, record offensive indecent assaults, disturbances of tranquility, injuries and obscene acts - crimes and criminal offenses in which men who make offensive approaches to women on the street.

According to the Police, campaigns don’t give enough information to women, such as, that obscene acts against women are crimes, and that victims should report. Allied to the greater attention of the police to the fact, it is necessary to insert educational campaigns on the subject in the vehicles of communication.

Because of fear, usually women don’t denounce the harassment or abuse. And the absence of official complaints makes it impossible to draw up an adequate plan to combat violence against women. For this reason, the Women’s Police Station is not sure of how big the problem is and which measures can be taken. This failure demonstrates that offenses directed at women are seen as minor. According to Delpom, Metropolitan police station, even with the lack of information, 571 reports related to sexual abuse or harassment were filed in the women’s and subway stations in a period of nine months, which records the occurrences of public transport on the rails of São Paulo. There are two cases per day, and most of them happen in the East Zone of São Paulo. During these nine months, the Police of the region registered 275 cases of harassment

Photo by: Rafaela Felicciano/ Metrópoles

Slut March. 2014. Photo by: Fernando Frazão/ Agência Brasil

THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT IN BRAZIL Brazilian women achieved many partial victories in the twentieth century: they obtained the right to vote in 193213, but they were not able to surpass the prevailing existing 10% women participation in congress; they advanced in all levels of education, but they are still underrepresented in exact sciences and in research groups leadership; they increased participation rates in the labor market, but they still face occupational segregation, salary discrimination, and double working day; they achieved several victories in national legislation, but they are still victims of prejudice and discrimination. They were able to reduce many gender inequalities and had a woman as President. When she was president, Dilma Rousseff’s14 administration did not always generate solidarity between feminists. There was often a marked line between those who tried to work with her government on developing better public policies and those who rejected her

administration, citing the lack of advances in reproductive rights, in the political sphere and in education during her term.

and there is widespread acceptance of sexual violence in society. More than 1 million women undergo illegal abortions every year.

However, almost all feminists agree that her impeachment15 was sexist and discriminatory. Since Dilma Rousseff’s impeachment, thousands of women across Brazil have come together to express solidarity with her. New movements, such as Mulheres Pela Democracia16 (Women for Democracy), have sprung up in support as women have marched in protest and even sent Rousseff letters and pictures empathising with the injustice of her ousting, and warning of its future implications.

Over the past year, however, women have been fighting back in much greater numbers and with renewed vigour. In October of 2015, during what has been dubbed Brazil’s Primavera das Mulheres17 (Women’s spring), hundreds of thousands of women protested on the streets and through social media against sexual violence, paedophilia, and the sexist bills aiming to limit their reproductive rights.

The most conservative congress since the end of Brazil’s military dictatorship is now responsible for both the political coup and the growing attacks on women’s rights. At the same time, none of the old problems went away: violence against women is still endemic,

Thanks to the Internet, people have access to information easily. In Brazil, the second largest market for social media in the world18, after the U.S., feminist collectives take place in social networks, empowering women and opening discussions about how to react against sexual harassment, abuse and others. Brazilians have been watching the growth of

a movement that's being dubbed by experts and the media as the country's "Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Spring". Just as the "Arab Spring" happened in the Middle East, this wave is led by young people, was born on the internet and then spread to the real world. Suddenly, Brazilian women realised they were oppressed and started using social media to organise. Hashtags such as #MyFirstHarassment19 and #IDon'tDeserveToBeRaped20 went viral from one day to the next. Protests in the streets, whether with feminist demands or not, were led by women. Nowadays, younger activists have emerged. The Blogueiras Feministas21 (Feminist Bloggers), which is a network of more than 1,000 feminist bloggers, are gathering in informal collectives to mobilize action for womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights, such as the regular and hotly debated Marcha das Vadias22 (Slutwalk). They have begun to join forces with more established feminist organizations, in arrangements that are not always comfortable, but which both sides value and want to continue. These past events are increasing the number of people sharing their own story related to sexual harassment.

Protest against the rape culture. Photo by: Paulo Pinto/AG. PT

HARASSMENT AND PUNISHMENT "Violence and harassment in public spaces prevent women from breaking the cycles of poverty in which they live by limiting their access to the study and work" Glauce Arzua, Coordinator of the Safe Cities Campaign for Women in Brazil23. The certainty of impunity is so great that most women do not even seek a police station to report the violation. Touching, scraping, rubbing or masturbating inside wagons or buses are crimes committed in the absence of statistics or of Justice itself. Sexual harassment on public transport is invisible to society and to the state. "A guy touched a women at the subway. Do you think that she goes to the Police to make a bulletin of occurrence, stay there 3 or 4 hours waiting? She has to go to work, to get her son at school. So she leaves." said Rosana

Chiavassa, President of the Association of Lawyers, Trainees and Academics of Law of the State of SĂŁo Paulo (ASAS), entity dedicated to the promotion of gender equality. In addition, there is the fear that the aggressor will be carrying a gun, that in a corporal struggle it will lead to the worst, the embarrassment of having been victim of a sexual attack, the fear of being judged by the family and the people around, by the police officer who asks questions that are sometimes uncomfortable, such as where the victim went or what clothes she wore, as if she was guilty of leaving home wearing a skirt or shorts too short. "The complaint goes through a psychological process. The 'internal' thing is very strong at this time", says Rosana. In the first quarter of 2015, the Public Security Secretariat of SĂŁo Paulo registered

WHAT IS HARASSMENT? Any approach that causes embarrassment or breaches intimacy can be considered harassment and should be reported. For example whistles, indecorous catcalling, being touched by the arm or hair, masturbation in public, mottled and palpated.

33 complaints of offensive indecent exposure - the official name of harassment - on public transportation and bus stops. Under Brazilian law, the crime of "sexual harassment" is only set in the workplace.

In 2016, there were 54 complaints in the same period. The agency attributes increased cases to greater police action, feminist movements and greater publicity of the problem. The numbers grow not because crime increases but because they are increasingly willing to report. In CPTM trains, harassment cases jumped from 80 in 2011 to 168 in 2015 - an increase of more than 100 percent in four years. In the same period ten cases of rape were registered and 564 suspects were arrested. Experts argue that reporting is important because society and the state work based on numbers: crime does not exist while graphics do not prove it. However, sometimes the courage to take the case to the police dies at the police station. "We always encourage reporting, but with a warning: 'Be careful not to get frustrated if nothing is done,'" Rosana comments. "The biggest problem is to prove this harassment, because of course the first thing this man is going to do is deny it. And then I do not know what can be worse: the violence of the harassment or to see that the denunciation will not give at all, continues the lawyer. The numbers, already depleted for a metropolitan region (Greater São Paulo) that

carries an average of 17 million passengers a day, 58% of them women, are even less expressive in other cities. The DF Public Security Secretariat does not even count this type of complaint. Harassment is a crime that is invisible to statistics, however, gets sharp contours when talking to transport users. All the women interviewed in the three cities for the report face this problem daily, have passed or know someone who has lived through the situation. "The harassment has a cultural characteristic," says Monique Eleotério, Camtra's (Casa da Mulher Trabalhadora24) project advisor, an NGO that created the campaign "Do not stop me, do not blame me #merespeitaae" against harassment, which seeks to give visibility to the various forms of violence that women suffer. The search for solutions involves cultural change. Therefore, in September 2015, a collective of NGOs handed over to the São Paulo Transport Secretariat an 18-page document called Busão dos Sonhos25 (Dream bus). The text lists the main demands of the population for the improvement of public transportation. Among them is the question of harassment. Having more buses and, consequently, more empty ones is one of the

paths pointed out. Other topics, such as having more lighted streets, larger fleets and more bus stops - to reduce the distances traveled by women to the home - have been addressed. The UN Women also proposes actions to improve transportation for this specific public: give women the right to get off the bus outside official points and closer to their destination, set up violence prevention and victim Subway, pavements sufficiently illuminated, installation of affordable rates. In this debate, there were discussions, however, about ways to educate men and combat the male-oriented culture. The sociologist Marília Moschkovich is one of the voices that manifest on the subject.

IS HARASSMENT A CRIME? Under Brazilian law, the crime of “sexual harassment” refers only to cases involving a relationship of superior and subordinate. That is, valid for work relations.

Photo by: Rafaela Felicciano/ Metrópoles

The lack of security in urban mobility has a serious impact on women's lives. UN Women states that "fear of violence reduces freedom of movement and access to education, work and leisure." According to the organization, harassment in public spaces is often neglected and can "seriously undermine" women's performance in the economy in general.

Harassment in public transport

WE ALWAYS ENCOURAGE REPORTING, BUT WITH A WARNING: “BE CAREFUL NOT TO GET FRUSTRATED IF NOTHING IS DONE”

Rosana Chiavassa, President of the Association of Lawyers, Trainees and Academics of Law of the State of São Paulo (ASAS)

Every woman who has her body touched by strangers must file a complaint. The first step, according to the delegate, is to give a shout of warning so that people around realize what is happening and intercede in favor of it. "These citizens can also serve as witnesses at the police station, and it is important for the woman to gather as much information about the offender as possible to help with identification: a physical sign, specific clothing or a tattoo," says Monica. Soon after, the woman should look for a subway or police security officer, or go directly to the police station. "At the police station she must stand firm for the purpose of prosecuting the criminal, authorizing a representation and making the photographic or visual recognition. After the bulletin of occurrence, the victim has six months to do representation, then falls from the right," he explains. The police send a notice to the criminal in

identifying him and he must appear for the trial. Because it is a dwarven crime, the pen is an alternative. The most important thing for the delegate is that the women do not give up trying to prosecute the perpetrator and continue with the complaint until the end. Sexual abuse occurs daily on public transport; the problem, however, is that there is no complaint - and the interviewees themselves assume that. According to one of the station managers of the Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM), who declined to identify himself, "it's been so long since you've heard of it that it does not seem to happen any more." When informed about some cases found between the interviewees, the manager said he knew that this kind of thing happens and explains that "unfortunately, those who suffer do not denounce." The omission of victims usually happens for the same reasons: fear, shame or guilt. In this regard, the head of the CPTM states: "No matter how much the woman feels constrained, she has to report. Today we have cameras on the new trains and the indictment of the offender can prevent him from making another victim." Psychoanalyst Henais Deslandes explains the reasons why some women do not report cases: "In general, these women, even though they are afraid, feel guilty about the

passivity of the situation. They always think they could have avoided it and feel ashamed."

the abuser was not shy. " For reporting, people can always rely on the Women's Defense Police.

On these attitudes, the psychoanalyst Sergio Zlotnic explains that there is also a feeling impotence linked to the abuser. "In some cases, they can only get excited in non-consensual relationships." The psychoanalyst also remembers what everyone always says: "The abuser has already been abused. The act itself is perverse, but it doesn't mean that all the abusers are so." There are times when abuse is a fantasy, a projection of who feels victimized". Zlotnic says that in some cases, the abuser may end up feeling pleasure at some point, blame himself for it, be ashamed and not seek help.

FEAR OF VIOLENCE REDUCES FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND ACCESS TO EDUCATION, WORK AND LEISURE.

What can a person feel abused do? The soldier Sales, from the 14th Battalion of the Military Police of the State of SĂŁo Paulo, answers: "It is indicated that the person should get all the information he can and contact security, in the case of the Metro and CPTM, or with the Military Police, when in transit within some bus. " According to the police officer, information on the abuser's characteristics - where he may have left the transport, line, car number and destination - are essential for proper action to be taken. "I have seen cases where, at the end of the situation, the woman did not want to proceed with the complaint. In another, even with the presence of a uniformed policeman,

UN Women

footnotes

11. Metrô SP: http://www.metro.sp.gov.br/

1. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/

12. Law of Femicide: http://www.planalto. gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2015-2018/2015/lei/ L13104.htm

2. Raízes do Brasil: http://undpress.nd.edu/ books/P03017 3. UN Women: http://www.unwomen.org/ en

13. 82 years of the conquest of the female vote in Brazil (2014): http://www.tre-es. jus.br/imprensa/noticias-tre-es/2014/ Fevereiro/82-anos-da-conquista-do-votofeminino-no-brasil

4. Save the Children: https://www. savethechildren.net/

14. About Dilma Rousseff: http://dilma.com. br/

5. Lei Maria da Penha: http://www. planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato20042006/2006/lei/l11340.htm

15. About Dilma Rousseff’s impeachment: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/ aug/31/dilma-rousseff-impeachment-brazilwhat-you-need-to-know

6. Skyscrapercity: http://www. skyscrapercity.com/showthread. php?t=1397572 7. Mobilize: http://www.mobilize.org.br/ 8. SP Trans: http://www.sptrans.com.br/ 9. Metrô Rio: https://www.metrorio.com. br/ 10. Data Folha: http://datafolha.folha.uol. com.br/

16. Mulheres pela Democracia against the impeachment: http://www.vermelho.org. br/noticia/282474-1 17. Primavera das Mulheres: http:// epoca.globo.com/vida/noticia/2015/11/ primavera-das-mulheres.html 18. The Future Of Social Media? Forget About The U.S., Look To Brazil: https://www.forbes.com/forbes/ welcome/?toURL=https://www.forbes.com/

sites/ciocentral/2013/09/12/the-future-ofsocial-media-forget-about-the-u-s-look-tobrazil/&refURL=&referrer= 19. #MeuPrimeiroAssédio: http://thinkolga. com/2015/10/26/hashtag-transformacao82-mil-tweets-sobre-o-primeiroassedio/ 19. Eu não mereço ser estuprada: http://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/ protesto-nao-mereco-ser-estupradamovimenta-facebook-apos-resultado-depesquisa-12018281 20. Blogueiras feministas: http:// blogueirasfeministas.com/ 21. Marcha das vadias: http:// blogueirasfeministas.com/tag/marcha-dasvadias/ 22. Cidades seguras para mulheres: http:// thinkolga.com/2014/09/22/cidadesseguras-para-mulheres/ 24. Casa da Mulher Trabalhadora: http:// www.camtra.org.br/ 25. Busão dos sonhos: http://www. greenpeace.org/brasil/pt/Blog/buso-dossonhos/blog/53894/

A demonstrator depicting lacerations is seen during a peaceful march against the gender violence in Santiago, Chile, October 19, 2016. The posters reads â&#x20AC;&#x153;Not one less!â&#x20AC;?. REUTERS/Ivan Alvarado

DESK RESEARCH 53

WOMENâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SAFETY IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT AS A WICKED PROBLEM

A wicked problem1 is a social or cultural problem that is difficult or impossible to solve for as many as four reasons: incomplete or contradictory knowledge, the number of people and opinions involved, the large economic burden, and the interconnected nature of these problems with other problems. Poverty is linked with education, nutrition with poverty, the economy with nutrition, and so on. These problems are typically offloaded to policy makers, or are written off as being too cumbersome to handle en masse. Taking into account the history of Brazil since

the early years of Colony2, their culture and the rape culture, the public transportation, women's safety in public transport in Brazil can be considered a wicked problem. Because to end up with women's safety in public spaces, it's needed to rethink about a re-education of the population towards women's rights and male chauvinism. In Brazil, uneducated people believe that catcalling is a compliment instead of a sexual harassment. But, women's empowerment is a trending topic around the world and the chauvinism thinking is changing from that.

TRENDS EMPOWERMENT

#LikeAGirl Women's empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion in development and economics. It can also point to approaches regarding other trivialized genders in a particular political or social context. Women's economic empowerment refers to the ability for women to enjoy their rights to control and benefit from resources, assets, income and their own time, as well as the ability to manage risk and improve their economic status and wellbeing. The growing access of the web in the late 20th century has allowed women to empower themselves by using various tools on the Internet. Through online activism, women are able to empower themselves by organizing campaigns and voicing their opinions for equality rights without feeling oppressed by members of society. In recent years, blogging has also become a powerful tool for the educational empowerment of women. According to a study done by the University of California, Los Angeles, medical patients who read and write about their disease are often in a much happier mood and more knowledgeable than those who do not. By reading others' experiences, patients can better educate themselves and apply strategies that their fellow bloggers suggest.

Souce: Always

HeForShe Created by UN Women, the United Nations entity for gender equality and the empowerment of women, the HeForShe solidarity movement for gender equality provides a systematic approach and targeted platform on which men and boys can engage and become change agents towards the achievement of gender equality. Achieving gender equality in our lifetimes requires an innovative, inclusive approach that both recognizes men and boys as partners for womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights, and acknowledges the ways in which they also benefit from this equality. HeForShe invites men and boys to build on the work of the womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movement as equal partners, crafting and implementing a shared vision of gender equality that will benefit all of humanity. Since its launch on 20 September, 2014, at the United Nations by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and UN Women Global Goodwill Ambassador, Emma Watson, hundreds of thousands of men from around the world including Heads of State, CEOs, and global luminaries, from all walks of life have committed to gender equality.

Emma Watson, UN Women Goodwill Ambassador. Source: UN Women

HeForShe has been the subject of more than 2 billion conversations on social media, with offline activities reaching every corner of the globe.

International sisterhood in Latin America Women face different challenges from region to region. But many share a passion for change, and inspire each other across borders. In June 2015, the Ni Una Menos campaign reached 110 cities in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Mexico, as people protested against femicide. In Mexico, #NoAcosoCallejero ('no street harassment') took to social networks and the streets. In Puerto Rico, women created the hashtag #andandolacallesola ('walking the streets alone'), in protest against comments by a high-ranking police officer that women should not walk alone late at night. And in January 2015, the documentary used by the Chega de Fiu Fiu campaign (against women harassment on the streets) in Brazil was funded using the crowdfunding platform Catarse. In July, the country also saw the creation of Cora Coralina, a public library focused on feminist issues.

Ni una menos protest. Photo via TĂŠlam

Role Models Latin America is the leader in women's political representation. In political leadership, the region has Cristina Kirchner in Argentina, Dilma Rousseff in Brazil and Michelle Bachelet in Chile. In the NGO sector, there's Relinda Sosa from Peru and Sandra Ramos from Nicaragua. In the world of business, María Mercedes Cuéllar is president of Federación Latinoamericana de Bancos (Felaban), Paula Santili is Senior VicePresident of PepsiCo Mexico, and Luiza Trajano is CEO of Magazine Luiza.

Dilma Rousseff. Source: TV Sol

PEER-TO-PEER AND SHARING ECONOMY A Peer-to-Peer3, or P2P, Economy is a decentralized model whereby two individuals interact to buy or sell goods and services directly with each other, without intermediation by a third-party, or without the use of a company of business. The buyer and the seller4 transact directly with each other. Because of this, the producer owns both their tools (or means of production) and their finished product.

Self-actualization becomes socialactualization A whirlwind of expectations around a more meaningful, sustainable consumerism that everyone can feel good about. P2P lies on the search for a more meaningful consumerism. Increasingly, people are

searching for modes of consumption that not only make them better as individuals (selfactualization), but that also make them part of a larger, mutually beneficial collective (socialactualization). P2P has already done much to serve those expectations: allowing people to be active participants rather than passive consumers. Letting them join networks of shared value. And by allowing for a more sustainable use of resources that is better for the planet. Once experienced, that kind of consumerism â&#x20AC;&#x201C; one people can feel truly good about â&#x20AC;&#x201C; is hard to leave behind. Now, consumers will increasingly demand that brands leverage the best of P2P to serve that expectation of a positive consumerism. And that those same brands help fix less positive

aspects of P2P, by building their networks on the basis of mutual benefit (see next slide for more on that). Democratized innovation, startup culture and new forms of status (not what you have, but what you contribute) means that for millions, P2P is an outlet for new expectations of authenticity and participation. Meanwhile, new technologies, business models and economic realities made work less secure for many. For some of them, P2P has been a lifeline via which they can build a new (often precarious) existence. Consumers know there is no way to undo the disruption of work. But those in search of a more positive consumerism will demand new forms of P2P engagement that benefit all, not just the lucky few.

Airbnb Airbnb is an online marketplace and hospitality service, enabling people to lease or rent short-term lodging including vacation rentals, apartment rentals, homestays, hostel beds, or hotel rooms. Recently, Airbnb launched Experiences, where the customers get a selected Airbnb accommodation and a range of excursions focusing on the city's nightlife, natural wonders or food scene, with a local person.

An Airbnb billboard in Seattle. Photo by: GeekWire

Chevrolet Brazil August 2015 saw Chevrolet offered a new service to shoppers in Brazil: shoppers able to interact with Chevrolet owners via WhatsApp. The brand's "Real people, real opinions" initiative invited potential customers to interact with current Chevrolet owners via WhatsApp. Upon entering the app, eleven video clips showcased a range of cars and their drivers, with each driver offering opinions about the car. A WhatsApp number allowed potential customers to chat to owners directly.

Source: Chevrolet press

HP Brazil In May 2015, HP partnered with Brazilian NGO MĂŁes da SĂŠ to use privately-owned printers to disseminate information about missing persons. HP printer owners who join the scheme agreed to allow their printer to automatically print a missing persons poster when someone near their location goes missing.

Source: HP

EMERGING FORCE The growing desire for autonomy in work has two major drivers. Firstly, high unemployment rates and economic troubles continue to plague multiple parts of the region with varying degrees of severity. According to the World Economic Forum, youth unemployment (or informal employment) is uniquely high in Latin America. As a result, the gig economy in Latin America is urgently appealing to citizens. Secondly, the pursuit of self-employment has been turbo-charged by the pervasiveness of (comparatively) affordable smartphones that allow participants to make any moment or task an opportunity to gain value. Meanwhile, mobile payments are flourishing and powering transactions. In October 2016, Brazil-based Fundação Telefônica launched Deco: a Facebook Messenger chatbot designed to educate

Source: Telefônica

young entrepreneurs. Deco links and guides professionals though 10 videos featuring testimonials from successful local entrepreneurs across multiple industries. Viewers are linked to information on entrepreneurship and the institute’s projects on the company’s website. Fundação Telefônica’s president stated that the company hopes that 50,000 young professionals will view seven of the 10 videos before the end of 2016.

CASE STUDIES: SOLVING THE ISSUE OF SAFETY ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT AROUND THE WORLD

Source by Folha

Illustrated by: Fernanda Meda

WOMEN-ONLY TRAIN CARRIAGES

Women-only passenger cars are railway or subway cars intended for women only. They are offered on some trains in Japan, India, Egypt, Iran, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and the United Arab Emirates.

Women-only train carriage in Brasilia

These cars are used as an option for women who do not wish to ride with men in the same car; however, women can still ride other cars freely. This policy was introduced for protection of women from sexual harassment by men. In Brazil, in April 2006, the Rio de Janeiro Metro implemented the mandate established by state law passed the previous month, to have dedicated passenger cars for women to avoid sexual harassment. For trains with six passenger cars, one subway car is marked with pink colors as exclusive for women, and the women-only restriction applies from Monday through Friday during the rush hours, between 6:00 and 9:00 and between 17:00 and 20:00. There is metro police enforcement to prevent men from boarding the dedicated passenger car, and the platform has a sign on the floor indicating the

boarding point for women-only cars. A similar policy was implemented at SĂŁo Paulo Metro between October 1995 and September 1997, but the Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos5 (CPTM) decided not to continue after some complaints by married couples and to avoid any possible contravention of article 5 of the Brazilian Constitution, that guarantees equality among citizens. Looking closer to the project, it's possible to conclude that the women-only train carriages are not as effective as they planned to be. It increases the male chauvinism and gender inequality. Separating women from men doesn't solve the problem of sexual abuse in the public transport. Men who harass can continue to harass in other spaces, without this having any type of punishment. And, at the same time, women who suffer aggression are confined to a limited space. Harassments limit women's freedom.

NIMB RING Nimb6 is a ring with a panic button that allows the users to send an emergency alert to preset contacts from the mobile app with just the touch of a thumb.

Source: Nimb

When in trouble, the user presses the button and holds it for three seconds â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the message with the profile info and location reaches their safety circles. Nimb will track the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s location in real-time and the response team will always know exactly where they are. The user stays connected to their family or friends, when using other devices for communication is not possible. When the Nimb mobile app is used, the user is free to choose and set up your safety circles however they like.

ATHENA ROAR FOR GOOD Athena is a device with the mission of protecting women with the touch of a button. It has two modes - one for emergencies and another for discreet situations. Similar to the idea of Nimb Ring, Athena in not just a product, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s part of a movement to ROAR for Good7. For each device sold, a portion of proceeds is invested in educational programs that have been shown to increase empathy and reduce violence.

Source: ROAR for Good

VODAFONEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SECRET APP Giving women in Turkey a lifeline

Domestic violence is an issue in Turkey, where one in three women is a victim. Many women are afraid to speak out and seek help, Telecoms Company Vodafone believes technology can be used as a powerful force for good and wanted to help these women. Vodafone created an app that women could use in secret to get help when they were in danger of domestic abuse. The app was hidden within a flashlight app, all a woman needed to do was shake her phone and a message along with her location would be sent to three people she trusts. The biggest challenge Vodafone faced was spreading the message of the app in secret without any men finding out about it. Ads were placed in labels in womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s underwear, on wax strips, and in the middle of make-up vlogs. Vodafone estimated that the secrecy could only be kept for ten months, so at this point Vodafone had to update the app.

The flashlight app was updated into a mirror application so it was secret again. This update was spread using unique marketing as before. As well as this all female Vodafone subscribers were updated with a voice automated message, if a man answered the phone instead of the intended woman, this was recognised and a standard marketing message was played instead. 254,000 women in Turkey have downloaded the app, which is 24% of all women with smartphones in the country. The app has been activated over 103,000 times. This app has been a huge success and a lifeline for many women in danger and for this reason it won the Grand Prix award in the media category at the Cannes Lions 2015.

Source: Vodafone Turkey

WOMEN’S MARCH The Women’s March8 was a worldwide protest on January 21, 2017, to advocate legislation and policies regarding human rights and other issues, including women’s rights, immigration reform, healthcare reform, the natural environment, LGBTQ rights, racial equality, freedom of religion, and workers’ rights. The rallies were aimed at Donald Trump, immediately following his inauguration as President of the United States, largely due to statements and positions attributed to him regarded by many as anti-women or otherwise offensive. It was the largest single-day demonstration in U.S. history.

been estimated at five million. At least 408 marches were reported to have been planned in the U.S. and 168 in 81 other countries. After the marches, officials who organized them reported that 673 marches took place worldwide, on all seven continents, including 29 in Canada and 20 in Mexico. In Washington D.C. alone, the protests were the largest political demonstrations since the anti–Vietnam War protests in the 1960s and 1970s, with both protests drawing in similar numbers.

Source: Women’s March

The first planned protest was in Washington, D.C., and is known as the Women’s March on Washington. According to organizers it was meant to “send a bold message to our new administration on their first day in office, and to the world that women’s rights are human rights”. The Washington March was streamed live on YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter. The Washington March drew at least 500,000 people, and worldwide participation has

Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s March in Washington

#NIUNAMENOS #NiUnaMenos9 (from the Spanish: Not one less) were walk-out demonstrations that took place in Argentina on June 3, 2015, June 3, 2016 and October 19, 2016. They were protests against femicides and gender violence in the country. The demonstration was recognized on Twitter under the hashtag “#NiUnaMenos”. On May 11, 2015, the body of Chiara Paez was found under the porch of her boyfriend’s home in Rufino, Argentina. The 14-year-old was discovered to be eight weeks pregnant at the time of her death. Investigators found traces of abortion inducing drugs in her system, supporting the belief that her murder was the result of disagreement about her pregnancy. Her 16-year-old boyfriend, who confessed to the crime, was charged with forced abortion, aggravated murder, and femicide. The initial march mourning her death was held on May 12, 2015 in Rufino, Argentina, where over 7,000 people protested the circumstances of her death. Nearly a month later, roughly 300,000 people met in Buenos

Aires at the Congressional Plaza, on June 3, 2015 in response to her murder and the many other gender-based crimes that occur regularly throughout Argentina. The protest was backed by women’s rights groups, unions, political organizations and the Catholic Church. The #NiUnaMenos protests sought to present women as active participants in the fight against gender violence and femicide, not just as victims. They sought to bring the stories of these girls, and women like them, to the attention of not only their government, but to the rest of the world. They sought to bring machismo, or toxic, hypermasculine culture that is attributed to these and many other crimes, to worldwide attention as well. In addition, NiUnaMenos protesters demanded harsher punishments for those convicted of femicide, government funding of anti-femicide law implementation, and official statistics on the occurrences of gender violence and femicide in Argentina.

Source: Ni una Menos

Ni una menos protest in Argentina

CASE STUDIES IN BRAZIL

Source: Movimento Passe Liv Belo Horizonte

“Use the pin to drive away the man who is harassing you, hitting him hard, and get space to blow the whistle. Use the whistle to let other people know what’s going on and call help to kick the abuser out of the carriage” - when you hear the whistle, whistle too! Don’t confuse yourself with the react of the oppressed with the violence of the oppressor.

vre,

NÃO TOCA NA MINHA MIGA “Don’t touch my girl friend”

Passengers from the subway from Belo Horizonte are giving a kit to be used in harassment cases in the wagons. The “Don’t touch my girl friend” campaign distributes pins, whistles and guides women on how to use them in case of harassment. “Use the pin to drive away the man who is harassing you, hitting him hard, and get space to blow the whistle,” guides the distributed newsletter. Jéssica Mendes, a passenger, for example, considers the action valid, but insufficient to stop harassment on the subway. “I think that’s good. It happened to me once and I snapped the guy inside the subway”, said the young woman, who argues. “If the man who ran his hand on me on the subway, I hit him and did not make any difference, that alone will not do any good.” The idea of empowering women to form a

network of protection against harassment and to practice self-defense is a trend in the world, according to the Free Pass Movement (from Belo Horizonte). The “Don’t touch my girlfriend” campaign conveys exactly the sense of being friendly to each other as a form of security. In 2014, the feminist group Mulheres em Luta10 (Women fighting) distributed pins at subway stations in São Paulo (SP) and Recife (PE). However, the use of the pin is questioned from the point of view of public health. The infectologist Marcelo Oliveira explained that the skin forms a barrier against infections, and every time that barrier breaks, there is a risk of disease. “But in the case of a pin, the hole is very small, and the risk is practically nonexistent,” he said. In hospitals, for example, the chance of getting infected by sticking with a needle that has been penetrated into someone else’s vein is 0.3%, according to Oliveira.

VOCÊ NÃO ESTÁ SOZINHA

“You’re not alone” - A campaign from Metropolitan of São Paulo The awareness campaign against sexual abuse11 is being disseminated through the Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo's (Company of the Metropolitan of São Paulo) official profiles on social networks, through advertisement on the internal monitors of the trains and posters in the public transport. The subway company repudiates sexual abuse, a crime that must be fought in and out of public transport. The company works continuously with citizenship campaigns and alert users to conduct that could endanger the safety of all. However, user collaboration is essential that all passengers have their rights respected. And SMS-Complaint (97333-2252) is a tool available to the population to provide user interaction and promote agility in combating irregular practices, infractions or crimes. The Civil Police registered 119 cases of sexual abuse in the subway and CPTM of the city of São Paulo between January and August of that

year. Last year, that number was 92 cases in the same period. This means that there was a 29% increase in occurrences between 2015 and 2016. The data was obtained by the website "Fiquem sabendo12" (Letting you know) by through the Law of Access to Information and from Delpom (Metropolitan police station), a company responsible for recording and investigating cases of sexual abuse in the subway and train system. They take into account the detailed terms - which are documents issued by the police when registering minor offenses - and the bulletins that occur with the three most frequent types of sexual abuse. These types are indecent offense (not resulting in imprisonment), felony rape (felony of two to six years in prison) and rape (up to 10 years imprisonment). From the 119 cases that happened this year, 116 were and offensive nuisance, 3 were rape

and none was rape. Last year, of the total of 92 cases, 84 were of offensive import, 2 were rape and 6 were rape. "I do not think it has increased the practice of sexual abuse", said public defender Ana Rita Souza Prata, auxiliary coordinator of the Specialized Nucleus of Women. "I think there has been increased participation of women and awareness of their rights. Promotion of Women's Rights (NUDEM13) of the Public Defender's Office of São Paulo. Between January and October 2015, the Metrô and CPTM (Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos) registered 168 cases of sexual abuse on their premises. From these cases, 31 occurred between 8h and 8h59. There are peaks of occurrence also between the 18 and 18:59 and of the 19h to 19:59. Although this campaign increased the number of complaints, today there are only 4 complaints per week (from a number of 3,7

millions of people using the Metrô lines in São Paulo) in the Metrô SP, showing that the campaign was not that effective. Moreover, at the time that the campaign was released, people, mostly women, complained that it didn't represent women, because only male figures were showed at the posters.

Source: Metrô SP

VAMOS JUNTAS?

“Let’s go together?” - Digital movement The journalist Babi Souza created the movement Vamos Juntas?14 (Let’s go together?), inspired by her own story: one day she was going back home at night, feeling fear and insecure, crossing a dark square in Porto Alegre. She thought that if women unite themselves in the streets, they would feel less frighten. After all, only women can understand the fear that other women feel in the street.

importance of “being together” and creating sorority (brotherhood among women) into practice.

From an unpretentious posting on her Facebook profile to the idea of the movement, a page with 300,000 likes were months of intense work and stories that did not let her give up making the movement grow and reach more and more girls.

The movement grew so quickly that Babi made a decision that changed his life even more: to resign and live independently to succeed in making the movement not stop growing.

In 24 hours, the page reached 5,000 likes. In 48 hours, 10,000. In 6 days, 50,000. In two and a half weeks, 100,000 likes.

Stories of girls who had had a happier and safer day by putting Let’s go together? In practice they were becoming more and more shared making the movement known nationally and making it gain a giant space in the media.

The Let’s Go Together Movement speaks not only about how important it is for women to “go together” but also about the importance of “being together” and putting sorority (fellowship among women) into practice.

In a few days the movement stopped talking about how important it was for women to “go together” and went on to talk about the

“The bus stop from my neighborhood is empty, even at noon, we’re afraid of being approched when we’re alone. Once, while I arrived at this bus stop, I saw a lady feeling uncomfortable, when I went there to wait the bus, I saw her relief, then she came to me and said: thank God you arrived to keep me company!”

Source: Movimento Vamos Juntas?

Girls from all over Brazil are going together!

Have you ever walked alone in the street and felt in a situation of risk? The girls next to you, also.

THINK OLGA

Feminine empowerment through information Think Olga15 is a feminist NGO, created in April 2013, by the journalist Juliana de Faria, that fights for the feminine empowerment through information. Its goal is to create content that reflects the complexity of women and treat them with the seriousness that people capable of defining the world’s directions deserve, how to empower women through information and portray their actions in places where the dominant voice does not believe there is any woman.

initiatives to raise awareness of the importance of the theme, such as the ebook “My body is not yours”, the information booklet of the Public Prosecutor’s Office of São Paulo, among others. Soon, the documentary Chega de Fiu Fiu will be released, whose goal is to be an education tool against harassment.

Nowadays, Think Olga is the most relevant vehicle of information about feminism in Brazil. Also, they are always involved in big campaigns and projects related to women empowerment, reinforcing the awareness towards women’s rights, against sexual abuse and harassment. With the expertise of the campaign, Think Olga has become one of the most important voices against harassment in public places in Brazil, establishing partnerships to create several

“Wow! He whistled to me, now I’ll flirt with him!” - said NO ONE

Chega de Fiu Fiu (Stop catcalling) Chega de Fiu Fiu16 is a campaign against sexual harassment in public spaces. Created on July 24, 2013, “Chega de Fiu Fiu” is a campaign against sexual harassment in public spaces launched by Think Olga. Initially, illustrations with messages of repudiation of this type of violence were published. The images were shared by thousands of people on social networks, generating a response so positive that it ended up being the beginning of a great social movement against harassment in public places. But what is harassment? Every day, women are forced to deal with obscene comments, looks, intimidations, unwanted touches, and related sexual annoyances that come in various forms and are understood by common sense as compliments, jokes, or immutable characteristics of life in society when, in fact, none of this is normal or acceptable.

The number of women who supported the campaign at the outset was a strong sign of this, but to prove this point even more bluntly, journalist Karin Hueck developed an online study, launched by Think Olga to closely examine the opinion of women In relation to the street songs. The expectation was a few tens of responses, but in just two weeks, there were almost 8,000 participants17 - and the numbers found were surprising and partly expected: 98% of them had already been harassed, 83% did not think it was legal, 90% had already changed their clothes before leaving home, thinking where they were going because of harassment, 81% had already stopped doing something (go somewhere, go in front of a work, go out on foot) for that reason. It was with the disclosure of these data that the campaign took off. Large media outlets publicized the research, and suddenly, what was obvious to the vast majority of women in particular, had been news in major newspapers and magazines. With the popularity, the campaign started receiving thousands of messages via comments, emails and on Facebook. They came from three major audiences, in order of recurrence: women who

identified with the campaign, men surprised by the data, and an uncomfortable but significant minority of hate messages and even threats of rape from men revolted by the campaign - a reaction that is unfortunately very common for women who stand against male privileges.

The next step was the creation of the Chega de Fiu Fiu map, a tool to make cities safer for women by geographically relating the locations and motives that increase the incidence of harassment cases in certain areas in search of solutions that change that reality.

Chega de Fiu Fiu, the documentary The documentary “Chega de Fiu Fiu”18 intends to broaden the debate about sexual harassment in public places. Directed by Amanda Kamanchek and Fernanda Frazão, the film will be based on the research data and the map Chega de Fiu Fiu. The aim of the film is to establish a dialogue between victims, harassers and subject matter experts. This approach allows a complete view on the subject, investigating its causes, its motivations, its social context and solutions to violence. We will invite women from various parts of the country to walk the streets of their cities using a special glasses equipped with a camera. The idea is not only to register harassment, but also to question who practices it to understand its motives. The project will be a tool for education and fight against violence against women, and the film will be available here on the site for all to access. The idea is that it circulate also in municipal and state schools and public agencies and Justice so that the new generations can reflect on the theme. Currently in the production phase, the documentary counted the collection of resources through the Catarse, a Brazilian

crowdfunding in which the supporters of the Chega de Fiu-fiu could contribute financially to the realization of the film. The initial goal of R$20,000 was reached in 19 hours and made the film the 4th project that collected the most on its first day in the history of Catarse. In total, R$ 64,000 were collected in collaborations.

#PrimeiroAssédio (#FirstHarassment) One of the participants of the Brazilian version of Junior MasterChef, Valentina, who is 12 years old, caught the attention of pedophiles who had no embarrassment in revealing themselves. “This Valentina, when she will be 14-year-old she will turn those porn movie secretaries”, said someone on social media. “She has straight blond hair and clear eyes.” “If you have a consensus, is it pedophilia?” asked an user on Twitter. For Viviana Santiago, a gender specialist at Plan International, who fights against sexual violence against girls, she does not. “Every time people say they did not know that Valentina was a child, or that she does not look like a child, they are saying that with the woman she can,” she says. “More serious than turning this girl into a woman, is to assume that this woman should be raped.” The good part of this story is that the same

Internet harassment stage is also a way for women to organize and express themselves collectively. The day after the disgusting flood surrounding Valentina’s name, Think Olga has launched the #FirstHarassment hashtag. And thousands of women and men reported publicly the first time they had been sexually harassed. Or at least the first time they remember having suffered some kind of abuse. For Juliana de Faria, one of the Think Olga’s founders, the hashtag was important to highlight a problem. “It’s important to say that many women are talking for the first time about their violence,” she said. Many of the more than 29,000 reports, counted until the publication of this report, are shocking. It makes one wonder how women, as a child, are exposed to a violence that for the world is silent but that leave lasting marks. “This episode shows us how there is a culture that women’s bodies do not matter,” says Viviana Santiago. Because of the number of posts published with the hashtag, some agencies took advantage of the issue to reinforce their campaigns against sexual violence, especially in childhood. The Federal Government portal and Unicef, a body linked to the UN, were some of them.

Partnership between Think Olga and the Public Defender of the State of São Paulo

de procurar:

Launched strategically on November 25, 2014, Day of Non-Violence Against Women and the beginning of the 16 Days of Combating Gender Violence, the Public Defender of the State of São Paulo has signed a partnership with Think Olga to launch a booklet on the subject for free distribution throughout the state. The booklet19 explains in a quick, easy and simple language what harassment is and what Women can act while being victims of abuse. The material is available at this link and can be freely printed and distributed free of charge.

lher) Mulheres:

3-2252.

) 97150-4949

moção e Defesa efensoria Pública São Paulo/SP, ou 238, soria.sp.gov.br

VAMOS FALAR SOBRE:

ASSÉDIO SEXUAL

HELP ME HelpMe20 is a free application, available for Android and iOS, with tools to help users report sexual harassment crimes on subways and trains in SĂŁo Paulo. The service also uses an audible alert that can help the victim quickly move away from an offender. It has the option of sending a simple message in less than ten seconds if it is urgent. However, if you have time, you can write in detail about the crime. The complaint goes straight to the public transport administrator. One of the most useful features is the siren button, which must be triggered to alert an abuse. The alarm makes a lot of noise and catches the attention of other passengers. These may help the victim to move away from the harasser and also call the security and police. HelpMe comes with very important functions, all aimed at solving problems and improving coexistence within public transport. The user will be able to report problems such as

improper occupation of preferred seats, report illegal street vending, robberies, vandalism and even poor vehicle conditions, such as a lack of air conditioning, among other problems. For now, the only problem of the program is to operate only in the city of SĂŁo Paulo.

TÁXI ROSA Similar to the idea of women-only trains carriages, it was created a taxi service only for women. A pink circular sticker on the back of the car is the symbol that taxi drivers are using in the city of Rio de Janeiro to warn that whoever is in charge of the steering wheel is a woman. Organized in the Taxi Rosa Carioca movement, which was created in January 2016, there are already about one hundred professionals. And, in addition to the visibility in the streets, they seek prominence in the networks. In the streets of Rio, the approval of the passengers is quickly proven. When knowing the project, the engineer Debora Barreto, 24, is one of those who celebrated: - It gives more security to the women who use taxi during the night. It decreases the risk of suffering abuse, passes more confidence. Taxi driver Denise Azevedo, 49, says her reactions to a woman driving are always positive. “There was a woman who came in, she saw me behind the wheel, and she said,

“I’m glad you’re a woman. I’m late for an appointment! I’ll change my clothes here then.” If they feel more comfortable getting their hands on, talk, “she says, which also helped to found the movement.

footnotes 1. Wicked problems: https://www. wickedproblems.com/1_wicked_problems. php 2. Brasil Colônia: http://www. historiadobrasil.net/colonia/ 3. Peer-to-peer: http://www.investopedia. com/terms/p/peertopeer-p2p-economy.asp

11. Campanha Contra Abuso Sexual: http:// www.metro.sp.gov.br/metro/marketingcorporativo/campanhas/campanha-contraabuso-sexual.aspx 12. Fiquem sabendo: http://www. fiquemsabendo.com.br/

4. Seller: http://www.investopedia.com/ terms/s/seller.asp

13. NUDEM: http://www. redededefesadedireitos.com.br/assistenciajuridica/nudem-nucleo-de-defesa-damulher/

5. CPTM: http://www.cptm.sp.gov.br/ Pages/Home.aspx

14. Movimento Vamos Juntas?: http:// www.movimentovamosjuntas.com.br/

6. Nimb: https://www.nimb.com/

15. Think Olga: http://thinkolga.com/

7. Roar for good: http://www.roarforgood. com/

16. Chega de fiu fiu: http://chegadefiufiu. com.br/

8. Women’s March: https://www. womensmarch.com/

17. Results of the “chega de fiu fiu” survey: http://thinkolga.com/2013/09/09/chegade-fiu-fiu-resultado-da-pesquisa/

9. Ni Una Menos: http://niunamenos.com. ar/ 10. Mulheres em Luta: http:// mulheresemluta.blogspot.it/

18. Chega de fiu fiu documentary: http:// thinkolga.com/documentario/ 19. Booklet about sexual harassment made

in partnership between Think Olga and the Public Defender of the State of São Paulo: http://thinkolga.com/cartilha/ 20. Help Me app: http://www.apphelpme. com.br/

Photo by: Fábio Rodrigues Pozzebom/Agência Brasil

Translation: I am free!

COLLECTING DATA 89

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

ONLINE SURVEY FOR WOMEN: LISTENING TO THE BRAZILIAN WOMEN On October 24th 2016, the online survey for women related to the topic of women’s security in the public transport in Brazil was released. The major goal was to understand when and what they were more afraid about using the public transport, which situations they felt more insecure, if they have ever experienced sexual harassment and which kind of services they knew about safety in the public transport or they would change about it. In 72 hours, 2296 women answered it. A lot of feminist collectives shared the survey and many people had access to it. Also, Think Olga, one of the most important vehicle of information related to the feminism theme, tweeted about the questionnaire. Translation: “Research traces women’s safety in the public transport in Brazil. Collaborate answering the survey.”

HIGHLIGHTS 45% of them are between 18 and 24 years old. 70% take public transport to go to work and to study 5 days a week. 25% take public transport during the weekends for fun.

4% from Belo Horizonte

22% from Rio de Janeiro

37% of people spend between half an hour and one hour per route.

26% from SĂŁo Paulo

92% of them use bus as public transport. They feel more insecure all day, but at specially 88% at night. 89% of them feel are more afraid about being sexual harassed. 77% of them feel more insecure inside the public transport. 68% of them already suffered any kind of sexual harassment in the public transport. And just 7% reported it.

4% from Porto Alegre 44% of the people are unsatisfied with the public transport in Brazil. They are more afraid of sexual harassment than assault, verbal harassment or violence. From these women, 26% of them are from SĂŁo Paulo, 22% from Rio de Janeiro, 4% from Belo Horizonte and 4% from Porto Alegre.

ANALYSIS Women from São Paulo and from Rio de Janeiro (the biggest cities of Brazil) are more afraid of using the public transport from day to night, and they are more exposed to violence, because they take longer routes. They usually spend from one to two hours commuting, using the transport 5 days a week. The ones who live in small cities spend less than half of hour. The transport staff (including the security, the driver, the bus ticket reviser) are not trained to deal with situations of abuse. Usually, the transport staff is composed by men, so they are not connected with the problem. Because of that, they don't support the woman in the case of being abused, the woman is seen as a steric and dramatic person and they feel they are not being taken seriously. "People don't believe when you tell you've been harassed", Carla from Rio de Janeiro. They also believe that the hyper masculine culture in Brazil is the main reason why harassment is accepted. People are not aware

that sexual harassment is wrong and sometimes calling women as "delicious" or "doll" is considered as a compliment, not a harassment. People are not aware about public projects towards women's safety available at the public transport in Brazil, they were not sure about the existence of "vagão rosa" (the name of the project related to women-only train carriages, available in Rio de Janeiro and Recife). The complaint services are not effective, for the complaint system available in the Metrô of São Paulo, a lot of details are requested, such as: number of the carriage, number of the train, direction, physical characteristics of the person who abused, a witness and specially the abuser needs to be there, details that a person who feels embarrassed, shocked and humiliated, will not remember about. Also, reporting is a slow system. Sometimes it takes 4 days to register an occurrence, and a person who has to work, take kids to school, go to grocery shopping, doesn't have enough time to spend on this, so they prefer not denouncing it.

Women are afraid about these 2 extreme situations: empty and full transport. The empty transport is because of robbery and full transport because of sexual harassment or abuse. The most surprising fact from this survey was discovering that the major part of these women were harassed not only with catcalling (the most common in Brazil), but also with men showing their parts and touching themselves, and putting their hands inside women's skirts while they were sleeping. Testimonials from the questionnaire:

There is no kind of measure that will make me feel safe. Poorly illuminated bus stops, men who frequent the women’s carriages in the subway freely, security almost nonexistent in the stations, security that is more concerned with preventing someone from jumping ratchet than to ensure the safety of passengers. Our culture makes everyone calm down in a situation of violence or harassment.

I would like the bus ticket reviser and drivers to be trained to deal with harassment cases on public transport - to defend the victim or at least to expel the guy from the bus. I would like an efficient way of making complaints at the bus terminals (for example: on the Facebook groups which I participate, several women report that they have been harassed by the same person. But it’s worth complaining at the ombudsman’s office, nor the drivers or ticket revisers who are at the terminal, they do nothing. I would like to see shocking and impacting campaigns inside the buses, in very visible places (for example: in front of each bank, glued to the back of the front), making people aware of the harassment (for both guys, to not do it, or women, when this happens so the other ones can help).

We don’t feel that we can count on the help of anyone, maybe other women who would put themselves in our shoes. But the subway staff or the conductor and driver don’t seem to be there to help, and people generally prefer to pretend they are not seeing anything when anything goes wrong (whether it is someone who is poorly transported, someone who needs to sit, but no one gives in their seats easily, people who push and hurt others without caring or serious cases, such as robbery and theft, where they are caring just about themselves and, especially, harassment, since women are already embarrassed by such situations and if no one manifests when they see, women feel even more unprotected and don’t know what to do.

I believe the big problem comes from the lack of investment in education. Men are like these because they are encouraged to be so in the current society in which we live. Just like the assailants. The measures taken on the subway, womenonly wagons, are short-term measures, they are not measures that end the problem. So, in the short term I want a better functioning of the security cameras, the bus drivers leaving us in places out of the point to get faster at home (already happens in some neighborhoods / cities), a more effective and respectful police , Which does not place the blame on the victim and who strives to look for real guilties.

I wish they had more bus schedules (a dream), so we would spend less time at bus stops and at the terminals, exposed to these situations of gender violence.

* some people chose not to sign with their names in the survey

ONLINE SURVEY FOR MEN: THE OTHER POINT OF VIEW The survey for men was released on December 5th 2016.

From these 108 men, 36% of them were from São Paulo.

The goal of this survey was to understand men’s point of view, if they use the public transport as much as women, if they’d ever experienced a sexual harassment or if they’d witnessed one, and which was their attitude towards that.

51% are between 25 and 35 years old, 44% are between 18 and 24 years old. They usually use the public transport everyday, during 5 days to go to work and during weekends too. They spend from 30 minutes to one hour inside the transport. 85% of the people who witnessed a sexual harassment didn’t denounce it.

HIGHLIGHTS

ANALYSIS Men know that the culture in Brazil is maleoriented and they agree that education is a solution for the problem of sexual harassment. They also believe that this education would provide a more serious attendance to women. The engagement for this questionnaire was not the same as for women, only 108 men answered it (in the questionnaire for women, there were 2296 answers). This shows that men are not as connected as the women’s safety as women were.

An empowering policy for whistleblowers, where their testimony and account will be taken seriously rather than taken with suspicion, creating a safe and conducive environment for the free exposure of the harassers.

Adequate care for victims, campaigns that encourage them not to be silent, greater intolerance with cases of this type and, possibly, decrease of the stock of the wagons.

Solving a problem called: Machismo. The thought of men’s “superiority” over women must be resolved before this problem can be solved.

* some people chose not to sign with their names in the survey

I do not want to sound cliché, but it is necessary an educational reform that will, in a short time, revolutionize in a concrete way the democratization of information and critical content on social formation for all spaces within the city, not only in the elitist concentration of schools and universities.

Awareness campaigns aimed for the male audience. Encourage men to talk about it so that awareness comes from their own friends. Serious punishments to anyone who did the abuse or harassment. This is a difficult question. I think of women’s empowerment, but it is difficult to think in situations of abuse and harassment to empower women without falling into a victimizing / blaming reasoning.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH INTERVIEWS 1:1 The proposal of the qualitative research was to understand deeply people who use public transport daily and if they have ever experience a sexual harassment or abuse or if they have ever witness someone being harassed or abused while using this vehicle. I first started explaining about my desk research and summing up the quantitative research. Then, I talked about the ideas I had and their opinion about the public transport in Brazil in general. The basic questions: Have you ever seen any kind of harassment or abuse in the public transport? If you have, what have you done? And if you witnessed, what stopped you from doing it? What would help people to take the action in the moment they see the abuse happening?

ALINE NAOE 27 years old, journalist "I suffered an odd situation 4 years ago in the bus, the guy was in front of me holding his parts, and I felt really bad. Back in 2011 no one talked about harassment or feminism. When I was in that situation, I was with my sister and we were afraid. Today, my friends and I share more fact related to this topic. Almost everyday I hear catcalling like "delicious" and stuff like that. Once, I was passing through the ticket gate and a guy yelled "hey, I'm going to Japan, you see!". Instead of people look at the guy, everyone was staring at me, it made me feel embarrassed. Everyone is more used to the topic of harassment in the streets or feminism. This is a common topic that we discussed in a group of

friends, that 5 years ago, we didn't discuss. In my whatsapp groups, if one girl starts to talk about being harassed, the other ones start to talk about it too, now it's easier and we feel more comfortable to share these type of situations. All of my friends are journalists or designers, like me, so because of Facebook, I can read lots

of stuff related to feminism, stories, my friends talk about it. But I'm not sure if people from other social classes can be reached by these informations. For example, Globo TV (the most popular TV channel in Brazil) has a TV show where they started the discussion of harassment. Until

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that, I've never talk about this to anyone about catcalling, that it bothers me, I just accepted that it was normal and I had to deal with it. Today we have this thought of how this male chauvinism mindset needs to be changed. I think Globo is a channel where people can start having these discussions, because it can reach many people from other social classes. I think that this mindset is coming slowly but it already started very strong. I have a friend who works with recruitment and her boss asked what she thought about the company and what they could improve. They want to make the job positions gender equal there. And one girl took the lead saying that some people in the company were calling a girl as "whore" because she was always wearing dresses and she had big boobs and booty, and then more people started to share and agree with this story. People cannot

give up without trying, thinking that Brazilians are like these and they will never change. What if people start to say "I didn't like your behavior and your words, do you know that it bothered me?", maybe starting this education, people can understand better, instead of just suffering quietly. I think we need to embarrass people. If someone gets told off because they did something wrong, this could be the first step of changing and reeducating. For example, that campaign that the Metro SP made against sexual abuse in the metro and train lines, that women didn't feel represent at all, because in the campaign, they just showed pictures of men. "That's why we need women in every sector!"

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For me, a campaign in SP that worked was about the guide dogs, to not feed the guide dogs or play with them, because they were working. I've never thought about it, because when I see a dog, I want to play with it. What if we had a campaign to allow people to know about sexual harassment, if someone sees the harassment, they can intervene, that this action is good, that they will be helping other women. What if the environment stimulates me to intervene? If I had the security that people would protect me and that I'm not alone. I personally read women's stories and I keep myself informed all the time, but what if a person that had never been in touch with this topic? A campaign would help them to understand how to deal with it."

GUSTAVO DUTRA 24 years old, web developer I was in the bus and a guy was trying to touch a woman and the guy was kicked out of the bus, but I’ve never witnessed myself. What I think that could be helpful for people who are facing this is the Police. I see people being punched and kicked, an aggression but they never are sent to the Police. So, they guy can go to another transport and try to abuse again, that nothing will happens. What it could be more correct is the creation of punishment and a prison system that works as an educator. Some people go to prison because they rapped someone, but then, when they leave, they get worse than when they arrive. For me, a campaign of consciousness could work well, even at schools. Today there isn’t a law for abuse, just for moral damages. Some men don’t care about the topic so they don’t empathize

with the women, because they have never put themselves in other people’s shoes. What I think is important is having a support group, I know that there is a support group for people who are thinking about suicide. So the idea would be the same. The person who suffered an abuse can help others how to deal, or talk with someone that had the same experience. So it would work as a protection mechanism, so women could feel understood and helped. Today people are talking more about harassment and abuse, but some people still don’t know what it is. My friend is part of a group on Facebook that people share about their abusive relationship or because they were left by their partners. So they share stories and send questions about what is and what is not an

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SOME MEN DON’T CARE ABOUT THE TOPIC SO THEY DON’T EMPATHIZE WITH THE WOMEN, BECAUSE THEY HAVE NEVER PUT THEMSELVES IN OTHER PEOPLE’S SHOES.

abuse, for example. I like the idea of neighbor watch where the woman can check the other out. During childhood, no one discuss what is an abuse, so people are not educated about it. For example, everyone knows that killing is wrong, but they don’t know that an abuse is wrong. Educating kids is important for this reason. In the end, everything goes to education. However, the punishment interferes. Because if people knew that it’s a crime and it’s wrong, people would avoid to do it. Specially when you find out that people you know were punished because something they did. While the guy doesn’t go to jail, people will keep doing it.

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RENATO SANCHES HelpMe’s founder

During the creation of HelpMe in mid-2015 I could identify that one of the reasons people did not report was the difficulty in writing a message with few or many details during a problematic situation. Or that sometimes it is too many details that the woman, sometimes stunned by what happened, ends up forgetting or not paying attention. Another relevant reason for not reporting is not having the number of channels in hand at the time of The CPTM and the Metrô disclose the numbers on posters, train TVs and also constantly on the speakers, but most people do not save the numbers in their calendar of contacts in the cell phone and even if they saved, they would return to the first reason The creation of HelpMe came up to try to solve these scenarios and add other resources for people to report, alert people about problematic situations and also record these

situations with photo, video and even audio. The app was very well evaluated in terms of usability and operation by various websites and also by users. I designed the interface so that it could be as simple as possible for problematic times. Urgent denunciations can be made in less than 10 seconds and detailed reports in less than 30 seconds and people can also turn on a siren to alert people that they are experiencing problems until security guards arrive, this may

inhibit or even “Stop” a problematic situation. From the launch until now the app has received several feedback from users that I could share with you, one of them even sent a photo of a street vendor who threatened to rob passengers but was taken off the train by subway employees after a complaint made by HelpMe , The photo shows the exact moment of the subway taking the ambulance away.

...IT WAS WHEN I HAD AN INSIGHT, THAT AT A SITUATION OF RISK, PEOPLE MAY NOT HAVE TIME TO TYPE THE MESSAGE AND/OR REMEMBER THE SMS NUMBER FOR REPORTING. 104

Some of the testimonials received at the stores: “It saved me! I needed help and I did it discreetly thanks to the app”. “It has ruined us that we are not alone.” “I downloaded the app and I loved it! Make improvements for the small cities of Rio Grande do Sul”. The idea of monitoring users’ complaints and behavior is precisely to identify if HelpMe is managing to change those horrible numbers. I did not see any cases of abuse in person, the idea started because my parents, my sister, my girlfriend and I constantly saw and heard news reports on the radio and on the internet about women’s demonstrations, social networking and, in parallel I had been studying the mobility

market, it was when I had an insight, that at a situation of risk, people may not have time to type the message and/or remember the SMS number for reporting. Starting from this, there was a lot of hard work to transform this insight into what HelpMe has become. Subsequently I turned HelpMe into a Startup for my MBA course completion work. HelpMe ranked among the Top10 Startups of Startup One 2016 (promoted by FIAP), amid more than 300 projects delivered, and won an honorable Mention Award for Social Impact. Another point that I find important and relevant in the influence of HelpMe on the numbers is that unfortunately I did not have the money to invest in Marketing. I created the project completely in my spare time with all the costs of publishing in the stores, domain, hosting, maintenance, among others, but unfortunately I could not afford to invest in

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Marketing, all the media coverage ended up being a consequence, which I I consider it a great positive point. It’s official release soon, let’s hope it impacts the most people, does not it?.

OBSERVATION AND IMMERSION Catcalling, being followed by a stranger, being touched in the bus... A woman who needs to get around on foot or by public transportation knows that urban space can be extremely hostile to women. Since I was a kid, my mom taught me how to behave when I was in the bus on the way of taking my sister to the dentist, just the two of us, at the age of 11. I remember being taught to take always the seat in the corridor, because if I was by the window, in the case of someone trying to do something with me (assault or abuse), I wouldn't be able to escape. This is the mentality Brazilians have: the fear of violence is always present.

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For many times, I planned to take a longer route than a shorter one, because I'd rather take a safer router, although it meant to be the longest. I used to spend 2 hours each route commuting, going by bus, in order to escape the crowded subway with the risk of a harassment happens. And I know that the routine I had before is not compare with other women's, people who need to take their children to school, go to work, go to grocery shopping, go to the bank. And during this meantime between tasks, an approach from men can happen any time, from catcalling to touching parts of women's body. Adding to this humiliating scene, people who were supposed to support and help them sometimes make jokes about the situation.

Estação da Luz — Luz Station— , train and subway at rush hour. São Paulo. Photo by: Nadia Jung

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USER JOURNEY

RESEARCH CONCLUSION FINDINGS Although I consume a lot of material related to women's rights and Brazilian culture, reading the answers from the questionnaire, interviewing people and having informal conversations about the chosen topic, I've discovered lots of things that I was not conscious before. The struggle of the Brazilian women is translated in many songs and many vehicles of communication. The staring eyes, the dirty words and the fear go along women's lives since childhood, and to start changing this behavior of the entire culture is not an easy task. Moreover, the rise of feminist collectives and the presence of many women talking about how important it is to have an open conversation is opening a space that was not there before, a space for discussion, empathy and understanding. "The transport is public, but my body is not" was sentence used on a campaign against

sexual harassment in public transport in the city of Curitiba. Here I clustered some topics that I found from my research.

Cultural behavior Women are harassed everyday and this is treated as a "normal" behavior. And women are often called as "gostosa" ("hot"), "delĂcia" ("delicious"), "querida" ("honey"), "boneca" ("doll"), "princesa" ("princess") walking in the streets. And the majority of women in Brazil don't like suspicious approaches from men. On the other hand, just a few of them report it because of fear and because of the maleoriented society that thinks that it's always the woman's fault: since the "provocative" way she dresses or if she's an open minded person, for example.

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The hypermasculine culture is very strong in Brazil. Women are raised with the mindset that they shouldn't wear short clothes because if a man approaches her, it's her fault. But, because of the spread of feminism and more information shared on social networks, this culture is starting to change.

Lack of awareness Usually elders or male-oriented people still think that catcalling is a compliment and not harassment. This comes from the lack of awareness and from a chauvinist culture. People are not educated at school to understand that staring at women or saying things to them when they pass by makes women not only uncomfortable but afraid. This behavior also decreases womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sense of safety when in public places.

And, finally, the lack of awareness can come from people around the person who is being harassed. People are not aware when an abuse is happening. If there is a guy harassing a girl in the public transport, for example, people around might think that he could be her boyfriend, so they are not going to approach. And when they think about approaching, they are afraid of something worse happens, if the person has a gun or a knife.

Difficulty of report “my name is NOT: hot, beautiful, doll, princess, dear”

Also, because of this lack of education, women might think that this is not a reason for making a report. First, because they feel embarrassed and humiliated. Second, they are tired of never being listened by authorities, as if they worth nothing. Third, some of them are not conscious about the laws related to harassment in public spaces, where to go to

make a complaint or who should they talk with. And there is not a clear information about help solutions. There are situations that women are not aware about the denomination of a harassment. For example, calling names or being touched, are these things considered as harassment? What if it was by mistake?

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The campaign made by the subway company in São Paulo titled “You’re not alone” might have increased the number of people who report harassment in the public transport, but it’s still not enough. An article from Veja São Paulo, one of the most respected magazines in Brazil, revealed that 4 complaints related to sexual harassment are made in São Paulo. The lack of complaints might be related to the difficulty of report: many information is needed such as, description of the people who harassed, number of the train, the direction, which line, what time… Details that a person who is in shock cannot process in that moment.

Adding to this difficulty of reporting, another problem is the lack of places to complaint, some of them are available just during work hours and they are just a few, or lack of information of where to denounce, which Police station they should go, if it is the one from the public transport security or a regular Police office.

Uneffective complaint Registering a complaint, in Brazil, is not an effective task. In order for the attacker to be judged for a criminal contravention, such as sexual harassment, the process is long. First, the victim must file a complaint at a police station and file an incident report. Then she must act against the aggressor, which means, open a process against the man who assaulted her. Only after manifesting this desire, the law can act in favor of it. There are cameras recording all the lines in the public transport, but when the information is needed, it takes a lot of time to search for the images. Also, the lack of feedback of the process if the woman reports. Also, hardly a man who harasses a woman gets arrested.

and contact security, in the case of the Metro (subway company in São Paulo) and CPTM (train company in São Paulo), or with the Military Police itself, when in transit on a bus.

Lack of staff training The public transport staff is not trained to deal with women who have been harassed or abused. Some treat the woman as the “crazy one” or scandalous. Not everyone who works at the public transport service is able to help or understand a woman in these cases. Places for reporting should be built as the same as the trained staff. The lack of staff training brings a lack of empathy with the victim, who feels abandoned and humiliated, so they end up giving up on reporting the harassment.

What is indicated to do is that the person should have as little information as possible

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INSIGHTS FROM RESEARCH TO INSIGHTS Again, Brazil is a male chauvinist country. Nowadays, information and open conversations about women's rights are spreading all over the Internet and because of that, women are standing for their rights. So, I started wondering that a reaction culture could be created in order to be against the rape culture existing in Brazil, so women could feel empowered because of the information. But, then, this culture would be not just made by women, but also by men. It's possible to relate the culture of reaction against male-oriented to the theory of the broken window. The term “broken windows” refers to an observation made in the early 1980s by Mr Kelling, a criminologist, and James Wilson, a social scientist, that when a building window is broken and left unrepaired, the rest of the windows will soon be broken too. An unrepaired broken window is a signal that no one cares, they argued, and so breaking more windows costs nothing. More profoundly, they found that

in environments where disorderly behaviour goes unchecked—where prostitutes visibly ply their trade or beggars accost passers-by—more serious street crime flourishes. So, it means that creating a new behavior and attitude is the beginning of a new culture and education. For example, if one woman starts to respond to men when they harass her, and tell others, maybe other women can have the same attitude and make more men uncomfortable of doing this. There are many services in Brazil related to reporting. However, these services don't increase the number of complaints, but campaigns and educational information. And it goes in a vicious circle, where the number of complaints are not enough, either the Police data related to that, so if they don't have a high number, it's like the problem doesn't exist. And if the number of complaint is low, new laws are not created

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to protect these women and their safety is not improved, and, then, people are not aware about this issue. So, how might we make women report the harassment in the public transport? And how might we make the valuable educational information go for everyone and not just for a niche (feminist people)? There is not a service in Brazil that has all the information related to the topic of public transport. With the information of laws, female lawyers and stories. Sharing stories and giving the opportunity for women to feel more empowered and embraced, a space for them to share thoughts and feelings, and maybe making men to be part of that too, to understand and to have more empathy.

Photo by: Fábio Rodrigues Pozzebom/Agência Brasil

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IDEATION 115

After the long process of research, I've noticed that there are a lot of services for reporting or panic buttons, but they weren't be effective enough in a Brazilian scenario. As I mentioned in the past chapters, the problem, in Brazil, is that women don't report because the process is long and bureaucratic, and they feel afraid of doing so, for many reasons, since the risk of being threatened or for feeling humiliated. So I've decided to think about other options that come before the harassment, not in a sense of avoiding it (choosing a different route, for example), but with education services, the opportunity of open discussions and sharing

stories. Giving women the chance of having education and talk about it, empowers them to be aware of the complete situation. For the ideation, I started mapping everything I knew related to the topic of public transport in Brazil. Nowadays, empowerment tools and information are available on the Internet, but this material goes just for a niche of people and not everyone has access to it. Also, maybe it would be possible to rethink about changing behavior and attitude.

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AND THE MOST IMPORTANT: IF PEOPLE DONâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;T REPORT THE HARASSMENT, THE POLICE DOESNâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;T KNOW THE NUMBERS, THE LACK OF NUMBERS IS USELESS TO BECOME A CRIME, THE ACT WILL KEEP GOING WITHOUT PUNISHMENT.

MIND MAPPING After lots of brainstorming, I wrote 36 ideas of concepts that could go further with the project. From these 36 ideas, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve chosen 4 of them.

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And, finally, I've decided on going for creating empathy: showing how to identify abuse scenes so men can help women. The chosen topic is connected to the insights related to cultural behavior and lack of awareness from the last chapter, so the project would embrace the behavior change in a cultural context, giving both women and men, awareness of harassment through education and information.

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IDEA GENERATION On March 19th 2017, I performed a workshop to generate new ideas. Until that step, I knew the path I wanted to follow as a project, but I was not sure about how I would do it and make it more concrete. The workshop was small, with the participation of four Brazilians that live in Milan, with different realities in Brazil, but all of them knowing about the context lived in their home country.

BRUNA KOCHI

ROGÉRIO CARVALHO

Lived in São Paulo for 5 years Used to take the subway and bus as public transport

Lived in São Paulo for 4 years Used to take the subway as public transport

LETÍCIA MELLI

PEDRO BESSA

Was born and lived in São Paulo her entire life Used to take the subway, train and bus as public transport

Was born and lived in Rio de Janeiro his entire life Used to take the subway and bus as public transport

Designer

The workshop started from the presentation of the previous research and informal conversations about the topic. Then, we started the brainwriting 6-3-5, which are 6 rounds, 3 ideas each in 5 minutes.

Designer

The brainwriting was guided based on "How might we" questions to define the themes and topics of the idea generation. For each question, they had 5 minutes to write 3 insights, and then these insights would go to

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Designer

International relations

another person, so they could improve, and then the last one, they thought how they could solve this problem if they were heroes. The questions were: How people can report harassment more? How people can understand what sexual abuse and harassment are? How people can react again the abuse?

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Photo by: Fábio Rodrigues Pozzebom/Agência Brasil

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THE PROJECT: MARIA, MARIA 123

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ENGAGING WOMEN TO REPORT SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN BRAZIL Definition of the service "Maria, Maria" is a song written by Milton Nascimento and Fernando Brant, in 1978. It was also recorded by Elis Regina. This song is a anthem for feminist movements and its lyrics tell, in a simple and true way, a story about a woman, Maria, who is strong and chooses laughing than crying and deserves great things in life, although it can be really difficult. And, in my point of view, it represents the essence of the Brazilian woman. Maria is also one of the most common female names in Brazil. Taking this song as inspiration to my project, I've decided to go for the educational information, awareness and empathy path.

Maria, Maria Is a gift, a certain magic A force that reminds us A woman who deserves to live and love Like anyone else on the planet

But, you must be strong You must have obstinacy You must have desire to win, always She who brings written on her skin this trace

Maria, Maria Is the sound, is the color, is the persistence Is the higher and slower dosage Of people who laugh things off When they are supposed to be crying And end up not living, just keep enduring

Maria, maria A mix of pain and joy But you must be smart You must have grace You must always dream She who brings written on her skin this trace Always has the strange habit To have faith in life

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What is Maria, Maria about? Maria, Maria is a tool of empowerment and engagement for women to report sexual harassment in public transport in Brazil, focusing on changing the behavior of accepting sexual harassment as a "normal" attitude present from the rape culture, and creating a reaction culture instead, providing them: awareness, information, a support community and a space for sharing stories. It uses as strategy with three phases of implementation which are marketing for public awareness, an online collaborative support community, to embrace and connect women to react against the harassment and rape culture and education. The project would be implemented together with ONU Mulheres1 (UN Women in Brazil), Natura2 (a Brazilian cosmetic brand, which had a Campaign to Combat Violence against Women3 last year).

NATURAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CAMPAIGN: November 25 is the International Day to Combat Violence against Women, established in 1999 by the UN. This year, the global campaign will extend until December 10, Human Rights Day. For the campaign, the UN has invited the world to light up in orange, a color chosen to symbolize equality between men and women. According to information from the UN, progress has been made in laws related to violence against women in recent years: 125 countries have laws against sexual harassment and 119 countries against domestic violence. Even with progress, there are still many points to be evaluated, for example, only 52 countries have specific legislation against marital rape. UN Women announced that during the campaign period, the agencyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s executive director, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, will visit the three continents, including Brazil, highlighting the urgent need to generate efforts against constant violence in the world.

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IMPLEMENTATION 1st month

2nd month

PHASE 1

report and awareness strategy stakeholder engagement supplier audit disclosure

3rd month

4th month

5th month

6th month

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

platform design

approvement from authors of the stories

platform development

artists engagement

disclosure

engagement with schools and public transport

support community

usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; engagement measurement from the campaign

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education

supplier printing

PHASE 1: REPORT AND AWARENESS The starting point is spreading information about sexual harassment being considered as a crime. To reach people from all the social and economic classes, a campaign about awareness of what harassment is and how women should report would be implemented in the public transport, while people are waiting for their transport, a place where is visible and can achieve everyone who takes the public transport. The idea is to embarrass people to call their attention. The communication will be straightforward, showing scenes that Brazilian women are used to live daily, with men catcalling them. The campaign related to the first phase will take place during one month, and the experiment would occur in SĂŁo Paulo. The engagement would be measured by weekly indicators at the platform, which is related to the second phase.

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An example that worked: experiments in Mexico, released by UN Women

would show the videos on 12 subway lines in Mexico City over three weeks.

Videos showing Mexico City subway riders reacting to close-ups of men's' buttocks and subway seats with moulded penises were part of a bold advertising campaign4 launched recently by UN Women, an arm of the United Nations.

The first video, called Seat Experiment showed subway riders' reactions to a seat moulded in the shape of a nude male body with a prominent penis. Lots of men who tried to sit on the seats were surprised or uncomfortable.

The videos have been on YouTube since March 20 2017, but it was only this week that UN Women issued a press release taking responsibility for the initiative. At a press conference, the organization said it

"It's unpleasant sitting here, but it's nothing compared to the sexual abuse women experience on their commute every day," reads a sign on the floor below the seat. Nearly 6 million people take the Mexico City subway each day and women are molested on a regular basis. Trains have had designated women-only subway cars for years and beginning last year, men who use them have been subjected to fines. In the second video in the campaign, Screen Experiment, men waiting for the subway see their buttocks projected onto subway television monitors. Many women smile as some of the men cover up their backsides in humiliation.

Photo by: UN Women Mexico

The campaign drew angry reactions from some men on YouTube and Twitter, who felt they were being stigmatized as rapists and criminals.

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MARIA, MARIA AS AN AWARENESS CAMPAIGN The awareness campaign is composed by a video, which will be performed on the displays at the bus stops, provoking people. In the video, a guy will be staring at the people at this bus stop, going back and forth, and saying some words that men usually say when they are harassing women in the streets of Brazil "delícia" "ô lá em casa" "boneca". The guy will be calling these names and then a sign saying that "harassment at the public transport is a crime", then showing that 8 in 10 women suffer harassment in the public transport everyday, but they don't report, so it's extremely important that people report the harassment, otherwise they get invisible for the Police, and it cannot turn into a crime by law.

not taking his eyes off them. For women, it's important that they understand that this behavior is considered a sexual harassment. And for men, they can understand that this is not a comfortable attitude, it's annoying and disturbing for the ones who are being harassed. Then, an information about the community of the project will be shown. For this phase, it will be measure by the access of the advertisement platform for one month and weekly indicators.

Translation: Does it bother you?

It's expected that people feel uncomfortable with this video, with someone staring and

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Translation: 8 in 10 women already suffered harassment in the public transport

Translation: Reporting is important

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Translation: Know more in: Maria, Maria

Maria, Maria awareness campaign in Paulista Avenue

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PHASE 2: SUPPORT COMMUNITY Empowering women is a powerful tool. And for this reason, one of the strategies to achieve this goal is sharing stories and having access to these stories. The idea is to provide empowerment through information, a support community and a space for asking doubts, all in a single space. The online support community is where women can share their experience on how they react against harassment and give support to others to do the same. This way, women will feel understood and find strength from people who passed through the same situation. The stories can be anonymous or not. The proposal is for making women report more and register these stories so, later on, these can be delivered to the Police to transform into an accident bulletin. The framework is made for changing attitude. As the â&#x20AC;&#x153;theory of the broken windowâ&#x20AC;? mentioned on the previous chapters, people will change if

they know that more people are doing the same. Also, women will be treated in the same level, creating an empathic environment for answers, sharing, reading, informing themselves. The concept of community already exists and works well in many different fields. Communities for discussing womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s issues that work well in Brazil are mostly on social networks, especially on Facebook groups. The goal of the project is providing a peer-topeer platform, where everyone can contribute and share their stories and advices related to the topic, a collection of information from websites and blogs, informations about the laws related to sexual harassment in public transport and an open collaboration from all. The platform will be available online during undefined period, starting together with the first

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phase. During the first month, it will be a space for having the information related to the access and engagement from people who have seen the awareness campaign, from the first phase.

Maria, Maria: look and feel landing page and forum page

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PHASE 3: EDUCATION The last phase will be distributing information about how wrong harassment is, on public transport (or at schools) with simple and accessible education through communication vehicles such as: comics, illustrated by women with real stories. These stories will be based on the stories written on the platform. Also, different artists can join the project each month, so they can give a different tone to the story. The education phase will start from the third month, and it will be inspired by the stories from women on the platform. During the first three months of the project, the engagement of artists, supplier and contacts with schools would be made. Nowadays, Think Olga has a contribution from many artists, however, they are illustrations, not comics with real stories. Providing these stories

would be accessible to educate people towards the topic of sexual harassment and, distributing them on the public transport and at school, would achieve more people.

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footnotes 1. ONU Mulheres: http://www. onumulheres.org.br/ 2. Natura: http://www.natura.com.br/ 3. Campaign to Combat Violence against Women: http://www.natura.com.br/e/ campanha-de-combate-a-violencia-contraas-mulheres 4. Penis Subway Seat In Mexico City Is Meant To Teach Men About Sexual Assault: http://www.huffingtonpost. com/entry/penis-subway-seat-mexico_ us_58e06a01e4b0c777f788027e

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FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

Along the process of research and interviews, I've discovered that the subject of women's safety in public transport in Brazil goes deeper than what I've expected. This issue comes from a long history of patriarchy since the times of Brazil Colony (1500-1822), when women already struggled with gender inequality and for repression, starting for being a property of the heads of their family. Many things changed since then. Women could conquer many rights and today, they are having open conversations among them, what hasn't happened before. With the improvement of communication and education coming from feminists collectives and NGOs, women can support and encourage

themselves to go againt the rape culture existed in Brazil, going for a new culture of reaction. However, unfortunately, this precious information goes just for a niche of people. By encouraging women to define themselves as self-expressive individuals gives the possibility of changing the male chauvinist culture and empowering them to stand up for not being treated as an object is a change for them to be who they are. I hope that the encouragement of my project brings the increasement of the number of complaints, that women can stand for their rights, knowing that the transport is public, but not their bodies.

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“ON THE DAY WHEN IT WILL BE POSSIBLE FOR WOMAN TO LOVE HERSELF NOT IN HER WEAKNESS BUT IN STRENGTH, NOT TO ESCAPE HERSELF BUT TO FIND HERSELF, NOT TO ABASE HERSELF BUT TO ASSERT HERSELF – ON THAT DAY LOVE WILL BECOME FOR HER, AS FOR MAN, A SOURCE OF LIFE AND NOT OF MORTAL DANGER.” Simone de Beauvoir, “All the men are mortal”

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WEBOGRAPHY Blogueiras feministas: http://blogueirasfeministas.com/

Movimento Vamos Juntas?: http://www. movimentovamosjuntas.com.br/

Save the Children: https://www.savethechildren.net/

CPTM: http://www.cptm.sp.gov.br/Pages/ Home.aspx

Mulheres em Luta: http://mulheresemluta.blogspot.it/

SP Trans: http://www.sptrans.com.br/

Data Folha: http://datafolha.folha.uol.com.br/ Fiquem sabendo: http://www.fiquemsabendo.com.br/ Metrô SP: http://www.metro.sp.gov.br/ Metrô Rio: https://www.metrorio.com.br/ Mobilize: http://www.mobilize.org.br/

Nimb: https://www.nimb.com/ Ni Una Menos: http://niunamenos.com.ar/

Think Olga: http://thinkolga.com/ UN Women: http://www.unwomen.org/en

ONU Mulheres: http://www.onumulheres.org.br/

Wicked problems: https://www.wickedproblems.com/1_ wicked_problems.php

Papo de Homem: https://papodehomem.com.br/

WISE: http://www.wise-project.net/ pages/index1.html

Roar for good: http://www.roarforgood.com/

Women's March: https://www.womensmarch.com/

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APPENDIX: RESULTS FROM THE ORIGINAL SURVEY

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