Promoting Healthy Communities Through Active Architecture by mariajosereyes0796

Promoting Healthy Communities Through Active Architecture Maria Jose Reyes

5 6 7 8 10 12 13 16 20 24 28 30 32 42 43 46

ABSTRACT GAME CHANGERS

URBAN ENVIORMENT AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH PHYSICAL ACTI STATISTICS AND HEALTH PROBLEMS THESIS STATEMENT ACTIVE CITIES SITE DOCUMENTATION SITE ANALYSIS SOLUTION PROGRAM RENDERS SITE SECTION SITE DESIGNS PRECEDENTS CONCLUSION CITATIONS

IVITY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT How can we, as architects, improve people’s lives by providing opportunities for them to change their behavior? There is no doubt that design is a tool capable of changing people’s mentality and behavior. This thesis aims to change Ecuadorian citizen’s perception of outdoor physical activity and improve their well-being through architecture. Many examples can be found throughout history demonstrating how design has changed people’s behavior, mentality and lives. For example, Apple has changed the world by designing phones, tablets, and laptops. Their technology has become a networking tool, one that people cannot go a day without using if they wish to communicate with others. Tesla is another example of a company that changed the mentality of the car industry with their design of the electric car. Tesla revealed a new future, one in which people can imagine a world without gas-guzzling cars. I have chosen to work in Cumbaya, a valley fifteen minutes away from Quito, Ecuador. Cumbaya is considered an inactive town for four main reasons: lack of sidewalks, lack of public transit, lack of parks/open spaces, and road density. Because of the sedentary lifestyle that some people in this area have, their health is affected. Statistics show that 23% of deaths in Ecuador are caused by chronic diseases, and diseases of the circulatory system. Obesity has become an “epidemic” world-wide. In Ecuador, five million people suffer from obesity, three million suffer from hypertension, and two million suffer from diabetes. Just as Apple and Tesla have changed people’s mentality and lives through design, this thesis proposes a design that propels the Cumbaya community into incorporating physical activity as a habit in their daily routine. A running/biking trail designed to follow along the old train tracks is proposed to change people’s sedentary lifestyle and improve their health. This trail is 5.5 miles and runs from San Francisco forest all the way to downtown, connecting the different neighborhoods it passes by. This trail should motivate people to do exercise through its design, it should change peoples lives by incorporating physical activity in their lives. In conclusion, this thesis aims to create a design that improves people’s health, while also being a model for other Ecuadorian cities to incorporate physical activity in their architecture.

HOW DOES DESIGN CHANGE BEHAVIOR? Game Changers

APPLE

TESLA

URBAN ENVIROMENTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND BEHAVIOR Case Study KEY RESEARCH RESULTS Parents

Naturalness

Children 185 260

• Parents’ perception of neighborhood safety affectSafe 212 ed their children’s activity levels. Crossing 199 • People view asthetics, defined as the visual appeal or pleaseantness of an enviroment, as important 122 Upkeep and aesthetics may affect how far and where chil124 dren walk. • People, regardless of their socio-cultural charac0 50 100 150 200 250 300 teristics, generally have similar perceptions of the Figure 1. Frequency that participaths mention aesthetics of an enviorment. Moreover, these pera characterisctic as a reason for sorting streets ceptions are not juts “in the eye of the beholder”, together for walkability (higher values suggest but rather are linked to characteristics of the envgreater perceived prominence of the feature) iorment. • Aesthetics and perceived safety from either cirme Children Parents or traffic seem to be most important for attracting LIKES people to places. 32.3 Good • Vegetation improves visual appeal. Upkeep 23.3 • Peple prefer orderly, neat, well-kept enviorments to 16.3 Naturalness 20.9 disorderly, messy, poorly maintained enviorments or those having physical incivilities (such as graffiti, 23.1 Natural Surveillance 16.3 litter or boarded up buildings. 14.5 Traffic • People prefer open, unobstructed views. Protection 18.6 • Physical elements, including sitting spaces, sculpuDISLIKES tures, food, decidous trees, water elements, and 39.4 Poor access to street, attract people. Upkeep 79.5 • Percieved safety from traffic is associated with the 9.3 Hiding presence of sidewalks, foodpaths, pedestrian inPlaces 14.7 frastructure, sreet connectivity, controlled intersecHeavy 14.7 Traffic tions, clearly marked street crossing, and reduced 5.9 traffic speed and volume. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 • Playground and parks are more attractive for physical activity when they provide amenities such as Figure 2. Percentage of reasons given by children and their parents for why they chose streets or play equipment or seating. avoided streets to walk or for their child to walk on. (higher values are better)

STATISTICS AND HEALTH PROBLEMS % OBERSITY AND OVERWEIGHT ON ADULTS AGES 20 ≥ 60

% BASED ON AGES OF PEOPLE WITH DIABETES

12 63

10 62

8 61

57 20 > 60

10 to 19

20 ≥ 60

20 to 29

30 to 39

40 to 49

50 to 59

Total

5 million people have obesity 3 million people have hypertension 2 millon people have diabetes

% OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT TEENAGERS (12 TO 19 YEARS)

% BASED ON AGES WITH PEOPLE HAVING PRE-HYPERTENSION AND HYPERTENSION Pre-Hypertension

Hypertension

0 10 to 13

14 to 17

18 to 19

20 to 29

30 to 39

40 to 49

50 to 59

12 to 14

15 to 19

Female

Male

Indigenous

AfroEcuadorian Spanish-White

National

STATISTICS AND HEALTH PROBLEMS According to the Physical activity and Environment Network (IPEN), nowadays physical inactivity is considered a global pandemic causing multiple chronic diseases responsible for over 5 million deaths annually. Over time the percentage of obesity has become higher, justifying the name “epidemic”. While all of this is happening worldwide, Ecuador is also facing the same problem. (8) Sw In graphs 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1E, the statistics show the 2018 census regarding chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity in teenagers and adults. In Ecuador, over 5 million people suffer from obesity which represents four hundred thousand teenagers and 62% of the adults between 20-60. Regarding the chronic diseases, over 3 million people suffer from hypertension and seven hundred thousand have hypertension. Moreover, these numbers have been increasing each year. (6) Besides the lack of physical activity, nutrition also contributes to the percentage of these diseases. The INEC determines that 49.3% of the population in Quito is considered working class, meaning that they receive a minimum working salary.(4) Because of this, the food choices that people make in their daily diet are made based on price and not quality. It is estimated that 60% of the population consumes fast food daily. From the ages of 10-14, the percentage of daily fast food consumption is 47.5% and from the ages of 15 to 19 this percentage increases to 53.7%.(9) For instance, KFC and McDonalds have big combos for only $2.99 and big family combo sizes for $7.00 making these combos the first choice for working class people. Although people now are more aware of nutrition, and the fast food industry has included the option of “eating green”, many people do not have the correct knowledge of what a “heathy diet” actually means. Consequently, many Ecuadorian people are not aware of the importance of a nutritious diet in order to be healthy.

% INTAKE OF FAST FOOD 55 54 53 52

$2.99

51 50 49 48 47 46

45 44

10 to 14 years

15 to 19 years

Total

THESIS STA

My central thesis maintains that due to the abse residents tend to be physically inactive. Conseq centage of heart disease, diabetes and obesity viding an comprehensive design consisting of a local government can ensure that the communi percentage of physical activity in their daily ro for the well-being of Cumbaya’s communityand

ATEMENT

ence of urban planning in Cumbaya, some of the quently, people´s health is affected, and the per has been increasing each year. Therefore, proa running/bike trail that connects the town, the ity members will be encouraged to increase the outines. Thus, this trail will be a game changer d tourism.

ACTIVE CITIES MOST ACTIVE CITIES

CYCLING CITIES

The percentage of time spent moving by doing walks, runs or bicycle rides

The percentage of time spending by riding a bicycle

Amsterdam

20%

Berlin

40%

60%

Amsterdam

Copenhagen

Washington

Rio de Janeiro

London Paris New York

Stockholm San Francisco Tokyo

10%

20%

30%

Berlin San Francisco Mexico City Bangkok

Dublin

London

Vienna Boston Hongkong Dublin

Stockholm Paris Hongkong

Amsterdam

Amsterdam is the most active city in the world, with its residents spending about 70% of their time moving doing walks, runs, or bicycle rides. The high activity level in Amsterdam is largely thanks to cycling. Residents spend about 40% of their time moving by taking bicycle rides, which is far more than any other city.(11) Copenhagen

Copenhagen is the second city most active due to cycling. Residents spent 25% moving by taking bicycle rides. Copenhagen is also known for its amazing public transportation, this make people move around more than any other city. (11)

SITE DOCUMENTATION Ecuador Ecuador is a small country but with a lot of diversity. The country is considered one of the seventeen countries where the greatest biodiversity on the planet is concentrated. Therefore, Ecuador is known for its beautiful scenery. Moreover, Ecuador is divided in four regions: the Amazon jungle, the Andes Mountains, the Pacific Coast, and the Galapagos Islands, which are considered one of the natural wonders of the world. Many people around the world come exclusively to Ecuador to see its majestic landscape; consequently, tourism is very important in this nation. Besides improving health, this project also seeks to remind local people of the beautiful landscape.(5)

Galapagos

QUITO

Pacific Coast

Andees

Equator Line

Amazon Jungle

South America

Pacific Coast

Chimborazo-Andees

Quilotoa-Andees

Cotopaxi-Andees

Cuyabeno-Amazon Jungle

Galapagos

CUMBAYA-QUITO Cumbaya is located east of Quito in the Tumbaco valley and at the foot of the Ilalo volcano. Cumbaya has an approximate elevation of 2200 meters (7200 ft) above sea level, and because it is at a lower altitude than Quito, the relative climate is always roughly 2 to 5 degrees warmer. During the day the temperature is approximately 60-70 °F and at night, this temperature drops to 40-50 °F. In the 19th century, Cumbayawas divided in farm lands that belonged to wealthy families. Over the years, these families started selling the land. More recently, the valley has become a commuter town of Quito. In the last 20 years, many families of the upper-middle and upper classes have moved from the city to this valley seeking a peaceful suburban lifestyle. Because of this, many entrepreneurs have invested in the area boosting the local community economy. Furthermore, many construction companies have invested in the area for residential housing projects. Yet, the town maintains a variety of small and middle sized neighborhoods.(5)

SITE DOCUMENTATION

Quito - Cumbaya

Average High and Low Temperature 100 F 90 F 80 F 70 F HIGH

60 F 50 F

LOW

40 F 30 F 20 F 10 F 0F JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

Weather

SITE ANALYSIS - PROBLEM Cumbaya is considered an inactive town for four main reasons: lack of sidewalks, lack of public transit, lack of parks/open spaces, and road density.

1. Lack of Side Walks Downtown: Francisco de Orellana Street

3B 2A Btween San Francisco Neighborhood and La Primavera neighborhood: Calle Alfonoso Lamina

3.5’

17’

3.5’

SITE ANALYSIS - PROBLEM Cumbaya has grown enormously in the last 20 years, however, without proper urban planning. There have not been any urban considerations for good sidewalks that connect the neighborhoods to one another. In pictures 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3E, it is shown that, in some parts of the town, there are no sidewalks at all. Furthermore, the sidewalks that do exist are not wide enough for pedestrians or these walkways are irregular. For example, in downtown,some buildings are built into the sidewalk, leaving a narrow space between the road and the building. These conditions make it arduous for people to walk around safely without any obstructions. Six years ago Quito’s airport moved to a new location near Cumbaya. Because of this, new highways were built to connect Quito and Cumbaya. This had an enormous impact on the town because the new highways cross over neighborhoods, creating division or a complete disconnect among the neighborhoods. Furthermore, the majority of stores, restaurants, and services are located in downtown. This situation adds to long distances between residential neighborhoods and commercial outlets. Therefore, in order to get to downtown from some residential neighborhoods, people need to take the highway making it difficult or nearly impossible for people to walk or ride bikes. This thesis proposes a pedestrian solution to connect neighborhoods that are further away from downtown, allowing residentsthe opportunity to walk or bike.

2. Street Connectivity

San Juan La Primavera 1 San Francisco La Primavera 2

Santa Ines Downtown

SITE ANALYSIS - PROBLEM 3. Lack of Design Parks In the area there are lot of green spaces; nevertheless, there are only two public parks: “Parque Los Algarrobos” and “El Reservorio”. As a result, people who live in buildings or small houses without big yards do not have the opportunity to go for walks outside. Since there is no green space, there is a small percentage of people who do physical activity outside.

SITE ANALYSIS - PROBLEM 4. Lack of Public Transit The public transit in the community is not the most efficient relative to other communities of equal or greater size. The lines that are available do not adequately service all the neighborhoods in town. In addition, the buses do run on a precise schedule. For instance, passengers can wait for up to 30 minutes between bus arrivals. This leaves a lot of workers of the area with no option other than to take private transportation such as Uber, Taxis or Cabify.

SOLUTION

2.5mi

3 mi

0.5mi

2 mi 1mi

4 mi

Site 3 Site 1

Site 2

1.5mi

4.5 mi

Site 4

This thesis proposes a design that encourages the Cumbaya community citizens to incorporate physical activity as a habit in their daily routines. A running/biking trail designed to follow along the old train tracks is proposed to change people’s sedentary lifestyle and improve their health. This trail is 5.5 miles and runs from San Francisco forest all the way to downtown, connecting the different neighborhoods through which it passes. Besides the 5.5-mile trail, included are close loops of shorter distances - a 2.8 mile, 2.5 mile, and 1.6 mile option.

5 mi

1.5 mi

5. 5 mi 5 mi

Down Town

1 mi

5.5 mi

4.5 mi 2 mi

0.5mi 4 mi 2.5 mi

Site 5

3.5 mi

3 mi

1.5 mi

1 mi 5. 5 mi 2 mi Down Town

5 mi

0.5mi 4 mi

4.5 mi 2.5 mi

3.5 mi

3 mi

Close loops Alternatives

1.6 mile-Orange Loop

2.5 mile-Green L

Elevation

Loop

5. 5 mi 5 mi

Down Town

1.5 mi

4.5 mi

1 mi

2 mi

0.5mi 4 mi 2.5 mi 3.5 mi

3 mi

2.8 mile-Red Loop

Elevation

SOLUTION-DESIGN

The program proposal is the following: A 5.5-mile running/bike path that connects San Francisco forest all the way to downtown linking different neighborhoods through which it passes. Along the trail every 1-2 miles there are resting points, service areas, and viewpoints for people to enjoy the beautiful panorama of the Andes mountains. The design itself sets out to encourage people to do physical activity; therefore,the connection with nature is an integral part of my design. Provided, as well, is a pleasing space for outdoor physical activity. (see renders 5A, 5B, 5C, 5E)

SOLUTION-DESIGN

The trail adjusts to the different urban conditions of the areas it traverses. As seen in graphics 4A, 4B, 4C, 4E the size and design of the trail may change depending on the area. Near downtown, the trail will adjust to the building conditions as seen in graph 4B.

CUMBAYA

Dique

SOLUTION-DESIGN

As seen in graphic 4C, there will be a point of health consultancy along the trail. The government of Ecuador is already aware that physical inactivity and the lack of education about nutrition have had a negative impact on societal health. As a result, in recent years, the authoritieshave integrated a program in the metropolitan Quito parks. The program, which is focused on health, is called “health on your way”. This program includes little walk-in kiosks situated around main parks where people are able to enter and get their blood pressure, body weight, and height measured. As well, individuals receive nutritional plans. This thesis not only providesa space for outdoor physical activity, but also seeks to improve the overall health of the citizens of Cumbaya.Therefore, providing these consultant points is an impetus to educate people about their nutritional intake. Health on the way

SALUD AL PASO

SOLUTION-DESIGN

The trail has two bike lanes of 4 feet each and 1 running lane of 6 feet. These lanes are separated by a buffer of 5 feet filled with greenery, and along it playful benches protrude out creating sitting space for people to rest. (see graph 4E) As indicated before, the trail connects different neighborhoods. I have chosen to work with five sites along the trail. Each location of these sites is in the different neighborhoods: San Juan, San Francisco, Spellman, and downtown. Considering the needs of each neighborhood, I created a design solution in order to improve the communities. The design and site of each neighborhood will be described below.

CUMBAYA

Dique

RENDERS/SOLUTION-DESIGN

12’

4’

5’

6’

SITE SECTION

1 8750 ft

7 3

4 5

8500 ft

8250 ft

8000 ft

8000 ft 7734 ft

7 8 9 10

SITE 1 Location: San Francisco Forest

The first site is located in San Francisco Forest. The program of this building is for opening marathons and including a small stage with a food and service area. The concept of this building is to keep the visitor engaged with the nature of the zone. Where the terrain slopes, I decided to raise the landscape creating a green roof providing an open stage and viewing point. Under it will be a food, restroom, and seating area. The idea of going down to this area is to createa sense of being in the forest in which the visitor will be surrounded by the trees and will immediately see the forest.

Stage Food Station

Plan 0

Section A-A

2.5mi

3 mi

San Francisco Forest

YOU ARE HERE

0.5mi

Site 2

2 mi 1mi

4 mi

Site 3 Site 1

Site 4

1.5mi

4.5 mi

5 mi 5.5 mi Site 5

Site

Site Plan

SITE 2 Location: San Francisco Neighborhood The second site is located in the San Francisco neighborhood. This neighborhood is teaming with residential houses and condominiums. The San Francisco Neighborhood does not have a park nearby nor an open design space for people to enjoy the refreshing weather of Cumbaya. Therefore, I created a terrace plaza where people can have a nice sitting area as well as attend an open market. One idea of this trail is to bring nutritious food to the Cumbaya communities. Therefore, by incorporating these foods in open spaces, I provide a space for people to hangout as the first step to encourage people to eat nutritiously.

Plan 0

B 4

Section B-B

2.5mi

3 mi

0.5mi

Site 1

Site 2

2 mi 1mi

4 mi

Site 3

San Francisco

Site 4

1.5mi

4.5 mi

5 mi 5.5 mi Site 5

YOU ARE HERE

site

Site Plan

SITE 3 Location: San Juan Neighborhood The third site is in the San Juan neighborhood. This neighborhood has tripled the number of buildings in the last 10 years evolving into a neighborhood of small residential buildings (5 stories tall). People, between 30-50 years old with kids, live in this neighborhood seeking the peaceful environment that the landscape and weather of Cumbayaoffer. Therefore, the proposed design is to provide a space for a picnic area and playground for the children of the neighborhood. The design works with the topography of the site, terracing down small wood structures to give shade to the picnic areas.

Section D-D

Plan 2

c 4

Section C-C

2.5mi

San Juan

3 mi

0.5mi

Site 1

Site 2

2 mi 1mi

4 mi

Site 3

YOU ARE HERE

Site 4

1.5mi

4.5 mi

5 mi 5.5 mi Site 5

site

Site Plan

SITE 4 Location: Colegio Spelman Neighborhood The fourth site is located in the Spellman neighborhood. This neighborhood is known for its public school (Unidad Educativa Salesianal Cardal Spellman) and church/spiritual retreat (Centro de Espiritualidad San Patricio). The design of an open amphitheater was created in order to provide a gathering/performance space for the church and school. The design of the amphitheater enhances the landscape and encourages the people to appreciate the nature of the site. Furthermore, this space was created with the aim of offering classes outside if the weather conditions are good and providing a pleasant learning atmosphere.

Plan 0

Section E-E

2.5mi

3 mi

Church and Spiritual Center

0.5mi

Site 1

Site 2

2 mi 1mi

4 mi

Site 3

Public School

Site 4

1.5mi

4.5 mi

5 mi 5.5 mi Site 5

YOU ARE HERE

Site

Site Plan

SITE 5 Location:Downtown

The fifth site is near downtown. Because this area is more difficult to build due to the concentrated population, the proposal is to rebuild the bus stops that already exist. By improving the public transportation infrastructure, people can be more active, as people feel safe to take the bus and have a reliable transportation system. By having a proposed green roof as its principal structure, the bus stop continues the natural atmosphere from the beginning of the trail to downtown. Having solar panels, this building will generate energy on its own. Inside the bus stop, will be a pleasant sitting area, nutritious vending machine, and convenient ATM.

Plan 0

Section G-G

2.5mi

3 mi

0.5mi

Site 2

2 mi 1mi

4 mi

Site 3 Site 1

Site 4

1.5mi

4.5 mi

5 mi 5.5 mi Site 5

YOU ARE HERE

Public School

Site

Site Plan

PRECEDENTS Nowegian Routes The Norwegian Routes: the Norwegian Scenic Routes have been a game changer for the tourism industry in Norway. The master plan of this trail was to transform 18 Norwegian highways into cultural destinations. Along the trail there are stops, each with a pavilion, observation deck, bridge, restaurant, hotel and other structures. Currently, each project is a collaboration of work by architects such as: Peter Zhumthor and Geir Grung.(7)

Field Operations Projects

I researched some projects of Field Operations that inspired me to work with the topography of the site and to have a better understanding of urban planning as well as the landscape architecture.

This thesis aims to create a design that improves peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health, while also being a model for other Ecuadorian cities to incorporate physical activity in their architecture, with the objective of changing peoples minds through aesthetic .

2.5mi

3 mi

0.5mi

2 mi 1mi

4 mi

Site 3 Site 1

Site 2

Site 4

1.5mi

4.5 mi

5 mi 5.5 mi Site 5

REFERENCE AND CITATIONS

1. Active Design and Guidelines, promoting physical activity and health in design. This source presented by The New York City Departments of Design and Construction, provide strategies and measures to educate designers to integrate physical activity in buildings, streets and neighborhoods with the aim of reducing obesity epidemic in the USA. Presenting strategies of land use mix, transit and parking, parks and open spaces, groccery access, and street connectivity. https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pd 2. Active Design In Buildings:

This book present a study of how design can encourage people to do physical activity.

3. Creating places that promote physical activity: perceiving is believing. “Promoting Active Friendly Communities .” Actinglivingresearch.org, Aug. 2015, activelivingresearch.org/sites/activelivingresearch.org/files/ALR_Review_Perceptions_Aug2015_0.pdf. 4. Country Report: Ecuador “Ecuador.” Health in the Americas 2017, Word Health Organization , 2019, www.paho.org/ salud-en-las-americas-2017/?page_id=117. 5. Ecuador

“Ecuador.” BIOFIN, 20 Sept. 2017, www.biodiversityfinance.net/ecuador. 6. Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (“National health and nutrition server”

This source presents all the data of the last census, 2018 made in Ecuador about people health and nutritional situation. All the data collected in an overall percentage of the Ecuadorian population. 7. Norwegian Routes Carter, Trudie. “10 Must-See Landmarks on Norway's Scenic Tourist Trails.” Dezeen, 10 May 2019, www.dezeen.com/2017/08/11/norwegian-tourist-routes-architecture-landmark-roundup-peter-zumthor/.

REFERENCE AND CITATIONS

8. Physical Activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross- sectional study. Sallis, James & Cerin, Ester & Conway, Terry & Adams, Marc & Frank, Lawrence & Pratt, Michael & Salvo, Deborah & Schipperijn, Jasper & Smith, Graham & Cain, Kelli & Davey, Rachel & Kerr, Jacqueline & Lai, Poh-Chin & Mitáš, Josef & Reis, Rodrigo & Sarmiento, Olga & Schofield, Grant & Troelsen, Jens & Delfien, Van & Owen,. (2016). Articles Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet. 6736. 348. 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2. https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(15)01284-2.pdf 9. Statistics: Ecuador Instituto Nacional de Estadística. “Encuesta De Estratificación Del Nivel Socioeconómico.” Instituto Nacional De Estadística y Censos, www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/encuesta-de-estratificacion-del-nivel-socioeconomico/. 10. The CDC guide to strategies to increase physical activity. This source presents different types of strategies to make people consciously and unconsciously increase physical activity in their daily routine. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/downloads/PA_2011_WEB.pdf 11. The Most Active Cities in the world Engel, Pamela. “The Most Active (And Productive) Cities in the World.” Inc.com, Inc., 3 July 2014, www.inc.com/pamela-engel/the-most-active-cities-in-the-world.html.