ABOUT Architect and Interior Designer Teaching assistant and independent professional. Disciplines: Architecture, Interior Design, and Urbanism. Specialties: Collective Housing, Landscape, Environment, Sustainability and Risk management. Activities: design, teaching, and research. Interdisciplinary teamwork and collaborative projects. Professional profile: proactive and creative. My advanced studies in the Master in Collective Housing allow me to expand my expertise and broaden my knowledge in housing. In this sense I could strengthen my design and teamwork skills in the architecture scale, focused specifically on collective housing. And also along the master course I found that the relation between urban design and architecture and the importance of public spaces in relation to building design was a common theme approach that guided most of my work, and in the future I would like to continue developing the design approach from the interrelation of architecture and urban scale, specially in the join of those inbetween spaces where public and private and outside and inside spaces come together.
CONTENTS Introduction Master in Collective Housing
Unité de Cité Urban Design & Housing Theory
Refurbishing old Dunkirk Anne Lacaton Workshop
Timeless Artefact Hrvoje Njiriç Workshop
Volume, Core, Envelope Dietmar Eberle Workshop
High Rise Building in Zürich Patrick Gmür Workshop
Fifteen metres Andrea Deplazes Workshop
Communal Nest Montaner & Muxi Workshop
Swamps Borders Low Cost & Emergency Housing
Housing in Makeni Anna Heringer Workshop
Matryoshka Energy & Sustainability
Polar Bear Construction & Technology
Designing a landscape project Urban Design & Housing Theory
Which is the smartest way of moving in the city to come? City Sciences
4 6 20 32 42 50 58 68 76 80 86 98 112 114
3
C&T
E&S
UDHT
Connection between modules
Sustainability
Topic
Housing and new ways of living
DNK
month 3
María Amado Mannise Marta Juliana Blanca Guillén Marcela Valerio María Amado Mannise Taís de Moraes Alves María Amado Mannise
Taís De Moraes Alves Gonzalo Lozano Arce María Amado Mannise María Amado Mannise Gonzalo Lozano Arce María Amado Mannise
María Amado Mannise
month 2
month 1
María Amado Mannise
María Amado Mannise María Eizayaga María Alejandra Peláez Marcela Valerio
0 - opening
Urban Design
Master in Collective Housing
María Amado Mannise Natalia Sato María Alejandra Peláez
MAD
Landscape
AL
LCEH
CS
AH
4
CS
MM
CS
AD
HP
#
# #
Spot or highlight
Specialty Seminar
Workshop
María Amado Mannise Óscar Gilbert Mauricio Méndez Wiesner
AH - Anna Heringer AD- Andrea Deplazes AG- Annette Gigon AL- Anne Lacaton BMIA- Business Management and International Activity C&T- Construction and Technology CS- City Sciences DE-Dietmar Eberle DNK- Dunkirk Study trip E&S- Energy and Sustainability FP- Final Portfolio HN- Hrvoje Njiric HP- Housing Project LC- Leed Certification LCEH- Low Cost and Emergency Housing LSC- Landscape module MAD- Madrid Study Trip MM- Josep Maria Montaner and Zaida Muxí PG- Patrick Gmür SEP- Sociology, Economy and Politics UDHT- Urban Design and Housing Theory ZRH- Zürich Study trip
CS
DE
BMIA CS
UDHT
AD
LSC HP
Master UPM/ETH in Advanced Studies in Collective Housing From January to July 2017 60 ECTS - 600 hours Alumni: 16 students from Europe, Asia and Latin America. Professionals from all nations who have demonstrated a high professional level are trained in city dwelling specialties, learning new design strategies with an extremely practical approach and increasing their knowledge in the different specialization fields.
María Amado Mannise
LC María Amado Mannise Óscar Gilbert Mauricio Méndez Wiesner
María Amado Mannise Gonzalo Lozano Arce María Amado Mannise
month 6
Taís De Moraes Alves Gonzalo Lozano Arce María Amado Mannise
Gonzalo Lozano Arce María Amado Mannise
María Amado Mannise
Gonzalo Lozano Arce María Amado Mannise
Taís De Moraes Alves Gonzalo Lozano Arce María Amado Mannise
Gonzalo Lozano Arce María Amado Mannise Marta Juliana Arman Amin María Amado Mannise
María Amado Mannise
Gonzalo Lozano Arce María Amado Mannise
Georges El Hachem María Amado Mannise
Taís De Moraes Alves Gonzalo Lozano Arce María Amado Mannise
MAD
month 5
month 4
María Amado Mannise Taís De Moraes Alves Gonzalo Lozano Arce María Amado Mannise María Amado Mannise
HN
PG
ZRH
Gonzalo Lozano Arce María Amado Mannise
BMIA
CS
SEP
C&T
CS
SEP
LSC
month 7
UDHT
AL
FP
María Amado Mannise María Eizayaga Óscar Rodríguez Arman Amin
AG
CS
María Amado Mannise María Amado Mannise
C&T
C&T
Gonzalo Lozano Arce María Amado Mannise Marta Juliana Arman Amin María Amado Mannise María Amado Mannise Óscar Rodríguez Perales
HP
UDHT
C&T
María Amado Mannise
UDHT
Co-director UPM and founder José María de Lapuerta Chair of the Design Studio Department Polytechnic University of Madrid, ETSAM Co-director ETH Andrea Deplazes MCH: MAS UPM/ETH in Collective Housing Chair for Architecture and Construction Avda. Juan de Herrera, 4 28040 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid Office: +34 913 364 222 Manager: +34 678 672 773 Management team info@mchmaster.com Management: Rosario Segado. www.mchmaster.com Secretary: María José Manga. 5
Specialty Seminar Urban Design and Housing Theory Credits: 4.5 ECTS Leader Professor Vittorio M. Lampugnani Professors Bernardo Ynzenga, Carmen Espegel, and GinĂŠs Garrido Work Team Gonzalo Lozano Arce and MarĂa Amado Mannise Project Location Madrid |Spain
Urban Design & Housing Theory
UNITÉ DE CITÉ “The aim of the course is to train young architects in urban design: an urban design that is considered an autonomous discipline, but tightly connected with architecture. Its theoretical, social, political, technical and economical implications will be considered, but urban design will be treated, finally, as the art of creating good spaces for urban human beings (…) The modern city is the addition, sometimes even the collage of very different urban parts: its quarters or neighborhoods. They belong to the city organism as a whole, but have their own character and a partial functional and social autonomy. The quality of the city depends almost exclusively on the quality of its quarters.. (…) Today, while suburbia is spreading around our cities and one estate after the other is built, we seem to have lost the capability of creating new urban quarters with an own character. (…) We will ask ourselves, what an urban quarter is made of, and produce some exemplary answers: as theories, but also and above all as projects.” (MCH, 2017).
7
Density
Vertical city - Hiperdensity
Sprawl city - low density
8
UnitĂŠ de CitĂŠ
-Do you like the countryside?
MADRID OPEN #cross #connect
-I say I didn´t know, maybe not, I thought. -Do you prefer the town? -Quite frankly, I don´t think I prefer the town, either. The woman began to lose patience. Christiane Rochefort, Les petits enfants du siècle (1961), Bernard Grasset, Paris, 1994
It is a design of a new quarter whose image and urbanization logics break with the existent context, visually connecting with Casa de Campo and Cuatro Torres business district in search of a green hyperdensity. The architectural form will dissolve into the fluid spatial movements between air, wind, and light, where nature reincorporates into the high-density urban environment. The project will propose large territorial networks of urban infrastructure bringing existing natural environments into a relationship with new agricultural and industrial landscape.
“Infrastructure works not so much to propose specific buildings on given site, but to construct the site itself. Infrastructures are flexible and anticipatory. Infrastructures work recognizes the collective nature of the city. Although static in and of themselves, infrastructures organize and manage complex systems of flow, movement, and exchange. Infrastructural systems work like artificial ecologies. ” Allen, S. (1997). Infrastructural urbanism. Cambridge, MA: Journal of Architecture: Scroppe 9.
narratives, which reveals the identity of the place.
Landscape as a dynamic process capable to creates events rather than static images. Landscape as an artificial nature that creates or highlights the
Waldheim, Charles (2002) Landscape Urbanism: a Genealogy. Praxis 4, Journal of Writing + Building, 10-17.
“Landscape is a medium, as has been recalled by Corner, Allen and others, uniquely capable of temporal change, transformation, adaptation, and succession. These qualities recommend landscape as an analogue to contemporary processes of urbanization and as a medium uniquely suited to the open-endedness, indeterminacy, and change demanded by contemporary urban conditions.”
LANDSCAPE #narrative #process #infrastructure
9
Program: strips and bands
10 Unité de Cité
11
12 Unité de Cité
VIEWPOINTS: FRAGMENTED PLATFORMS + USES In the relationship with Casa de Campo, the band is disolved, fitting with the nature and historical preexistances. This light structures are conceived as fractals of UNITÉ de CITÉ
LANDSCAPE: UNITÉ DE CITE MEETS CASA DE CAMPO The native vegetation of the area is related with the historical points along Casa de Campo, as well as the height of the trees, in order to design a new experience of Madrid´s landscape
13
0
14 Unité de Cité
50
100m
15
16 Unité de Cité
17
High-rise residential building Access Floor Plan
High-rise residential building Regular Floor Plan
18 UnitĂŠ de CitĂŠ
0
5
10m
19
Workshop Anne Lacaton Duration: 6 days Workshop Leader Anne Lacaton Workshop Assistant Diego García-Setién Work Team Oscar Gilbert, Mauricio Mendez Wiesner, and María Amado Mannise Project Location Dunkirk | France 20
Anne Lacaton Workshop
REFURBISHING OLD DUNKIRK The workshop proposes working around the FRAC’s neighborhood in Dunkirk’s harbor and surrounded by the sea, a former industrial site, which was mostly dismantled in the 80’s. The main goal of the project is “to set a strategy of densification, providing a better use for the unused land, filling and infiltrating the voids, developing mixed-use programs and open structures that could offer spaces for housing and other activities for public use. As a sole given rule, we will assume that every existing building still in use or reusable, should be kept. The workshop topic emphasizes on the optimal conditions to live in the city, in a public space, in the neighborhood, in collective space, with the close community, in the individual space. The city should provide exceptional quality of life by offering a large range of facilities, proximities, and pleasures, as well as a large variety of typologies to fit with different needs, expectations and ways of life. (…) It is about the feelings, the perception, and the movement in a space, from a space to another one. It means that the point of view is always from inside the situation out. (…) The goal is not to produce a project, but a series of fragments, which altogether makes a project, in the sense of a coherent proposition” (MCH, 2017) 21
Dunkirk: city center street
Industrial landscape has for long been part of the coastline of Dunkirk, it is part of its character and historical memory. In an urban plan, where regeneration of this zones is studied, this already existing character should not be erased, but refurbished and appropriated as a structure where opportunities for living the urban landscape could be enabled, where urban life could bloom. Refurbishment and reuse of infrastructure by creating street spaces, a public space which connects industrial landscape with urban life. In this sense, the project proposes the activation of the industrial area by refurbishing the old abandon warehouses in Dunkirk´s harbor and by the sea. The industrial infrastructure is transformed, opened, crossed, perforated, hollow, and refilled with new structures, creating a new covered mixed use public space. The recreation of the old streets of Dunkirk reconnects differents fragments of the city creating a sequence of images, a contemporary urban life for a contemporary city.
22 Refurbrishing old Dunkirk
Fond Régional d’Art Contemporain
23
Sports and Leisure: swimming pool
24 Refurbrishing old Dunkirk
Sports and Leisure: ice skating rink
25
Leisure and Housing: the garden
26 Refurbrishing old Dunkirk
Leisure and Housing: the plaza
27
Mix use and Housing
28 Refurbrishing old Dunkirk
Mix use and Housing
29
Intimate Spaces
The domestic space with a strong relationship with industrial and natural landscape. The flexibility allows different configuration and uses during the day
30 Refurbrishing old Dunkirk
31
Workshop Show your Disney side Temporary Housing in the Diocletian Palace in Split Duration: 5 days Workshop Leader Hrvoje Njiriç Workshop Assistant Nieves Mestre Work Team Oscar Rodriguez and María Amado Mannise Project Location Split | Croatia
Hrvoje Njiriç Workshop
TIMELESS ARTIFACT “«Show your Disney side» suggests instant amusement, benign playfulness, innocent morality, the disclosure of subliminal and surrender to the childish in you. However, studies show that Disney world reveals a number of contradictory aspects, some of them quite opposite to the well known and so many loved ideals of the perfect world of hope and joy. The task of this educational unit is to propose a temporary housing layout for the southeastern quadrant of the Diocletian’s Palace in Split, Croatia. In this ancient, 17 centuries old palace/city a contemporary intervention should be extremely well portioned and subtle. As the palace is threatened to become a disneyfied theme park itself, devoid of real life and work, Disney-related strategies and counterstrategies should be applied and demonstrated. Finally, a sustainable solution should be considered and driven by exceptional respect towards the historic surroundings. The assignment is three-fold: to place the housing stock in a highly articulated historical heritage, to conceptualize the houses and their adjacent public space with Disney in mind and to figure out a sustainable design” (MCH, 2017) 33
Disneyfied aspects from the early steps of the project
FLUFFY Disney fluffy soft environment expressing a frivolous happiness. A light and soft element containing air. The wall becomes fluffy, gets empty. It is refilled and reshaped with living space
34
“SEXUAL” HARASSMENT Constantly interventions on heritage buildings. Arguably and unapproved but “acceptable”? The invasion of intimate spaces and public spaces. The pressure applies from one to the other.
HISTORICAL INACCURACIES From Diocletian Palace Roman arch (III y IV d. C) to contemporary intervention based on the relationship between mass and voids, public and private, built and unbuilt as the Nolli figure ground Rome map (1748). Past, Present and Future creates the atmosphere of the Palace. Going back and going forward simultaneously in inaccurate ways.
EXAGGERATING THINNESS The thinness of the tour in different parts o f the walking space can determine the different emotions while people are walking. It changes dramatically in order to create an identity and produce a variety of sensations in the process. It works in time.
LIGHTING vs DARKNESS The contrast between light and dark is always present in order to provoke emotions. In the urban tissue, it is possible to recreate this contrast, provoking suspense, fear, calm and security during the walkable experience of public space.
SURPRISE EVERYWHERE | FANTASY The surprise and fantasy are the main issues in Disney Parks. In urban terms the apparition of new unexpected spaces to provoke surprise and new experiences. The experience of walking becomes discovering hidden elements throughout the path.
Timeless artifact
New temporary housing as evidence of the time. Past, present, and future co-exist and overlap.
35
Constraint and expansion of the space.Working with lighting and darkness to provoke different emotions through the path.
36
Timeless artifact
New temporary housing as an artifact made of a combination of pieces and addition of different gadgets.
37
Diocletian Palace in Split
New buildings from scratch (no pre-exitences)
Buildings with pre-existences 0
38
Timeless artifact
10
20m
39
Modules, typologies and typical plans
40
Timeless artifact
41
Workshop Volume, core and envelope Duration: 5 days Workshop Leader Dietmar Eberle Workshop Assistant Gustavo Rojas Individual work MarĂa Amado Mannise Project Location Madrid | Spain
Dietmar Eberle Workshop
VOLUME, CORE, ENVELOPE “Dietmar Eberle proposed MCH 2017 participants to work during his one-week workshop in three different plots, working individually and changing the site each journey. Each day had a different focus: volume, core, and envelope, a method, which generated 3 sets of 16 models only in the first three days. On the last day, each participant chose a plot a developed his/her favorite project for the final presentation. How much does a building last? How much should it last? What would our building be when time passes by? Architecture is always public and that implies a responsibility that should make us think in a time horizon in which our buildings would change and their success would depend on the resilience it has. Thus arises a method to project that focuses on those elements that determine its later adaptations. These are the relationship with the surroundings; structure and core location; the envelope and its relationship with the street and the comfort it provides.” (MCH, 2017) “So, it’s always a relation of being very simple and very direct on one side and being very complex and very open on the other side.” (Eberle, MCH 2017)
43
Volume: urban relations
Architecture as a document of the time, and designed to the future. Sustainable architecture that lasts at the time. The program changes through the time but the building remains. So, it is proposing a long-lasting building that makes a contribution to the people and the urban space surrounding.
44 Volume, core, envelope
45
Core: structure The vertical structure is organized creating an open building that allows multiple configurations and uses.
100m²
60m²
Circulation core and housing distribution
88m²
60m²
3 dwellings per floor 3.5 rooms/3 rooms/2 rooms
3 dwellings per floor 4 rooms /3 rooms /1 room studio
100m²
42m²
45m²
1 dwelling per floor 6 rooms penthouse 46 Volume, core, envelope
45m²
3 dwellings per floor 4 rooms and two dwellings of 2 rooms
100m²
190m²
30m²
90m²
2 dwellings per floor 4 rooms and 3.5 rooms
6.4
3.7
6.3
3.7 6.2 7.1
Ground Floor Plan
6.4
3.7
6.3
3.7
Regular Floor Plan
6.2 7.1
0
1
5m
47
Envelope
The design of the envelope considered the identity of the urban context, the local climate, and technology. The vertical composititon with subtle movements incorporates features of the historic architecture context but in a contemporary key.
Thermal brick finished with plaster
48 Volume, core, envelope
49
Workshop Brainstorming ideas for a residential high-rise Duration: 5 days Workshop Leader Patrick Gmür Workshop Assistant Rosario Segado Work Team Georges El Hachem and María Amado Mannise Project Location Zürich | Switzerland
Patrick Gmür Workshop
HIGH-RISE HOUSING “Being in the business of design requires architects to have a highly developed spatial awareness, and this ability is particularly important when it comes to creating cost-effective residential high-rises. The objectives of this workshop are to discuss requirements specific to cost-effective high-rise accommodation (such as optimized central services cores and economical floor plans for apartments), to design new and independent solutions, and to implement the municipal spatial planning program sustainably and with a minimum of resources. The task to be addressed in this workshop: is to design a high-rise residential block with a maximum height of 60 meters.The priority here is to provide efficient access to six to ten apartments per floor. This building core will consist of a pressure-ventilated emergency stairwell, an emergency services lift, and a residents’ elevator, and will also contribute the necessary bracing for the high-rise structure. The apartments are to be arranged around the core with a view to creating a simple building shape.Affordable living space is in short supply in most of the world’s cities today. Residential high-rises will be able to support the social and political drive for affordable housing only if they can be built efficiently and cost-effectively; space-saving apartment floor plans are thus highly topical.” (MCH, 2017) 51
Site Location
ZĂźrich Leutschenbach
52 High-rise housing
The shape
Quality green spaces are introduced in the middle of the section by taking blocks of apartments from levels 8th to 11th and 15th to18th. The removed apartments are placed on the upper floors, in relation with rooftop gardens.Green spaces with collective services on each floor, generate cross ventilation and spatial continuity.
53
Core, services and dwellings
1
2
3
4
5
A
B
4RU 96m²
3RU 48m² 3RU 48m² 1RU 30m²
2.5RU 69m²
C
laundry
1RU 30m²
2.5RU 69m²
laundry
D
1RU 30m²
1RU 30m²
1RU 30m²
3RU 48m² 3RU 48m²
E
1RU 30m² 4RU 96m²
F
Circulation core and services distribution
1st - 7th floor 8 units per floor - 56 units Total housing surface per floor 460m²
11th - 14th floor 6 units per floor - 42 units Total housing surface per floor 460m²
3RU 48m² 3RU 48m² 1RU 30m² Garden
laundry
4RU 96m²
1RU 30m² laundry
Garden
1RU 30m²
laundry
1RU 30m²
3.5RU 80m²
Cross ventilation and space continuity
1RU 30m²
2.5RU 69m²
1RU 30m² 4RU 96m²
8th - 10th floor and 15th -17 th 6 units per floor - 36 units Total housing surface per floor 460m²
18th - 20th floor 6 units per floor -18 units Total housing surface per floor 460m²
penthouse 71m²
Penthouse 135m²
Penthouse 135m²
21st floor 3 units per floor Total housing surface per floor 389m²
54 High-rise housing
Penthouse 135m²
Penthouse 135m²
22nd floor 2 units per floor Total housing surface per floor 170m²
Penthouse 135m²
23rd floor 1 unit per floor Total housing surface per floor 135m²
Regular Floor Plans 1
2
3
4
5
5.0
A
5.0
B
3.6
C
5.0
D
5.0
E
Type A
F 5.0 1
7.5 2
7.5 3
5.0 4
5
Standard Plan Typo A - esc 1:200
0
5
5.0
A
10m
5.0
B
3.8
C
5.0
D
5.0
E
F
Type B
5.0
7.5
7.5
5.0 0
5
10m 55
Standard Plan Typo B - esc 1:200
Green Spaces
1
2
3
4
5
5.0
A
5.0
B
3.8
C
5.0
D
5.0
E
Garden floor plan
F 5.0 1
7.5 2
7.5 3
5.0 4
5
Garden Plan - esc 1:200
0
5
5.0
A
10m
5.0
B
3.8
C
5.0
D
5.0
E
Garden rooftop plan F 5.0
7.5
7.5
5.0 0
5
56 High-rise housing
Roof Plan - esc 1:200
0
5
10m
10m
Ground floor plan
Ground Floor Plan - esc 1:200
00
55
10m 10m
57
Workshop Depth Studies Duration: 5 days Workshop Leader Andrea Deplazes Workshop Assistant Fernando Altozano Individual work MarĂa Amado Mannise Project Location MalmĂś | Sweden & Montevideo | Uruguay
Andrea Deplazes Workshop
FIFTEEN METRES “What does it mean having a building depth of 6 metres? And what if they were 28 metres? How does a dwelling vary if it has different building depth but the same amount of squared metres? As if it was a typological catalogue, participants will analyze the implications that having one or another building depth would have for a dwelling. Which qualities regarding circulation, access, sunlight, ventilation, facilities location, and intimacy has a dwelling according to its depth. Identifying the strengths of each case and its problems would be the first step to make in this laboratory, so that it is possible to propose a conceptual approach according to it, afterward.�(MCH, 2017)
59
Two site locations The design strategies proposed for a 15 metres depth building are applied in two different locations with different urban contexts: Malmö in Sweden, Montevideo in Uruguay. In response to this two urban contexts, the project proposes different typologies, and as a result different ways of living in relation to the urban space.
MALMÖ | MMA | Sweden
The project is situated in a new environmentally conscious district developed in Western Harbour Malmö, which in the recent years the municipality has transformed the former polluted industrial neighborhood in a eco mixed used district, based on sustainability principles. The design of the housing building incorporates the strategy of open the middle of the span and introduce daylighting spaces by creating a street. The proximity of other housing buildings and the scale of the urban design creates an intimate atmosphere of the quarter. That intimacy is considered in the typology organization by a sort of Kitchen loggia in the middle of the “housing street” This organization enhances the interaction between residents, mixing individual and collective, private and public. MONTEVIDEO | MVD | Uruguay
The building is implanted in the densest neighborhood of Montevideo, near the beach. A mixed used neighborhood with high-rise buildings. In particular, in this area, the high rise buildings are combined with semi detached houses and medium high buildings. The singularity of this site is that the dense quarter is also traduced in important flows of circulation nearby because of the existence in the surroundings of collective facilities (sports centers, school, and kinder garden) and commerce (small shops and supermarkets). In this point where the building is located, there are two dead-end streets with an important amount of flows and with the necessity to connect each other. This site is the point of connection between them. Now, in these plots exist small shop, open-air parking, that people use for going through. In this terms, the intervention in this dense area and in this site, must accommodate this flows and create a high-quality urban space for connection, while responding to an important housing demand. 60 Fifteen metres
dark zone
Strategy
3m
6-7m
6-7m 15m
Dark zone in the middle
Cr
Typologies organization
MALMÖ | MMA
4RU 110m² loggia 18m²
Dark zone in the middle Access Rooms MONTEVIDEO | MVD Loggia Kitchen kitchen loggia Vertical Circulation Bathroom
Open the depth
li
Cross & Connect
Gr
4RU 110m² loggia 15m²
4RU 110m² loggia 18m² 3RU 90m² loggia 15m²
Open the depth
ligth zone in the middle
Access Kitchen kitchen loggia Bathroom
Rooms Loggia Vertical Circulation Green Space in the middle 61
Ground Floor Plan
MMA 0 62 Fifteen metres
5
10m
MVD 63
10m
0
64 Fifteen metres
5
10m 1.4
4.3 8.8
9.0 6.5 9.0
9.0 4.3 1.3
63.0
4.5
4.6
4.5 1.4
4.3 9.0
9.0 6.5
9.0
8.8 4.3
1.4
4.5
4.6
3.2
11.5
6.8
3.6
3.8
4.6
4.5
5.6
11.5
3.2
5 6.8
0
3.6
Regular Floor Plan 15.0 5.6
MMA
9.0
5 6.8 7.5
4.5
0
3.9
3.7 11.2
9.0 10.3
9.0
11.2
3.7
4.5
63.0
3.7
11.2
9.0 10.3
9.0
11.2
3.7
4.5 7.5 9.0
6.8 3.9
3.8
4.7
5.6 15.0
5.6
10m
MVD
65
Longitudinal Section
South west facade
0
0
66 Fifteen metres
5
10m
MMA
5
10m
Longitudinal Section
0
5
10m
MVD 67
Workshop Co-Housing in Barcelona Duration: 5 days Workshop Leader Josep María Montaner and Zaida Muxí Workshop Assistant Daniela Arias Laurino Work Team María Alejandra Peláez, Natalia Sato and María Amado Mannise Project Location Barcelona | Spain
Montaner & Muxi Workshop
COMMUNAL NEST “The aim of the course is reflecting and designing for the changing conditions of living in contemporary cities. Barcelona is changing the housing law to adapt it to new times, for that is including a new typology in Spain: Cohousing Cohousing is an intentional community of homes clustered around shared spaces. Shared spaces usually feature a common house or space, which may include kitchen and dining area, laundry, co-working areas, spaces for children care and recreational spaces. Cohousing cultivates a culture of sharing and caring, promoting frequent interaction and close relationships. Cohousing neighborhoods are designed for privacy as well as the community, residents get to choose their level of engagement thus balancing privacy and community how they see it according to their lifestyle. Cohousing makes easy to form clubs or associations for making an easier living like organize child and elder care and car-sharing. In the same way, the culture of the common generates spaces for occupational and economic activities. The final presentation consists in: description of social characteristics of coop-inhabitants; urban solution referred to urban context and environmental conditions; building definitions and typologies.� (MCH, 2017) 69
Communal Nest: People co-operate within a communal net to achieve a communal good.
Who?
Knowledge and experience Teaching and caring
Increase income
Young family with children
Single parent
Step Family support
Young couple (will start a family within 1/2 years)
Enjoyable moments
What?
Children caring
How? Family
Elderly
• Caring: children, elderly and young • Co-working space • Sharing food and cooking • Sharing transport: Car+Bicycle+ Minibus • Social activities • Growing food eg.vegetable garden • Communal Loundry
Young
Why? Stay at home mothers. Arrange number of hours per week spent on: Housework
24
Child care (age 0-5)
25
Leisure Sleep
27 63
Data: Pew research center analysis of 2003-2012 American Time use survey
70 Communal nest
Mothers, nowadays, have many chores to do, since the housekeeping, child care and work. Having a place where they can share the chores between the other neighbors will provide more leisure hours and more quality of life. The neighbors can help cooking some meals, taking the children to the school and even looking after the children while they are not present. It is a cooperative relationship between the dwellers in the building.They can work, take care of their child and have time to dedicate in themselves.
Where?
ROOFTOP FLOOR
Growing food orchard and garden Co-laundry
1st to 5th FLOOR
Children and teenager space
GROUND FLOOR
Patio: leisure outdoor space Co-kitchen: sharing food and cooking Co-working space Multi use space: caring space Co-parking: car sharing
71
DEGREE OF PRIVACY
-
Ground Floor
1st - 5th Floor
+
Rooftop Floor
Poblenou - Barcelona
72 Communal nest
0 10 25
50
0
100 25
50m
hall 1st - 5th Floor
Rooftop floor
Level 5
Level 43
Level 2
Level 1
Ground floor
0
5
10m
0 1 2,5
5
10 m 73
Regular floor plan
0 1
5
2, 5 10 m
Ground floor plan
IA
O ED
NC
DE
L VA
PR
C TI
ES
C EN
A
AN
Hall Multiple use space Children care
Communal Kitchen
Co- working space
storage
0 74 Communal nest
5
5m
TYPE 1
TYPE 2
Family with children 72 m² - max 3 bedrooms Total= 4 dwellings
Young couple (starting a familiy in 1 - 2 years) 61 m² - max 2 bedrooms Total= 5 dwellings
TYPE 3 Single parent familiy 55 m² - max 2 bedrooms Total =5 dwellings
TYPE 4
0 1 2,5
5
Family with children 64 m² - max 3 bedrooms Total=5 dwellings
0
10 m
2.5
5m 75
Specialty Seminar Low Cost and Emergency Housing Credits: 4.0 ECTS Leader Professor BelĂŠn Gesto Assistant Professor Luis Perea Work Team Blanca Guillen, Marta Juliana, Marcela Valerio, and MarĂa Amado Mannise Project Location Makeni |Sierra Leone
Low Cost & Emergency Housing
SWAMPS BORDERS “Three-fourths of the world’s dwellings have been built without the presence of an architect or under any normative rule. This specialty seminar analyses the essential shelter conditions under emergency conditions. Housing and basic habitability play a central role in reaching basic levels of human development. Based on a case study approach, customs and rules capable of generating an urban environment will be withdrawn. Likewise, a specific case will be developed under real circumstances. The work proposed is located in Makeni, Sierra Leona, where ICHaB hast collaborated with the San PabloCEU University, who has been working for several years with UNIMAK University, as well as the municipality in order to develop an urban planning for the city. Makeni has to deal with problems related to informal settlements, infrastructures privation, slums, new growths, low-cost urbanization and housing strategies.”(MCH, 2017)
77
Define the swamps borders creating a buffer zone with a green public space with a light infrastructure to enhance the accessibility, preserve their natural qualities and creates a new urban landscape. Relocate houses located in swamp border, in risk zone of flood and densifying in void spaces in the center of the city with new housing to densify the residential area, in order to stop the rapid expansion of the city. Creation of new Infrastructure and reuse of existing buildings to create public equipment. Define pedestrian path inside the blocks improving the accessibility to the swamps.
Intervention area
78 Swamps borders
Urban consolidation
Densification
Housing with possibility of future expansion and different relationship between housing and exterior spaces. Design using low cost and local technologies:
+ Load-bearing walls of compress earth block (machine) + Roof: Wood structure cover with bamboo + Ceiling of natural weaving palma
79
Workshop Clay Storming Duration: 5 days Workshop Leader Anna Heringer Workshop Assistant Belén Gesto Work Team María Eizayaga, María Alejandra Peláez, Marcela Valerio, and María Amado Mannise Project Location Makeni | Sierra Leone
Anna Heringer Workshop
HOUSING IN MAKENI “The method Clay-storming“, developed with Martin Rauch, was used at MCH. This is a more intuitive approach to building and designing. It is probably a lot the question of materiality and the process of building, that’s why a part of the workshop deals with earth architecture (how to build with earth), but a big part is an intuitive and emotional search for quality of spaces. It’s about avoiding the difference in designing for poor countries or for rich – since inhabitants in Europe or richer parts of the world have no rights to consume more resources than those living in poor countries, just because they can afford it. So it is about philosophical discussions around sustainability and housing, a training of common sense logic, but less analyzing. The workshop starts working with the clay in a more abstract way to get a feeling for that material (free shapes and fantasy houses), just to get the creativity in flow and to learn a bit the techniques and then gradually scale up to free urban patterns. During the second day, an emotional research is done to find out which are the spaces that participants liked when they were between 5 - 9 years old. These experiences are often rather archaic, and more or less very similar - no matter which cultural context we talk about. During the third day, free clay works are done. Just at the fourth day, information about the site and technical information about earth architecture are given. On the fifth day, presentations take place around the working models, including sketches, floor plans, sections, ideas, collages… which represent the architectonical spaces resulting.”(MCH, 2017) 81
Manifesto
access
duplex
one floor
day
night
services
Nowadays, it´s essential to think of architecture in terms of cultural, ecological and social consciousness. Urban and building design must consider the local culture, as being aware of particular characteristics of the society where the architecture is conceived. Architecture must be in harmony with its environment and reduce the impact on natural resources. Regarding social consciousness, the urban planning, the public space design, and the housing design play a fundamental role in promoting social inclusion and equality. A comprehensive and integrated design, considering all the scales (urban scale, building scale, and interior scale) it could be an important instrument to enhance peoples quality of life.
Working with clay
orchards
site vegetation
access
Schemes with the distribution of the housing in Makeni access
82 Housing in Makeni
duplex
one floor
83
84 Housing in Makeni
85
Specialty Seminar Energy & Sustainability Credits: 4.5 ECTS Leader Professor Javier García-Germán Work Team Taís De Moraes Alves, and María Amado Mannise Project Location Moscow | Russia
Energy & Sustainability
MATRYOSHKA “From a practical and project-oriented stand point, the module focuses on connecting thermodynamics and ecology to architecture with the objective of finding potential design strategies which bridge the void between quantitative and qualitative approaches. Contrary to current energy approaches to architecture which are based on quantitative analysis, the module bridges the gulf between energy and architecture, exploring those disciplinary parameters —such as spatial and material structure, program or perception— which are specifically connected to its material and atmospheric performativity. The seminar focuses on three fields of inquiry: the first part explores the metabolic-logistical dimension of architecture, the second part the atmospheric-climatic approach to architecture, and the third topic unpacks the durability and adaptation of building usage in time.” (MCH, 2017).
87
Climate data: Moscow
PSYCOROMETRIC CHART (January through December)
88 Matryoshka
External Mass
MASS | SHAPE
Adaptation of the cube.
SOLAR RADIATION
Building orientation for gain solar radiation.
VENTILATION
Building orientation to benefit from most frequent and strongest winds in summer.
Compactness to minimize heating loss.
Increase of solar exposure to the southwest direction
Tilted surface to create chimney effect and an increase in surface for southwest facade.
Glass box to maximize the gain of solar radiation.
Increase of surface of southwest facade.
Open volume in summer and closed volume in winter and mid seasons.
89
Thermodynamic Strategies
90 Matryoshka
91
Internal Space and materiality
VENTILATION
GREEN SPACE
POROSITY
Isolated units for cross ventilation in summer night. Second Layer shape benefits from most frequent and strongest winds in summer.
LAYERING SEASONAL LIVING
92 Matryoshka
Insulated Capsules made of concrete - therAn indoor forest of Birch. Deciduous tree.
mal mass with small openings for ventilation.
Section
0
5
10m
93
Regular Floor Plan
0
94 Matryoshka
1
5
10m
Units: dwellings
0
1
2.5
5m
95
Atmosphere
96 Matryoshka
97
Specialty Seminar Construction & Technology Credits: 4.5 ECTS Leader Professor Ignacio Fernández Solla Assistant Professors Diego García Setién, David Rutter, and Archie Campbell Work Team Gonzalo Lozano Arce, Taís De Moraes Alves, and María Amado Mannise Project Location Jyväskylä |Finland
Construction & Technology
POLAR BEAR “The aim of this course is to analyze the building as a physical system within the technical and integration systems in the design process; (…)to understand buildings as entities based on the interplay of three physical realms: structure, envelope, and services, connected by one technique: industrialization. The design is not possible without construction, and viceversa, if our buildings are supposed to be real architecture. (…) a culture of construction beside their evolving culture of design. Students, working in teams of three, are invited to develop their proposal for a housing project in detail as the module progresses. Every team is invited to select a project from the collective housing projects published by Archdaily along the year 2011. The rule for selection is to go for a medium-sized building, neither too big nor too small. Teams are free to slightly modify the project in accordance with a virtual location, different from the real one. Please do not modify the architectural volume or its distribution, since that is not relevant for this module. The intention is to have a basic container that will be “re-redesigned” by the team in terms of building envelope, industrialization techniques, structure, and services.” (MCH, 2017) 99
Site Location
Jyväskylä is the 7th largest Finnish city and municipality located in Central Finland. By March of 2016, it had a population of 137.392 inhabitants and it has been growing very fast, over 1000 inhabitants each year. Jyväskylä is a business city which its areas of expertise include information and communications technology, energy and environmental technologies, wellness technology, and nanotechnology. In fact, there are 700 startup companies each year. Jyväskylä combines modern urban area with the Finnish nature.
Jyväskylä 100 Polar Bear
Climate main features: + Moderate winds commonly blow from Southwest with an average speed of 2.5 to 4km/h + Relative humidity reaches 90% in November and December 65% in May and June. + The highest temperatures are from June to August, reaching a maximum of 20ºC and a minimum of 5ºC. Meanwhile, in winter the temperature reach -13ºC (min.) and -6ºC (max.) + The precipitation gradually increases until July and August, after which it decreases towards winter and spring.
Design concept
Polar Bear
Polar Bear skin
Polar Bear technology
Phase Change Material
The concept of the design consists in creating a skin by using a Phase Change Material (PCM) which emulates the polar bear skin. The fur is transparent allowing the sun radiation goes through and heat the animal´s skin. The skin is dark to be able to store the heat. The building is integrated into a new expansion area, not in the center, the reason why the materiality of the building is so representative. The building technology is prefabricated and industrialized to reduce the time of construction. Likewise, the services are concentrated to facilitate their repair and reduce their maintenance. The target is young, single, medium-high income workers, who work during the day, and the units will be used mainly at night, which is the moment that the PCM is releasing the heat storages during the sun hours. Complementary to the heat gain, the building has a centralized district heating system. In the building, we propose a second skin which performs as a greenhouse and buffer zone, in order to control the humidity and enhance the thermal performance, by preheating the air and saving energy. The origin of the materials is mainly local, birch is the second tree of the area, and Jyvaskyla is well known because of the use of nanotechnology and promoting technologies as Phase Change Material, specifically in this case Hydrated Salt. 101
Local technology provision
Birch density of the area 102 Polar Bear
Industrialization process
KLH provides three storeys of industrialized panels in wood
The services are integrated into the floors and walls, which they are structural
The assembly of the pieces reduce the building time, the number of craftsmen, and possible errors in the site
The insulation is made of sheep wool, reinforced in risky points to avoid the thermal bridges
The polycarbonate panels are prefabricated and tested beforehand. The assembly is made with a crane and three operators
103
Structure
Regular Floor
Rooftop Floor
Thermodynamic strategies
-T°C
WINTER DAY & NIGHT
++T°C
Cool air
--T°C
District Heating -T°C PCM
active PCM
++T°C
Dwelling Unit 104 Polar Bear
--T°C
Heating floor
Concrete thermal mass Wood insulated
+T°C T°C
PCM
passive
SUMMER DAY
++T°C
T°C
+T°C PCM
++T°C
Dwelling Unit
Concrete thermal mass Wood insulated
T°C T°C +T°C
SUMMER NIGHT
PCM
passive
Dwelling Unit
+T°C
T°C
T°C
PCM
Concrete thermal mass Wood insulated 105
Material layering
106 Polar Bear
Regular Floor Plan
0
1
2.5
5m 107
Detail Section
0 108 Polar Bear
1
2.5
5m
General Section
0
1
5m 109
Services and Cycles
HYDRAULIC SERVICES
RAIN WATER SEWAGE
Shafts Wet Areas
Wet Areas Shafts
HEATING SYSTEM
CENTRALIZED SERVICES
Manifolds Radiant slabs
110 Polar Bear
Central shaft
ENERGY CYCLE
Temp Sensor for natural forced ventilation
T°C
Return Air
WATER CYCLE ++T°C --T°C
Return Air
Clean Air
-T°C Clean Air
Cold Water
Irrigation
Electric Boards
Return +T°C Air
T°C
Mechanical Ventilation Electric Energy
Hydraulic Pump
Filter
Grey Water Storage
Hot Water
District Heating
Grey Water
Heating Exchanger
Foal Water
Extracted Air
Hot Water Storage Heating Exchanger Hydraulic Pump
District Heating
Potable Cold Water Foal Water Rain Water
111
DESIGNING A LANDSCAPE PROJECT Specialty Seminar Urban Design and Housing Theory Landscape Professor Ginés Garrido Individual work María Amado Mannise
What are the key issues that define the contemporary landscape? And what must be taken into account when designing a landscape project?
A landscape is understood as a cultural construct that refers to a specific time and society. It means how people perceive and interpret a territory or a land in cultural and aesthetic terms. According to Iñaki Ábalos, the landscape is defined as the transformations of the natural physical environment in order to make it productive and adequate to develop the human activities. This definition is directly related to a design condition that integrates nature and artificiality in a hybrid composition. (Ábalos, 2005). In this way, the landscape is related to architecture and starts to play a major role in urban design. Waldheim mentions the concept of Landscape Urbanism and he expressed that “landscape is the lens through which the contemporary city is represented and the material from which it is constructed. Landscape urbanism describes a disciplinary realignment currently underway, in which landscape is usurping architecture’s historical role as the basic building block of city making”. (Waldheim, 2002) This expresses a disciplinary shift produced recently in which limits betweenarchitecture, urbanism, and landscape design are diffuse. Cities have been considering aspect as ecology environment and infrastructure development asan essential part of design process. Stan Allen claim that: “Infrastructural urbanism understand architecture as a material practice, as an activity that worksin and among the world of things, and not exclusively with meaning and image (...) Infrastructural urbanism marks a return to instrumentality and a move away from the representational imperative architecture. Infrastructure works not so much to propose specific buildings on given sites but to construct the site itself. Infrastructure prepares the ground for future building and creates the conditions for future events”. (Allen, 1997) Since the 90s, architecture made a shift from the semiotic basis where the expression of a message and the language were the main objectives of the practice towards an architecture that incorporates process and creates the support for future development. Architecture attempts to solve the dichotomy natural – artificial by using practices from its own discipline but also incorporating the knowledge and technics from other disciplines as engineering and landscaping. In the other side, landscaping in a way of emerging in the territory scale, abandons the picturesque conceptualization of landscape, proposing an instrumental approach capable to activate the urban space and projecting events avoiding the traditional planning and building design. The complexity of contemporary cities requires thinking them as a whole, in which urban space requires an integrative approach and these disciplines play an essential and active role in the design process. Considering this complexity, contemporary landscape considers some key issues like: the dynamic condition, the sustainable approach, the operative quality, and the natural and artificial duality. Dynamic condition of Landscape Through history, the landscape had changed its conceptualization and its practices. Whilst in the past landscape was considered a creation of static images or scenes that express the hierarchy figure and background, highlighting the “nature” in contrast with the artificial buildings, the recent years have evidenced a reinvention of the definition. Regarding this, Hough claims, “our current
appreciation must be seen in this context; a mere instant of time within the evolving continuum of nature”. (Hough, 1984) The contemporaneity introduces the idea of process in the definition of landscape and the temporal dimension converts in a key issue to address in the design process. Considering time it means two aspects; one is the variation throughout the year, that is materialized in different images depending on the season; the other aspect considering a long period of time is related to ecology and performance forces, when the energy flows human and natural process of diversification and intensification can create different forms of landscape through time. Social and biological diversity enrich urban landscape, creating more interesting spaces and enhancing the quality of urban life. Operative quality of Landscape Landscape expresses a new condition or capacity to operate instead of recreating a static image. The landscape is designing as a framework, as a supporting infrastructure that activates the space and generates indeterminacy, promoting that any events or changes can happen. “Infrastructures are flexible and anticipatory. They work with time and are open to change (…) they do not progress toward a predetermined state (as with master planning strategies) but are always evolving within a loose envelope of constraints”. (Allen, 1997) This operative quality emerges in the 80s with the Villette Park project competition, as a radical change from a postmodern conception of landscape and urban design. Both Bernard Tschumi project (first prized) and OMA project (second prized) proposed a programmatic field, an open, indetermined, layered and flexible support that promotes the interrelation of activities and any event can take place. These projects marked a new way of conceiving urbanism. Natural and Artificial duality “Landscapes may be created that are different from the original, but may result, none the less, in diverse and healthy environments. Man as an agent of changehas historically been concerned with modifying the land for survival (...) but unconscious of the effects of his activity on the original landscape. Human or natural processes are constantly at work modifying the land. The nature of landscape design is one of initiating purposeful and beneficial change, with ecology and man as its indispensable base”. (Hough, 1984) The landscape through history has been conceptualizing in a different way the relationship between nature and artificial. In pre industrial towns, countryside and city were strongly connected in terms of visual landscape but also in economic and social aspects; as the green areas were seen as productive areas related to the food supply. Nature and the artificiality were separated in the industrial city, cities were not connected to the countryside and green areas inside were created as places for recreation. According to Hough the modern city presents two types of landscapes, the Pedigree landscape vs. natural vernacular; the first one is related to a natural artificial restricted controlled landscape based on the traditional and formal design and the second one is the spontaneous landscape that emerges in the forgotten places of the city. For modern city the pedigree landscape represented the care, the civic and aesthetic values while the natural
vernacular represented an image of abandon spaces with rehabilitation needs. However, the natural vernacular landscape is rich in biodiversity and incorporates the idea of a natural process that works as a tool to design urban spaces with a more sustainable approach. In the same way, Gilles Clément defines the Third Landscape as “the sum of the space left over by man to landscape evolution - to nature alone. (...) Compared to the territories submitted to the control and exploitation by man, the Third Landscape forms a privileged area of receptivity to biological diversity. (...) From this point of view, the Third Landscape can be considered as the genetic reservoir of the planet, the space of the future”. In this sense, the third landscape and the anthropized spaces in contemporary city evidence a continuous pressure one over the other trying to reach a harmonious relationship. A sustainable approach A landscape design with a sustainable approach implies in one hand to have an ecological view taking into account biological solution rather than engineering solution. This means making urban spaces and infrastructure that emphasize natural process and make natural cycles visible inside the city. So, waste treatment, water cycle, planting, etc. are designing to be seen and taking as an opportunity for education programs. On the other hand is important to design landscape taking into account economic feasibility, which means taking advantage of the available resources and not putting extra energy in the system. In this way, it is important to design green areas with low maintenance requirements, by using native vegetation and considering the climate condition of the site. To conclude, in face of this new conceptualization of the landscape, it is essential for architecture to redefine its approach towards urban designing. Architecture may incorporate (Clément) landscape as an instrument that operates integrating natural environment and artificial infrastructures, in order to make quality urban space with the least effort and less consuming sources.
Works Cited Waldheim, C. (2002). Landscape Urbanism: A genealogy. Praxis, 4. Ábalos, I. (2005). Atlas Pintoresco Vol.1: El Observatorio (Vol.1) Barcelona, Spain: Editorial Gustavo Gili. Allen, S. (1997). Infrastructual Urbanism. Journal of Architecture: Scroppe 9. Hough, M. (1984). City Form and Natural Process: Towards a New Urban Vernacular. Michigan, United States: Croom Helm. Clément, G. (n.d.). http://www.gillesclement.com/. Retrieved july 11, 2017. 113
WHICH IS THE SMARTEST WAY OF MOVING IN THE CITY TO COME? Specialty Seminar City Sciences Leader Professor Alejandro de Miguel Individual work MarÃa Amado Mannise
Which is the smartest way of moving in the city to come? To answer this question we should reflect on how people can live smartly to make the future city more sustainable. In this manner, we should make some question as: Is it possible to make a city for citizens in which instead of cars people has the major role? Could green transportation become more attractive than individual motor transportation? As a result of a global accelerated urbanization process and a significant population growth, mobility has been one of the main challenges of the contemporary city. In this way, cities need to be rethought, reinvented and transformed constantly to address the necessity of citizens to move from one place to another in a more sustainable and efficient way. “Sustainable mobility has a central role to play in the future of sustainable cities, but it is only through the understanding and acceptance of the people that it will succeed”1 (Banister, 2007) In terms of mobility is necessary to think about it as an important tool to enhance citizens well-being; in fact, the investment in infrastructure has to consider the benefit of the people and serving properly for a long-term period. As an example, it should be mentioned Copenhagen (Denmark) as a city that in the recent years has been developing a smart mobility system which causes a huge impact on the city planning and construction. In my first visit to Copenhagen in 2008, I could notice that the city was compromised with planning and developing a new type of green mobility. At that time transportation infrastructure and the new ways of moving showed a change in attitude towards urban life, public space, and environmental consciousness. Now in 2017, on my second visit to the city, this process of transformation is under way and the results are evident not only in the infrastructure but also in the urbanscape and urban daily life.Walking through the streets of Copenhagen it feels like there is no place for cars, in behalf of public spaces are designing for people and widely used by pedestrian and bicycles. Furthermore, there
is a high-quality network of public transport, consisting of different types of buses (A, S and N) depending on the times and how fast they travel. Likewise, there is a national and regional train system, which connects fastly the Copenhagen Central Station with Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup Station, and other Danish and Swedish main cities. Also, a metro network is distributed along the city and, in fact, there is a project under construction to improve and extend the infrastructure. The Cityringen Metro and extension to Nordhavnen proposed by Arup, consist in creating a circle line as a loop in the center of the city, new metro stations located in different neighborhoods and an extension of existing lines. The idea of this project focus on improving the experience of the user, creating high quality designed spaces in which the passenger feels the same by traveling above ground by bike or on foot than underground by metro. This entire mobility infrastructure is combined with technology that collects traffic data and GPS information from the users in order to combine in mobility apps for smartphones. Nowadays, Copenhagen has many apps (Mobilbilleter, I bike CPH, Clever, DSB app, Drive Now, among others) that help transportation be more efficient, improves flows, gives information to the users and facilitate their travels. In 2014, the Municipality of Copenhagen elaborated an Action Plan for 2015- 2016 based on ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) an important element in the concept of the Smart City, that collects and link data from various sources to create different solutions and services in terms of transportation. The main goal of the Plan is to make “a city that is good to live in, and a high quality of life requires more than just efficient transport. So, the ITS program must also support an attractive city life, with more people spending more time outside by, amongst other things, increasing road safety and comfort for pedestrians and cyclists”2 (ITS
Action Plan for 2015-2016, 2014). As well as Copenhagen, there are many cities worldwide that are implementing the ICT to improve and make
mobility smarter and more attractive. Though, in my opinion, the keys to its success lies in the fact that has a whole approach to the problem where the solutions of mobility are integrated with other fields in urban planning; but above all, the proposals and changes are thinking for the people and for improving their quality of life. “It is through the active involvement of users of transport in a partnership that change can be realized. There are many such events happening in cities through direct action, through the allocation of spaces and streets to people, through lowering speed limits, through travel plans, and through cycle networks and exclusive bus networks. It must be seen as an active process that is participatory and inclusive” 1 (Banister, 2007). To my way of thinking the smartest way of moving in the city to come has to take into account three essential aspects. First, create a healthy and clean mobility system. Walking and cycling improve physical health at the same time peoples move from one place to another for leisure, work or other necessities. In addition, moving by bicycle and on foot do not generate CO2 emissions, so it contributes to the quality of the air and avoids pollution. Second, design public transportation with high quality to be attractive, comfortable and safe to users and potential users. Attend the demand taking in consideration the experience in traveling, tend to discourage people from moving by car and encourage them to choose public transport instead. Finally, build the city for people where the public space is design and use for pedestrian and people who move by bicycles. The streets have to enhance interactions and assure a safety to move by bike or on foot. To conclude, green and clean urbanscape, a city for people, ICT technology, and high quality are the key concepts for a smart mobility.
Works Cited [1] Banister, D. (2007). The sustainable mobility paradigm. Transport Studies Unit, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Oxford, UK. [2] City of Copenhagen (2014). Better mobility in Copenhagen Intelligent Transport Systems Action Plan 2015-2016, Copenhagen, Denmark. 115
MARIA AMADO MANNISE mariaamado@gmail.com +00 (598) 99003701 montevideo - uruguay