Daylighting Design Considerations for Retrofiting Buildings of Architectural and Historical Interest by Maria Garcia

DAYLIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR RETROFITTING BUILDINGS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND HISTORICAL INTEREST: A SIMULATION-BASED INVESTIGATION FOR A COPENHAGEN CASE STUDY JANUARY 2016

By: Maria Garcia Alvarez Student Number: 201310887 Supervisor: Werner Osterhaus

DAYLIGHTING*DESIGN*CONSIDERATIONS*FOR* RETROFITTING*BUILDINGS*OF*ARCHITECTURAL* AND*HISTORICAL*INTEREST:* A*SIMULATION5BASED*INVESTIGATION*FOR*A* COPENHAGEN*CASE*STUDY* * Report* * By:$Maria$Garcia$Alvarez$ Student$Number:$201310887$ Supervisor:$Werner$Osterhaus$ $ Master$Thesis$ in$Civil$and$Architectural$Engineering$ Aarhus$University$$ Department$of$Engineering$ $ Submitted:$January$2016$ Size:$30$ECTS$ $ $

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Acknowledgement! ! This! master! thesis! is! a! part! of! my! master! degree! in! Architectural! Engineering! with! specialization! in! Integrated! Energy! Design! at! Aarhus! University! Department! of! Engineering.!The!extent!of!this!thesis!is!30!ECTS!points!and!the!thesis!consists!of!three! documents:! The! main! report! and! appendix.! Together! with! the! report! follows! a! retrofit! guide! built! after! thesis! investigation.! Finally,! thesis! work! is! presented! as! a! scientific! paper.!Digital!version!of!documents!is!included!in!the!attached!CDHROM! There! are! several! people! who! I! would! like! to! thank! for! supporting! me! during! this! project:!! First! and! foremost! I! would! like! to! thank! my! supervisor! Werner! Osterhaus! for! all! his! help,!inspiration!and!engagement!during!the!project.!! I! would! also! like! to! thank! Anne! Iversen! for! her! inputs! and! inspiration,! as! well! as! for! giving!me!the!chance!to!work!in!a!real!project.!Thanks!to!Steffen!Petersen!for!guidance! and!help!in!technical!problems.!! Then!I!would!like!to!thank!my!life!partner!Oscar!Casares!for!proofreading!my!report!and! being!infinitely!patient.!! Finally!I!would!like!to!thank!my!family!who!despite!the!distance!has!known!to!give!me! their!support!during!the!project.!! !

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Summary!! ! Existing! buildings! represent! cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s! history! and! culture,! as! well! as! they! have! a! great! functional!value.!Retrofit!is!the!mean!to!ensure!values!belonging!to!old!buildings,!and,!at! the! same! time,! to! adapt! buildings! to! new! purpose! and! lifestyle.! European! Union! roadmap!is!lately!establishing!new!regulations!to!reduce!building!energy!consumption,! what! has! turned! energy! into! renovationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;! spotlight.! In! order! to! improve! the! energyH efficiency! of! our! existing! building! stock,! it! is! essential! to! consider! how! renovation! measures! affect! the! various! building! systems! and! their! performance,! the! function! of! a! building! and! its! spaces,! as! well! as! human! comfort! and! perception.! When! energy! renovations! are! considered! for! buildings! of! historical! value,! additional! factors! need! to! be!taken!into!account!to!maintain!a!buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!appearance!and!historical!features.!! ! It!is!the!aim!of!this!thesis!to!characterize!the!problems!faced!by!architects!and!engineers! when! developing! refurbishment! strategies! to! improve! both! energy! and! daylighting! performance!and!to!provide!guidance!on!how!to!approach!the!problem.!! ! The! study! develops! first! an! investigation! that! assesses! initial! daylight! conditions! in! different!existing!building!block!typologies.!This!part!of!the!thesis!provides!light!levels! for! different! urban! canyons,! glazing! type! and! window! size! at! different! levels! of! a! building.!! ! Secondly,!the!following!investigation!analyzes!the!room!after!designs!modifications!that! affect! daylight! performance.! Room! modifications! try! possible! daylight! improvements! sensitive!to!historic!preservation!and!energyHefficiency!needs.!Rather!than!solely!relying! on! static! daylighting! metrics! such! as! the! daylight! factor,! the! investigation! will! include! and! focus! on! climateHbased! daylight! metrics! to! address! the! design! challenge.! ClimateH based!daylight!metrics!are!likely!to!better!represent!actual!performance!goals!than!the! daylight!factor.!Overall!energy!performance!and!human!comfort!are!assessed!in!parallel! with!the!daylighting!strategies.! ! Finally,! as! an! extra! document,! these! thesis! investigations! are! displayed! as! a! retrofit! guide! that! may! become! a! showcase! and! inspiration,! not! only! for! apartment! blocks! in! Copenhagen,!but!also!for!other!cities!around!Europe.!! ! !

! Acknowledgement-.............................................................................................................-1! Summary-..............................................................................................................................-2! Abbreviations-.....................................................................................................................-4! 1.! Background-.................................................................................................................-5! 1.1.! Daylight-..............................................................................................................................-5! 1.1.1.! Daylight!Along!History!...........................................................................................................!5! 1.1.2.! There!is!no!Substitute!for!Daylight!..................................................................................!5! 1.2.! Retrofit-...............................................................................................................................-6! 1.3.! How-to-work-with-daylight?-........................................................................................-8! 1.3.1.! Daylight!Components!.............................................................................................................!8! 1.3.2.! Daylight!Quantity!..................................................................................................................!10! 1.3.3.! Daylight!Quality!.....................................................................................................................!11! 2.! Motivation-and-Goals-.............................................................................................-13! 2.1.! Daylight-Renovation-Options-in-Protected-Buildings-......................................-13! 2.2.! Daylight-Assessment-from-Quantitative-and-Qualitative-Perspective-.......-13! 2.3.! “Daylight-Retrofit-Guide”-...........................................................................................-14! 3.! A-SimulationNBased-Investigation-.....................................................................-15! 3.1.! Simulation-Tool-............................................................................................................-15! 3.2.! First-Investigation:-Courtyard-Performance-......................................................-15! 3.2.1.! Metrics!.......................................................................................................................................!15! 3.2.2.! Models!........................................................................................................................................!16! 3.2.3.! Simulation!Settings!..............................................................................................................!18! 3.2.4.! Results!and!Discussion:!Courtyard!Performance!....................................................!19! 3.3.! Second-Investigation:-Room-Modifications-.........................................................-20! 3.3.1.! Case!Study:!Klimakarré!Sustainable!Project!.............................................................!22! 3.3.2.! Metrics!.......................................................................................................................................!23! 3.3.3.! Simulation!Settings!..............................................................................................................!26! 3.3.4.! Models!........................................................................................................................................!27! 3.3.4.1.! Strategy!1:!Façade!Thickness!...................................................................................................!28! 3.3.4.2.! Strategy!2:!Window!Type!..........................................................................................................!29! 3.3.4.3.! Strategy!3:!Window!Reveal!.......................................................................................................!30! 3.3.4.4.! Strategy!4:!Window!Size!............................................................................................................!30! 3.3.4.5.! Strategy!5:!Balconies!...................................................................................................................!31! 3.3.5.! Results!and!Discussion:!Room!modifications!...........................................................!31! 3.3.5.1.! Daylight!Factor!and!ClimateHBased!Daylight!Metrics!...................................................!31! 3.3.5.2.! Daylight!Glare!Probability!.........................................................................................................!43! 3.3.5.3.! Luminance!Level!and!Distribution!........................................................................................!45! 3.3.5.4.! Metrics!...............................................................................................................................................!50! 4.! Conclusion-..........................................................................................................................-52! 5.! Future-Work-......................................................................................................................-52! List-of-Programs-..............................................................................................................-54! References-........................................................................................................................-54! ! !

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Abbreviations! ! DF!

Daylight!Factor![%]!

CBDM! ClimateHBased!Daylight!Metrics! DA!

Daylight!Autonomy![%]!

DAcon! Continuous!Daylight!Autonomy![%]! sDA!

Spatial!Daylight!Autonomy![%]!

UDI!

Useful!Daylight!Autonomy![%]!

DGP!

Daylight!Glare!Probability![%]!

H/D!

Height/Distance!

GFR!

Glazing!to!Floor!Ratio!

LT!

Light!Transmittance![%]!

! !

1. Background!! 1.1.

Daylight!

1.1.1. Daylight!Along!History! Daylight! access! in! buildings! has! been! a! concern! since! ancient! ages.! They! were! already! Romans!and!Greeks!who!mandated!minimum!lighting!standards!for!their!cities!(Moore! 1985a).! As! a! matter! of! fact,! only! in! the! past! forty! to! fifty! years! daylight! has! not! being! considered!the!principal!source!of!light!in!buildings.! ! Before!the!industrial!revolution,!building’s!envelope!was!the!primary!mediator!between! exterior!and!interior!environmental!conditions.!The!illumination!and!thus,!the!use!of!the! spaces,!depended!on!climate,!window!size!and!placement.!Buildings’!designs!were!based! upon! existing! conditions! of! site,! and! necessarily,! indoor! conditions! hinged! on! building! orientation,!shape,!room!depth!and!openings.! ! However,! the! way! architects! thought! about! their! buildings! changed! completely! after! industrial! revolution! period.! A! time! replete! of! innovations,! such! as! mechanical! heating/cooling! system! or! fluorescent! lamp,! left! a! side! all! constrains! that! limited! architects’!designs!before.!Artificial!light!made!windows!and!skylights!trivial!elements.! Width!of!the!building!plan!was!not!limited!to!a!maximum!of!25m!anymore!to!make!way! for!greater!buildings!depth!with!remote!areas!from!windows.!Deep!buildings!were!also! feasible!because!of!mechanical!ventilation,!which!disabled!previous!natural!ventilation’s! limitations!(Moore!1985b).! ! While! resources! were! abundant! and! cheap! there! was! not! concern! about! excessive! energy!consumption!of!those!buildings,!which!used!the!new!technologies!as!an!end.!This! was!until!1973,!when!the!oil!embargo!took!place.!This!oil!crisis!was!probably!the!major! precedent! of! contemporary! concerns! about! energy! resources! and! fossil! fuel! dependency.! In! fact,! this! precarious! situation! triggered! for! the! first! time! research! and! development! of! renewable! energy! sources,! which! in! turn! have! an! enduring! impact! on! architectural!and!political!fields.!

1.1.2. There!is!no!Substitute!for!Daylight!! Although!during!the!last!decades!electrical!light!may!have!been!replacing!natural!light!to! solve!visual!issues!in!interior!spaces,!daylight!is!currently!receiving!more!recognition!(Li! et! al.! 1999).! This! recognition! comes! mainly! from! the! energy! savings! daylight! entails.! Upgrading! daylight! access! in! the! room! electrical! light! use! decreases! and! heat! coming! through!windows!contributes!during!heating!seasons!to!heat!up!the!room!(Morelli!et!al.! 2012),!which!is!quite!relevant!in!Demark.! ! Despite! the! fact! that! energy! saving! is! a! strong! argument,! this! is! not! the! only! attribute! daylight! has.! Natural! light! creates! a! logical! and! meaningful! whole! of! humans’! live.! It! affects! occupant’s! comfort! and! health! as! well! as! functional! layout! of! spaces! (Li! et! al.! 1999).!Moreover,!it!gives!a!sense!of!cheeriness!and!brightness!that!has!positive!impact! on!people!(Henning!Larsen!Architects!2014).! Buildings!are!created!for!people.!Hence,!interior!spaces!must!help!users!to!have!greater! joy! in! everyday! life.! Daylight! is! likely! to! provide! the! best! visual! environment! owing! to! the! combination! of! sunlight! and! skylight! (direct! and! indirect! light),! together! with! its! unique! color! rendering! (Baker,! Fanchiotti,! and! Steemers! 2013b).! Thus,! natural! light! heightens!users’!comfort!creating!pleasant!atmospheres!as!a!consequence!of!its!singular! properties!that!make!it!different!to!any!other!light!sources.! !! 5! !

Human!visual!comfort,!considered!from!the!daylight!point!of!view,!is!multidimensional! (Baker! et! al.! 2013b).! Consequently,! it! is! not! simply! enough! to! provide! the! appropriate! illumination!on!a!horizontal!plane!(Baker!et!al.!2013b)!(Cantin!and!Dubois!2011).!Visual! comfort!also!involves!factors!such!as:! H

!Visual! acuity! (Baker! et! al.! 2013b)! (Hopkinson,! Petherbridge,! and! Longmore.! 1966a)!! Luminance!ratios!(Baker!et!al.!2013b)!(Hopkinson!et!al.!1966a)! Illuminance!Spectral!distribution!(Baker!et!al.!2013b)!! Glare!(Baker!et!al.!2013b)!(Hopkinson!et!al.!1966a)!(Robbins!L.!Claude!1986)!

H H H

On! the! other! hand,! the! daylight! effect! on! human! health! should! not! be! underestimated! even! though! it! is! a! nonHvisual! consequence! of! daylight.! Natural! light! helps! the! body! to! regulate! the! production! of! melatonin! (AJ! et! al.! 1980),! which! in! turn! helps! to! regulate! sleep! patterns! (T,! D,! and! WJ! 2001),.! At! the! same! time,! melatonin! stimulates! bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s! serotonin! production,! which! may! reduce! depression! symptoms.! In! addition,! blood! glucose! levels! and! immune! system! ability! are! adversely! affected! by! the! lack! of! natural! light!(Foster!2011).!! ! When! good! daylight! conditions! are! met,! wellHbeing,! health,! economy,! energy,! architecture!and!environment!are!improved!all!together.!!

1.2.

Retrofit!

After!40!years,!the!resources!concern!that!began!in!1973!with!oil!crisis!is!still!in!peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s! mind.!However,!not!too!many!of!the!innovations!and!experiments!proposed!to!preserve,! renew! and! create! new! forms! of! energy! have! success! (Borasi! 2008).! Thus,! oil! dependency! and! global! warming! are! still! a! serious! problem! in! contemporary! society! (European!Commision!n.d.).! ! Nowadays! 40%! of! the! energy! used! in! Europe! is! owing! to! buildings,! where! households! cover! around! 25%! of! this! energy! (European! Union! 2010).! This! is! the! reason! why! European! Union! roadmap! is! establishing! new! regulations! to! reduce! building! energy! consumption! and! increase! everyday! building! energy! efficiency! (European! Commision! 2014).! !

Figure-1.-Share-of-dwellings-built-before-1980-in-total-stock-(http://www.entranze.enerdata.eu).-

As!part!of!the!attempt!to!tackle!climate!change!and!encourage!the!movement!towards!a! lowHcarbon! economy,! EU! has! set! some! climate! and! energy! targets.! Its! specific! targets! aim!to!ensure!that,!by!2020,!EU!greenhouse!gas!emissions!are!cut!by!20!%!and!by!80–95! %!of!1990!levels!in!2050!(European!Commision!2014).!In!this!matter,!Denmark!has!set! an!even!more!ambitious!goal;!being!completely!fossilHfuelHfree!by!2050!(Danish!Energy! Agency!2010).! Currently,! old! buildings! require! fourHfold! more! energy! compare! to! new! constructions,! and! approximately! 35%! of! the! EU’s! buildings! are! over! 50! years! old! (Thomsen! 2010)! (Poel,!van!Cruchten,!and!Balaras!2007).!On!the!other!hand,!annually,!in!Denmark,!only! 1%! of! buildings! are! new! construction! (Tagpapbranchens! Oplysningsråd! –! TOR! 2012).! Thus,!most!of!the!already!existing!buildings!do!not!fulfill!current!energy!standards,!and! need! to! be! adapted! to! new! purposes! and! lifestyle.! Consequently,! energy! renovation! is! becoming!a!very!common!concept!among!constructions!experts!and!it!will!be!even!more! usual!in!the!near!future!if!the!2050!target!wants!to!be!achieved.! ! Instead!of!being!sustainable!design!the!main!goal,!energy!savings!are!usually!the!focus!in! building!renovations.!The!word!“sustain”!means!itself,!“keep!in!existence,!prolong,!and! maintain”! (Anon! 1969).! As! a! simple! and! open! concept,! Oxford! University! defines! sustainable!development!as!“…meeting!the!needs!of!the!present!without!compromising! the! ability! of! future! generations! to! meet! their! own! needs”! (World! Commission! on! Environmental! Development! 1987).! Both! terms! embody! a! desire! to! go! beyond! where! we!are!today.!Then,!sustainable!design!holds!a!vision!of!future.! ! However,! the! issues! involved! by! sustainable! design! are! not! yet! clear! enough.! Mary! Guzowski,! in! her! book! Daylight) for) Sustainable) Design) (2000),! contemplates) that! sustainable! building! is! the! creation! of! an! environment! that! sustains! humans! aesthetic,! physiological,! psychological,! and! spiritual! needs,! as! well! as,! considers! energy! and! natural! resources! issues! (Guzowski! 2000a).! It! was! also! the! AIA! (American! Institute! of! Architects)!and!IUA!(International!Union!of!Architects)!who,!in!1995,!included!aesthetic! and! human! factors! as! part! of! sustainable! design! concept! (Maxman! and! Majekodunmi! 1995).!! ! Therefor,!it!should!not!be!enough!saving!energy,!conserving!resources!and!minimizing! environmental!impacts.!From!an!owner!view,!energy!renovation!may!look!as!something! expensive!that!might!change!rooms’!surfaces!and!have!long!payback!times!(Christensen! et!al.!2014).!It!is!equally!important!to!create!environments!that!are!meaningful,!humane,! and!worth!living!in.!!That!is!why,!renovation!is!a!matter!of!rising!quality!in!all!aspects:! aesthetic,!economy,!wellHbeing,!health,!quality!of!life,!energy!and!environment!(Henning! Larsen!Architects!2014).! ! According! to! natural! light! qualities! good! daylight! comes! together! environmental,! aesthetic!and!human!values!needed!in!sustainable.!But,!putting!together!energy!savings! and! daylight! in! renovation! becomes! a! challenge.! Common! energy! procedures! compromise! daylight! conditions;! insulation! addition! and! efficient! energy! glazing! (Šiožinytė!and!Antuchevičienė!2013)!(Thomsen,!Rolland,!and!Buvik!2009)!(Harrestrup! and! Svendsen! 2014).! To! combine! both! is! even! more! difficult! when! working! with! protected!buildings,!in!which!usually!changes!on!façade!and!windows!are!not!allowed.! Therefore,!playing!with!window!size!to!balance!daylight!level!(Morelli!et!al.!2012)!might! not!be!an!option,!as!well!as!any!change!that!affects!buildings!façade.!

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1.3.

How!to!work!with!daylight?!

1.3.1. Daylight!Components! Daylight!is!described!as!the!combination!of!all!direct!and!indirect!light! come!from!sun! during! daytime! (Baker! et! al.! 2013b)! (Moore! 1985c).! Hence,! daylight! in! buildings! is! composed! of! a! mix! of! direct! sunlight,! diffuse! skylight,! and! reflected! light! from! any! surface!exposed!to!light!(Figure!2).!! !

Figure-2.-Daylight-in-a-room-is-composed-of-direct-sunlight,-diffuse-skylight-and-reflected-light.-

Direct- sunlight:! It! is! characterized! by! high! intensity! (Âą100.000! lux! on! earth! surface)! and! constant! movement! (Moore! 1985c)! (Foldbjerg! et! al.! 2010).! Because! of! its! high! illumination,! daylight! creates! sharp! contrast! and! lively! light.! But! then,! big! contrast! of! light! may! cause! annoying! glare.! Moreover,! high! intensity! entails! high! thermal! loads,! which!may!be!damaging!for!buildings!with!high!internal!loads.!Whereas,!it!may!turn!into! positive!effects,!when!those!loads!favor!the!winter!heating!performance!(Moore!1985c).!!

Figure-3.-Sun-chart-Copenhagen-which-shows-sun-position-and-angle-variation-along-the-year-

Diffuse- Skylight:!It!is!made!up!of!light!from!celestial!vault,!and!is!characterized!by!the! sunlight! scattered! by! the! atmosphere.! This! skylight! can! come! from! clear! or! overcast! skies.!Under!clear!conditions!the!sky!is!darker!as!it!moves!away!from!sun.!With!overcast! sky,! sunlight! passes! through! the! clouds! (water! particles)! and! light! is! reflected! in! all! directions! resulting! in! a! soft! and! diffuse! light! (Foldbjerg! et! al.! 2010).! The! sky! is! about! 8!

three! times! brighter! at! the! zenith! than! at! the! horizon! (Moore! 1985c).! Under! overcast! conditions!the!illuminance!levels!vary!from!10.000!lux!in!summer!to!2.000!lux!in!winter! (Hopkinson!et!al.!1966a)!(Foldbjerg!et!al.!2010).!! !

Figure- 4.- Samples- of- skies- to- illustrate- the- varying- luminance- distributions.- Theses- measurementswere- taken- in- Dublin,- Ireland,- and- represent- two- skies:- clear- sky- and- overcast- sky.- Clear- sky- hashighest-luminance-levels-close-to-the-sun-and-overcast-sky-presents-the-brightest-area-at-the-zenith(Kenny,!Olley,!and!Lewis!2006).-

Reflected- light:! it! is! the! light! coming! from! any! surface! that! is! affected! by! light;! either! sunlight!or!diffuse!skylight.!The!way!light!is!reflected!after!striking!a!surface!will!depend! on! surface! properties! (Baker,! Fanchiotti,! and! Steemers! 2013c).! “Color”! conditions! the! amount! of! light! that! comes! out! from! the! surface,! and! “type! of! finish”! defines! the! way! light! is! reflected! (specular/matte)! (Baker! et! al.! 2013c)! (Figure! 5).! So,! external! and! interior!reflections!will!contribute!to!the!amount!of!daylight!in!a!room.! ! !

Figure-5.-Upper-panel-shows-the-amount-of-light-reflected-depending-on-the-reflectance.-Lower-panelshows- effect- of- surface- finish.- With- specular- surface- light- angle- striking- the- surface- is- the- same- asthe-input-angle.-It-will-thus-move-only-light-spot.-With-a-matt-surface-light-reflected-becomes-diffusedand-distributed.--

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Figure-6.-Pictures-show-the-effect-of-interior-finish-on-the-daylight-distribution.-The-graph-plots-thevariation- of- average- daylight- factor- according- to- the- average- reflection- factor(http://sts.bwk.tue.nl/daylight/varbook/).-

Each!daylight!component!is!very!variable.!Illuminance!levels!change!along!the!year,!and! sky!conditions!changes!with!weather!along!the!day.!In!addition!to!sunlight!and!skylight! illuminance,!daylight!in!a!room!depends!on!other!factors!such!as:!window!size,!window! orientation,!glazing!type,!urban!obstructions!and!surface!reflectances!(Baker,!Fanchiotti,! and!Steemers!2013a).!With!all!of!this,!daylight!analysis!becomes!a!complex!task.!

1.3.2. Daylight!Quantity! Traditionally,! studies! of! daylight! have! only! focused! on! one! parameter:! horizontal! illuminance! (Piccoli! et! al.! 2004).! The! consideration! of! horizontal! illuminance! at! work! surface! height! is! a! serious! limitation! and! does! not! provide! a! complete! assessment! of! light! conditions! (Piccoli! et! al.! 2004)! (Boyce! 2004).! Occupants’! perception! embraces! more! than! the! lux! level! over! horizontal! plane;! occupants! are! affected! by! vertical! illuminance!as!well!(Baker!et!al.!2013b)! ! Besides,! during! years,! daylight! factor! has! being! the! most! extent! and! widely! used! indicator! of! interior! light! levels.! It! was! developed! in! UK! where! sky! is! mostly! overcast! along! the! year,! but! at! the! end! it! is! used! internationally! (Mardaljevic! 2008).! Daylight! factor! is! the! metric! used! by! European! (ENH15193)! and! Danish! Standards! (DSH700)! to! warranty!enough!daylight!in!spaces.! ! Daylight! Factor! (DF)! has! some! constraints! that! question! its! ability! to! assess! daylight! conditions:! ! • DF!does!not!consider!direct!sun!light! • DF!is!not!affected!by!room!orientation!and!location! • DF!does!not!consider!sky!luminance!variability!under!overcast!sky!conditions! • The!effect!of!mixed!lighting!(natural!and!electric)!cannot!be!quantified!with!DF! • It!is!not!possible!to!assess!glare!potential!through!DF!metric! ! The! limited! and! static! nature! of! daylight! factor! triggered! the! development! of! dynamic! daylight! simulation! methods! that! represent! indoor! illuminance! under! arbitrary! sky! conditions.!This!is!the!case!of!ClimateHBased!Daylight!Metrics!(CBDM),!which!provide!an! overview! of! daylight! performance! along! the! year.! Moreover,! CBDM! supply! daylight! factor!constraints!(Stoffer!et!al.!2015).! 10!

! These!CBDM!are!mainly!Daylight!Autonomy!(DA)!(Reinhart!and!Herkel!2000)!(Reinhart! and! Walkenhorst! 2001)! and! Useful! Daylight! Illuminance! (UDI)! (Nabil! and! Mardaljevic! 2006).! DA! is! the! timeHinHuse! percentage! across! the! year! where! daylight! illuminance! reaches!the!defined!lux!threshold!(e.g.!200!lux).!UDI!is!similar!to!DA!except!that!it!has!a! lowerHupper!threshold!(e.g.!100!and!2000!lux).!

1.3.3. Daylight!Quality! Some! researches,! like! Dr.! John! Mardaljevic,! deem! that! “good! daylight”! is! the! one! that! offers! levels! of! useful! daylight! [100! H2500! lux]! (Mardaljevic! 2008),! but,! as! mentioned! before,! daylight! is! much! more! than! a! specific! amount! of! lux! over! an! horizontal! plane.! “Good! daylight”! concept! is! being! discussed! since! 1980! and! it! is! a! theme! studied! internationally.!The!complexity!of!defining!lighting!quality!is!on!the!dependence!of!many! aspects!and!cannot!be!based!on!one!simple!measurement!(Boyce!2003).!Understanding! that! daylight! is! equally,! quantity! and! quality,! it! is! therefore! necessary! to! establish! a! consistent!criteria!and!method!to!assess!“good!daylight”.! ! Even! regarding! light! quantity,! which! is! considered! the! “objective”! measure,! different! “right”!light!levels!can!be!found!depending!on!the!country.!There!is!no!consensus!among! countries,! but! even! within! a! given! country! along! the! history.! Trends! in! history! show! a! big! increment! in! levels! from! the! 1930s! until! the! early! 1970s.! North! American! recommendations!went!from!150!lux!in!1938!to!1400!lux!around!1972.!Other!countries! suffered!also!a!drastic!change!as!UK!and!Soviet!Union;!from!100!lux!(1936)!to!500!lux! (1972)!and!from!25!lux!(1930)!to!300!lux!(1979)!respectively.!Lighting!levels!changed! their!direction!following!the!economic!situation!of!that!time!and!it!was!after!1973!when! countries!decreased!around!50%!their!light!levels!(Mills!and!Borg!1999).! ! Standards! instability! is! mainly! a! result! of! two! factors;! economic! situation! and! new! perspectives!on!lighting.!But!it!has!being!mainly!the!economic!factor!what!has!left!aside! the!importance!of!human!factors!when!setting!proper!light!levels!(Fernandez,!Amorim,! and!Sousa!2014).! ! Furthermore,! constant! development! of! new! daylight! methods,! has! contributed! to! standards! inconstancy.! Although! DF! is! the! most! widespread! metric! there! are! other! recommendations:! GFR! (BR10:! Building! Regulations! 2010),! UDI,! DA! or! sDA.! Nevertheless,! some! of! the! recommendations! do! not! ensure! enough! illuminance! levels! (Riis,! Eid,! and! Osterhaus! 2011).! Moreover,! as! BOYCE! 2003! affirms,! "lux"! is! only! an! approximate!and!incomplete!indicator!and!spaces!need!also!daylight!quality!(Mills!and! Borg!1999).! ! But,!the!qualitative!study!of!daylight!is!very!subjective!because!human!beings!differ!in! their! preferences! for! illumination! intensity! and! quality! (age,! gender! or! time! of! day)! (Mills! and! Borg! 1999).! On! the! other! hand,! the! main! discussion! is! about! what! aspects! define!quality!of!daylight.!Many!authors!have!investigated!concepts!or!models!that!may! contribute!to!demonstrate!the!factors!that!should!be!presented!in!good!lighting.!Marans! and!Brown!1987,!defined!quality!as!the!balanced!combination!between!satisfaction!with! light! level! (depending! on! the! task! and! type! of! light)! and! comfortable! feeling! (visual! quality)! (Marans! and! Brown! 1987).! Other! authors! include! users! behavior! and! communication! (Veitch! and! Newsham! 1996)! (Guzowski! 2000b)! (Kramer! 2002)! or! energy! performance! (POP,! POP,! and! CHINDRIS! 2002).! On! the! other! hand,! Boyce! specifies!that!light!has!to!make!the!user!to!distinguish!details,!colors,!forms!and!surfaces’! finishing! with! no! discomfort.! In! general! terms,! light! quality! is! defined! as! visual! perception! and! visual! comfort! (POP! et! al.! 2002)! (Hopkinson! et! al.! 1966a)! (Hopkinson,! Petherbridge,!and!Longmore.!1966b)!(IESNA,!2008)!!(Veitch!2004)! !! 11! !

! What!most!of!the!literature!agree!is!that!daylight!design!has!to!respect!humanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!visual! perceptual! needs.! It! is! necessary! to! understand! what! conditions! enable! people! to! see! well!and!comfortably,!and!find!methods!to!assess!these!aspects.!

12!

2. Motivation!and!Goals! 2.1.

Daylight!Renovation!Options!in!Protected!Buildings!

As! mentioned! in! background! chapter! “Retrofit”,! nowadays,! building! renovation! is! mainly!focus!on!energy!consumption!and!bills.!However,!renovation!is!a!chance!to!add! economic,!environment!and!human!beings!values!(Dannemand!and!Bohn!2012).!! ! Since!daylight!is!an!overweight!parameter!that!affects!different!factors,!it!is!interesting! to!look!at!its!potential!to!fulfill!renovation!values:!!

! Direct!Relation!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Indirect!Relation! ! Figure- 7.- Daylight- values- (wellNbeing,- health,- energy- and- architectural)- have- the- potential- to- raiserenovation-values-(economy,-environmental-and-human-being).-

It!is!clear!the!need!of!daylight!in!renovation!projects!(Figure!7).!However,!one!should!be! concern!about!the!contradictory!relationship!between!daylight!conditions!and!common! practice!of!energy!renovation!(page!3)!and!how!that!becomes!a!challenge!when!dealing! with!protected!buildings.! ! Hence,!renovation’s!field!is!in!need!of!solutions!to!offset!poor!daylight!conditions!after! applying! energy! improvements,! while! keeping! existing! values! and! creating! new! qualities.! It! is! then! the! aim! of! the! present! research! to! assess! daylighting! design! opportunities! when! retrofitting! buildings! with! cultural! and! historical! value! with! exterior!façade!under!protection.!The!study!will!investigate!initial!daylight!conditions!in! old! building! blocks! (1),! it! will! measure! energy! improvement! consequences! in! daylight! conditions!(2)!and!we!will!design!modifications!that!may!compensate!daylight!losses!or! even! improve! initial! conditions! (3).! The! investigation! consists! in! a! simulatedHbase! investigation!of!a!range!of!basic!building!block!models!(1)!and!then,!in!an!investigation! of!real!building!block!case!in!Copenhagen!(2)(3).!

2.2. Daylight! Assessment! from! Quantitative! and! Qualitative! Perspective! After!inquiring!in!literature!and!different!authors!opinions,!definitely,!daylighting!can!be! defined!by!the!“double!Q”:!Quantity!and!Quality!(“Daylight!Quality”!page!11).! ! It! has! being! shown! that! daylight! is! associated! with! economy,! human! being! and! environment! and! it! is! primary! human! beings! factor! what! defines! indoor! daylight! !! 13! !

conditions.! At! the! same! time,! three! fields! compose! human! beings! area:! emotional,! biological! and! visual! field.! Emotions! are! rather! subjective! and! perhaps,! difficult! to! weigh.!Biological!performance,!although!very!important,!needs!from!the!medical!field!to! be! analyzed.! Finally,! visual! field! is! defined! as! task! area! lighting,! contrast! and! glare,! implying!that!“good!daylight”!is!both!quantity!and!quality!(Q&Q).!

Figure- 1.- Daylight- affects- three- general- factors:- environment,- economy- and- human- being.- Threeaspects-define-human-being-factor:-visual,-biological-and-emotional-(Govén!et!al.!2008).-

Daylight!analysis!in!this!project!will!include!quality!and!quantity!metrics!so!that!retrofit! proposals! can! be! understand! from! both! perspectives.! Illuminance! levels! will! be! measured!through!static!and!dynamic!metrics,!where!divergences!are!spectated!because! of! static! metrics! constrains.! In! terms! of! quality,! user’s! comfort! and! general! room! perception!will!be!part!of!the!assessment.!

2.3.

!“Daylight!Retrofit!Guide”!

Daylight! analysis! sometimes! may! be! complex! to! represent! (Johnsen,! Dubois,! and! Grau! 2006)! .! That! is! why,! it! would! be! good! that! renovation! options! and! analysis! method! studied!in!this!project!was!displayed!in!a!dynamic!and!graphical!way!to!reach!out!easily! any! kind! of! user.! So,! the! intention! is! to! help! engineering/architects/owners! facing! renovation! projects! at! first! phases! providing! a! range! of! room! options! and! how! they! perform.! ! Existing!buildings!are!very!different,!and!renovation!tasks!are!therefore!very!wide.!Thus,! the!guide!does!not!try!to!cover!all!possible!solutions.!The!intention!is!to!show!the!main! building!elements!that!affect!daylight,!and!how!they!can!be!modified!affecting!building! aesthetics!in!different!levels.! ! Moreover,! because! daylight! influences! very! different! factors,! it! is! essential! to! keep! a! holistic! perspective! where! environmental! and! aesthetic! considerations! are! valued! to! make!the!best!choice.!Hence,!this!guide!provides!the!performance!of!each!case!according! to:! • Daylight!level! • Daylight!quality! • Aesthetics!alteration! • Energy!performance!(Appendix!4)! ! Thereby,! users! may! take! the! direction! that! best! fits! their! expectations,! and! have! the! overview!of!what!are!the!strengths!and!weakness!of!each!approach.!The!guide!tries!to! be!an!overall!inspiration!to!daylight!protected!buildings.! 14!

3. A!SimulationSBased!Investigation!! ! The!thesis!is!divided!into!two!investigations.!The!first!one!studies!daylight!conditions!in! existing! building! block! areas! to! characterize! light! levels! before! retrofit! intervention.! Then,! second! investigation! analyzes! the! potential! of! room! elements! to! improve! light! conditions.!Both!investigations!will!serve!to!create!the!retrofit!guide!afterwards.!

3.1.

Simulation!Tool!

Daylight! calculations! in! this! thesis! are! run! in! DIVAHforHRhino,! which! is! an! optimized! daylight! and! energy! modelling! plugHin! for! Rhinoceros! 3D! Nurbs! (McNeel,! Robert,! and! Associates! 2010)! (DIVA! for! rhino! 2015).! This! plugHin! was! developed! at! the! Graduate! School!of!Harvard!University!and!it!is!now!distributed!and!developed!by!Solemma!LLC.! DIVAHforHRhino! allows! users! to! carry! out! a! series! of! environmental! performance! evaluations!for!individual!buildings!and!urban!landscapes.!It!performs!daylight!analysis! via! integration! with! Radiance! and! DAYSIM! and! uses! TMY3! weather! data! to! calculate! climateHbased!results!(Reinhart!et!al.!2011).

3.2.

First!Investigation:!Courtyard!Performance!!

This!preliminary!study!is!the!one!that!assess!daylight!potential!in!typical!old!buildings! block! areas.! Surroundings! are! one! of! the! factors! that! conditions! daylight! in! a! room.! Buildings! height! and! building! distance! shape! the! urban! layout! around! the! room,! but! interventions!over!urban!canyon!are!not!always!part!of!retrofit!projects.!That!is!why!this! study!calculates!daylight!levels!of!a!room!for!different!courtyard!dimensions.!The!used! courtyards!variety!represents!the!most!common!urban!canyons!in!European!countries.! Moreover,!the!influence!of!the!urban!canyon!in!room!light!levels!is!studied!at!different! building! levels! and! with! different! windows,! which! result! in! the! following! parametric! study:! ! Urban-Canyon-(H/D)Room!surroundings!condition!interior!daylight!performance.!In!this!analysis!rooms!are! study! for! range! of! building! heights! and! building! distances.! H/D! ratios! go! from- 1.5- to0.15.! ! Room-StoreySurroundings! do! not! affect! equally! to! all! storeys! in! a! building,! so! the! same! room! is! simulated!at!three!different!levels:!!STREET,!2nd!and!4th!floor.! Glazing-Area-to-Floor-Area-Ratio-(GFR-%)Openings! size! is! an! important! factor! affecting! light! level! because! it! allows! daylight! to! come! into! the! room.! Each! courtyard! layout! is! study! for! two! different! glazing! area! to! room!area!ratios;!GFR!10%!and!20%! Light-Transmittance-of-Glazing-(LT-%)In! addition! to! window! size,! glazing! properties! also! condition! light! levels! in! the! space.! Typical! old! buildings! have! single! glazing! pane! with! a! LT! around! 88%.! Besides,! the! LT! 72%! is! included! in! the! parametric! study! as! representation! of! energy! efficient! glazing,! sometimes!installed!in!old!buildings.!

3.2.1. Metrics! Daylight-Factor-(DF)Daylight! factor! is! the! ratio! of! work! plane! illuminance! to! the! outdoor! illuminance! on! a! horizontal! plane.! It! is! showed! in! percentage! and! measured! under! overcast! sky! conditions! (standard! CIE! overcast! sky)! (Moon! and! Spencer! 1942).! Currently! the! !! 15! !

recommended! minimum! DF! at! a! working! place! is! 2%,! which! is! equivalent! to! 200! lux! with!an!overcast!sky!of!around!10,000!lux.!! ! In!this!study!results!from!DF!calculations!are!displayed!as:!“percentage!of!room!surface! with!DF>2%”!and!“DF=2%!room!depth”.!Criteria!of!the!measurements!can!be!found!in! appendix!1.! !

3.2.2. Models! Different! courtyard! dimensions! are! used! in! this! study.! All! properties! and! geometry! details!are!in!Table!1!and!Table!2.! !

! Figure!9.-Courtyard-dimensions-and-building-height-used-in-calculations.-Blue-area-in-the-picture-is-thebuilding-where-the-studied-room-is-located,-and-its-dimensions-remains-fixed-along-simulations.Model-Information! LocationCopenhagen!(Denmark)! ClimateCopenhagen!! Total-courtyard-dimensions-(outside)Parameter!variation*! Distance-from-room-to-next-buildingParameter!variation*! Building-Depth10m! Room-heightParameter!variation:!streetH!2nd!–!4th!! Room-floor-area12.50m2! Table-1.-Information-about-courtyard-performance-simulation-model.-*See-Figure-10.-

16!

Figure-10.-Courtyard-models-that-result-in-studied-urban-canyons.-The-panel-shows-each-of-the-heightN distance-ratios-used-in-this-study-and-what-courtyard-dimensions-originate-them.-Height-/-Distance-RatioBuilding-height1.5030m! 1.0020m! 0.7530m! 0.5020m! 0.4015m! 0.3020m! 0.2015m! 0.1515m! Table-2.-Dimensions-of-courtyard-models-of-each-height/distance-ratio.-

Buildings-distance20m! 20m! 40m! 40m! 40m! 70m! 70m! 100m!

Different!rooms!scenarios!are!simulated!in!the!above!courtyards!layouts.!All!properties! and!geometry!of!the!rooms!are!in!Table!3.! !

!! 17! !

Figure-11.-Room-and-window-dimensions-of-courtyard-performance-simulation-study.DimensionsFrame-Dim.Mullion-Dim.Frame-DepthGlazing-SurfaceGFR-%Glazing-properties-

1.39!x!1.64m! 0.12m! 0.15m! 0.10m! 1.25m2! 10! Parameter!variation! Single!pane*! 3!layer*! LT:!88%! LT:72%! Table- 3.- Model- information- of- studied- roomsproperties-in-appendix-4:-Energy-Calculations.-

DimensionsFrame-Dim.Mullion-Dim.Frame-DepthGlazing-SurfaceGFR-%Glazing-properties-

2.14!x!1.95m! 0.12m! 0.15m! 0.10m! 2.50m2! 20! Parameter!variation! Single!Pane*! 3!layer*! LT:!88%! LT:72%! in- courtyard- performance- simulations.*Glazing-

3.2.3. Simulation!Settings! Settings! used! to! run! all! simulations! are! shown! in! the! following! tables,! as! well! as,! characteristic!inputs!to!calculate!DF.! ! Reflectance! SurfacesStreet! Buildings!exterior! Room!Ceiling! Room!Floor! Room!Walls! Window!Frames! Balcony!Floor! Opaque!Parapet! ! Light-Transmittance! SurfacesGlazing!Parapet! Single!glazing!pane! New!2!Layer!Glazing! New!3!Layer!Glazing! Table-4.-Surface-reflectance-of-the-model.General-settingsGrid-Height:-

0.85m-from!floor!surface-

Grid-Size:-

0.10x0.10m-

Table-5.-Information-about-the-grid-used-for-the-calculations.-

18!

%! 20! 30! 70! 20! 50! 80! 50! 30! ! ! 88! 88! 80! 72!

Radiance!material! 0.2!0.2!0.2!0!0! 0.3!0.!3!0.3!0!0! 0.7!0.7!0.7!0!0! 0.2!0.2!0.2!0!0! 0.5!0.5!0.5!0!0! 0.8!0.8!0.8!0!0! 0.5!0.5!0.5!0!0! 0.3!0.3!0.3!0!0! ! ! 0.960!0.960!0.960! 0.960!0.960!0.960! 0.872!0.872!0.872! 0.785!0.785!0.785!

3.2.4. Results!and!Discussion:!Courtyard!Performance! This!section!is!a!display!and!analysis!of!the!results!of!the!different!parameter!variation.! The! analysis! is! based! on! charts! shown! in! this! section,! which! represent! values! from! tables!in!appendix!1!(Figure!12!and!13)! !

! igure-12.-These-graphs-display-%-surf-with-DF>2%-against-H/W-ratios.-Brown-lines-correspond-toGFR-10%-and-blue-ones-GFR-20%.-Solid-lines-represent-LT-of-88%,-while-dashed-lines-represent-LTof-72%.Street$Floor$ GFR"20%"LT"88%"

2nd$Floor$

GFR"10%"LT"72%"

GFR"10%"LT"88%"

GFR"20%"LT"72%"

GFR"20%"LT"88%"

4nd$Floor$

GFR"10%"LT"72%"

GFR"10%"LT"88%"

0.15"

0.20"

0.30"

0.40" 0.50"

H/D$Ra1o$

0.15"

H/D$Ra1o$

0.15"

0.40" 0.50"

0.75"

1.00"

1.50"

0.5"

1.5"

2.5"

3.5"

4.5"

0.5"

1.5"

2.5" 3" 3.5" 42"nd$Floor$

GFR"20%"LT"72%"

GFR"20%"LT"88%"

GFR"10%"LT"72%"

4.5"

GFR"10%"LT"72%"

0.5"

1.5"

2.5"

3.5"

4.5"

Room$Depth$DF$>$2%$

GFR"10%"LT"88%"

Figure-13.-These-graphs-display-room-depth-of-DF=2%-against-H/W-ratios.-Brown-lines-correspond0.15" to-GFR-10%-and-blue-ones-GFR-20%.-Solid-lines-represent-LT-of-88%,-while-dashed-lines-represent0.20" LT-of-72%.0.30"

0.40" This! study! was! made! mainly! to! facilitate! a! general! understanding! of! daylighting! 0.50" conditions!in!a!room!depending!on!certain!parameters.!! 0.75" ! 1.00" The! highest! percentage! of! room! surface! obtained! in! this! study! was! 35%,! which! takes! 1.50" place!at!4th!floor!with!GFR!20%!and!LT!88%!(Figure!12).!Regarding!room!depth,!2%!DF! 0" 0.5" 1" 1.5" 2" 2.5" 3" 3.5" 4" 4.5" 5" Room$Depth$DF$>$2%$ is!found!at!a!depth!up!to!2m!for!all!the!considered!scenarios!(Figure!13).! ! Looking!at!sensitivity!of!daylight!conditions!in!relation!to!courtyard!layout,!street!floor! is!the!most!sensitive!to!H/D!ratio!variations.!About!parameter!variation,!relation!of!GFR! seems!to!be!the!parameter!that!most!affect!daylight!performance.!! ! Percentage!of!room!surface!with!DF>2%!is!increased!as!lowest!is!the!H/D!ratio!(Figure! 12).!The!only!exception!takes!place!at!4th!floor,!when!going!from!H/D!=1!to!H/D!=!0.75.! In! this! case,! percentage! of! room! surface! is! lower! with! H/D! =! 0.75! than! with! H/D! =! 1.! Value! 1! means! that! the! building! in! front! is! 20m! height! at! 20m! distance,! while! 0.75! means! a! 30m! building! height! at! 40m! distance! (Figure! 10).! Then,! in! this! case,! height! difference!plays!a!more!important!role!than!distance!difference.! ! On! the! other! hand,! for! room! depth,! there! is! a! situation! where,! although! H/D! ratio! decreases,!DF=2%!cannot!get!deeper!into!the!room.!This!behavior!is!more!evident!at!4th!

!! 19! !

GFR"10%"LT"88%"

1.50" 4"

Room$Depth$DF$>$2%$

GFR"20%"LT"88%"

0.50"

0.75"

1.50"

GFR"20%"LT"72%"

0.40"

0.75"

H/D$Ra1o$

GFR"20%"LT"72%"

floor!where,!for!example,!room!depth!remains!constant!from!H/D!0.5!to!0.15!(Figure13,! 4th!floorHGFR10%HLT!88%)!

3.3.

Second!Investigation:!Room!Modifications!

This! second! investigation! focuses! on! retrofit! possibilities! at! room! level! for! buildings! with!cultural!and!historical!value.!Based!on!a!real!room,!diverse!strategies!are!applied!to! get! energy! and! daylight! improvements! bearing! in! mind! the! aesthetic! importance! of! protected!buildings.!The!study!goes!through!quantity!and!quality!metrics!in!order!to!get! a!complete!view!that!reports!daylight!conditions!from!different!perspectives.!! ! Existing! buildings! are! very! different! and! consequently! level! of! protection! too.! Thus,! room! cases! displayed! in! this! section! go! from! alterations! that! do! not! affect! building! exterior!to!those!that!slightly!or!strongly!imply!exterior!changes.!There!are!a!total!of!15! studied! room! cases,! where! used! design! strategies! geared! towards! façade! thickness,! window!type,!window!size,!window!reveal!and!balconies.!! !

Strategy-1:-Façade-Thickness1.-DannebrogThis! case! corresponds! to! the! original! conditions.! There! is! no! insulation! on! the! façade! and!the!window!is!“Dannebrog”!style!with!single!pane.! 2.-Dannebrog-+-insulationUntil! 1950,! buildings! did! not! have! insulation.! So,! to! add! insulation! to! façades! greatly! reduces! energy! consumption.! That! insulation,! either! inside! or! outside,! creates! thicker! façades,!which!worsens!daylight!conditions!in!the!room.!This!case!studies!original!room! (case! 1)! with! insulation! addition! to! assess! daylight! reductions! due! to! thicker! façade! walls.!

Strategy-2:-Window-TypeAs!mentions!above,!glazing!properties!are!directly!related!to!the!amount!of!light!coming! through! the! window.! Traditional! single! panes! have! high! light! transmittance,! but! that! also! means! high! chance! of! thermal! discomfort! and! energy! consumption.! Therefor,! to! replace!old!windows!is!one!of!the!main!procedures!of!energy!renovation!projects.!! ! Moreover,! windows! before! 1900! have! higher! frame! area! than! current! new! energy! efficient!windows!because!of!structure!capacity!of!the!glazing!pane.!So,!the!replacement! of!old!windows!with!energy!efficient!ones!involves!daylight!and!aesthetic!alterations.! ! Three!cases!are!analyzed:! ! 3)-Dannebrog-+-storm-windowThis!case!preserves!façade!aesthetic!and!reduces!energy!consumption.!! 4)-DoubleNpane.Windows! from! the! period! studied! used! to! have! thick! frames! and! mullions! (“Dannebrog”).! The! new! window! used! in! this! case! has! new! frame! and! glazing,! but! it! remains!as!two!leaf!window.!So,!the!window!has!similar!style!to!original!window!with! improved!energy!efficient!properties.! 5)-TripleNpaneThis! case! represents! what! it! would! be! usually! done! in! energy! renovation! without! concern!of!building!aesthetic.!This!new!window!has!new!frame,!which!results!in!bigger! glazing!area,!and!new!glazing,!which!improves!energy!aspects.!

Strategy-3:-Window-Reveal20!

6)-TripleNpane-+-splayed-revealThis! strategy! modifies! slope! of! the! surfaces! around! the! window.! Those! surfaces! are! usually! perpendicular! to! window! plane.! Literature! points! out! that! to! splay! window! reveal!has!positive!consequences!in!daylight!conditions.!(Moore!1985d)!(Lechner!2008)! (O’Connor! et! al.! 2003).! On! top! of! that,! this! room! modification! has! no! effect! in! building! exterior.!!

Strategy-4:-Window-SizeDimension!of!the!openings!is!another!factor!that!controls!how!much!light!gets!into!the! room.! Sometimes,! opening! size! is! enlarged! to! offset! daylight! reductions! from! energy! renovations.! It! is! common! to! find! that! the! window! is! enlarged! down! to! the! floor! (“French! door”),! which! produces! high! daylight! levels! at! floor! surface,! but! also! entails! high! glazing! area! with! possible! thermal! issues! (O’Connor! et! al.! 2003).! It! would! be! interesting!to!compare!it!with!less!drastic!solutions! ! 7)-TripleNpane-French-door(Lintel!height!and!window!width!remains!as!the!original,!case!1)! The! window! increment! is! applied! bellow! working! plane.! Windowsill! goes! down! to! the! floor.!This!situation!changes!façade!appearance.! 8)-TripleNpane-height(Sill!height!and!window!width!remains!as!the!original,!case!1)! In! this! case! window! height! is! extended! to! ceiling,! which! makes! window! size! slightly! bigger! than! original,! but! not! as! big! as! French! door.! Size! increment! is! done! above! working!plane! 9)-TripleNpane-movedNup(Window!width!and!length!remains!as!the!original,!case!1)! Window!remains!in!original!size,!but!it!is!moved!so!that!top!is!at!ceiling.!Both,!sill!and! lintel!are!higher.!This!alternative!produces!much!lower!aesthetic!change!than!previous! solutions!(7!and!8)!since!original!size!and!proportions!remain!unchanged.!

Strategy-5:-BalconiesThe!addition!of!balconies!to!the!façade!would!completely!change!its!appearance.!But!in! the!case!balconies!were!already!part!of!the!original!building!(more!common!in!buildings! from!1930),!it!is!good!to!know!their!performance!in!terms!of!daylight.! ! Although!the!balcony!can!be!already!an!element!of!the!original!façade,!retrofit!plan!may! include!changes!on!balconies.!In!that!case,!there!are!two!main!modifications!that!affect! balcony!performance:!length!of!the!balcony!and!parapet!material.! ! This! analysis! covers! three! different! lengths,! 1m,- 1.5m- and- 2m,- and! two! different! parapet!materials,-brick!and!glass.! Glass!parapet!is!analyzed!because!it!may!allow!more!daylight!to!get!into!the!room!and,! in! aesthetic! terms,! it! is! less! visible! in! the! overall! view! of! the! façade! (for! those! cases! where!the!balcony!addition!may!break!façade!appearance).!!! ! 10)-TripleNpane-French-door-+-1m-balcony-with-brick-parapet11)-TripleNpane-French-door-+-1.5m-balcony-with-brick-parapet12)-TripleNpane-French-door-+-2m-balcony-with-brick-parapet13)-TripleNpane-French-door-+-1m-balcony-with-glass-parapet14)-TripleNpane-French-door-+-1.5m-balcony-with-glass-parapet15)-TripleNpane-French-door-+-2m-balcony-with-glass-parapet!! 21! !

3.3.1. Case!Study:!Klimakarré!Sustainable!Project! This! thesis! project! is! in! collaboration! with! Henning! Larsen! Architects.! Currently,! the! company! is! part! of! an! urban! renewal! project! launched! in! Copenhagen! city,! focused! in! Østerbro!neighborhood.!! ! The!project,!called!Klimakarré,!aims!to!be!a!beacon!project!that!shows!how!old!building! blocks! with! outdated! courtyards! can! be! renovated! with! innovative! and! sustainable! solutions.! With! holistic! approach,! the! project! will! create! energyHefficient! solutions,! which! ensure! that! the! increased! amount! of! rainwater! can! be! handled.! Simultaneously,! residents’!apartments!are!enhanced!through!daylight!and!healthy!spaces!with!green!and! recreational!courtyards.! ! In!relation!with!rainwater,!the!sustainable!building!block!is!equipped!with!two!systems.! Small! wells! at! sidewalk! area! will! ensure! that! there! is! not! overflow! during! extreme! rainfall.! ! Rainwater! from! roof! will! be! collected! at! courtyard! and! used! for! diverse! facilities;! laundry,! garden! and! flush! toilets.! The! wide! sidewalks! involved! green! pavement! gardens! where! water! would! be! filtered,! while! the! narrow! space! in! the! courtyard! sporadically! made! green! in! a! multifunctional! courtyard! area! containing! various! functions! to! stay! and! play.! In! the! courtyard! rainwater! is! collected! for! several! uses!(Figure!14).! !

Figure-14.-Water-system-plan.--

Energy! renovation! will! be! different! at! street! façade! than! at! courtyard! because! street! façade!is!part!of!city’s!cultural!value.!Then,!insulation!will!be!on!interior!side!of!the!wall! and!if!needed,!new!windows!will!be!installed.! ! On! the! other! hand,! courtyard! façade! has! no! cultural! heritage! restrain,! allowing! its! renovation.!It!is!possible!to!add!external!insulation!and!eliminate!thermal!bridges.!The! façade! will! have! new! windows! and! perhaps! balconies.! Besides,! the! project! includes! renovation!of!some!installations.!

22!

Figure-15.-Street-and-courtyard-façade-entail-different-renovation-plan.-Facing-street,-the-façade-willwork- to- maintain- the- aesthetic.- On- the- other- hand,- towards- courtyard- the- intention- is- to- suggestholistic-solutions-that-bring-together-the-individual-buildings-and-residents.

In! short,! at! the! end,! Klimakarré! wants! to! reduced! energy! and! water! consumption,! use! SMART!technology,!good!architecture!and!increase!apartments!amenity.! ! The!analysis!in!this!report!is!done!in!one!of!the!buildings!from!Klimakarré.!It!attempts!to! test! solutions! that! can! improve! retrofit! projects! and! be! a! follow! up! work! to! Henning! Larsen! project,! Hvad)med)dagslys?_designmanual)med)forslag)til)helhedsrenovering.! It! is! intended!that!all!together!becomes!a!showcase!and!inspiration,!not!only!for!apartment! blocks!in!Copenhagen,!but!also!for!other!cities!around!Europe.!

3.3.2. Metrics! Daylight! analysis! of! this! project! looks! at! daylight! quantity! for! visual! performance! and! daylight!quality!for!visual!comfort.!Then,!different!metrics!are!used:! -

Daylight-Factor-(DF)-

Daylight!factor!definition!can!be!found!in!page!15.! ! In! this! study! results! from! daylight! factor! calculations! are! displayed! as:! “percentage! of! room!surface!with!DF>2%”.!Criteria!of!the!measurements!can!be!found!in!appendix!2.! !

ClimateNBased-Daylight-Metrics-(CBDM)-

ClimateHbased! daylight! modelling! is! the! prediction! of! various! radiant! or! luminous! quantities! (e.g.! irradiance,! illuminance,! radiance! and! luminance)! using! sun! and! sky! conditions!that!are!derived!from!standard!meteorological!datasets!(Mardaljevic.!2006).! ClimateHbased!metrics!delivers!predictions!of!absolute!quantities!(e.g.!illuminance)!that! are!dependent!both!on!the!locale!(i.e.!geographicallyHspecific!climate!data!is!used)!and! the! building! orientation! (i.e.! the! illumination! effect! of! the! sun! and! nonHovercast! sky! conditions!are!included),!in!addition!to!the!building’s!composition!and!configuration.!! ! There!are!a!number!of!possible!ways!to!use!climateHbased!daylight!modelling.!The!two! principal! analysis! methods! are! cumulative! and! timeHseries.! In! this! paper! the! following! climateHbased!metrics!are!calculated:!

! H Daylight-Autonomy-(DA)Daylight!Autonomy!demonstrates!percentage!of!the!occupied!hours!of!the!year!when!the! minimum! illuminance! requirement! at! the! daylight! sensor! is! met! by! daylight! alone! (Reinhart,!F,!Mardaljevic,!and!Rogers!2006).! ! !! 23! !

Daylight! Autonomy! uses! Illuminance! at! the! work! plane! to! assess! whether! daylight! is! sufficient!to!allow!the!users!to!work!only!with!daylight.!The!recommended!light!levels! are! available! in! applicable! standards,! e.g.! EN! 12464H1,! Lighting! at! Workplaces.! Illuminance!below!the!minimum!threshold!is!not!taking!into!consideration!in!the!DA.! Roger!and!Goldman!suggest!that!DA!levels!between:!(Rogers!and!Goldman!2006)! • • •

80%!H!100%!represents!excellent!daylight!designs.! 60%!H!80%!represents!good!daylight!designs.! 40%!H!60%!represents!adequate!daylight!designs.!

H Spatial-Daylight-Autonomy-(sDA)Spatial! Daylight! Autonomy! has! been! developed! to! test! annual! sufficiency! of! ambient! daylight! illuminance! in! interior! environments.! It! is! defined! as! the! percentage! of! area! (usually!room!area)!that!meets!a!minimum!daylight!level!for!a!specified!fraction!of!the! operating! hours! per! year.! The! standard! threshold! is! sDA300/50%,! i.e.! percentage! of! analyzed!points!across!room!area!that!meet!or!exceed!a!300!lux!value!for!at!least!50%!of! the!operating!hours!(IES!2012).!! ! The!sDA!value!is!expressed!as!a!percentage!of!area.! ! IES!divides!sDA!Criteria!in!to!qualification:! • “Preferred”!when!sDA300/50%!meet!or!exceed!75%!of!the!analysis!area.! • “Nominally!Accepted”!when!sDA300/50%!meet!or!exceed!55%-of!analysis! area.!! ! H Continuous-Daylight-Autonomy-(DAcon)Continuous! Daylight! Autonomy! (cDA! or! DAcon)! is! a! basic! modification! of! Daylight! Autonomy.!It!awards!partial!credit!in!a!linear!fashion!to!illuminance!values!bellow!the! defined!threshold!(Rogers!and!Goldman!2006).!For!example,!in!the!case!where!300!lux! are! required,! and! only! 200! lux! are! provided! by! natural! light! at! a! given! time! step,! a! partial! credit! of! 200! lux/300! lux! 0.67! is! given! for! that! time! step.! While! previous! DA! would! not! take! into! account! those! 200! lux! because! they! are! bellow! the! required! threshold.! However,! those! 200! lux! may! also! be! useful! with! only! little! help! from! complementary!electrical!lighting.! H Useful-Daylight-Illuminance-(UDI)Useful! Daylight! Illuminance! (UDI)! is! an! attempt! to! integrate! the! evaluation! of! daylight! level!and!glare!in!one!scheme.!Mardaljevic!and!Nabil!proposed!it!in!2005!and!define!it!as! the! annual! occurrence! of! illuminance! across! the! work! plane! that! is! within! a! range! considered! “useful”! by! occupants;! neither! too! dark! (<100! lux)! nor! too! bright! (<2000! lux)!(Nabil!and!Mardaljevic!2005).! ! Based!on!the!double!threshold!(upper!and!lower),!UDI!results!in!three!metrics!defined! as:! • UDI!<!100!lux:!Too!short! • UDI!100H2000!lux:!Useful! H Daylight! illuminance! in! the! range! of! 100! lux–500! lux! are! considered! as! ! effective. H Daylight! illuminance! in! the! range! of! 500! lux–2000! lux! are! often! ! perceived!either!as!desirable!or!at!least!tolerable. !

24!

•

UDI! >! 2000! lux:! Too! bright.! It! is! likely! to! produce! visual! and/or! thermal! discomfort.!!

! As! in! Daylight! Autonomy,! UDI! is! only! given! credit! for! values! fulfilling! the! defined! thresholds.! !

Daylight-Glare-Probability-(DGP)Daylight! Glare! Probability! is! the! “percentage! of! people! disturbed”! due! to! the! level! of! vertical!eye!illuminance!(Wienold!and!Christoffersen!2006).! !

Where:! Ev!=!vertical!illuminance!at!eye!level![Lux]! Ls!=!Luminance!of!the!source![cd/m2]! ωs!=!Solid!angle!of!the!source![sr]! P!=!Guth!position!index![H]! ! Wienold!and!Christoffersen!developed!this!glare!analysis!method!in!2006.!It!is!different! from! other! glare! indices! because! DGP! also! takes! into! account! vertical! eye! illuminance! while! the! others! are! only! based! on! level! of! contrast! between! the! glare! source! and! its! surroundings! (Suk! 2007).! Since! calculations! are! based! on! total! eye! illuminance,! aside! from!contrast!ratios,!this!method!is!more!suitable!than!others!when!sunlight!is!involved! in! the! scene.! Besides,! compared! to! other! methods,! DGP! presents! stronger! correlation! with!user’s!response!regarding!glare!perception!(Wienold!and!Christoffersen!2005).! ! DGP!criteria:! H <!0.30:!Imperceptible! H 0.30H0.35:!Perceptible! H 0.35H0.45:!Disturbing! H >0.45:!Intolerable! -

Luminance-DistributionReflected! luminance! is! defined! as! the! photometric! measure! of! “brightness”! of! an! illuminated!opaque!surface.!It!is!a!function!of!the!illuminance!on!the!surface!as!well!as! the! surface! reflectance.! It! is! measured! as! candelas! per! square! meter! (cd/m2)! (Moore! 1985e)! ! Although! standards! prescribe! the! quantity! of! horizontal! illumination! required! to! perform! different! tasks,! the! improvement! of! some! “nonHquantitative”! lighting! factors! might!compensate!in!some!situations!a!reduction!in!overall!quantity!of!light!(Flynn!J!E!et! al.!1975).! ! Rather!than!looking!only!at!horizontal!illuminance!levels,!it!is!useful!to!know!luminance! distribution!in!the!room!because!it!is!important!for!visual!perception.!According!to!some! authors!visual!perception!of!brightness!is!a!power!function!of!luminance!(Marsden!A!M! 1969).! Besides,! luminance! of! vertical! surfaces! is! more! important! for! perception! of! brightness!than!the!luminance!of!the!luminaire!itself.!(Rowlands!E!et!al.!1985).! ! What! is! “good”! or! “bad”! in! terms! of! luminance! distribution! is! probably! different! from! one! case! to! another.! Perry! et! al.! speculated! that! unevenness! in! the! distribution! of! luminance! may! lead! to! the! perception! of! gloom! (Perry,! Campbell,! and! Rothwell! 1987).! However,! Tiller! et! al! showed! that! a! nonHuniform! distribution! of! luminance! made! the! !! 25! !

rooms! appear! brighter! than! identical! rooms! with! uniform! luminance! distributions! (Tiller!and!Veitch!1995).!! ! Thus,!rather!than!qualify!each!distribution!as!“good”!or!“bad”,!the!intention!of!luminance! pictures! in! this! project! is! to! provide! further! information! about! how! each! modification! affects!light!performance.!

3.3.3. Simulation!Settings! Settings! used! to! run! all! simulations! are! shown! in! the! following! tables,! as! well! as,! characteristic!inputs!to!calculate!DF,!CBDM,!Luminance!levels!and!glare.! ! Reflectance! SurfacesStreet! Buildings!exterior! Room!Ceiling! Room!Floor! Room!Walls! Window!Frames! Balcony!Floor! Opaque!Parapet! ! Light-Transmittance! SurfacesGlass!Parapet! Single!pane! Double!pane! Triple!pane! Table-6.-Surface-reflectance-of-the-model.General-SettingsGrid-Height!

%! 20! 30! 70! 20! 50! 80! 50! 30! ! ! 88! 88! 80! 72!

0.85m!from!floor!surface! -

Grid-Size!

0.10-x-0.10m-

ClimateNBased-metrics-Settings! Occupancy-Schedule-8!am!to!6!pm_60min!!! Target-Illuminance! 300!lx! DGP-and-Luminance-Settings! Sky-conditions-(DGP-and-Luminance)Clear!Sky!with!Sun!(CIE)! Date-ant-time21!June!12pm! Table-7.-Simulation-setting-regarding-grid,-occupancy-schedule-and-pointNinNtime-glare-calculations.Radiance-Parameter-DF-–-CBDM-N-LuminanceParameter- ab! aa! ar! ad! -

0.1! 300!

as!

1000!

64!

Table-8.-Radiance-parameters-for-daylight-factor,-climateNbased-metrics-and-luminance-pictures.-

Parameter-

ps!

pt!

pj! dj!

ds!

Radiance-ParameterDGPdt! dc! dr! dp! st!

Low-quality-

.15!

.6!

0.5!

0.5! .25!

128! .85!

Table-9.-Radiance-parameters-for-daylight-glare-probability.-

26!

ab!

aa!

ar!

ad!

.25! 128! 1024!

as!

Ir!

Iw!

1024!

.05!

3.3.4. Models! In!this!section!all!model!geometries!and!properties!are!shown.!All!modeling!calculations! were! performed! over! a! real! construction! belonging! to! a! courtyard! (Figure! 16),! and! assuming!an!existing!room!model!(Figure!17).!This!study!is!a!part!of!KlimaKarré!project! (page!22).!! !

Figure- 16.- Courtyard- model,- the- right- panel- shows- a- general- overview- of- the- courtyard- model.- Leftpanel-shows-the-particular-location-of-the-building-used-in-this-study-(brown).! ! ! !

Figure-17.-Room-model.Model-InformationLocationClimateTotal-courtyard-dimensions-(outside)Distance-from-room-to-next-buildingBuilding-DepthRoom-orientationRoom-heightRoom-floor-areaTable-10.-Model-information.-

! ! Copenhagen!(Denmark)! Copenhagen!! ±!43!x!115m! ±!22m! 10m! NORTHHWEST!12°! 1st!Floor! 7.70m2!

Bellow,! all! models! are! described! (from! Table! 11! to! 16).! The! first! one! is! the! original! room,!which!is!the!room!before!any!intervention.!Then,!original!room!suffers!different! modifications!that!are!detailed!in!each!strategy!cases.!

!! 27! !

3.3.4.1.

Strategy,1:,Façade,Thickness,

Dannebrog!(case!1)! This!case!represent!the!existing!room!conditions!before!retrofit!(Table!11).! -

Figure-18.-Existing-room-geometry.-The-façade-is-made-of-brickwork-without-insulation-and-thewindow-is-“Dannebrog”-style-with-single-glazing-pane.“Dannebrog”-window-information:DimensionsFrame-Façade-DimensionMullion-Façade-DimensionFrame-Depth-Dimension-(from!outside!to!inside)Glazing-surfaceGFR-%-Glazing-propertiesTable-11.-Original-room-model-information.-

! 1.20!x!1.80m! 0.12m! 0.15m! 0.08m! 1.12m2! 15! Pane:LT:UNvalue-

Single!Pane! 88%! 5!W/m2k!

Dannebrog!+!insulation!(case!2)! This! case! represents! the! energy! procedure! that! adds! insulation! on! the! façade! making! the!wall!thicker.!For!this!KlimaKarré!project,!the!insulation!is!on!the!outer!side,!as!part! of!the!new!façade!installation.!The!total!new!extra!thickness!is!25!cm,!where!12!belongs! to!the!insulation.!Window!keeps!unchanged!respect!to!the!original!(Table!11).! ! 28!

Figure-19.-Original-room-model-with-new-façade.-

WINDOW:-Dannebrog-(Single-pane)Original-façade-thickness0.44m! New-façade-thickness0.69m!(0.44m!old!+!0.25m!addition)! Glazing-surface1.12m2! GFR-%-(Glazing!area!to!floor!area!ratio)15! Table--12.-Original-with-new-façade-model-information.-

Following!cases!includes!the!new!façade!and!insulation!as!part!of!their!geometry.!

3.3.4.2.

Strategy,2:,Window,Type,

This!strategy!uses!different!glazing!types!that!represent!energy!improvement.!One!case! keeps! “dannebrog”! window! but! with! added! interior! “storm! window”.! The! other! two! directly!replaced!original!window!with!new!energy!efficient!windows!(Table!13)! !

Figure-20.-Window-types.-From-left-to-right:--Dannebrog-+-storm-window,-doubleNpane-and-tripleNpane.- Dannebrog-+-storm-windowDoubleNpaneWindow-Dim,- 1.20!x1.80m! Window-Dim,! 1.20!x1.80m! Glazing-Surf.1.12m2! Glazing-Surf.! 1.76m2! GFR-%15! GFR-%! 23! Glazing-properties:Glazing-properties:! N-Dannebrog-(Table-11)Pane:2!layers! N-Storm-window-Glazing.4H10krHs(3)4! Pane:2!layers! LT80%! 4H10krHs(3)4! UNvalue1!W/m2k! LT:80%! ! UNvalue1!W/m2k! Table-13.-Window-type-strategy-models-information.-

TripleNpane-Window-Dim,! 1.20!x1.80m! Glazing-Surf.! 1.93m2! GFR-%! 25! Glazing-properties:Pane:3!layers! 4S(3)H12ArH4H12ArHS(3)4! LT72%! UNvalue0.7!W/m2k! !

!! 29! !

3.3.4.3.

Strategy,3:,Window,Reveal,

This!strategy!consists!on!modification!of!window!reveal!surfaces!(Table!14).! ! -

Figure-21.-Geometry-of-tripleNpane-+-splayed-reveal-model.-

WINDOW:-TripleNpaneGlazing-surfaceGFR-%-(Glazing!area!to!floor!area!ratio)Table-14.-Splayed-reveal-model-information.-

3.3.4.4.

1.93m2! 25!

Strategy,4:,Window,Size,

In!this!strategy!the!variation!is!window!size!and!position!(Table!15).! !

Figure- 22.- Window- size.- From- left- to- right:- tripleNpane- French- door,- tripleNpane- height- and- tripleN pane-movedNup. WINDOW:-Triple-planeTripleNpane-heightTripleNpane-movedNup- TripleNpane-French-doorWindow-Dim,1.20!x2.55m! Window-Dim,! 1.20!x1.98m! Window-Dim,! 1.20!x1.80m! Glazing-Surf.2.77m2! Glazing-Surf.! 2.13m2! Glazing-Surf.! 1.93m2! GFR-%36! GFR-%! 28! GFR-%! 25! Table-15.-Window-size-strategy-models-information.-

30!

3.3.4.5.

Strategy,5:,Balconies,

Geometry!characteristics!of!balconies!are!shown!in!Table!16.! ! Balcony(Depth(

Brick(parapet

Balcony(Depth(

Brick(parapet

Glass(parapet Glass(parapet

Figure- 23.- Balconies- length- and- parapet- materials- used- during- simulation.- From- left- to- right:- 1m,1.5m-and-2m-length.-

WINDOW:-TripleNpane-French-doorGlazing-surfaceGFR-%-(Glazing!area!to!floor!area!ratio)Glazing-parapet-light-transmittanceTable-16.-Balcony-strategy-models-information.-

2.77m2! 36! 88%!

3.3.5. Results!and!Discussion:!Room!modifications! This! section! is! a! display! and! analysis! of! the! results! of! the! different! room! cases! of! the! study.! The! chapter! is! divided! into! three! parts:! Daylight! Factor! and! ClimateHBased! Daylight!Metrics,!Daylight!Glare!Probability,!and!Luminance!Level!and!Distribution.!The! discussion!is!based!on!charts,!tables!and!pictures!shown!in!this!section.!

3.3.5.1.

Daylight,Factor,and,ClimateFBased,Daylight,Metrics,,

In!this!section!illuminance!levels!at!working!plane!are!displayed.!Tables!and!charts!show! the!results!obtained!for!each!metric!in!each!room!case.!Firstly,!Table!17H18!and!Figure! 24H25H26!show!a!general!view!of!the!study.!Then,!each!individual!strategy!is!discussed! and!analyzed.! ! Daylight! factor! is! showed! as! percentage! of! room! surface! with! DF>2%.! Criteria! and! details!about!it!can!be!found!elsewhere!(appendix!2).! ! !

!! 31! !

! !

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean! DF![%]!

Mean!DA300! [%!hours]!

sDA![%! surf]!

DAcon![%! hours]!

UDI!<100! [%!hours]!

UDI!100H2000! [%hours]!

1.!Dannebrog!

16!

1.1!

15!

39!

54.7!

45.3!

2.!Dannebrog!+!insulation!

0.8!

31!

65.3!

34.7!

3.!Dannebrog!+!storm! window!

0.6!

26!

72.1!

28!

4.!DoubleHpane!

15!

14!

40!

54.54!

45.45!

5.!TripleHpane!

16!

1.1!

14.97!

14!

40!

53.82!

46.17!

6.!TripleHpane!+!splayed! reveal!

17!

1.2!

16.32!

15!

44.55!

47.62!

52.38!

7.!TripleHpane!French!door!

16!

1.1!

15.96!

15!

41.88!

52.28!

47.71!

8.!TripleHpane!height!

19!

1.2!

17.98!

17!

43.86!

50.19!

49.8!

9.!TripleHpane!movedHup!

18!

1.2!

17.17!

15!

43.23!

50.78!

49.22!

10.!TripleHpane!French! door!+!1m!balcony! 11.!TripleHpane!French! door!+!1.5m!balcony! 12.!TripleHpane!French! door!+!2m!balcony! 13.!TripleHpane!French! door!+!1m!balcony! 14.!TripleHpane!French! door!+!1.5m!balcony! 15.!TripleHpane!French! door!+!2m!balcony!

0.8!

9.25!

34.32!

60.07!

39.93!

0.65!

6.81!

30.76!

64.17!

35.83!

0.58!

5.42!

28.68!

66.74!

33.26!

0.87!

10.98!

37.56!

56.44!

43.56!

0.71!

8.04!

34.14!

60.22!

39.78!

0.65!

6.6!

32.06!

62.49!

37.51!

Glass! Parapet!

Brick! Parapet!

! !

Table-17.-Results-of-DF-and-CBDM-at-working-plane-for-each-room-case.-Each-color-represents-oneroom-case.Mean"DA" 50"

45"

40"

35"

%"Occupa2on"Hours"

%"of"Room"Surface"

%"Surf."DF">"2%" 50"

30" 25" 20"

15"

10"

11"

12"

13"

14"

15"

10"

11"

12"

13"

14"

15"

Figure- 24.- Graph- for- the- different- room- cases- Figure- 25.- Graph- for- the- different- room- caseswhere-the-bars-show-percentage-of-room-surface- where-the-bars-shows-mean-DA.with-DF>2%.-

UDI" 100" 90" 80"

%"Occupa2on"Hours"

70" 60" 50" 40" 30" 20" 10" 0"

! !

32!

10"

11"

12"

13"

14"

15"

Figure- 26.- Graph- for- the- different- room- caseswhere- the- solid- bars- show- UDI- 100N2000- andhatched-bars-represent-UDI-<100.-

! [%]-PERCTAGE-OF-CHANGE-RESPECT-TO-ORIGINAL-CASE!

! !

Brick! Glass!

! parapet!

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean! DF![%]!

Mean!DA300! [%!hours]!

sDA![%! surf]!

DAcon![%! hours]!

UDI!<100! [%!hours]!

UDI!100H2000! [%hours]!

1.!Dannebrog!

0.0!

2.!Dannebrog!+!insulation!

H43.8!

H27.3!

H40.0!

H46.7!

H20.5!

19.3!

H23.4!

3.!Dannebrog!+!storm! window!

H62.5!

H45.5!

H60.0!

H66.7!

H33.3!

31.8!

H38.2!

4.!DoubleHpane!

H6.3!

H9.1!

H6.7!

2.6!

H0.3!

0.3!

5.!TripleHpane!

0.0!

H0.2!

H6.7!

2.6!

H1.6!

1.9!

6.!TripleHpane!+!splayed! reveal!

6.3!

9.1!

8.8!

0.0!

14.2!

H12.9!

15.6!

7.!TripleHpane!French!door!

0.0!

6.4!

0.0!

7.4!

H4.4!

5.3!

8.!TripleHpane!height!

18.8!

9.1!

19.9!

13.3!

12.5!

H8.2!

9.9!

9.!TripleHpane!movedHup!

12.50!

9.09!

14.47!

0.00!

10.85!

H7.17!

8.65!

H50.0!

H27.3!

H38.3!

H53.3!

H12.0!

9.8!

H11.9!

H68.8!

H40.9!

H54.6!

H66.7!

H21.1!

17.3!

H20.9!

H81.3!

H47.3!

H63.9!

H80.0!

H26.5!

22.0!

H26.6!

H43.8!

H20.9!

H26.8!

H40.0!

H3.7!

3.2!

H3.8!

H62.5!

H35.5!

H46.4!

H60.0!

H12.5!

10.1!

H12.2!

H75.0!

H40.9!

H56.0!

H73.3!

H17.8!

14.2!

H17.2!

parapet!

10.!TripleHpane!French!door! +!1m!balcony! 11.!TripleHpane!French!door! +!1.5m!balcony! 12.!TripleHpane!French!door! +!2m!balcony! 13.!TripleHpane!French!door! +!1m!balcony! 14.!TripleHpane!French!door! +!1.5m!balcony! 15.!TripleHpane!French!door! +!2m!balcony!

Table-18.-This-table-shows-percentage-of-change-for-each-room-case-respect-to-original-room.-

Strategy-1:-Faรงade-thickness-(case-1N2)! ! 2.!Dannebrog!+! insulation! 1.!Dannebrog!

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean!DF! [%]!

Mean!DA300![%! hours]!

sDA![%! surf]!

DAcon![%! hours]!

UDI!<100![%! hours]!

UDI!100H2000! [%hours]!

0.8!

31!

65.3!

34.7!

16!

1.1!

15!

39!

54.7!

45.3!

[%]-PERCTAGE-OF-CHANGE-RESPECT-TO-REFERENCE-CASE! 2.!Dannebrog!+! insulation!

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean!DF! [%]!

Mean!DA300![%! hours]!

sDA![%! surf]!

DAcon![%! hours]!

UDI!<100![%! hours]!

UDI!100H2000! [%hours]!

H43.8!

H27.3!

H40.0!

H46.7!

H20.5!

19.3!

H23.4!

Table-19.-DF-and-CBDM-results-for-Dannebrog-+-insulation-case-together-with-percentage-of-changerespect-to-Dannebrog-case.-Percentage-in-red-means-that-daylight-levels-are-lower-than-original.-

1.-Dannebrog-

2.-Dannebrog-+-insulation-

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

UDI)<100)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx

DF#=#2%

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

DF#=#2%

Figure-27.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDIresults-for-Dannebrog-case.-

UDI)<100)lx

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

UDI)100:2000)lx

Figure-28.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDIresults-for-or-Dannebrog-+-insulation-case.-

!! 33! !

UDI"

Mean"DA" 100"

45"

90"

40"

35" 30" 25" 20" 15" 10"

%"Occupa*on"Hours"

50"

%"Occupa*on"Hours"

%"Room"Surface"

%"Surf."DF>2%" 50"

35" 30" 25" 20" 15"

80" 70" 60" 50" 40" 30"

10"

20"

10"

Figure- 29.- Graphs- for-Dannebrog- and- Dannebrog- +- insulation- of- %surf- with- DF>2%,-mean- DA- andUDI.-In-UDI-chart-solid-color-bars-represent-UDI-100N2000-and-hatched-bars-UDI-<100.-

It! is! known! that! the! thicker! is! the! faรงade,! the! lower! are! daylight! levels! in! the! room! (Henning! Larsen! Architects! 2014).! Dannebrog! +! insulation! case! has! lower! daylight! values!than!Dannebrog!case!what!states!the!affirmation.! ! The! increment! in! the! faรงade! produces! a! 44%! reduction! of! the! surface! with! DF! >! 2%! (Table! 19).! This! area! with! DF! above! 2%! is! only! close! to! the! window,! while! in! original! room! it! gets! deeper! into! the! room.! With! thicker! faรงade,! area! above! 2%! seems! more! affected!by!window!mullion!and!therefore,!it!is!less!even!than!in!case!1!(Figure!27H28).! ! Regarding!CBDM,!and!only!considering!the!DA!picture!one!can!observe!that!room!with! thicker!faรงade!has!smaller!area!above!300lx,!and!the!area!that!reach!300lx!does!it!during! less! occupation! hours! (Top! right! picture! in! Figures! 27H28).! ! This! is! confirmed! by! meanDA! and! sDA! values,! which! are! 43%! lower! than! in! Dannebrog! case! (Table! 19).! DAcon! and! UDI100H2000! are! 20%! lower! respect! to! reference! case.! The! fact! that! this! reduction! is! smaller! than! for! meanDA! and! sDA! may! mean! that! the! main! difference! before!and!after!new!faรงade!is!over!illuminance!vales!above!200H300lux.! ! Looking!at!UDI!and!DA!pictures!together,!it!is!understood!that!most!of!the!yellowHorange! area!in!UDI!picture!might!be!due!to!illuminance!values!bellow!300!lux!(pictures!on!the! right!in!Figure!27H28).!! ! In! general,! thick! walls! produce! lower! daylight! levels! and! do! not! allow! light! to! spread! easily!along!the!room;!both,!towards!back!and!sides!of!the!space.!! Strategy-2:-Window-Type-(case-3N4N5)! !

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean! DF![%]!

Mean!DA300! [%!hours]!

sDA![%! surf]!

DAcon![%! hours]!

UDI!<100![%! hours]!

UDI!100H2000! [%hours]!

3.!Dannebrog!+!storm!window!

0.6!

26!

72.1!

28!

4.!DoubleHpane!

15!

14!

40!

54.54!

45.45!

5.!TripleHpane!

16!

1.1!

14.97!

14!

40!

53.82!

46.17!

1.!Dannebrog!

16!

1.1!

15!

39!

54.7!

45.3!

[%]-PERCETANGE-OF-CHANGE-RESPECT-TO-REFERENCE-CASE!

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean! DF![%]!

Mean!DA300! [%!hours]!

sDA![%! surf]!

DAcon![%! hours]!

UDI!<100![%! hours]!

UDI!100H2000! [%hours]!

3.!Dannebrog!+!storm!window!

H62.5!

H45.5!

H60.0!

H66.7!

H33.3!

31.8!

H38.2!

4.!DoubleHpane!

H6.3!

H9.1!

H6.7!

2.6!

H0.3!

0.3!

5.!TripleHpane!

0.0!

H0.2!

H6.7!

2.6!

H1.6!

1.9!

Table-20.-DF-and-CBDM-results-for-window-type-strategy-together-with-percentage-of-change-respectto- Dannebrog- case.- Percentages- in- red- means- that- daylight- levels- are- lower- than- Dannebrog- case,while-green-one-means-they-are-equal-or-better-than-case-1.-

! 34!

! !!

1.-Dannebrog-

3.-Dannebrog-+-storm-window-

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

UDI)<100)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

DF#=#2%

UDI)100:2000)lx

UDI)<100)lx

Figure-30.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDI- Figure- 31.- Floor- plan- picture- of- DF,- DA- and- UDIresults-for-Dannebrog-+-storm-window-case.results-for-Dannebrog-case.-

4.-DoubleNpaneDaylight)Factor)[DF]

5.-TripleNpaneDaylight)Autonomy[DA]

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

DF#=#2%

UDI)100:2000)lx

UDI)<100)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx

UDI)<100)lx

Figure- 32.- Floor- plan- picture- of- DF,- DA- and- UDI- Figure-33.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDIresults-for-tripleNpane-case.results-for-doubleNpane-case.-

! UDI"

Mean"DA" 100"

45"

90"

40"

80"

35" 30" 25" 20" 15"

%"Occupa,on"Hours"

50"

%"Occupa,on"Hours"

%"Room"Surface"

%"Surf."DF">"2%" 50"

35" 30" 25" 20" 15"

70" 60" 50" 40" 30"

10"

20"

10"

Figure-34.-Graphs-for-Dannebrogl-case-and-window-type-strategy-cases-of-%surf-with-DF>2%,-meanDA-and-UDI.-In-UDI-chart-solid-color-bars-represent-UDI-100N2000-and-hatched-bars-UDI-<100.-

Case!3!performs!worse!than!the!other!two!solutions!of!the!strategy.!That!was!expected! since!it!has!the!smallest!glazing!area!(GFR!15%).! ! In! case! 3,! %surf! with! DF>2%! is! reduced! more! than! 50%! respect! to! the! original! case! (Table! 20).! The! “well! illuminated”! area! (DF! >2%)! seems! quite! conditioned! by! mullion! !! 35! !

and! frame! geometry! what! divide! the! area! into! two! small! spots! (Figure! 31).! Although! solution! with! doubleHpane! case! has! also! a! mullion,! its! area! with! DF! >! 2%! does! not! present! that! uneven! pattern! (Top! left! pictures! in! figure! 32H33).! This! might! be! because! room!light!levels!are!higher!and!then,!shadow!from!mullion!is!no!that!dark.! ! About!CBDM,!Dannebrog!+!storm!window!case!also!presents!the!lowest!values.!DA!and! sDA! are! 60%! lower! than! reference! case! (1)! (Table! 20).! Once! again,! it! is! found! that! meanDA!reduction!from!is!higher!than!the!DAcon!or!the!UDI!100H2000!reduction!(Table! 20).!! ! On! the! other! hand,! even! thought! room! case! 4! and! 5! have! different! light! transmittance! and!frame!geometry,!they!have!virtually!equal!daylight!levels!(Table!20).!! ! When! comparing! these! three! solutions! to! Dannebrog! case,! tripleHpane! case! is! the! one! matching!the!initial!daylight!conditions!of!the!room!(Table!20).!In!this!case,!to!increase! glazing! area! from! GFR! 15%! to! 25%! offsets! daylight! losses! after! energy! improvement! (Faรงade!thickness!from!44!to!69cm!and!light!transmittance!from!88%!to!72%).! ! Although!tripleHpane!case!has!daylight!levels!equals!to!original!room,!doubleHpane!case! is!very!close!to!reference!room!performance!(Table!20).! ! Strategy-3:-Window-Reveal-(case-6)! !

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean! DF![%]!

Mean!DA300! [%!hours]!

sDA![%! surf]!

DAcon![%! hours]!

UDI!<100![%! hours]!

UDI!100H2000! [%hours]!

6.!TripleHpane!+!splayed!reveal!

17!

1.2!

16.32!

15!

44.55!

47.62!

52.38!

5.!TripleHpane!

16!

1.1!

14.97!

14!

40!

53.82!

46.17!

[%]-PERCETANGE-OF-CHANGE-RESPECT-TO-REFERENCE-CASE!

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean! DF![%]!

Mean!DA300! [%!hours]!

sDA![%! surf]!

DAcon![%! hours]!

UDI!<100![%! hours]!

UDI!100H2000! [%hours]!

6.!TripleHpane!+!splayed!reveal!

5.9!

8.3!

7.1!

11.4!

H11.5!

14!

Table-21.-DF-and-CBDM-results-for-tripleNpane-+-splayed-reveal-together-with-percentage-of-changerespect-to-tripleNpane-case.-Percentages-in-green-means-that-daylight-levels-are-equal-or-better-thantripleNpane-case.-

5.-TripleNpaneDaylight)Factor)[DF]

6.-TripleNpane-+-splayed-reveal-Daylight)Factor)[DF]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

DF#=#2%

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

DF#=#2%

UDI)<100)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx

UDI)<100)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx

Figure-35.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA--and-UDIresults-for-tripleNpane.-

Figure-36.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA--and-UDIresults-for-tripleNpane-+-splayed-reveal-case.-

36!

UDI"

Mean"DA" 100"

45"

90"

40"

35" 30" 25" 20" 15"

%"Occupa*on"Hours"

50"

%"Occupa*on"Hours"

%"Room"Surface"

%"Surf."DF">2%" 50"

35" 30" 25" 20" 15"

80" 70" 60" 50" 40" 30"

10"

20"

10"

Figure-37.-Graphs-for-tripleNpane-case-and-window-reveal-strategy-of-%surf-with-DF>2%,-mean-DAand-UDI.-In-UDI-chart-solid-color-bars-represent-UDI-100N2000-and-hatched-bars-UDI-<100.-

The! comparison! of! this! case! is! done! with! tripleHpane! case! because! the! only! difference! between! them! is! the! splayed! surfaces! what! provides! a! good! idea! of! how! “splayed”! strategy!preforms.!! ! The! tilt! of! window! reveal! surfaces! seems! to! have! an! effect! on! daylight! performance! worthy! of! consideration.! Although! to! varying! degrees,! all! metrics! have! improved! after! reveal! were! splayed.! Daylight! factor! values,! mean! DA! and! sDA! suffer! an! increment! ranged!between!6!and!9%!respect!to!orthogonal!surfaces.!This!gain!is!a!bit!lower!than! the!one!for!DAcon!and!UDI!100H2000!metrics!(11H13%).!! ! Daylight! improvement! is! even! clearer! when! looking! at! Figure! 36.! Daylight! gets! deeper! into!the!space,!but!it!also!does!it!in!a!wider!way.!UDI!100H2000!picture!shows!how!the! upper! corners! get! natural! daylight! when! they! did! not! do! it! before! (Table! 21).! Besides,! left!side!of!the!room!has!better!daylight!conditions!than!before.! ! Usually,!“splayed”!strategy!is!suggested!to!reduce!contrast!between!window!surface!and! window! wall! (Lechner! 2008)! (O’Connor! et! al.! 2003),! but! this! analysis! shows! an! improvement!in!daylight!levels!as!well.! Strategy-4:-Window-Size-(case-7N8N9)! !

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean!DF! [%]!

Mean! DA300![%! hours]!

sDA! [%! surf]!

DAcon! [%! hours]!

UDI!<100![%! hours]!

UDI!100H2000! [%hours]!

7.!TripleHpane!French!door!

16!

1.1!

15.96!

15!

41.88!

52.28!

47.71!

8.!TripleHpane!height!

19!

1.2!

17.98!

17!

43.86!

50.19!

49.8!

9.!TripleHpane!movedHup!

18!

1.2!

17.17!

15!

43.23!

50.78!

49.22!

1.!Dannebrog!

16!

1.1!

15!

39!

54.7!

45.3!

[%]-PERCETANGE-OF-CHANGE-RESPECT-TO-REFERENCE-CASE!

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean!DF! [%]!

Mean! DA300![%! hours]!

sDA! [%! surf]!

DAcon! [%! hours]!

UDI!<100![%! hours]!

UDI!100H2000! [%hours]!

7.!TripleHpane!French!door!

0.0!

6.4!

0.0!

7.4!

H4.4!

5.3!

8.!TripleHpane!height!

18.8!

9.1!

19.9!

13.3!

12.5!

H8.2!

9.9!

9.!TripleHpane!movedHup!

12.5!

9.1!

14.5!

0.0!

10.8!

H7.2!

8.7!

Table-22.-DF-and-CBDM-results-for-window-size-strategy-together-with-percentage-of-change-respectto-Dannebrog-case.-Percentages-in-green-means-that-daylight-levels-are-equal-or-better-than-case-1.-

!! 37! !

1.-Dannebrog-

7.-TripleNpane-French-door-

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

UDI)<100)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

DF#=#2%

Figure-39.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDIresults-for-tripleNpane-French-door-case.-

Figure-38.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDIresults-for-Dannebrog-case.-

9.-TripleNpane-movedNup-

8.-TripleNpane-heightDaylight)Factor)[DF]

UDI)100:2000)lx

UDI)<100)lx

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

DF#=#2%

Figure-40.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDIresults-for-tripleNpane-height-case.!

UDI)100:2000)lx

UDI)<100)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx

UDI)<100)lx

Figure-41.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDIresults-for-tripleNpane-movedNup-case.-

UDI"

Mean"DA" 50"

100"

45"

90"

40"

35" 30" 25" 20" 15"

%"Occupa,on"Hours"

50"

%"Occupa,on"Hours"

%"Room"Surface"

%"surf."DF>2%"

35" 30" 25" 20"

80" 70" 60" 50" 40"

15"

30"

10"

20"

10"

Figure-42.-Graphs-for-Dannebrog-case-and-window-size-strategy-cases-of-%surf-with-DF>2%,-meanDA-and-UDI.-In-UDI-chart-solid-color-bars-represent-UDI-100N2000-and-hatched-bars-UDI-<100.-

There! are! not! big! differences! in! daylight! levels! among! the! three! cases! of! this! strategy.! However,!that!similarity!becomes!of!interest!because!glazing!sizes!are!different!for!each! solution.!French!door!is!the!biggest!one!and!it!has!the!lowest!daylight!levels!measured!at! working! height! (0.85m),! which! contradicts! results! from! “Hvad! med! dagslys?”! manual! (Henning! Larsen! Architects! 2014).! This! discrepancy! may! be! due! to! different! measurements!conditions!(Henning!Larsen!guide!measured!daylight!at!room!floor).!On! 38!

the! other! hand,! tripleHpane! height! case! produces! the! highest! daylight! levels,! although,! tripleHpane!movedHup!case!is!also!close!to!those!results!(Table!22).! ! Looking!at!Figure!41!some!information!is!discerned!that!is!not!described!through!values! (Table!22).!Despite!the!fact!that!daylight!values!are!similar!for!the!three!cases,!daylight! spreads! deeper! and! winder! for! case! 8! and! 9.! Conversely,! French! door! case! has! higher! maxDF!value,!which,!in!general,!might!carry!overheating!and!visual!comfort!issues!(top! left!panel!in!Figure!41).!This!behavior!could!be!an!example!of!how!bigger!windows!does! not!necessarily!mean!more!and!better!light.! ! When! comparing! these! solutions! to! Dannebrog! case,! case! 8! and! 9! are! the! ones! that! improve! daylight! levels! respect! to! case! 1.! Despite! GFR! of! tripleHpane! French! door!case! increases!from!15%!to!38%,!daylight!levels!remain!virtually!equals!to!Dannebrog!case.! ! Strategy-5:-BalconiesH Balconies-with-brick-parapet-(case-10N11N12)! ! 10.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 1m!balcony! 11.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 1.5m!balcony! 12.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 2m!balcony! 1.!Dannebrog!

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean! DF![%]!

Mean!DA300! [%!hours]!

sDA![%! surf]!

DAcon![%! hours]!

UDI!<100![%! hours]!

UDI!100H2000! [%hours]!

0.8!

9.25!

34.32!

60.07!

39.93!

0.65!

6.81!

30.76!

64.17!

35.83!

0.58!

5.42!

28.68!

66.74!

33.26!

16!

1.1!

15!

39!

54.7!

45.3!

[%]-PERCETANGE-OF-CHANGE-RESPECT-TO-REFERENCE-CASE! 10.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 1m!balcony!

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean! DF![%]!

Mean!DA300! [%!hours]!

sDA![%! surf]!

DAcon![%! hours]!

UDI!<100![%! hours]!

UDI!100H2000! [%hours]!

"50.0!

"27.3!

"38.3!

"53.3!

"12.0!

9.8!

"11.9!

11.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 1.5m!balcony!

"68.8!

"40.9!

"54.6!

"66.7!

"21.1!

17.3!

"20.9!

12.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 2m!balcony!

"81.3!

"47.3!

"63.9!

"80.0!

"26.5!

22.0!

"26.6!

Table-23.-DF-and-CBDM-results-for-balconies-with-brick-parapet-together-with-percentage-of-changerespect-to-Dannebrog-case.-Percentages-in-red-means-that-daylight-levels-are-lower-than-case-1.-

!! 39! !

10.-TripleNpane-French-door-+-1mbalconyDaylight)Factor)[DF] Daylight)Autonomy[DA] -

1.-Dannebrog-

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

DF#=#2%

UDI)<100)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx

DF#=#2%

UDI)<100)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx

Figure-43.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDIresults-for-Dannebrog-case.-

Figure-44.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDIresults-for-1m-balcony-with-brick-parapet.-

11.-TripleNpane-French-door-+-1.5m-balcony-

12.-TripleNpane-French-door-+-2m-balcony-

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

UDI)<100)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx

DF#=#2%

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

UDI)<100)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx

Figure-45.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDI- Figure-46.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDIresults-for-2m-balcony-with-brick-parapet.results-for-1.5m-balcony-with-brick-parapet.-

40!

Mean"DA"

UDI" 100"

45"

90"

40"

35" 30" 25" 20" 15" 10"

%"Occupa+on"Hours"

50"

%"Occupa+on"Hours"

%"Room"Surface"

%"Surf."DF>2%" 50"

35" 30" 25" 20" 15"

80" 70" 60" 50" 40" 30"

10"

20"

10"

11"

12"

10"

11"

12"

10"

11"

12"

Figure-47.-Graphs-for-Dannebrog-case-and-balcony-cases-with-brick-parapet-of-%surf-with-DF>2%,mean-DA-and-UDI.-In-UDI-chart-solid-color-bars-represent-UDI-100N2000-and-hatched-bars-UDI-<100.-

As! expected,! room! with! balcony! suffers! a! reduction! in! daylight! levels,! even! respect! to! Dannebrog!+!insulation!case!(Table!19).! ! Daylight! reduction! respect! to! case! 1! is! proportional! to! balcony! depth,! what! might! resemble! a! linear! behavior! (Table! 23).! Besides,! reduction! from! 1m! to! 1.5m! depth! is! bigger! (Âą25H30%)! than! from! 1.5m! to! 2m! (Âą13H18%).! Hence,! daylight! reduction! due! to! balcony!depth!seems!to!tend!to!a!limit!when!going!to!deeper!balconies.!A!larger!study! about!balconies!would!be!necessary!to!get!more!conclusive!results.! ! This!reduction!of!light!levels!is!especially!perceived!in!metrics!that!study!the!room!from! high! thresholds;! such! as! DF! (200lux)! or! meanDA! and! sDA! (300! lux)! (Chapter! metrics! page! 23).! The! reduction,! for! DF/meanDA,! is! in! the! range! of! 40H60%! depending! on! balcony!depth,!and!from!15%!to!30%!for!DAcon!or!UDI!metrics.!These!results!support! literature!and!studies!affirming!that!overhangs!mainly!reduce!daylight!in!the!area!close! to!the!window,!where!high!lux!levels!take!place!(Claude!1986).! ! H Balconies-with-glass-parapet-(case-13N14N15)! %!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean! DF![%]!

Mean!DA300! [%!hours]!

sDA![%! surf]!

DAcon![%! hours]!

UDI!<100![%! hours]!

UDI!100H2000! [%hours]!

0.87!

10.98!

37.56!

56.44!

43.56!

0.71!

8.04!

34.14!

60.22!

39.78!

0.65!

6.6!

32.06!

62.49!

37.51!

1.!Dannebrog!

16!

1.1!

15!

39!

54.7!

45.3!

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean! DF![%]!

Mean!DA300! [%!hours]!

sDA![%! surf]!

DAcon![%! hours]!

UDI!<100![%! hours]!

UDI!100H2000! [%hours]!

H43.8!

H20.9!

H26.8!

H40.0!

H3.7!

3.2!

H3.8!

H62.5!

H35.5!

H46.4!

H60.0!

H12.5!

10.1!

H12.2!

H75.0!

H40.9!

H56.0!

H73.3!

H17.8!

14.2!

H17.2!

! 13.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 1m!balcony! 14.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 1.5m!balcony! 15.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 2m!balcony!

[%]-PERCETANGE-OF-CHANGE-RESPECT-TO-REFERENCE-CASE-

13.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 1m!balcony! 14.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 1.5m!balcony! 15.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 2m!balcony!

Table-24.-DF-and-CBDM-results-for-balconies-with-glass-parapet-together-with-percentage-of-changerespect-to-the-Dannebrog.-Percentages-in-red-means-that-daylight-levels-are-lower-than-case-1.-

!! 41! !

1.-Dannebrog-

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

13.-TripleNpane-French-door-+-1m-balconyDaylight)Factor) Daylight)Autonomy[DA] -

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

DF#=#2%

UDI)<100)

UDI)10092000)

DF#=#2%

UDI)<100)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx

Figure-48.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDIresults-for-Dannebrog-case.-

Figure-49.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDIresults-for-1m-balcony-with-glass-parapet.-

-14.-TripleNpane-French-door-+-1.5m-balcony-

15.-TripleNpane-French-door-+-2m-balcony-Daylight)Factor)

Daylight)Factor)

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

DF#=#2%

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

UDI)<100)

UDI)10092000)

UDI)<100)

UDI)10092000)

Figure-50.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDI- Figure-51.-Floor-plan-picture-of-DF,-DA-and-UDIresults-for-2m-balcony-with-glass-parapet.results-for-1.5m-balcony-with-glass-parapet.-

42!

Mean"DA"

UDI" 100"

45"

90"

40"

80"

35" 30" 25" 20" 15" 10"

%"Occupa,on"Hours"

50"

%"Occupa,on"Hours"

%"Room"Surface"

%"Surf."DF">2%" 50"

35" 30" 25" 20" 15"

70" 60" 50" 40" 30"

10"

20"

10"

13"

14"

15"

13"

14"

15"

13"

14"

15"

Figure- 52.- Graphs- for-Dannebrog- case- and- balcony- cases- with- glass- parapet- of- %surf- with- DF>2%,mean-DA-and-UDI.-In-UDI-chart-solid-color-bars-represent-UDI-100N2000-and-hatched-bars-UDI-<100.-

The!general!performance!among!balconies!with!glass!parapet!is!similar!to!brick!parapet.! Daylight!levels!decrease!as!balcony!depth!increases.!The!percentage!of!change!from!one! depth!to!another!follows!a!similar!pattern!than!balconies!with!brick!parapet.! ! Comparing! daylight! performance! of! balcony! cases! with! glass! parapet! there! is! also! a! reduction! in! daylight! levels! (Table! 24).! However,! this! reduction! is! smaller! compare! to! those!with!brick!parapet!(Table!23).!From!brick!parapet!to!glass!parapet!daylight!levels! have!risen!around!20%!for!%surf!DF!>2%,!meanDA!and!sDA.!On!the!other!hand,!again,! that!daylight!gain!seems!smaller!when!looking!at!DAcon!and!UDI!(±10%).!! ! Overall,!glass!parapet!produces!higher!daylight!levels!than!brick!one,!being!the!highest! improvement!from!2m!balcony!brick!parapet!to!2m!balcony!glass!parapet!(Table!23!and! 24).!

3.3.5.2.

Daylight,Glare,Probability,

10.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 1m!balcony!

11.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 1.5m!balcony!

12.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 2m!balcony!

13.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 1m!balcony!

14.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 1.5m!balcony!

15.!TripleHpane!French!door!+! 2m!balcony!

26!

9.!TripleHpane!movedHup!

27!

8.!TripleHpane!height!

23!

7.!TripleHpane!French!door!

6.!TripleHpane!+!splayed!reveal!

5.!TripleHpane!

26!

! 4.!DoubleHpane!

2.!Dannebrog!+!insulation!

26!

3.!Dannebrog!+!storm!window!

26!

27!

25!

24!

26!

22!

27!

Brick!parapet!

Glass!parapet!

! From!BACK!of!the!ROOM! From!SIDE!of!the!ROOM!

18!

12!

22!

14!

21!

16!

15!

12!

15!

14!

DGP![%]!!

1.!Dannebrog!

This! section! discusses! differences! in! DGP! among! room! cases.! Glare! probability! was! studied!from!two!perspectives:!back!of!the!room!results!are!shown!in!Figure!53!and!side! of!the!room!appear!in!Figure!54.!Pictures!of!the!results!can!be!found!in!appendix!3.! ! In! none! of! the! cases! glare! probability! reaches! values! classified! as! “perceptible”! glare! (>30%).!That!was!somehow!expected!because!the!simulated!room!is!at!first!floor!facing! north,!which!is!an!orientation!with!low!chance!of!glare.!However,!the!intention!with!this! study! is! to! assess! differences! in! behavior! of! each! strategy! case,! rather! than! look! for! “best”/”!worst”!glare!ranking.! ! From! back! view! DGP! results! are! even! (between! 22H27%)! while! side! view! displays! noticeable!variations!among!cases!(from!6%!to!22%)(Table!25).! !

Table-25.-Daylight-Glare-Probability-values-for-room-cases-from-back-and-side-perspective.!

!! 43! !

BACK-OF-THE-ROOM!

DGP"from"Back"of"the"room" 30" 25"

20" 15" 10" 5" 0"

10"

11"

12"

13"

14"

15"

11"

12"

13"

14"

15"

Figure-53.-Chart-for-room-cases-where-bars-show-DGP-from-back-of-the-room.!

SIDE-OF-THE-ROOM!

DGP"from"Side"of"the"room" 30" 25"

20" 15" 10" 5" 0"

10"

Figure-54.-Chart-for-room-cases-where-bars-show-DGP-from-side-of-the-room.!

Strategy-1:-Façade-thicknessFrom!the!side!view,!increment!of!façade!thickness!reduces!DGP!from!18%!to!12%!(from! case!1!to!2).!In!the!picture!case!2!(Appendix!3)!a!reduction!in!the!outside!view!owing!to! the!façade!addition!is!observed.! ! Strategy-2:-Window-TypeFrom! back! view! double–pane! case! has! the! highest! DGP,! although! small! differences! among!the!three!cases!were!observed!(23H27H26%).! ! However,! from! side! of! the! room,! differences! in! DGP! are! clearer.! DoubleHpane! case! has! the!highest!change!of!glare!with!DGP!22%.!Dannebrog!+!storm!window!and!tripleHpane! have!DGP!of!7%!and!14%!respectively.!! Strategy-3:-Window-RevealFrom!back!view,!splayed!reveal!case!has!the!same!DGP!as!orthogonal!surfaces!(case!5)! (Figure! 53).! Although! literature! states! that! this! solution! might! reduce! contrasts! and! glare!(Lechner!2008)!(O’Connor!et!al.!2003),!in!this!case,!it!is!not!that!effective.! ! From!side!view,!DGP!of!tripleHpane!+!splayed!reveal!room!has!higher!glare!probability! than! tripleHpane! case! (Figure! 54).! This! might! be! explained! by! the! fact! that! splayed! surfaced! provide! larger! view! of! the! window,! and! thereby,! larger! outside! views! (Appendix!3).! Strategy-4:-Window-SizeAgain! deviations! among! results! from! back! of! the! room! are! insignificant;! being! tripleH pane!French!door!case!slightly!higher!(27%!Vs!25%).! ! 44!

From!side!of!the!room,!tripleHpane!French!door!case!(7)!has!the!highest!DGP!and!tripleH pane!movedHup!case!(9)!the!lowest!one.!! Strategy-5:-BalconiesIn! general,! balconies! with! brick! parapet! have! lower! glare! probability.! The! DGP! difference!between!brick!and!glass!parapet!are!bigger!from!side!view,!where!balconies! with! brick! has! DGP! 6H7%! against! 14H15%! for! glass! (Figure! 54).! This! is! reasonable! because!opaque!parapet!obstructs!light!and!views.!

3.3.5.3.

Luminance,Level,and,Distribution,

This! chapter! shows! analysis! and! discussion! of! luminance! pictures! of! room! cases! from! side! of! the! room.! The! analysis! attempts! to! describe! differences! or! similarities! among! cases,!rather!than!to!classify!luminance!distribution!for!each!strategy!and!case.!! Strategy-1:-Façade-thicknessOverall!luminance!distribution!in!this!room!is!very!similar!to!Dannebrog!case!with!the! exception!for!luminance!levels,!which!are!a!bit!lower!after!façade’s!thickness!increment! (Figure!55).! ! 1.-Dannebrog-

2.-Dannebrog-+-insulation-

Figure-55.-Luminance-pictures-from-side-of-the-room-for-original-and-original-with-new-façade-cases.-

Strategy-2:-Window-Type! It!is!observed!that!when!frames!section!is!reduced,!luminance!levels!on!surfaces!around! window!increase!(Figure!56).! ! Cases! with! new! window! (case! 4! and! 5)! have! more! even! distribution! and! higher! luminance!levels!on!room!surfaces!than!case!3.!In!case!4,!window!mullion!affects!light! distribution!less!than!in!case!3.!! ! For!all!cases!the!brightest!surface!is!rear!wall!of!the!room.! ! !

!! 45! !

! 3.-Dannebrog-+-storm-window-

! !

4.-DoubleNpane-

! -

5.-TripleNpane-

Figure- 56.- Luminance- pictures- from- side- of- the- room- for- cases:- secondary- window- glazing,- new- 2layer-glazing-with-mullion-and-new-3-layer-glazing.-

Strategy-3:-Window-Reveal! The! main! characteristic! of! this! case! is! that! the! luminance! levels! of! window! wall! are! higher!than!in!any!of!the!other!strategies!(Figure!57).!! ! All!surfaces!in!the!room!have!higher!luminance!levels!than!tripleHpane!case!(Figure!56).! On! the! other! hand,! ceiling! luminance! distribution! is! similar! to! the! one! produce! by! windows!with!top!at!ceiling!(case!8!and!9!(Figure!58)).! ! !

46!

6.-TripleNpane-+-splayed-reveal--

! Figure-57.-Luminance-pictures-from-side-of-the-room-for-splayed-surfaces-case.-

Strategy-4:-Window-Size! Window! size! and! position! variations! produce! perceptible! changes! over! luminance! distribution!and!levels!(Figure!58).! ! In!the!previous!cases,!the!wall!at!the!back!of!the!room!has!distinctly!higher!luminance! levels!than!other!surfaces.!In!these!solutions,!floor!or!ceiling!surface!(depending!on!the! solution)!present!luminance!levels!as!high!as!the!wall!at!the!back,!Moreover,!distribution! over! floor! and! ceiling! surface! changes,! and! now,! brightest! area! is! close! to! the! window! instead!of!around!the!center.!! ! TripleHpane! French! door! case! changes! luminance! performance! of! the! floor,! whereas,! case!8!and!9!alter!luminance!of!the!ceiling.!Even!though,!French!door!is!bigger!than!the! window! in! case! 8! and! 9,! the! latter! two! get! high! values! deeper! into! the! ceiling! than! French!door!case!over!the!floor.! ! 7.-TripleNpane-French-door8.-TripleNpane-height-

!! 47! !

9.-TripleNpane-movedNup-

Figure- 58.- Luminance- pictures- from- side- of- the- room- for- cases:- French- window,- window- enlargedtowards-ceiling-and-window-moved-towards-ceiling.-

Strategy-5:-BalconiesOverall,!luminance!distribution!of!balconies!cases!remains!similar!to!tripleHpane!French! door! case! (Figure! 58).! However,! since! daylight! levels! decrease! with! a! balcony,! luminance!levels!go!down!too.! ! Like!case!7,!high!luminance!levels!over!the!floor!are!close!to!the!window.!However,!with! a!balcony!(any!of!the!depths),!the!room!does!not!get!high!luminance!values!so!deep!into! the!floor!(especially!when!the!parapet!is!opaque,!Figure!59).! ! On!the!other!hand,!even!though!window!frame!used!is!not!the!thick!one,!surface!around! windows! are! as! dark! as! in! cases! where! window! frame! is! thick! (Dannebrog! and! Dannebrog!+!insulation!case!in!Figure!55!and!tripleHpane!+!storm!window!in!Figure!56).! ! Finally,!it!is!observed!that!rear!wall!has!luminance!levels!like!room!cases!which!display! much!higher!daylight!levels!over!horizontal!working!plane!(TripleHpane!case!or!window! size! and! window! reveal! strategies,! Figure! 56,! 58! and! 57! respectively).! This! might! suggest!that!light!levels!on!horizontal!plane!not!necessarily!behave!in!the!same!way!over! vertical!planes.!! ! 11.-TripleNpane-French-door-+-1.5m-balconybrick-

10.-TripleNpane-French-door-+-1m-balcony-brick-

! ! 48!

12.-TripleNpane-French-door-+-2m-balcony-brick-

! Figure-59.-Luminance-pictures-from-side-of-the-room-for-balconies-with-opaque-parapet-of-1m,-1.5mand-2m-length.14.-TripleNpane-French-door-+-1.5m-balconyglass-

13.-TripleNpane-French-door-+-1m-balcony-glass-

15.-TripleNpane-French-door-+-2m-balcony-glass-

Figure-60.-Luminance-pictures-from-side-of-the-room-for-balconies-with-glazing-parapet-of-1m,-1.5mand-2m-length.-

!! 49! !

3.3.5.4.

Metrics,

Several!similarities,!divergences,!relations!and!connections!have!being!observed!among! metrics.!These!observations!are!divided!into!the!following!three!points:! ! H Results-as-Numerical-Representation-vs.-Graphical-RepresentationDaylight! metrics! results! have! being! showed! in! two! main! different! ways;! through! values/numbers! and! graphic! representations.! Although! it! may! seem! that! both! expositions! provide! the! same! information! (which! somehow! is! true),! actually,! when! looking!at!them!one!gets!different!type!of!information!about!daylight!performance.!! ! ! Results!as!numbers!(meanDA,!sDA,!UDI,!DF…)!inform!about!the!exact!illuminance!level! at! a! point! or! the! average! value! of! the! whole! room.! However,! with! graphic! representations!of!the!results!along!room!floor,!it!is!easier!to!!understand! what! is! happening!in!that!room!in!terms!of!light.!Looking!at!results!displayed!over!room!surface! one! easily! know! how! depth! DF! >2%! gets! into! the! room,! or! how! illuminance! levels! are! distributed! (deep! and/or! wide).! Moreover,! graphical! representations! show! differences! among!cases!that!present!the!same!numerical!result.! ! However,! sometimes! falseHcolor! scales! become! tricky! if! one! is! looking! for! a! specific! value.! That! is! why! numbers! and! pictures! complement! each! other.! Numbers! tell! you! average!value,!%!of!surface!or!depth!in!the!room,!while!graphic!representations!display! an!outlook!of!daylight!performance.! ! H Daylight-Factor-and-its-Numerous-MeasurementsOnce! daylight! factor! is! calculated! for! all! grid! points,! those! results! can! be! display! in! “multiple”!ways.!We!can!find:! ! H DF!at!the!room!center! H Mean!DF! H Room!depth!of!DF=2%!along!room!axis! H %!Of!surface!with!DF>2%! ! In!this!project!we!display!daylight!factor!calculations!as!percentage!of!surface!above!2%! and! mean! DF,! as! well! as! graphical! representation.! However,! percent! of! room! surface! together!with!graphical!representation!provide!more!information!than!mean!DF.! ! On!the!other!hand,!other!measurements!might!raise!some!disputes,!such!as!“DF!value!at! a! room! point”! or! “room! depth! of! DF=2%! along! the! center! axis”.! One! of! the! dispute! is! about! what! point! should! be! measured,! 1m! from! the! window?! 2m?! room! center?! Does! one!point!of!the!room!represent!daylight!of!the!whole!space?!Regarding!how!deep!DF!of! 2%!gets!into!the!space;!this!depth!is!usually!measured!along!the!center!axis!of!the!room.! Throughout!this!project,!there!are!several!room!cases!where!the!biggest!depth!is!out!of! that!axis!center.!This!is!mainly!because!of!exterior!surroundings!and!window!geometry.! Thus,! to! assume! that,! the! deepest! DF=2%! along! the! axis! center! may! take! us! to! a! distorted!impression.! ! H Illuminance-levels-(DF-and-CBDM)As! part! of! the! results! comparison,! percentage! of! change! for! each! case! is! calculated! respect!to!corresponding!reference!case!(Table!19!to!24).!It!is!observed!that!percentage! of!change!is!not!the!same!for!all!metrics.!Percentages!of!change!for!surface!with!DF>2%,! 50!

meanDA!and!sDA!are!similar!to!each!other,!whereas,!DAcon!and!UDI!are!different!to!the! other!three,!but!alike!between!them.! ! This!correspondence!is!because!they!are!based!on!similar!thresholds.!Thus,!when!DAcon! and! UDI! undergo! the! biggest! variation,! it! indicates! that! the! change! is! mainly! on! illuminance! levels! bellow! 200H300lux! (case! 6,! Table! 21).! On! the! other! hand,! biggest! variations! on! %surf! DF>2%/meanDA/sDA! tell! us! that! the! change! is! mainly! on! illuminance!levels!above!200H300!lux!(Case!2!(Table!19)!case!3H4H5!(Table!20),!case!7H8H 9!(Table!22)!and!case!10!to!15!(Table!23H24)).!! ! Nevertheless,!daylight!factor!did!not!show!the!divergences!excepted!with!climateHbased! metrics!because!window!is!facing!north.!Then,!it!should!be!noted!that!the!correlations! found!in!this!study!are!based!on!a!room!that!barely!receives!direct!sunlight.! ! ! !

!! 51! !

4. Conclusion! This!study!has!given!a!detailed!analysis!of!daylight!conditions!for!different!room!design! possibilities! in! a! building! with! historical! interest.! The! analysis! assesses! how! much! energy! improvements! affect! daylight! conditions! and! how! the! consequently! daylight! damage!can!be!offset!through!different!design!modifications!at!room!level.! ! It!was!found!that!façade!thickness!has!a!considerable!impact!on!daylight!conditions.!An! increment! of! 25! cm! entailed! an! illuminance! levels! reduction! of! 40H20%! depending! on! the!used!metrics.!Window!mullion!showed!a!big!effect!over!daylight!access.!By!removing! the!transom!frame!in!a!room!with!addition!of!new!façade!and!glazing!with!lower!light! transmittance,! daylight! levels! were! almost! as! high! as! the! levels! in! original! room.! So,! it! was!possible!to!get!initial!daylight!conditions!by!modification!of!frame!size,!but!without! changes! in! opening! size.! On! the! other! hand,! results! indicated! that! window! position! on! façade!wall!plays!a!key!role!in!daylight!performance.!The!position!variation!in!this!study! showed!an!influence!on!luminance!distribution.!Moreover,!the!case!where!the!window!is! moved!up!to!ceiling!exhibited!a!rise!of!10H15%!in!horizontal!illuminance!levels.!This!rise! was!close!to!the!improvement!achieved!with!a!window!10%!bigger!(improvement!15H 20%).! Finally,! the! analysis! in! this! paper! found! that! window! reveal! has! rather! large! influence! over! daylight! performance.! In! addition! to! providing! a! sense! of! openness,! splayed! reveal! can! increase! daylight! levels! in! the! space.! Results! with! splayed! reveal! displayed! 10H15%! higher! illuminance! values! than! conventional! window! reveal! (orthogonal!surfaces).! ! This! paper! has! assessed! the! potential! for! daylight! upgrade! in! protected! buildings.! The! investigation!manifests!that!it!is!possible!to!improve!room!daylight!performance!with!no! modifications!of!opening!size!or!slightly!modifications!of!window!size!and!proportions.! During! first! phase! of! a! retrofit! plan! it! is! important! to! know! daylight! conditions! of! the! space! before! any! intervention! and! estimate! the! improvement! needed! after! consideration! of! energy! retrofit! consequences.! This! work! contributes! to! construction! field! through! a! range! of! room! examples! that! can! serve! as! an! inspiration! to! experts,! owners!and!users!facing!retrofit!projects.!Besides,!this!study!facilitates!an!estimation!of! natural!light!levels!in!old!building!block!areas.!! ! There! is! a! wide! variety! of! buildings! and! room! conditions,! so! that! there! is! not! singular! and!unique!solution.!Nevertheless,!to!characterize!daylight!design!solutions!contributes! to!the!complex!knowledge!of!natural!light!that!will!bring!proper!and!high!quality!design! solutions.!

5. Future!Work! Daylight!analysis!developed!in!this!thesis!project!has!focused!in!the!most!disadvantaged! case! within! a! courtyard.! The! studied! rooms! are! located! at! first! floor,! at! the! side! of! the! façade!and!their!windows!are!facing!north.!In!the!first!study!in!this!thesis,!it!was!found! that!room!elements!variations!do!not!affect!in!the!same!way!to!all!building!levels.!Due!to! the! limited! time! of! the! project! the! second! approach,! “analysis! of! room! modifications”,! was! only! done! for! first! floor! level.! However,! the! study! of! daylight! potential! in! other! room!floors!would!be!interesting.!On!the!other!hand,!the!fact!that!the!room!is!located!at! an! interior! corner! of! the! courtyard! carried! out! some! geometry! limitations! with! balconies! strategy.! A! study! of! the! room! at! other! façade! locations! would! allow! deeper! balconies! analysis! and! assessment! of! the! room! elements! potential! in! a! space! less! influenced!by!exterior!surroundings.!Finally,!time!limits!did!not!let!the!analysis!of!other! window! orientations! rather! than! north.! To! face! other! orientations! would! allow! room! analysis!with!the!influence!of!direct!sunlight.!Regarding!metrics!divergences,!scenarios!

52!

with! sunlight! would! also! show! the! expected! divergences! between! daylight! factor! and! climateHbased!metrics!that!did!not!occur!in!this!case.! ! During! this! thesis! investigation! there! have! been! certain! questions! about! daylighting! dwellings:! Which! are! the! adequate! illuminance! levels?! What! is! the! minimum! daylight! quantity!and!how!should!it!be!perceived?!Standards!and!recommendations!focus!mainly! in! office! spaces.! The! freedom! around! utility,! activity! and! layout! in! dwellings! has! probably! led! to! lack! of! daylighting! design! guidelines.! Consequently,! sometimes! apartment! spaces! end! up! being! designed! and! analyzed! as! office! spaces,! or! worse,! not! being!studied!in!terms!of!light.! ! Finally,! as! further! work,! it! would! be! interesting! to! include! some! budget! estimation! for! each! room! cases! to! include! an! additional! factor! that! may! help! userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s! to! take! the! approach!that!best!suits!their!interest.! !

!! 53! !

List!of!Programs! Applied!programs!in!this!thesis:! ! H

Rhinoceros! ®,! version! 5! Evaluation,! Robert! McNeel! &! Associates,! Seattle,! USA.! (http://www.rhino3d.com/download)!!!

DIVA4Rhino®!plugHin,!version!3.0.0.6.,!Solemma!LLC,!USA.!(http://www.solemma.net/)

MATLAB!®!2015b,!version!8.6.0.267246,!The!MathWorks!Inc.,!Massachusetts,!U.S.A.!

iDbuild! 2015a,! Svend! Svendsen! &! Toke! R.! Nielsen! &! Christian! A.! Hviid! &! Steffen! !Petersen,!Copenhagen,!Denmark.!(http://www.idbuild.dk/index.php/idbuild2)!

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Van!Nostrand!Reinhold!Company.! Rogers,! Zack,! and! David! Goldman.! 2006.! “Daylighting! Metric! Development! Using! Daylight! Autonomy! Calculations! in! the! Sensor! Placement! Optimization! Tool.”! Architectural) Energy) Corporation.! Rowlands!E,!Loe!D!L,!Mclntosh!R!M,!and!Mansfield!K!P.!1985.!“Lighting!Adequacy!and!Quality!in! Office!Interiors!by!Consideration!of!Subjective!Assessment!and!Physical!Measurement.”!CIE) 7.4)(1)!23–37.! Šiožinytė,! E.,! and! J.! Antuchevičienė.! 2013.! “Solving! the! Problems! of! Daylighting! and! Tradition! Continuity! in! a! Renconstructed! Vernacular! Building.”! Journal) of) civil) engineering) and) management!19(April!2015):873–82.! Stoffer,! Sophie,! Kathrine! Brejnrod,! Werner! Osterhaus,! and! Steffen! Petersen.! 2015.! “A! Study! of! Daylight!Metrics.”!6th)VELUX)Symposium,)London,)September)2015.! Suk,! Jae! Yong.! 2007.! “PostHTreatment! Analysis! of! the! Glare! Remediation! of! the! Walt! Disney! Concert! Hall.”! Thesis! presented! to! Faculty! of! the! School! of! Architecture,! University! of! Southern!California.! T,! Wehr,! Aeschbach! D,! and! Duncan! WJ.! 2001.! “Evidence! for! a! Biological! Dawn! and! Dusk! in! the! Human!Circadian!Timing!System.”!The)Journal)of)Physiology!535:937–51.! Tagpapbranchens! Oplysningsråd! –! TOR.! 2012.! “Bygherrevejledning:! Renovering! Af! Tage! Med! Tagpap!Og!Folie!H!Energibesparelse!Og!Efterisolering.”!! Thomsen,! A.! F.! 2010.! “Paradigm! Shift! or! Choke?! The! Future! of! the! Western! European! Housing! Stock.”!Housing:)the)next)20)years)e)CCPHR)conference)Cambridge,)2010.!! Thomsen,!Kirsten!Engelund,!Jan!Rolland,!and!Karin!Buvik.!2009.!“Innovative!Retrofit!to!Improve! Energy!Efficiency!in!Public!Buildings.”!Energy!907–18.! Tiller,! D.! K.,! and! J.! a.! Veitch.! 1995.! “Perceived! Room! Brightness:! Pilot! Study! on! the! Effect! of! Luminance!Distribution.”!Lighting)Research)and)Technology!27(2):93–101.! Veitch,! J.! A.! 2004.! “What’s! New! in! Lighting! Research?! The! Broad! View.”! Proceedings) of) International)Symposium)on)Workplace)Lighting,)Dublin,)Ireland.! Veitch,!Jennifer!A.,!and!Guy!R.!Newsham.!1996.!“Determinants!of!Lighting!Quality!I:!Research!and! Recommendations.”! Wienold,!Jan,!and!Jens!Christoffersen.!2005.!“Towards!a!New!Daylight!Glare!Rating.”!Lux)Europa,) Berlin!1–8.!! Wienold,! Jan,! and! Jens! Christoffersen.! 2006.! “Evaluation! Methods! and! Development! of! a! New! Glare! Prediction! Model! for! Daylight! Environments! with! the! Use! of! CCD! Cameras.”! Energy) and)Buildings!38(7):743–57.! World! Commission! on! Environmental! Development.! 1987.! “From! One! Earth! to! One! World.”! Oxford)University.!

!! 57! !

DAYLIGHTING*DESIGN*CONSIDERATIONS*FOR* RETROFITTING*BUILDINGS*OF*ARCHITECTURAL* AND*HISTORICAL*INTEREST:* A*SIMULATION5BASED*INVESTIGATION*FOR*A* COPENHAGEN*CASE*STUDY* * Appendix* * By:$Maria$Garcia$Alvarez$ Student$Number:$201310887$ Supervisor:$Werner$Osterhaus$ $ Master$Thesis$ in$Civil$and$Architectural$Engineering$ Aarhus$University$$ Department$of$Engineering$ $ Submitted:$January$2016$ Size:$30$ECTS$ $ $

Table&of&Contents& ! Appendix(1:(Courtyard(performance(results(.........................................................................(1! Appendix(2:(Percentage(of(room(surface(DF(>(2%.(Perimeter(zone(..............................(3! References!........................................................................................................................................................!5! Appendix(3:(Daylight(Glare(Probability((DGP)(......................................................................(6! BACK!OF!THE!ROOM!....................................................................................................................................!6! SIDE!OF!THE!ROOM!......................................................................................................................................!7! Appendix(4:(Energy(calculation(of(studied(room(modifications(.....................................(9! Method!...............................................................................................................................................................!9! Simulation!tool!..........................................................................................................................................!9! Simulations!Settings!................................................................................................................................!9! Results!.............................................................................................................................................................!13! References!.....................................................................................................................................................!15!

Appendix&1:&Courtyard&performance&results! ! This! appendix! shows! results! from! courtyard! parametric! study.! Here! one! can! find! the! specific! value! show! in! the! graphs! in! the! main! report.! Three! building! storeys! were! simulated;!street!floor,!2nd!and!4th.!! ! Daylight!factor!results!criteria:!! !

Figure(1.(Criteria(to(measure(percentage(of(room(surface(with(DF>2%(and(room(depth(of(DF=2%.(

! ! STREET&FLOOR

1.50 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15

%Area&DF>2% 1.7 5.7 6.9 9.6 10.6 10.9 11 11.2

GFR$20%$LT$88%

Room&Depth&DF>2% 0.2 0.6 0.7 1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3

H/D&Ratio

GFR$10%$LT$88%

1.50 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15

%Area&DF>2% 7 15.3 18.3 22.3 24.3 25.2 26.2 25.6

Room&Depth&DF>2% 0.6 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.9 2

L.T$72% STREET&FLOOR

1.50 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15

%Area&DF>2% 0.8 4.1 5.5 7.4 8 8.3 8.7 9

Room&Depth&DF>2% 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.8 1 1 1.1 1.1

GFR$20%$LT$72%

H/D&Ratio

GFR$10%$LT$72%

1.50 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15

%Area&DF>2% 5.4 12.4 15.1 18.6 19.8 20.7 21.3 21.9

Room&Depth&DF>2% 0.4 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

! Table( 1.( DF( results( (%( surf( DF>2%( and( DF=2%( depth)( of( the( room( at( STREET( floor.( Blue( color( represent( GFR( 10%,( while( brown( is( for( GFR( 20%.( On( the( other( hand,( LT( 72%( is( represent( by( a( striped(pattern(and(LT(88%(by(uniform(color.(

&& 1&

L.T$88% 2nd&&FLOOR

1.50 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15

GFR$20%$LT$88%

%Area&DF>2%

Room&Depth&DF>2%

4.5 9 9.7 11.3 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6

0.5 0.9 1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3

H/D&Ratio

GFR$10%$LT$88%

1.50 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15

%Area&DF>2%

Room&Depth&DF>2%

12.8 22.5 23 26.7 27.7 27.8 29.1 29.3

0.9 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.9 2 2 2

L.T$72% 2nd&&FLOOR

1.50 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15

GFR$20%$LT$72%

%Area&DF>2%

Room&Depth&DF>2%

3.1 7 7.5 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.7 10

0.4 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

H/D&Ratio

GFR$10%$LT$72%

1.50 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15

%Area&DF>2%

Room&Depth&DF>2%

10.3 18.9 19.2 22.5 23.7 23.4 24.9 25.2

0.7 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7

! Table( 2.( DF( results( (%( surf( DF>2%( and( DF=2%( depth)( of( the( room( at( SECOND( floor.( Blue( color( represent( GFR( 10%,( while( brown( is( for( GFR( 20%.( On( the( other( hand,( LT( 72%( is( represent( by( a( striped(pattern(and(LT(88%(by(uniform(color.( L.T$88% 4th&&FLOOR

1.50 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15

GFR$20%$LT$88%

%Area&DF>2%

Room&Depth&DF>2%

9.9 14.3 13.8 15.2 15.5 15.3 15.5 16

0.9 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

H/D&Ratio

GFR$10%$LT$88%

1.50 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15

%Area&DF>2%

Room&Depth&DF>2%

23.9 32.2 30.6 32.8 33.6 33.9 34.9 35

1.4 2 1.9 2 2 2.1 2.1 2.1

L.T$72% 4th&&FLOOR

1.50 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15

GFR$20%$LT$72%

%Area&DF>2%

Room&Depth&DF>2%

7.5 11.1 10.9 11.8 11.8 11.5 11.9 11.9

0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

H/D&Ratio

GFR$10%$LT$72%

1.50 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15

%Area&DF>2%

Room&Depth&DF>2%

20.7 27.8 26.1 28.7 28.9 28.9 29.9 29.9

1.3 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 2 2 2

! Table( 3.( DF( results( (%( surf( DF>2%( and( DF=2%( depth)( of( the( room( at( FOURTH( floor.( Blue( color( represent( GFR( 10%,( while( brown( is( for( GFR( 20%.( On( the( other( hand,( LT( 72%( is( represent( by( a( striped(pattern(and(LT(88%(by(uniform(color.(

Appendix& 2:& Percentage& of& room& surface& DF& >& 2%.& Perimeter& zone& ! In!this!project!daylight!simulations!have!consider!as!“task!area”!the!whole!room!space,! which! means,! we! do! not! ignore! the! perimeter! zone! from! the! walls.! Consequently,! this! criterion! also! applies! for! daylight! factor! calculations.! Since! the! project! focuses! on! dwellings,! it! is! consider! that! apartments’! users! have! the! freedom! to! organize! room! layout,!and!thereby,!any!portion!of!the!area!is!part!of!room!activity.!On!the!other!hand,! room! dimensions! are! small,! thus! a! reduction! of! its! useful! area! would! decrease! functionality.! ! European! Standard! 12464Y1! requires! the! right! task! area! in! the! right! place.! It! looks! mainly!at!office!environments,!and!from!that!perspective,!it!considers!that!zone!close!to! the!walls!is!not!part!of!the!task!area.!This!zone!is!ignored!because,!either,!it!is!not!use!by! users! or! shelves! and! other! office’s! elements! occupy! it.! ! The! dimension! of! strip! zone! is! 0.5m!from!the!walls.! ! This!perimeter!zone!is!removed!from!the!task!area!during!electric!lighting!designs!(The! society! of! Light! and! Lighting,! 2012).! The! same! criterion! is! applied! in! daylight! factor! calculations!(Licht.de!&!LiTG,!2015).!Based!on!this!premise,!it!is!considered!that!a!good! daylight!room!is!the!one!that!has!daylight!factor!values!above!2%!for!at!least!50%!of!the! task!area.!!! !

0.5%m

Area%with%DF%>%2%

! Figure(2.(Different(criteria(to(measure(area(with(DF>2%.(On(the(left,(the(case(where(perimeter(zone( from(the(walls(is(not(ignore.(On(the(right,(the(same(room(ignoring(perimeter(zone.(

As! a! side! analysis,! we! calculate! how! much! room! would! have! DF! >2%! if! we! exclude! perimeter! zone.! The! following! tables! and! charts! show! results! obtained! for! each! criterion.!

&& 3&

Whole"room"

Standard"perimeter"zone"

%"Room"surface"with"DF">2%"

30" 25" 20" 15" 10"

12."Triple/pane"French"door"+"2m"balcony"

15."Triple/pane"French"door"+"2m"balcony"

11."Triple/pane"French"door"+"1.5m"balcony"

14."Triple/pane"French"door"+"1.5m"balcony"

3."Dannebrog"+"strom"window"

10."Triple/pane"French"door"+"1m"balcony"

2."Dannebrog"+"insulaDon"

13."Triple/pane"French"door"+"1m"balcony"

3."Double/pane"

1."Dannebrog"

5."Triple/pane"

7."Triple/pane"French"door"

6."Triple/pane"+"splayed"reveal"

9."Triple/pane"moved/up"

8."Triple/"pane"height"

! Figure( 3.( Chart( that( shows( percentage( of( room( surface( with( DF>2%( for( each( room( case( measured( with( two( different( criteria.( Case( in( the( chart( goes( from( highest( percentage( to( smallest.( Case( 3,( secondary(window(glazing,(is(the(only(one(where(two(criteria(gave(the(same(results,(15%.( %&Surf&DF>2%& !

Whole&room&area&

Standard&perimeter&zone&

19! 24.4! 8.!Triple*!pane!height! ! 18! 24.1! 9.!Triple*pane!moved*up! 6.!Triple*pane!+!splayed!reveal! 17! 18.1! 16! 17.8! 7.!Triple*pane!French!door! 16! 17.5! 5.!Triple*pane! 1.!Dannebrog! 16! 17.4! 15! 14.9! 3.!Double*pane! 9! 3.5! 13.!Triple*pane!French!door!+!1m!balcony!glass! 9! 2.9! 2.!Dannebrog!+!insulation! 8! 2.5! 10.!Triple*pane!French!door!+!1m!balcony!brick! 3.!Dannebrog!+!storm!window! 6! 0! 6! 0! 14.!Triple*pane!French!door!+!1.5m!balcony!glass! 5! 0! 11.!Triple*pane!French!door!+!1.5m!balcony!brick! 15.!Triple*pane!French!door!+!2m!balcony!glass! 4! 0! 3! 0! 12.!Triple*pane!French!door!+!2m!balcony!brick! Table(4.((Percentage(of(room(surface(results(for(each(case(according(to(two(criteria.(

We! can! observe! that! the! percentage! room! area! is! different! for! the! same! case! when! criteria!change.!For!the!room!case!studied!in!this!paper,!15%!of!the!room!area!seems!an! 4&

inflection! point.! When! results! of! “whole! room! area”! case! are! lower! than! 15%,! the! corresponding! results! for! “standard! perimeter! zone”! are! lower.! On! the! contrary,! when! the! “whole! room”! value! is! above! 15%,! “standard! perimeter! zone”! provides! higher! percentage!than!considering!the!total!room!space.! ! After! this! comparison,! and! considering! whole! room! are! as! the! reference,! the! fact! the! perimeter!zone!is!removed!from!calculations!can!either,!underestimate!or!overestimate! results.! The! way! these! results! behave! in! relation! to! the! total! area! of! the! room! will! depend!on!room!widthYdepth!and!windows!position.! ! Finally,! the! criteria! follow! in! this! project! include! perimeter! zone! as! part! of! the! room! surface! because! the! room! is! small! and! to! ignore! perimeter! zone! reduces! considerably! room!surface!and!perimeter!zone!in!an!apartment!is!also!useful!space.!

References& ! Danish! Building! Regulations.! Bygningsreglement! for! erhvervsY! og! etagebyggeri,! National! Agency! for! Enterprise!and!Construction,!Copenhagen,!2006.! DS/EN! 15251:2007.! Indoor! environment! input! parameters! for! design! and! assessment! of! energy! performance!of!buildingYaddressing!indoor!air!quality,!thermal!environment,!lighting!and!acoustics.! EPBD.!(n.d.).!Directive!2002/91/EC!of!the!European!parliament!and!of!the!council!of!16!December!2002!on! the!energy!consumption!of!buildings,!2002.! Licht.de,!!die!F.!G.!L.,!&!LiTG,!D.!L.!G.!e.!V.!(2015).!Guide!to!DIN!EN!12464Y1.!Lighting'of'Work'Places3Part'1,!1– 44.! Petersen,! S.! (2011).! SimulationYbased! support! for! integrated! design! of! new! lowYenergy! office! buildings,! 247(June).!! The!society!of!Light!and!Lighting.!(2012).!Measurement!of!illuminance!in!electrically!lit!spaces!1.0.!Factfile' No.3,!(August).!

&& 5&

Appendix&3:&Daylight&Glare&Probability&(DGP)& ! This!appendix!contains!Daylight!Glare!Probability!results.!There!are!two!different!views! from!where!DGP!was!analyzed;!BACK!of!the!room!and!SIDE!of!the!room.!The!camera!was! set! up! at! 1.70m! height! for! both! views.! Results! are! divided! into! two! tables! (BACK! and! SIDE!views)!and!each!table!contains!DGP!picture!and!value!for!all!studied!cases.!

BACK&OF&THE&ROOM& ! 1.Dannebrog( DGP(26%(

4.(Double\pane( DGP(27%(

7.(Triple\pane(French(door( DGP(27%(

2.(Dannebrog(+(insulation( DGP(26%(

(

5.(Triple\pane( DGP(26%(

8.(Triple\pane(height( DGP(25%(

3.(Dannebrog(+(storm(window( DGP(23%(

(

6.(Triple\pane(+(splayed(reveal( DGP(26%(

9.(Triple\pane(moved\up( DGP(25%(

(

10.(Triple\pane(French(door+( 1m(balcony((brick)( DGP(24%(

11.!Triple\pane(French(door+( 1.5m(balcony((brick)( DGP(23%(

(

13.(Triple\pane(French(door+( 1m(balcony((glass)( DGP(27%(

12.(Triple\pane(French(door+( 1m(balcony((brick)( DGP(22%(

(

14.(Triple\pane(French(door+( 1.5m(balcony((glass)( DGP(27%(

(

15.(Triple\pane(French(door+( 2m(balcony((glass)( DGP(27%(

(

Table(5.(Daylight(Glare(Probability((Pictures(from(Back(of(the(Room.(

SIDE&OF&THE&ROOM& ! 1.Dannebrog( DGP(18%(

2.(Dannebrog(+(insulation( DGP(12%(

(

3.(Dannebrog(+(storm(window( DGP(7%(

(

&& 7&

4.(Double\pane( DGP(22%(

7.(Triple\pane(French(door( DGP(16%(

10.(Triple\pane(French(door+( 1m(balcony((brick)( DGP(7%(

13.(Triple\pane(French(door+( 1m(balcony((glass)( DGP(15%(

5.(Triple\pane( DGP(14%(

(

8.(Triple\pane(height( DGP(15%(

11.!Triple\pane(French(door+( 1.5m(balcony((brick)( DGP(6%(

14.(Triple\pane(French(door+( 1.5m(balcony((glass)( DGP(14%(

Table(6.(Daylight(Glare(Probability(Pictures(from(Side(of(the(Room.( 8&

6.(Triple\pane(+(splayed(reveal( DGP(21%(

(

9.(Triple\pane(moved\up( DGP(12%(

12.(Triple\pane(French(door+( 1m(balcony((brick)( DGP(6%(

15.(Triple\pane(French(door+( 2m(balcony((glass)( DGP(14%(

(

Appendix&4:&Energy&calculation&of&studied&room&modifications& ! As!part!of!“Daylight!Renovation!guide”!energy!calculations!are!developed!to!know!also! the! effects! of! room! modifications! over! energy! consumption.! Energy! simulations! were! carried!out!in!iDbuild!program!introducing!the!characteristics!inputs!that!defines!each! room! model! studied! before.! This! energy! analysis! will! help! the! user! to! know! energy! consequences!of!the!design!decisions!displayed!on!the!guide.!

Method& This! analysis! will! show! the! sensitivity! of! energy! consumption! through! elements! modification! in! a! room,! mainly! thermal! properties! of! the! façade! and! window! characteristics.! The! program! used! to! assess! energy! consumption! is! iDbuild,! which! combines!daylight!and!thermal!as!part!of!its!calculations.! Simulation&tool& The!version!used!in!this!analysis!is!iDbuild!2015a.!Although!the!program!runs!combined! simulations!(thermal!and!daylight)!this!study!only!focuses!in!energy!results.! iDbuild' iDbuild!is!an!hourly!based!simulation!tool.!It!was!develop!at!the!Technical!University!of! Denmark!(DTU)!as!part!of!a!PhDYthesis!(Petersen,!2011).!Nowadays,!staff!and!students! at!Aarhus!University!and!DTU!maintain!it.! ! It!is!a!useful!tool!for!early!design!stage.!It!keeps!inputs!and!calculation!speed!in!a!way! that!claims!accuracy!level!needed!in!this!project!phase,!but!simple!enough!to!ensure!fast! working! flow.! The! program! is! able! to! provide! designers! with! an! overview! of! how! different!parameters!affect!energy!consumption!and!indoor!environment!of!the!room.!! ! According! to! standards! and! methodology,! the! program! based! energy! performance! on! EPBD! methodology! (EPBD)! and! Danish! building! code! requirements! (Danish! Building! Regulations).! On! the! other! hand,! indoor! environment! is! evaluated! according! to! DS/EN! 15251!(DS/EN!15251:2007).! Simulations&Settings& Reference'room' This! study! analyzes! all! room! modifications! from! daylight! analysis! that! are! relevant! in! terms! of! energy.! Room! modifications! are! applied! to! a! reference! room! that! remains! external!conditions!and!façade!position!equal!to!the!ones!in!daylight!analysis;!1st!floor,! facing!north!(northYwest!12°)!at!courtyard!geometry!showed!in!table!10!of!thesis!report.!! ! It!is!considered!that!other!rooms!with!the!same!thermal!indoor!environment!surround! the!studied!room!so!no!heat!exchange!exits!between!them.! Geometry' Room! geometry! and! properties! are! represented! as! similar! as! possible! to! models! from! daylight! analysis.! Although! small! room! modifications! may! occur! when! reYcreating! models! through! program! settings,! in! general,! program! input! possibilities! adapt! very! well!to!the!study.! !! Room!geometry!remains!constant!along!the!simulated!cases.!Model!is!defined!in!Figure! 17!of!the!report.! ! Then,!the!following!room!cases!are!studied! && 9&

! Before(addition(of(insulation( ( 1.(Dannebrog( ! After(addition(of(insulation( ! 2.!Dannebrog!+!insualtion( ! 3.!Dannebrog!+!storm!window( ! 4.!DoubleYpane( ! 5.!TripleYpane( ! 6.!TripleYpane!+!splayed!reveal( ! 7.!TripleYpane!French!door( ! 8.!Triple!pane!height( ! 9.!TripleYpane!movedYup! ! 10.!TripleYpane!French!door!+!1m!balcony!brick!parapet! ! 11.!TripleYpane!French!door!+!1.5m!balcony!brick!parapet( ! 12.!TripleYpane!French!door!+!2m!balcony!brick!parapet! ! 13.!TripleYpane!French!door!+!1m!balcony!glass!parapet! ! 14.!TripleYpane!French!door!+!1.5m!balcony!glass!parapet! ! 15.!TripleYpane!French!door!+!2m!balcony!glass!parapet( Location' Room!location!is!in!Copenhagen,!Denmark.!! ! Latitude( 55.68! Longitude( 12.57! Time(meridian( 15! Albedo( 0.2! Table(7.(Room(location.(

Materials' In! Table! 8! faรงade! and! materials! properties! are! display.! They! are! common! for! all! room! cases,!with!the!difference!in!UYvalue!for!before!and!after!insulation!cases.! ! From!Table!9!to!16!window!and!glazing!properties!are!shown!for!each!room!case.!! ! Faรงade(Materials( Surface(Properties( ( Before(insulation( After(insulation( Wall! 0.5! U\value( 1.21!W/m2K! 0.21!W/m2K! Ceiling! 0.7! Thermal(Capacity(of(building( Middle!heavy! Floor! 0.2! Thermal(capacity(of(interior( 32550!J/K! Surroundings! 0.3! Table(8.(Faรงade(materials,(thermal(capacity(of(the(building(and(surface(properties.(

Dannebrog(and(Dannebrog(+(insultion((case(1(and(2)( ( Window( Glazing( U w( 3.51!W/m2K!! Single(pane(4mm( g w( 0.45! U g! 5.23!W/m2K! Frame(width( 0.195m! g g! 0.85! Window(size( 1.8!x!1.2m! LT! 0.89! Offset(floor( 0.75m! Offset(wall( 0.66m( Table(9.(Window(and(glazing(properties(for(Dannebrog(and(Dannebrog(+(insulation(cases.(

Dannebrog(+(storm(window((case(3)( ( Window( U w( g w( 10&

1.14!W/m2K!! 0.27!

Glazing( Dblskin(10\500Air\4\15Ar\SN4( U g! 1.19!W/m2K!

Frame(width( 0.195m! g g! Window(size( 1.8!x!1.2m! LT! Offset(floor( 0.75m! Offset(wall( 0.66m( Table(10.(Window(and(glazing(properties(for(Dannebrog(+(storm(window(case.!

0.85! 0.69!

Double(pane((case(4)( ( Window( Glazing( U w( 1.95!W/m2K!! 4\12Air\4( g w( 0.41! U g! Frame(width( 0.195m! g g! Window(size( 1.8!x!1.2m! LT! Offset(floor( 0.75m! Offset(wall( 0.66m( Table(11.(Window(and(glazing(properties(for(double\pane(case.!

2.72!W/m2K! 0.77! 0.81!

Triple\pane((case(5)( ( Window( Glazing( U w( 1.16!W/m2K!! 4Y15ArYEnergyY4! g w( 0.48! U g! Frame(width( 0.04m! g g! Window(size( 1.8!x!1.2m! LT! Offset(floor( 0.75m! Offset(wall( 0.66m( Table(12.(Window(and(glazing(properties(for(triple\pane(case.!

1.12!W/m2K! 0.53! 0.71!

Triple\pane(French(door((case(7)( ( Window( Glazing( U w( 1.16!W/m2K!! 4Y15ArYEnergyY4! g w( 0.48! U g! Frame(width( 0.04m! g g! Window(size( 2.55!x!1.2m! LT! Offset(floor( 0.05m! Offset(wall( 0.66m( Table(13.(Window(and(glazing(properties(for(triple\pne(French(door(case.!

1.12!W/m2K! 0.53! 0.71!

Triple\pane(height((case(8)( ( Window( Glazing( U w( 1.16!W/m2K!! 4Y15ArYEnergyY4! g w( 0.48! U g! Frame(width( 0.04m! g g! Window(size( 1.98!x!1.20m! LT! Offset(floor( 0.75m! Offset(wall( 0.66m( Table(14.(Window(and(glazing(properties(for(triple\pane(height.!

1.12!W/m2K! 0.53! 0.71!

Triple\pane(moved\up((case(9)( ( Window( Glazing( U w( 1.16!W/m2K!! 4Y15ArYEnergyY4! g w( 0.47! U g! Frame(width( 0.04m! g g! Window(size( 1.8!x!1.20m! LT! Offset(floor( 0.93m! Offset(wall( 0.66m( Table(15.(Window(and(glazing(properties(for(triple\pane(moved\up.!

(

1.12!W/m2K! 0.53! 0.71!

( && 11&

Balconies((case(10\11\12\13\14\15)( ( Window( U w( 1.16!W/m2K!! g w( 0.47! Frame(width( 0.04m! Window(size( 1.8!x!1.20m! Offset(floor( 0.93m! Offset(wall( 0.66m( ( Overhang( Variation!1! Variation2! Variarion3! Distance!(d)! 0.45m! 0.45m! 0.45m! Length!(l)! 1m! 1.5m! 2m! Wall!depth!(w)( 0.116m! 0.116m! 0.116m! Table(16.(Window(and(glazing(properties(for(balcony(cases.(

Glazing( 4Y15ArYEnergyY4! U g! g g! LT!

1.12!W/m2K! 0.53! 0.71! ! ! ! !

System'schedules' For!this!study!the!year!is!represented!by!four!systems.!Two!of!them!represent!time!in! use!for!heating!and!no!heating!period!(from!8am!to!11pm)!and!the!remaining!two!cover! sleep!hours!of!both!periods!(12pm!to!7am).! ! “Time!in!use”!schedule!covers!all!“day”!hours;!since!wake!time!until!bedtime!(from!8am! to!11pm)!what!will!result!into!calculation!of!maximum!lighting!used.! ! ( System!1! Weeks( [1:18!38:53]! Days( [1:7]! Hours( [8:23]! ( Winter!hours!in!use! Table(17.(System(Schedules.(

Systems(schedules( System!2! System!3! [1:18!38:53]! [19:37]! [1:7]! [1:7]! [1:7!24]! [8:23]! Winter!sleep!hours! Summer!hours!in!use!

System!4! [19:37]! [1:7]! [1:7!24]! Summer!sleep!hours!

Internal'thermal'loads' The!room!is!simulated!with!the!same!internal!load!for!all!cases.!The!internal!load!is!set! up!to!one!person!with!sedentary!activity!level!and!adaptive!clothing!level.! ! Number(of(people( Activity(level( Clothing(level( Table(18.(Internal(Thermal(Loads.(

1! Sedentary!(1.2met)! Adaptive!(variable)!

Lighting' The!electric!light!system!is!assumed!“off!“!during!sleep!hours.!Then,!during!time!in!use,! general! illumination! is! simulated! with! a! power! of! 2! W/m2! and! it! is! “onYoff”! control! by! daylight!illuminance!level!on!working!plane!(0.85m)!at!room!center.!! ! General(lighting( Min(power( 0!W/m2! Max(power( 2!W/m2! W/m2/100lux( 1! Control( OnYoff!(maxYmin)! Table(19.(Data(input(for(General(Lighting.(

Climate'control' For! simulations! of! the! room! before! addition! of! insulation! ventilation! is! basically! composed!by!natural!ventilation!(infiltration).! ! Once! insulation! is! added,! the! room! is! airtight! and! mechanical! ventilation! system! is! installed! to! reach! good! air! quality! conditions.! Mechanical! ventilation! runs! during! 12&

heating! seasons! with! a! heat! exchanger! that! contributes! to! keep! inside! room! temperature.!On!the!hand,!during!no!heating!seasons!ventilation!of!the!room!is!based!on! natural!ventilation.!! ! Ventilation(BEFORE(Insulation( Infiltration:( ! Heating(season( 0.6!l/s!per!m2! No(heating(season( 3!l/s!per!m2! Table(20.(Ventilation(inputs(before(insulation.(

! Infiltration:( Heating(season( No(heating(season( Mechanical(Ventilation((simple):( (

Ventilation(AFTER(Insulation( ! 0.13!l/s!per!m2! 3!l/s!per!m2! ! ! Min! Max! airchange! airchange!

Heating(season(time(in(use(( No(heating(season(time(in(use( Sleep(hours( Table(21.(Ventilation(inputs(after(insulation.(

0.15! Y! Y!

0.3! Y! Y!

! Max! venting! rate! 0.3! Y! Y!

Heat! exchanger! efficiency! 0.65! Y! Y!

Energy'systems' The!following!table!shows!energy!data!for!the!room!in!any!of!the!cases!studied.!! ! Energy(data( Mechanical(ventilation,(SFP( 1.5!kJ/m2! COP,(heating( 1! Hot(water( ! 100!liter/m2! Table(22.(Energy(data(for(mechanical(ventilation,(energy(supply(system(and(hot(water.(

Results&

1.(Dannebrog(

2.(Dannebrog(+( insulation(

3.(Dannebrog(+( storm(window(

4.(Double\pane(

5.(Triple\pane(

7.(Triple\pane( French(door(

8.(Triple\pane( height(

(

9.(Triple\pane( moved\up( 10.(Triple\pane( French(door(+(1m( balcony( 11.(Triple\pane( French(door(+(1.5m( balcony( 12.(Triple\pane( French(door(+(2m( balcony(

! This!section!shows!the!energy!consumption!for!each!room!case.!Energy!consumption!is! displayed!as!total!energy!consumption!for!the!room!as!well!as!individual!values!of!the! different!energy!uses;!hot!water,!heating,!fans!and!general!lighting.!To!split!consumption! into!different!energy!uses!will!provide!a!deeper!understanding!of!design!consequences.!! !

Heating( General(lighting( Fans(

205! 13! 0!

76! 13! 2!

32! 14! 2!

41! 13! 2!

25! 12! 2!

24! 13! 2!

24! 14! 2!

Hot(water(

13!

Table(23.(Energy(consumption(according(to(the(use(for(each(room(case.(

&& 13&

Hot"water" Hot"water" 250"

250"

231

Hot"water"

Hea-ng"

Fans" Hea-ng"

Fans"

General"ligh-ng"

Fans"

General"ligh-ng"

250"

200"

150"

104

9.#Triple9pane#moved9up

13.#Triple9pane#French#door#+#1m#balcony

14.#Triple9pane#French#door#+#1.5m#balcony#

15.#Trilpe9pane#French#door#+#2m#balcony#

3.#Dannebrog#+#storm#window

2.#Dannebrog#+#insula2on

0"0"

50"

1.#Dannebrog

50"

8.#Triple9pane#height

7.#Triple9pane#French#door

100"

5.#Triple9pane

100"

4.#Double9pane

Energy'use'[kWh/m2]

200" 200"

Figure(4.(Chart(for(room(cases(where(bars(show(energy(consumption(for(each(room(case.(

Figure! 4! shows! overall! of! energy! use! for! each! room! modification.! The! biggest! energy! reduction!is!observed!once!the!insulation!is!included!as!part!of!the!façade;!from!231!to! 104! kWh/m2.! This! reduction! owns! to! heating! system.! With! insulation! on! the! façade! thermal!loss!through!the!construction!decrease,!consequently,!energy!used!for!heating!is! reduced.! ! In!addition!to!reduction!from!insulation,!window!properties!also!play!an!important!role! regarding! heating! system.! The! lower! is! window! uYvalue! the! lower! is! energy! consumption! of! heating! system.! Results! on! Table! 23! show! that! rooms! with! energyY efficient!window!consume!45Y50%!less!energy!for!heating!than!single!pane!window.! ! The!other!energy!use!that!is!slightly!affected!in!this!study!is!“general!lighting”.!Basically,! the! use! of! electric! lighting! increases! when! daylight! conditions! in! the! room! are! poorer! (tripleYpane! case! has! better! daylight! conditions! than! Dannebrog! +! storm! window! case! which! entails! a! 15%! reduction! of! electric! lighting,! Table! 23).! There! are! not! big! differences,! probably,! because! the! main! daylight! differences! among! room! cases! are! around! window! area! and! the! sensor! point! is! place! in! the! middle! of! the! room.! Central! area!is!usually!the!useful!one!in!offices.!However,!although!there!is!not!recommendation! for!dwellings,!in!room!apartments!the!room!center!is!usually!free!and!perimeter!zone!is! the!useful!area.!!

14&

Hot"water"

! 250" !

Hot$water$

Hea-ng" Hea/ng$

Fans$

Hot"water"

250$

Fans"

General"ligh-ng"

General$ligh/ng$

Hea-ng"

Fans"

General"ligh-ng"

250"

13$ 0$ 200$

Energy'use'[kWh/m2]

200"

150"

100"

200"

150$ 150"

205$ 100$ 100"

14$ 2$

50$

32$

50"

13$ 2$ 41$

12$ 2$ 25$

5.#Triple9pane

4.#Double9pane

3.#Dannebrog#+#storm#window

1.#Dannebrog

Figure(5(Charts(for(window(type(strategy(and(Dannebrog(case(where(bars(show(energy(consumption( according(to(the(use.(

Finally,! in! this! analysis! the! only! energy! uses! that! are! not! affect! by! room! modifications! are! hot! water! and! fans.! Hot! water! means! 13! kWh/m2! of! the! total! energy! use! for! each! case! and! mechanical! ventilation! 2! kWh/m2! for! all! the! cases! in! which! it! is! installed! (Figure!5).!

References& ! Danish! Building! Regulations.! Bygningsreglement! for! erhvervsY! og! etagebyggeri,! National! Agency! for! Enterprise!and!Construction,!Copenhagen,!2006.! DS/EN! 15251:2007.! Indoor! environment! input! parameters! for! design! and! assessment! of! energy! performance!of!buildingYaddressing!indoor!air!quality,!thermal!environment,!lighting!and!acoustics.! EPBD.!(n.d.).!Directive!2002/91/EC!of!the!European!parliament!and!of!the!council!of!16!December!2002!on! the!energy!consumption!of!buildings,!2002.! Licht.de,!!die!F.!G.!L.,!&!LiTG,!D.!L.!G.!e.!V.!(2015).!Guide!to!DIN!EN!12464Y1.!Lighting'of'Work'Places3Part'1,!1â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 44.!! Petersen,! S.! (2011).! SimulationYbased! support! for! integrated! design! of! new! lowYenergy! office! buildings,! 247(June).!! The!society!of!Light!and!Lighting.!(2012).!Measurement!of!illuminance!in!electrically!lit!spaces!1.0.!Factfile' No.3,!(August).!

! !

&& 15&

DAYLIGHTING*DESIGN*CONSIDERATIONS*FOR* RETROFITTING*BUILDINGS*OF*ARCHITECTURAL* AND*HISTORICAL*INTEREST:* A*SIMULATION5BASED*INVESTIGATION*FOR*A* COPENHAGEN*CASE*STUDY* * Scientific*Paper* * By:$Maria$Garcia$Alvarez$ Student$Number:$201310887$ Supervisor:$Werner$Osterhaus$ $ Master$Thesis$ in$Civil$and$Architectural$Engineering$ Aarhus$University$$ Department$of$Engineering$ $ Submitted:$January$2016$ Size:$30$ECTS$ $ $

$ $

Abstract!

Existing! buildings! represent! city’s! history! and! culture,! as! well! as! they! have! a! great! functionally! value.!Retrofit!is!the!means!to!ensure!values!belonging!to!old!buildings,!and,!at!the!same!time,!to! adapt!buildings!to!new!purpose!and!lifestyle.!European!Union!roadmap!is!lately!establishing!new! regulations!that!reduce!buildings!energy!consumption,!what!has!turned!energy!into!renovations’! spotlight.!However,!energy!renovation!measures!have!the!potential!to!further!reduce!daylighting! performance.! When! a! building! façade! is! classified! as! providing! historical! value! substantial! alterations! are! impossible! and! it! can! become! difficult! to! just! maintain! the! existing! daylighting! conditions,!let!alone!improve!them.!It!is!then!the!aim!of!this!thesis!to!characterize!the!problems! faced! by! architects! and! engineers! when! developing! refurbishment! strategies! to! improve! both! energy!and!daylighting!performance!and!to!provide!guidance!on!how!to!approach!the!problem.! The! study! analyzes! room! after! designs! modifications! that! affect! daylight! performance.! Room$ modifications$ try$ possible$ daylight$ improvements$ sensitive$ to$ historic! preservation! and! energyE efficiency!needs.!The!analysis,!rather!than!solely!relying!on!static!daylighting!metrics!such!as!the! daylight! factor,! includes! and! focuses! on! climateEbased! daylight! metrics! to! address! the! design! challenge.!ClimateEbased!daylight!metrics!are!likely!to!better!represent!actual!performance!goals! than! the! daylight! factor.! Overall! human! comfort! is! assessed! in! parallel! with! the! daylighting! strategies.!It!was!found!that!window!reveal!modification!can!improve!daylight!levels!up!to!15%! and! it! does! not! affect! façade! appearance! at! any! degree.! On! the! other! hand,! frame! and! mullion! modification! can! offset! daylight! losses! and! get! conditions! met! in! the! original! room.! The! study! showed!that!daylight!damage!from!energy!improvements!could!be!offset!with!no!modifications!of! opening!size!or!slightly!modifications!of!window!size!and!proportions.!This!investigation!typifies! a! range! of! daylighting! designs! that! may! serve! as! an! inspiration! to! experts,! owners! and! users! facing!retrofit!projects.!

Introduction!

Our!existing!buildings!represent!great!values.!They!are!city’s!history!and!culture,!as!well!as!they! have! a! great! functionally! value.! Only! 1%! of! building! stock! in! Denmark! comes! from! new! construction,! what! means! that! we! make! use! of! old! building! in! our! everyday! life! (Tagpapbranchens! Oplysningsråd! –! TOR,! 2012).! Moreover,! currently,! in! Europe,! 35%! of! the! buildings! are! over! 50! years! old! (A.! F.! Thomsen,! 2010)! (Poel,! van! Cruchten,! &! Balaras,! 2007).! Consequently,!a!great!part!of!exiting!buildings!do!not!fulfill!standards!that!are!applicable!today.! Therefore,!retrofit!interventions!are!important!and!necessary.! ! Through!renovation!we!ensure!values!belonging!to!old!buildings!at!the!same!time!that!buildings! are!adapted!to!new!purpose!and!lifestyle.!Moreover,!renovations!afford!an!important!chance!of! creating! new! qualities.! Whatever! the! background,! one! should! face! renovations! project! as! an! overall! that! allows! us! to! discuss! building’s! values! and! opportunities! again! (Dansk! Bygningsarv,! 2012).! ! Although! standards! scope! is! extensive,! recently,! energy! consumption! is! in! the! spotlight.! In! the! last!40!years,!oil!dependency!and!global!warming!is!a!serious!problem!in!contemporary!society.! European! Union! roadmap! is! establishing! new! regulations! that! reduce! energy! consumption! of! buildings! (European! Commision,! 2014),! which! represent! 40%! of! total! energy! used! in! Europe! (European! Union,! 2010).! Its! specific! targets! aim! to! ensure! that,! by! 2020,! EU! greenhouse! gas! emissions!are!cut!by!20%!and!by!80–95%!in!2050!(European!Commision,!2014).!Hence,!in!the! last!years,!energy!consumption!has!become!the!main!or!even!the!exclusive!reason!that!motivates! the!outset!of!retrofit!projects.! As! consequences! of! ambitious! energy! goals,! nowadays,! rather! than! talking! about! “sustainable! renovation”,! “energy! renovation”! is! becoming! a! common! concept! among! experts! (Ma,! Cooper,! Daly,!&!Ledo,!2012).!However,!to!limit!retrofit!projects!exclusively!to!energy!factors!results!in!a! narrow!approach.!Sustainable!renovation!is!the!creation!of!an!environment!that!sustains!humans! aesthetic,! physiological,! psychological,! and! spiritual! needs,! as! well! as,! energy! and! natural!

!! 1! !

resources!issues!(Guzowski,!2000).!Thus,!renovations!require!holistic!thinking!to!raise!quality!in! all!aspects:!economy,!wellEbeing,!health,!architecture,!energy!and!environment.! ! When! building! retrofits! focus! only! in! one! factor! one! takes! the! risk! to! diminish! other! building! aspects.! For! instance,! common! energy! interventions! compromise! daylight! conditions.! Main! energy!improvements!consist!on!addition!of!façade!insulation!and!old!window!replacement!with! new!energyEefficient!one!(Baker,!2009)!(Harrestrup!&!Svendsen,!2014)!(K.!E.!Thomsen,!Rolland,! &! Buvik,! 2009).Thicker! façades! complicate! daylight! access! into! the! room,! what! was! showed! in! Henning! Larsen! Architects! renovation! manual! (Henning! Larsen! Architects,! 2014).! On! the! other! hand,!through!energyEefficient!glazing!less!daylight!rays!come!into!the!room!comparing!with!old! single! panes! due! to! low! light! transmittance! (Henning! Larsen! Architects,! 2014)! (Hopkinson,! Petherbridge,! &! Longmore.,! 1966a)! (Pritchard,! 1999).! To! consider! several! building! aspects,! renovation! projects! would! achieve! environments! that! are! meaningful,! humane! and! worth! to! living!in,!at!the!same!time!they!are!environmentally!friendly.! ! Understanding! that! sustainable! retrofits! include! aesthetic! and! human! factors! as! part! of! sustainable! design! concept! (Maxman! &! Majekodunmi,! 1995),! daylight! is! a! powerful! renovation! tool! that! affects! both! buildings! and! humans.! Natural! light! is! directly! related! with! energy! consumption;! the! more! daylight! is! made! available! in! a! building,! the! less! artificial! lighting! is! required! (Baker,! 2009).! Moreover,! sunrays! coming! through! the! window! heat! up! the! room! contributing! with! the! heating! system! (Morelli! et! al.,! 2012).! Finally,! in! relation! to! natural! light! power!in!buildings,!functional!layout!of!spaces!is!in!many!cases!defined!by!daylight!access!(Li,!Lo,! Lam,! &! Yuen,! 1999).! Regarding! to! the! impact! on! human! beings,! daylight! plays! a! key! role! on! human!existence.!This!role!is!usually!ignore!by!construction!experts!and!standards,!but!natural! light!helps!humans!to!stabilize,!both!physically!and!psychologically!(Licht.Wissen,!2014).!Hence,! daylight!is!a!key!element!of!building!designs!and!it!has!to!be!considered!in!retrofit!plans!because! of!its!potential!to!raise!all!renovation!values!at!once;!economic,!environment!and!human!beings! values.! ! Usually,!in!projects!and!studies,!energy!improvements!are!analyzed!in!relation!to!pay!back!times! rather!than!to!daylight!damage!(Chapman,!HowdenEChapman,!Viggers,!O’Dea,!&!Kennedy,!2009)! (Harrestrup! &! Svendsen,! 2014).! In! the! other! situations! when! daylight! design! is! part! of! the! retrofit!plan,!the!common!solution!to!offset!daylight!losses!consist!on!increasing!window!glazed! surface!area;!either!by!enlargement!of!existing!window!or!adding!new!openings!(Henning!Larsen! Architects,! 2014)! (K.! E.! Thomsen! et! al.,! 2009).! However,! dealing! with! buildings! with! historical! interest! this! solution! can! be! hardly! achieved.! Although! protection! levels! vary! according! to! historicalEculture! value! of! the! construction,! in! most! of! the! cases! façade! modifications! are! not! allowed.!Then,!window!size!modifications!would!break!aesthetics!what!makes!necessary!to!delve! into! different! solutions! that! improve! daylight! conditions! while! respecting! the! aesthetics! of! the! building.! ! Little!research!is!done!regarding!daylight!after!energy!improvements.!K.!E.!Thomsen,!although!he! includes!a!brief!daylight!analysis!in!his!study,!it!is!mainly!as!a!mean!to!decrease!electrical!lighting! use.! Moreover,! the! building! studied! has! not! heritage! protection! (K.! E.! Thomsen! et! al.,! 2009).! Šiožinytė!suggests!possible!variants!to!improve!daylight!in!heritage!constructions!using!multiple! criteria! assessment,! but! the! study! does! not! consider! energy! improvements.! Only! few! cases! are! analyzed!and!they!are!about!increment!of!number!of!windows!which!is!very!limited!in!protected! façades! (Šiožinytė! &! Antuchevičienė,! 2013).! On! the! other! hand,! Henning! Larsen! Architects! developed! a! retrofit! study! where! daylight! is! the! main! factor! of! the! analysis.! The! study! looks! at! different! energy! improvements! that! are! aesthetically! friendly! and! assess! daylight! variations! along! these! energy! interventions.! Although! considerable! research! has! been! devoted! to! the! daylight!and!energy!relationship,!the!applied!daylight!improvements!greatly!modify!opening!size! and!proportions!(Henning!Larsen!Architects,!2014).!!So!far,!none!of!these!studies!include!quality! of!daylight!in!their!analysis,!even!though!a!lot!of!literature!and!researches!stress!that!both!quality! and! quantity! of! daylight! count! for! visual! perception! and! comfort! (Boyce,! 2003)! (Mills! &! Borg,! 1999)! (Marans! &! Brown,! 1987)! (POP,! POP,! &! CHINDRIS,! 2002)! (Hopkinson,! Petherbridge,! &! Longmore.,! 1966b)! (Hopkinson,! Petherbridge,! &! Longmore.,! 1966c)! (Veitch,! 2004)! (IESNA,! 2008).!They!used!daylight!static!metrics!to!assess!illuminance!levels.!It!would!thus!be!of!interest! to!test!the!potential!of!room!designs!to!offset!daylight!decline!to!a!lesser!extent.! 2!

! It! is! then! the! aim! of! this! thesis! to! characterize! the! problems! faced! by! architects! and! engineers! when!developing!refurbishment!strategies!improving!both!energy!and!daylighting!performance.! Thus,! we! analyze! room! after! designs! modifications! that! affect! daylight! performance.! Room$ modifications$ try$ possible$ daylight$ improvements$ sensitive$ to$ historic! preservation! and! energyE efficiency!needs.!The!analysis,!rather$than$solely$relying$on$the$static$daylight$factor,$also$focuses$on! climateEbased! daylight! metrics,! which! are! likely! to! better! represent! actual! performance! goals! than! the! daylight! factor.! Overall! human! comfort! is! assessed! in! parallel! with! the! daylighting! strategies.$!

Method!

This!paper!focuses!on!retrofit!possibilities!at!room!level!for!buildings!with!cultural!and!historical! value.! Based! on! a! real! room,! diverse! strategies! are! applied! to! get! energy! and! daylight! improvements!bearing!in!mind!the!aesthetic!importance!of!protected!buildings.!The!study!goes! through! quantity! and! quality! metrics! in! order! to! get! a! complete! view! that! reports! daylight! conditions!from!different!perspectives.!! ! This! study! is! part! of! a! master! thesis! project.! In! that! thesis! work! previous! analysis! was! done! to! assess! daylight! conditions! in! typical! existing! building! blocks! areas.! This! first! approach! of! the! project!assessed!daylight!levels!of!a!room!for!different!courtyard!dimensions.!Hence,!calculations! were! based! on! a! range! of! building! height/distance! ratios,! which! represent! the! most! common! urban!canyons!in!Europe!countries.!Moreover,!the!influence!of!the!urban!canyon!was!studied!at! different! building! levels! and! with! different! windows.! This! preliminary! study! provided! useful! inputs! for! following! studies! done! in! this! project.! More! information! can! be! found! in! the! thesis! report.!

3.1

Strategies!and!room!cases!

Existing! buildings! are! very! different! and! consequently! level! of! protection! too.! Thus,! these! investigation!cases!go!from!alterations!that!do!not!affect!building!exterior!to!those!that!slightly!or! strongly!mean!exterior!changes.!! ! There!are!a!total!of!15!studied!room!cases,!where!used!design!strategies!geared!towards:!! ! • Façade!thickness!(case!2)! • Window!type!(case!3E4E5)! • Window!reveal!(case!6)! • Window!size!(case!7E8E9)! • Balconies!(case!10E11E12E13E14E15)! ! !

!! 3! !

DANNEBROG)

DANNEBROG)+)INSULATION)

DANNEBROG)+)STORM)WINDOW)

Exis%ng( single+pane( “Dannebrog ”( window( with( no( insula%on( on( the( façade.

Exis%ng(window(+(added(wall(insula%on.

As( in( case( 2,( but( with( added( interior( “storm(window”(glazing(layer.

DOUBLE2PANE)

TRIPLE2PANE)

TRIPLE2PANE)+)SPLAYED)REVEAL)

Double+pane( window( in( original( size( +( wall(insula%on(as(in(case(2.

Triple+pane( window( in( original( size( +( wall(insula%on(as(in(case(2.

Triple+pane( window( with( splayed( reveal( +(insula%on(as(in(case(2.

TRIPLE2PANE)FRENCH)DOOR)

TRIPLE2PANE)HEIGHT)

TRIPLE2PANE)MOVED2UP)

Triple+pane( French( door( +( wall( insula%on(as(in(case(2.

Triple+pane( window( with( height( extended( to( ceiling( +( wall( insula%on( as( in(case(2.

Triple+pane( window( in( original( size( but( moved( so( that( top( is( at( ceiling( +( wall( insula%on(as(in(case(2.

TRIPLE2PANE)FRENCH)DOOR)+)1M)BALCONY)

TRIPLE2PANE)FRENCH)DOOR)+)1.5M)BALCONY)

TRIPLE2PANE)FRENCH)DOOR)+)2M)BALCONY)

Triple+pane(French(door(+(wall(insula%on(as( in( case( 2,( plus( 1( m( deep( balcony,( parapet( either(brick((10)(or(glass((13)

Triple+pane(French(door(+(wall(insula%on(as(in( case(2,(plus(1.5(m(deep(balcony,(parapet(either( brick((11)(or(glass((14)

Triple+pane(French(door(+(wall(insula%on(as( in( case( 2,( plus( 2( m( deep( balcony,( parapet( either(brick((12)(or(glass((15)

Figure'1.'Room'cases'of'the'study.'

3.2

Metrics!

Daylight! analysis! of! this! project! has! two! approaches;! daylight! quantity! for! visual! performance! and!daylight!quality!for!visual!comfort.!The!following!metrics!are!used!for!both!approaches:! ! Daylight'Factor'(DF)' Daylight!factor!is!the!ratio!of!work!plane!illuminance!to!the!outdoor!illuminance!on!a!horizontal! plane!(Moon!&!Spencer,!1942).!Daylight!factor!calculations!consider!overcast!sky!and!therefore,! room!orientation!and!location!do!not!influence!daylight!results.!For!the!above!room!cases!DF!is! displayed!as!percentage!of!room!area!with!daylight!factor!above!2%!and!mean!DF.!In!this!study! room!area!means!the!whole!room;!perimeter!zone!from!walls!is!not!ignore.!Moreover,!daylight! factor!values!along!the!room!are!displayed!in!a!false!color!scale!over!room!plan!picture!(They!are! included!in!supplementary!content).! ! Climate:Based'Daylight'Metrics'(CBDM)' ClimateEbased!daylight!modeling!is!the!prediction!of!various!radiant!or!luminous!quantities!using! sun! and! sky! conditions! that! are! derived! from! standard! meteorological! datasets! (Mardaljevic.,! 2006).!These!metrics!are!dependent!both!on!location!and!building!orientation,!in!addition!to!the! building’s!composition!and!configuration.! ! 4!

There! are! a! number! of! possible! ways! to! use! CBDM,! and! the! following! are! the! ones! used! in! this! project:! Daylight'Autonomy'(DA):!percentage!of!annual!occupied!hours!that!a!given!point!in!the!room!is! above!300!lux!(Christoph!F.!Reinhart,!Mardaljevic,!&!Rogers,!2013).! Continuous'Daylight'Autonomy'(DAcon):!modification!of!Daylight!Autonomy.!It!awards!partial! credit!in!a!linear!fashion!to!illuminance!values!bellow!the!300!lux!(Rogers!&!Goldman,!2006)! Spatial'Daylight'Autonomy'(sDA):!percentage!of!room!area!that!receives!at!least!300!lux!for!at! least!50%!of!the!annual!occupied!hours!(IES,!2012).! Useful'Daylight'Autonomy'(UDI):!percentage!of!annual!occupied!hours!that!a!given!point!in!the! room!is!between!100E2000!lux!(Nabil!&!Mardaljevic,!2005)! ! Daylight'Glare'Probability'(DGP)' User! comfort! in! terms! of! daylight! is! represented! by! DGP,! which! is! the! “percentage! of! people! disturbed”!due!to!the!level!of!vertical!eye!illuminance!(Wienold!&!Christoffersen,!2006).! DGP!criteria:! E <!0.30:!Imperceptible! E 0.30E0.35:!Perceptible! E 0.35E0.45:!Disturbing! E >0.45:!Intolerable! ! Luminance'distribution' Luminance!of!vertical!surfaces!is!important!to!user’s!brightness!perception!(Marsden!A!M,!1969).! Luminance!pictures!are!included!in!the!daylight!analysis!to!assess!luminance!conditions!of!room! surfaces.!

3.3

Model!

The!study!is!developed!on!a!real!building,!which!is!part!of!KlimaKarré!project!in!Copenhagen!city,! Denmark.!The!study!building!is!part!of!a!building!block,!and!the!room!is!at!courtyard!façade.!The! room!is!7.70m2!and!has!an!opening!of!1.20x1.80m,!being!1.20!the!window!width!(Table!1).!More! detailed!information!about!room!modification!can!be!found!in!thesis!report.! ! '

' Figure'2.'Courtyard'and'room'model.'The'right'panel'shows'general'overview'of'the'courtyard'model' and'the'building'use'for'this'study'(brown).'Left'panel'describes'existing'room'geometry.'The'façade'is' made'of'brickwork'without'insulation'and'the'window'is'“Dannebrog”'style'with'single'glazing'pane.'

!! 5! !

General'Information' Location' Climate' Total'courtyard'dimensions'(outside)' Distance'from'room'to'next'building' Building'Depth' Room'orientation' Room'height' Room'floor'area' Original'Window' Dimensions' Frame'Façade'Dimension' Mullion'Façade'Dimension' Frame'Depth'Dimension'(from!outside!to!inside)' Glazing'surface' GFR'%'(Glazing!area!to!floor!area!ratio)' Glazing'properties' ' ' Table'1.'Model'information.'

3.4

! Copenhagen!(Denmark)! Copenhagen!! ±!43!x!115m! ±!22m! 10m! 12°!NORTHEWEST! 1st!Floor! 7.70m2! ! 1.20!x!1.80m! 0.12m! 0.15m! 0.08m! 1.12m2! 15! Pane:' Single!Pane! LT:' 88%! U:value' 5!W/m2k!

Simulation!

3.4.1 Program! ! Calculations! in! this! study! are! run! in! DIVAEforERhino.! It! is! an! optimized! daylight! and! energy! modeling! plugEin! for! Rhinoceros! 3D! Nurbs! modeling! program! (McNeel,! Robert,! &! Associates,! 2010)! (DIVA! for! rhino! 2015).! This! plugEin! was! developed! at! the! Graduate! School! of! Harvard! University!and!it!is!now!distributed!and!developed!by!Solemma!LLC.!DIVAEforERhino!allows!users! to!carry!out!a!series!of!environmental!performance!evaluations!of!individual!buildings!and!urban! landscapes.! It! performs! daylight! analysis! via! integration! with! Radiance! and! DAYSIM! and! uses! TMY3! weather! data! to! calculate! climateEbased! results! (C.! F.! Reinhart,! Lagios,! Niemasz,! &! Jakubiec,!2011). 3.4.2 Simulation!Settings! ! There!are!some!setting!needed!to!run!the!simulations.!Here!it!is!shown!grid!geometry!and!time! and!date!of!pointEinEtime!glare!calculations!(Table!2).!More!detailed!settings!regarding!surfaces! properties!and!radiance!parameters!can!be!found!in!thesis!report.! ! General'Settings' Grid'Height!

Grid'Size!

0.85m!from!floor!surface! '

0.10'x'0.10m'

Climate:Based'Metrics'Settings' ! Occupancy'Schedule'' 8!am!to!6!pm_60min!!! Target'illuminance! 300!lx! DGP'and'Luminance'Settings' ! Sky'conditions'(DGP'and'Luminance)' Clear!Sky!with!Sun!(CIE)! Date'ant'time' 21!June!12pm! Table'2.'Simulation'setting'regarding'grid,'occupancy'schedule'and'point:in:time'glare'calculations.'

Results!and!Discussion!

4.1

Daylight!levels!

! !

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean! DF![%]!

Mean!DA300! [%!hours]!

sDA![%! surf]!

DAcon![%! hours]!

UDI!<100! [%!hours]!

UDI!100E2000! [%hours]!

16!

1.1!

15!

39!

54.7!

45.3!

2.!Dannebrog!+!insulation!

0.8!

31!

65.3!

34.7!

3.!Dannebrog!+!storm! window!

0.6!

26!

72.1!

28!

4.!DoubleEpane!

15!

14!

40!

54.54!

45.45!

5.!TripleEpane!

16!

1.1!

14.97!

14!

40!

53.82!

46.17!

6.!TripleEpane!+!splayed! reveal!

17!

1.2!

16.32!

15!

44.55!

47.62!

52.38!

7.!TripleEpane!French!door!

16!

1.1!

15.96!

15!

41.88!

52.28!

47.71!

8.!TripleEpane!height!

19!

1.2!

17.98!

17!

43.86!

50.19!

49.8!

9.!TripleEpane!movedEup!

18!

1.2!

17.17!

15!

43.23!

50.78!

49.22!

10.!TripleEpane!French! door!+!1m!balcony! 11.!TripleEpane!French! door!+!1.5m!balcony! 12.!TripleEpane!French! door!+!2m!balcony! 13.!TripleEpane!French! door!+!1m!balcony! 14.!TripleEpane!French! door!+!1.5m!balcony! 15.!TripleEpane!French! door!+!2m!balcony!

0.8!

9.25!

34.32!

60.07!

39.93!

0.65!

6.81!

30.76!

64.17!

35.83!

0.58!

5.42!

28.68!

66.74!

33.26!

0.87!

10.98!

37.56!

56.44!

43.56!

0.71!

8.04!

34.14!

60.22!

39.78!

0.65!

6.6!

32.06!

62.49!

37.51!

Glass! Parapet!

Brick! Parapet!

1.!Dannebrog! !

Table' 3.' Results' of' DF' and' CBDM' at' working' plane' for' each' room' case.' Each' color' represents' one' room'case.' Mean"DA" 50"

45"

40"

35"

%"Occupa2on"Hours"

%"of"Room"Surface"

%"Surf."DF">"2%" 50"

30" 25" 20"

15"

10"

11"

12"

13"

14"

15"

10"

11"

12"

13"

14"

15"

Figure' 3.' Graph' for' the' different' room' cases' Figure' 4.' Graph' for' the' different' room' cases' where'the'bars'show'percentage'of'room'surface' where'the'bars'shows'mean'DA.' with'daylight'factor'above'2%.'

UDI" 100" 90" 80"

%"Occupa2on"Hours"

70" 60" 50" 40" 30" 20" 10" 0"

10"

11"

12"

13"

14"

15"

Figure'5.'Graph'for'the'different'room'cases'where' the' solid' bars' show' UDI' 100:2000' and' hatched' bars'represent'UDI'<100.'

! !

!! 7! !

[%]'PERCTAGE'OF'CHANGE'RESPECT'TO'ORIGINAL'CASE!

! !

parapet!

Brick! Glass!

parapet!

%!Surf! DF>2%!

Mean! DF![%]!

Mean!DA300! [%!hours]!

sDA![%! surf]!

DAcon![%! hours]!

UDI!<100! [%!hours]!

UDI!100E2000! [%hours]!

1.!Dannebrog!

0.0!

2.!Dannebrog!+!insulation!

E43.8!

E27.3!

E40.0!

E46.7!

E20.5!

19.3!

E23.4!

3.!Dannebrog!+!storm! window!

E62.5!

E45.5!

E60.0!

E66.7!

E33.3!

31.8!

E38.2!

4.!DoubleEpane!

E6.3!

E9.1!

E6.7!

2.6!

E0.3!

0.3!

5.!TripleEpane!

0.0!

E0.2!

E6.7!

2.6!

E1.6!

1.9!

6.!TripleEpane!+!splayed! reveal!

6.3!

9.1!

8.8!

0.0!

14.2!

E12.9!

15.6!

7.!TripleEpane!French!door!

0.0!

6.4!

0.0!

7.4!

E4.4!

5.3!

8.!TripleEpane!height!

18.8!

9.1!

19.9!

13.3!

12.5!

E8.2!

9.9!

9.!TripleEpane!movedEup!

12.50!

9.09!

14.47!

0.00!

10.85!

E7.17!

8.65!

E50.0!

E27.3!

E38.3!

E53.3!

E12.0!

9.8!

E11.9!

E68.8!

E40.9!

E54.6!

E66.7!

E21.1!

17.3!

E20.9!

E81.3!

E47.3!

E63.9!

E80.0!

E26.5!

22.0!

E26.6!

E43.8!

E20.9!

E26.8!

E40.0!

E3.7!

3.2!

E3.8!

E62.5!

E35.5!

E46.4!

E60.0!

E12.5!

10.1!

E12.2!

E75.0!

E40.9!

E56.0!

E73.3!

E17.8!

14.2!

E17.2!

10.!TripleEpane!French!door! +!1m!balcony! 11.!TripleEpane!French!door! +!1.5m!balcony! 12.!TripleEpane!French!door! +!2m!balcony! 13.!TripleEpane!French!door! +!1m!balcony! 14.!TripleEpane!French!door! +!1.5m!balcony! 15.!TripleEpane!French!door! +!2m!balcony!

Table'4.'This'table'shows'percentage'of'change'for'each'room'case'respect'to'original'room.'

4.1.1 Façade!Thickness!(case!1I2)! ! The! increment! in! the! façade! produces! a! 44%! reduction! of! the! surface! with! DF! >! 2%! (Table! 4).! This! area! with! DF! above! 2%! is! only! close! to! the! window,! while! in! original! room! it! gets! deeper! into!the!room.!With!thicker!façade,!area!above!2%!seems!more!affected!by!window!mullion!and! therefore,!it!is!less!even!than!in!Dannebrog!case!(Supplementary!content!Table!6!panel!2).! ! Regarding! to! CBDM,! Dannebrog! +! insulation! has! smaller! area! above! 300lux.! MeanDA! and! sDA! values!are!43%!lower!than!in!Dannebrog!case!and!DAcon!and!UDI100E2000!decrease!20%!(Table! 4).! The! fact! that! this! reduction! is! smaller! than! for! meanDA! and! sDA! may! mean! that! the! main! difference!before!and!after!new!façade!is!over!illuminance!vales!above!200E300lux.! ! In!general,!thick!walls!produce!lower!daylight!levels!and!do!not!allow!light!to!spread!easily!along! the! room;! both,! towards! back! and! sides! of! the! space.! It! states! results! from! Henning! Larsen! Architects,!“Hvad!med!dagslys?”!(Henning!Larsen!Architects,!2014)! 4.1.2 Window!Type!(case!3I4I5)! ! Dannebrog!+!storm!window!performs!worse!than!the!other!two!cases!of!this!strategy.!That!was! expected!since!it!has!the!smallest!glazing!area!(GFR!15%)!and!lowest!light!transmittance!(total! LT!69%).! ! In! case! 3! %surf! with! DF>2%! is! reduced! more! than! 50%! respect! to! Dannebrog! case! (Table! 5).! Area!DF!>2%!of!case!3!seems!quite!conditioned!by!mullion!and!frame!geometry!what!divide!the! area!into!two!small!spots!(Supplementary!content!Table!6!panel!4).!Although!doubleEpane!case! has! also! a! mullion! (case! 4),! its! area! with! DF! >! 2%! does! not! present! that! uneven! pattern! (Supplementary!content!Table!6!panel!5).!This!might!be!because!room!light!levels!are!higher!and! then,!shadow!from!window!mullion!is!no!that!dark.! ! About! CBDM,! doubleEpane! also! presents! the! lowest! values.! DA! and! sDA! are! 60%! lower! than! reference,! case! 1! (Table! 4).! Once! again,! it! is! found! that! meanDA! reduction! is! higher! than! the! DAcon!or!the!UDI!100E2000!reduction!(Table!4).!! ! On! the! other! hand,! even! though! case! 4! and! 5! have! different! light! transmittance! and! frame! geometry!between!them,!they!have!virtually!equal!daylight!levels!(Table!3).!! ! 8!

When! comparing! these! three! solutions! to! Dannebrog! case,! tripleEpane! (case! 5)! is! the! one! matching! the! initial! daylight! conditions! of! the! room! (case! 1,! Table! 4).! In! this! case,! to! increase! glazing! area! from! GFR! 15%! to! 25%! offsets! daylight! losses! after! energy! improvement! (Façade! thickness!from!44!to!69cm!and!light!transmittance!from!88%!to!72%).! ! Although! tripleEpane! has! daylight! levels! equals! to! original! room,! doubleEpane! is! very! close! to! original!room!performance!(case!1)!(Table!3).! ! 4.1.3 Window!Reveal!(case!6)! ! To! splay! window! reveal! seems! to! have! an! effect! on! daylight! performance! worthy! of! consideration.! Although! to! varying! degrees,! all! metrics! have! improved! after! modifying! window! reveal.! Daylight! factor! values,! meanDA! and! sDA! suffer! an! increment! ranged! between! 6! and! 9%! respect!to!orthogonal!surfaces!(case!5).!This!gain!is!a!bit!lower!than!the!one!for!DAcon!and!UDI! 100E2000!metrics!(11E13%).!! ! Daylight!improvement!is!even!clearer!when!looking!at!results!pictures!in!thesis!report.!Daylight! gets!deeper!into!the!space,!but!it!also!does!it!in!a!wider!way.!UDI!100E2000!picture!shows!how! the!upper!corners!get!natural!daylight!when!they!do!not!do!it!for!any!of!the!other!cases!in!this! study!(Figure!37!thesis!report).!Besides,!left!side!of!the!room!has!better!daylight!conditions!than! case!5.! ! Usually,!“splayed”!strategy!is!suggested!to!reduce!contrast!between!window!surface!and!window! wall!(Lechner,!2008)!(O’Connor,!Lee,!Rubinstein,!&!Selkowitz,!2003),!but!this!analysis!also!shows! an!improvement!in!daylight!levels.! 4.1.4 Window!Size!(case!7I8I9)! ! Case! 8! and! 9! have! better! daylight! condition! than! case! 7.! This! difference! becomes! of! interest! because!case!7,!tripleEpane!French!door!case,!has!the!biggest!glazing!area!(GFR!38%)!and!it!has! the!lowest!daylight!levels!measured!at!working!height!(0.85m).!This!result!is!different!to!the!one! from! “Hvad! med! dagslys?”! manual! (Henning! Larsen! Architects,! 2014)! due! to! different! measurements!conditions!(Henning!Larsen!guide!measured!daylight!at!room!floor).!On!the!other! hand,! case! 8! and! 9! have! similar! daylight! conditions,! having! case! 8! the! best! performance! of! the! strategy.! ! Looking!at!panel!7E8E9!(Table!6)!we!get!information!that!is!not!describe!through!values!(Table!3).! Despite!the!fact!that!daylight!values!are!similar!for!the!three!cases,!daylight!spreads!deeper!and! winder!in!case!8!and!9.!Conversely,!although!tripleEpane!French!door!case!has!the!lowest!daylight! levels,!it!has!higher!maxDF!value,!which,!in!general,!might!carry!overheating!and!visual!comfort! issues!(O’Connor!et!al.,!2003)(panel!7!in!Table!6).!! ! Comparing! to! original! room! (case! 1),! windows! enlarged! or! moved! up! to! ceiling! (case! 8E9)! improve!daylight!levels!and!French!door!case!remains!virtually!equals!to!Dannebrog!case.!! ! The! behavior! observed! in! this! case! is! an! example! of! how! bigger! windows! does! not! necessarily! mean!more!and!better!light.! 4.1.5

Balconies!

4.1.5.1 Balconies.with.brick.parapet.(case.10811812). ! Daylight! reduction! respect! to! Dannebrog! case! is! proportional! to! balcony! depth,! what! might! resemble!a!linear!behavior!(Table!4).!Besides,!reduction!from!1m!to!1.5m!depth!is!bigger!(±25E 30%)!than!from!1.5m!to!2m!(±13E18%).!Hence,!daylight!reduction!due!to!balcony!depth!seems!to! tend!to!a!limit!when!going!to!deeper!balconies.! ! This! reduction! of! light! levels! is! especially! perceived! in! metrics! that! study! the! room! from! high! thresholds;!such!as!DF!(200lux)!or!meanDA!and!sDA!(300!lux).!The!reduction!for!DF/meanDA,!is! !! 9! !

in! the! range! of! 40E60%! depending! on! balcony! depth,! and! from! 15%! to! 30%! for! DAcon! or! UDI! metrics.! These! results! support! literature! and! studies! affirming! that! overhangs! mainly! reduce! daylight!in!the!area!close!to!the!window,!where!high!lux!levels!take!place!(Claude,!1986).! 4.1.5.2 Balconies.with.glass.parapet.(case.13814815). ! The!general!performance!among!balconies!with!glass!parapet!is!similar!to!brick!parapet.!! ! Comparing! daylight! of! glass! parapet! with! Dannebrog! case,! there! is! also! a! reduction! in! daylight! levels! (Table! 4).! However,! this! reduction! is! smaller! compare! to! those! with! brick! parapet! (case! 10E11E12).!From!brick!parapet!to!glass!parapet,!daylight!levels!have!risen!around!20%!for!%surf! DF!>2%,!meanDA!and!sDA.!On!the!other!hand,!again,!daylight!gain!seems!smaller!when!looking!at! DAcon!and!UDI!(±10%).!! ! Overall,! glass! parapet! produces! higher! daylight! levels! than! brick! one,! being! the! highest! improvement!from!2m!depth!brick!parapet!to!2m!depth!glass!parapet!(Table!3).!

4.2

Daylight!Glare!probability!

Figure'6.'Chart'for'room'cases'where'bars'show'DGP'from'back'of'the'room.'

DGP"from"Side"of"the"room" 30# 25#

20# 15#

22#

21#

18#

10# 5#

16#

14#

12#

15#

15# 12#

11"

12"

14#

14"

15"

10"

13"

Figure'7.'Chart'for'room'cases'where'bars'show'DGP'from'side'of'the'room.'

DGP!has!being!simulated!from!two!different!views;!back!and!side!of!the!room.!From!back!view! DGP!results!are!even!(between!22E27%)!(Figure!6)!while!side!view!displays!noticeable!variations! among!cases!(from!6%!to!22%)(Figure!7).! ! From! the! side! view,! increment! of! façade! thickness! reduces! DGP! from! 18%! to! 12%! (case! 1E2).! Outside!views!are!obstructed!by!façade!addition!what!reduces!glare!probability.! ! For! window! type! strategy! (case! 3E4E5)! case! 4! has! the! highest! DGP! from! back! view,! although! differences! among! the! three! windows! are! small! (23E27E26%).! However,! from! side! of! the! room,! differences!in!DGP!are!clearer.!Case!4!has!the!highest!glare!probability,!with!DGP!22%.!Case!3!and! 5!have!DGP!of!7%!and!14%!respectively.!! ! Splayed!reveal!(case!6)!has!the!same!DGP!as!orthogonal!surfaces!(case!5)!from!back!perspective! (Figure! 6).! Although! literature! states! that! this! solution! might! reduce! contrasts! and! glare! (Lechner,!2008)!(O’Connor!et!al.,!2003),!in!this!case,!it!is!not!that!effective.!From!side!view,!DGP! 10!

of! splayed! reveal! case! has! higher! glare! probability! than! case! 5.! This! might! be! explained! by! the! fact!that!splayed!surfaced!provide!larger!view!of!the!window,!and!thereby,!larger!outside!views.! ! Window!size!strategy!shows!small!deviations!among!results,!being!French!door!solution!(case!7)! slightly!higher!(27%!Vs!25%)!from!back!of!the!room!(Figure!6).!Then,!from!side!view,!tripleEpane! French!door!case!has!the!highest!DGP!and!tripleEpane!movedEup!case!the!lowest!one!(Figure!7).!! ! Finally,! balconies! with! brick! parapet! have! lower! glare! probability! than! with! glass! parapet.! The! DGP!difference!between!brick!and!glass!parapet!are!bigger!from!side!view,!where!balconies!with! brick! parapet! have! DGP! 6E7%! against! 14E15%! for! glass! parapet! (Figure! 7).! This! is! reasonable! because!opaque!parapet!obstructs!light!access!and!views.!

4.3

Luminance!!

! 1.'Dannebrog!

2.'Dannebrog'+'insulation!

3.'Dannebrog'+'storm'window!

4.'Double:pane'

5.'Triple:pane'

7.'Triple:pane'French'door'

8.'Triple:pane'height'

9.'Triple:pane'moved:up'

' !

6.'Triple:pane'+'splayed'reveal'

!! 11! !

10.'Triple:pane'French'door'+'1m' balcony'(brick)!

11.'Triple:pane'French'door'+'1.5m' balcony'(brick)!

12.'Triple:pane'French'door'+'2m' balcony'(brick)!

13.'Triple:pane'French'door'+'1m' balcony'(glass)'

14.'Triple:pane'French'door'+'1.5m' balcony'(glass)'

15.'Triple:pane'French'door'+'2m' balcony'(glass)'

' ' Table'5.'Luminance'pictures'from'side'of'the'room'for'all'room'cases.'

Luminance!levels!and!distribution!vary!along!room!cases.!It!is!observed!that!when!frames!section! is!reduced,!luminance!levels!on!window!reveal!increase!(case!1E2E3!against!4E5).!In!cases!where! the! window! has! two! leaves! (case! 1E2E3E4),! the! resulted! mullion! disturbs! light! distribution! especially!in!case!3.!! ! Splayed! reveal! (case! 6)! has! higher! luminance! than! with! orthogonal! surfaces! (case! 5).! Besides,! with! splayed! surfaces,! luminance! levels! of! window! wall! are! higher! than! in! any! of! the! other! strategies.!! ! On! the! other! hand,! pictures! show! that! position! variations! of! the! window! substantially! change! luminance!distribution!(case!7E8E9).!For!original!opening!position!(case!1E2E3E4E5),!the!brightest! room! surface! is! the! rear! wall.! Now,! with! new! window! positions,! floor! or! ceiling! surface! (depending!on!the!solution)!present!luminance!levels!as!high!as!the!wall!at!the!back.!TripleEpane! Fench!door!(case!7)!changes!luminance!performance!of!the!floor,!whereas,!tripleEpane!height!and! movedEup! (case! 8E9)! alter! luminance! of! the! ceiling.! Even! though,! French! door! is! bigger! than! window!in!case!8!and!9,!these!latter!two!get!high!values!deeper!into!the!ceiling!than!French!door! along!the!floor.!! ! Room! with! balconies! (case! 10! to! 15)! has! lower! luminance! levels! on! the! floor! than! tripleEpane! French! door! case.! This! is! because! of! balcony! obstruction! from! the! upper! floor.! Finally,! it! is! observed!that!vertical!surfaces!of!balcony!cases!are!as!bright!as!in!other!cases,!which!have!much! higher! daylight! levels! over! horizontal! working! plane! (case! 1E2E4E5E6E7E8E9).! This! indicates! that! light!levels!on!horizontal!plane!do!not!necessarily!behave!as!on!vertical!surfaces.! !

4.4

Illuminance!levels!(DF!and!CBDM)!

! As! part! of! the! results! comparison,! percentage! of! change! for! each! case! is! calculated! respect! to! corresponding! original! case! (Table! 4).! From! them! is! observed! that! percentage! of! change! is! not!

12!

the! same! for! all! metrics.! Change! for! surface! with! DF>2%,! meanDA! and! sDA! are! similar! to! each! other,!whereas,!DAcon!and!UDI!are!different!to!the!other!three,!but!alike!between!them.! ! This!correspondence!is!because!they!are!based!on!similar!thresholds.!Thus,!when!DAcon!and!UDI! undergo!the!biggest!variation,!it!indicates!that!the!change!is!mainly!on!illuminance!levels!bellow! 100E300! lux! (Table! 4! tripleEpane! +! splayed! reveal).! On! the! other! hand,! biggest! variations! on! %surf! DF>2%/meanDA/sDA! show! that! the! change! is! mainly! on! illuminance! levels! above! 200E 300!lux!(Table!4:!façade!thickness,!window!type,!window!size!and!balconies).!!

Conclusion!

! This! study! has! given! a! detailed! analysis! of! daylight! conditions! for! different! room! design! possibilities! in! a! building! with! historical! interest.! The! analysis! assesses! how! much! energy! improvements! affect! daylight! conditions! and! how! the! consequently! daylight! damage! can! be! offset!through!different!design!modifications!at!room!level.! ! It! was! found! that! façade! thickness! has! a! considerable! impact! on! daylight! conditions.! An! increment! of! 25! cm! entailed! an! illuminance! levels! reduction! of! 40E20%! depending! on! the! used! metrics.! Window! mullion! showed! a! big! effect! over! daylight! access.! By! removing! the! transom! frame!in!a!room!with!addition!of!new!façade!and!glazing!with!lower!light!transmittance,!daylight! levels!were!almost!as!high!as!the!levels!in!original!room.!So,!it!was!possible!to!get!initial!daylight! conditions!by!modification!of!frame!size,!but!without!changes!in!opening!size.!On!the!other!hand,! results!indicated!that!window!position!on!façade!wall!plays!a!key!role!in!daylight!performance.! The! position! variation! in! this! study! showed! an! influence! on! luminance! distribution.! Moreover,! the! case! where! the! window! is! moved! up! to! ceiling! exhibited! a! rise! of! 10E15%! in! horizontal! illuminance!levels.!This!rise!was!close!to!the!improvement!achieved!with!a!window!10%!bigger! (improvement!15E20%).!Finally,!the!analysis!in!this!paper!found!that!window!reveal!has!rather! large!influence!over!daylight!performance.!In!addition!to!providing!a!sense!of!openness,!splayed! reveal! can! increase! daylight! levels! in! the! space.! Results! with! splayed! reveal! displayed! 10E15%! higher!illuminance!values!than!conventional!window!reveal!(orthogonal!surfaces).! ! This! paper! has! assessed! the! potential! for! daylight! upgrade! in! protected! buildings.! The! investigation! manifests! that! it! is! possible! to! improve! room! daylight! performance! with! no! modifications! of! opening! size! or! slightly! modifications! of! window! size! and! proportions.! During! first!phase!of!a!retrofit!plan!it!is!important!to!know!daylight!conditions!of!the!space!before!any! intervention! and! estimate! the! improvement! needed! after! consideration! of! energy! retrofit! consequences.!This!work!contributes!to!construction!field!through!a!range!of!room!examples!that! can! serve! as! an! inspiration! to! experts,! owners! and! users! facing! retrofit! projects.! Besides,! this! study!facilitates!an!estimation!of!natural!light!levels!in!old!building!block!areas.!! ! There!is!a!wide!variety!of!buildings!and!room!conditions,!so!that!there!is!not!singular!and!unique! solution.! Nevertheless,! to! characterize! daylight! design! solutions! contributes! to! the! complex! knowledge!of!natural!light!that!will!bring!proper!and!high!quality!design!solutions.!

Future!Work!

! Daylight! analysis! developed! in! this! thesis! project! has! focused! in! the! most! disadvantaged! case! within!a!courtyard.!The!studied!rooms!are!located!at!first!floor,!at!the!side!of!the!façade!and!their! windows! are! facing! north.! In! the! first! study! in! this! thesis,! it! was! found! that! room! elements! variations! do! not! affect! in! the! same! way! to! all! building! levels.! Due! to! the! limited! time! of! the! project!the!second!approach,!“analysis!of!room!modifications”,!was!only!done!for!first!floor!level.! However,!the!study!of!daylight!potential!in!other!room!floors!would!be!interesting.!On!the!other! hand,! the! fact! that! the! room! is! located! at! an! interior! corner! of! the! courtyard! carried! out! some! geometry!limitations!with!balconies!strategy.!A!study!of!the!room!at!other!façade!locations!would! allow! deeper! balconies! analysis! and! assessment! of! the! room! elements! potential! in! a! space! less! influenced!by!exterior!surroundings.!Finally,!time!limits!did!not!let!the!analysis!of!other!window! !! 13! !

orientations! rather! than! north.! To! face! other! orientations! would! allow! room! analysis! with! the! influence! of! direct! sunlight.! Regarding! metrics! divergences,! scenarios! with! sunlight! would! also! show! the! expected! divergences! between! daylight! factor! and! climateEbased! metrics! that! did! not! occur!in!this!case.! ! During! this! thesis! investigation! there! have! been! certain! questions! about! daylighting! dwellings:! Which! are! the! adequate! illuminance! levels?! What! is! the! minimum! daylight! quantity! and! how! should! it! be! perceived?! Standards! and! recommendations! focus! mainly! in! office! spaces.! The! freedom! around! utility,! activity! and! layout! in! dwellings! has! probably! led! to! lack! of! daylighting! design! guidelines.! Consequently,! sometimes! apartment! spaces! end! up! being! designed! and! analyzed!as!office!spaces,!or!worse,!not!being!studied!in!terms!of!light.! ! Finally,!as!further!work,!it!would!be!interesting!to!include!some!budget!estimation!for!each!room! cases! to! include! an! additional! factor! that! may! help! userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s! to! take! the! approach! that! best! suits! their!interest.!

Supplementary!content! 2.'Dannebrog'+' insulation'

1.'Dannebrog' Daylight)Factor)[DF]

3.'Dannebrog'+'storm' window'

Daylight)Autonomy[DA] Daylight)Factor)[DF]

4.'Double:pane'

DF#=#2%

UDI)<100)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx UDI)<100)lx

DF#=#2%

UDI)100:2000)lx UDI)<100)lx

UDI)<100)lx

12.'Triple:pane'French' door'+'2m'balcony' (brick)' Daylight)Factor)[DF]

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

UDI)100:2000)lx UDI)<100)lx

DF#=#2%

Daylight)Factor)[DF] Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

DF#=#2%

Daylight)Factor)[DF] Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

13.'Triple:pane'French' door'+'1m'balcony' (glass)' Daylight)Autonomy[DA] '

UDI)100:2000)lx UDI)<100)lx

14.'Triple:pane'French' door'+'1.5m'balcony' (glass)'

DF#=#2%

UDI)100:2000)lx UDI)<100)lx

UDI)<100) UDI)100:2000)lx

Table'6.'DF'at'0.85m'from'floor'for'each'room'case'

UDI)100:2000)lx

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

DF#=#2%

UDI)100:2000)lx UDI)<100)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

DF#=#2%

UDI)<100)lx UDI)100:2000)lx

UDI)100:2000)lx

Daylight)Factor) Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

' 15.'Triple:pane'French' door'+'2m'balcony' (glass)'

Daylight)Factor)

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

UDI)<100)lx

DF#=#2%

UDI)<100)lx ' 10.'Triple:pane'French' door'+'1m'balcony' (brick)'

Daylight)Factor)

DF#=#2%

UDI)100:2000)lx UDI)<100)lx

9.'Triple:pane'moved: up'

8.'Triple:pane'height'

Daylight)Autonomy[DA] Daylight)Factor)[DF]

DF#=#2%

11.'Triple:pane'French' door'+'1.5m'balcony' (brick)' '

DF#=#2%

7.'Triple:pane'French' door'

Daylight)Factor)[DF]

Daylight)Factor)[DF] Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

DF#=#2%

6.'Triple:pane'+' splayed'reveal'

14!

5.'Triple:pane'

Daylight)Factor)[DF] Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA] Daylight)Factor)[DF]

Daylight)Autonomy[DA]

DF#=#2%

UDI)<100) UDI)10092000)

UDI)10092000)

DF#=#2%

UDI)<100)

UDI)10092000)

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16!