ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) TRANSFORMATION OF ZOOLOGICAL PARK IN THE SUBURBAN OF CITY REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELORS In ARCHITECTURE By MARIA JABEEN (Roll No. 24) Under the supervision of Mr. Khalid, Mr. Azhar & Ms. Rida
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB ALLAMA IQBAL CAMPUS LAHORE
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) TRANSFORMATION OF ZOOLOGICAL PARK IN THE SUBURBAN OF CITY
0
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
ABSTRACT: A safari zoo (short for wild life park) is a facility in which animals are confined without enclosure and a zoo (short for zoological garden) is a facility in which animals are confined with enclosures, displayed to the public and in which they may also be bred. In the increasingly urbanized world of today, man is losing its most essential interaction with the natural world and consequently becoming different to it. Zoos can help fill this gap by showcasing nature to create greater concern and awareness. For this purpose, this project proposes new type of zoological gardens a new design for Lahore while utilizing the existing site of Safari Zoo Lahore, to help fulfill its role as in showcasing nature and creating natural habitat for animals and also to develop this as a recreation center in the best possible way.
1
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
DEDICATION: I dedicate this dissertation first and foremost to the Almighty Allah for the Supremacy and to the Redeemer of my Soul. This dissertation is dedicated to myself. I never expected in a million years that I would arrive at this journey of my life.
2
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: First of all I am very grateful to Allah almighty for always responding to my prayers and giving me a chance to complete my research successfully, I consider the completion of this project a symbol of his blessings without which it would not have been possible. Throughout the writing of this dissertation I have received a great deal of support and assistance. I would first like to thank my supervisors, Professor Ar. Tariq Khalidi, Ar. Azhar Syed and Ar. Rida Zahra whose expertise was invaluable in formulating the research questions and methodology. Your insightful feedback pushed me to sharpen my thinking and brought my work to a higher level. I would like to acknowledge my colleagues f at College of Art and Design, University Of The Punjab, Lahore for their wonderful collaboration. I would particularly like to single out my supervisor at Ar. Tariq Khalidi and Ar. Rida Zahra I want to thank you for your patient support and for all of the opportunities I was given to further my research. I would also like to thank my mentors, Ar. Arsha Naeem and Ar. Zafeer Ud Din , for their valuable guidance throughout my studies. You provided me with the tools that I needed to choose the right direction and successfully complete my dissertation. In addition, I would like to thank my Mother for her wise counsel and sympathetic ear. You are always there for me. Finally, I could not have completed this dissertation without the support of my friends, Mukarram, Madiha Ijaz, Ahla Irfan and Mubeen Ahmad, who provided stimulating discussions as well as happy distractions to rest my mind outside of my research.
3
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
TABLE OF CONTENT: CHAPTER NO 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 13 TITLE:......................................................................................................................................... 14 CLIENT: ...................................................................................................................................... 14 USERS: ....................................................................................................................................... 14 REASON OF SELECTION: ............................................................................................................. 15 OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................................ 16 HYPOTHESIS: ............................................................................................................................. 16 REASON OF SELECTION /SIGNIFICANT:........................................................................................ 17 GOALS/AIMS OF PROJECT: ......................................................................................................... 17 SCOPE OF WORK: ....................................................................................................................... 18 LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 18 PROGRAM: ................................................................................................................................ 18 CHAPTER NO 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 19 WHAT IS ZOO? ............................................................................................................................ 20 DEFINITION: ............................................................................................................................... 20 HISTORY: .................................................................................................................................... 20 TIMELINE ................................................................................................................................... 21 PURPOSE: ................................................................................................................................... 21 TODAYS ZOO: ............................................................................................................................. 22 TYPE OF WILDLIFE PARKS:............................................................................................................ 23 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ZOO AND MENAGERIE .............................................................................. 23 4
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) DISPLAY...................................................................................................................................... 23 DESIGNING THE ZOO : ................................................................................................................. 23 PLANNING OF ZOO:..................................................................................................................... 23 PLANNING CONCEPT/ DISPLAY ARRANGEMENT OR THEME: ........................................................... 23 1. SYSTEMATIC CONCEPT ................................................................................................................... 23 Merits .................................................................................................................................................... 24 Demerits ................................................................................................................................................ 24 2. GEOGRAPHICAL CONCEPT .............................................................................................................. 24 Merits .................................................................................................................................................... 24 Demerits ................................................................................................................................................ 24 3. ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT ................................................................................................................... 25 Merits .................................................................................................................................................... 25 Demerits ................................................................................................................................................ 25 4. BEHAVIORAL CONCEPT ................................................................................................................... 25 Merits .................................................................................................................................................... 25 Demerits ................................................................................................................................................ 26 5. POPULAR CONCEPT ........................................................................................................................ 26 Merits .................................................................................................................................................... 26 Demerits ................................................................................................................................................ 26 CONCEPT OF CONFINEMENT ....................................................................................................... 26 1. 2. 3. 4.
TRADITIONAL ZOO ................................................................................................................ 26 INVERTED ZOO ..................................................................................................................... 27 SUNKEN ZOO........................................................................................................................ 27 OPEN ZOO ........................................................................................................................... 27
GROUNDS .................................................................................................................................. 28 PARKING AREAS: ......................................................................................................................... 28 ENTRANCES: ............................................................................................................................... 28 LANDSCAPING: ........................................................................................................................... 29 LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 30 “GROTTOS”, “PENS” & “ISLAND” .................................................................................................. 30 GROTTOS ............................................................................................................................................... 30 PENS:- .................................................................................................................................................... 31 ISLANDS:- ............................................................................................................................................... 31 ANIMAL POOLS ........................................................................................................................... 31 “WALK THROUGH” CAGE ............................................................................................................. 32 ANIMAL SCULPTURES: ................................................................................................................. 32 5
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) MISCELLANEOUS: ....................................................................................................................... 32 WALKS: ...................................................................................................................................... 32 VISITORS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS .......................................................................................... 33 BENCHES .................................................................................................................................... 33 PARAMETER FENCE: .................................................................................................................... 33 ANIMAL EXHIBITS........................................................................................................................ 33 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 33 DESIGN FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED ........................................................................................... 33 EXHIBIT SIZE ............................................................................................................................... 33 EXHIBIT SHAPE ............................................................................................................................ 34 EXHIBIT ORIENTATION AND PLACEMENT....................................................................................... 34 MATERIAL .................................................................................................................................. 34 EYE LEVEL ................................................................................................................................... 35 CONTROLLED VIEWING ......................................................................................................................... 35 STEP UPS .................................................................................................................................... 35 PROP AND DECORATION.............................................................................................................. 36 SHIFT CAGES ............................................................................................................................... 36 BARRIER ..................................................................................................................................... 36 TYPE OF BARRIER ................................................................................................................................... 36 SECURITY ................................................................................................................................... 37 ILLUMINTAION ........................................................................................................................... 37 SERVICES STRUCTURE ................................................................................................................. 37 ADMINISTRATION ....................................................................................................................... 37 SIZE: ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 LOCATION: ............................................................................................................................................. 38 MAINTENANCE ...................................................................................................................................... 38 COMMISSARY ........................................................................................................................................ 38 HOSPITAL-QUARANTINE ........................................................................................................................ 38 RESERVE ANIMAL CARE ......................................................................................................................... 39 BUILDING AND GROUND MAINTENANCE .............................................................................................. 39 STAFF FACILITIES.................................................................................................................................... 39 COMBINATION ...................................................................................................................................... 39 LOCATION .............................................................................................................................................. 39 PUBLIC SERVICES ........................................................................................................................ 39 RESTROOMS ............................................................................................................................... 39 SPECIAL SERVICES ....................................................................................................................... 39 CONCESSION .............................................................................................................................. 40
6
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) RESEARCH CENTER...................................................................................................................... 40 RESEARCH CENTERS IN PAKISTAN .......................................................................................................... 40 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD ZOO ............................................................................................ 41 CHAPTER NO 3 :
CASE STUDIES ................................................................................................ 49
SELECTION CRITERIA ................................................................................................................... 50 LOCAL CASE STUDIES................................................................................................................... 50 CASE STUDY NO 1 LAHORE ZOO ................................................................................................... 50 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 50 REASONS OF SELECTION: ............................................................................................................. 51 ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................................... 51 PLANNING .................................................................................................................................. 51 PARKING: ................................................................................................................................... 52 SCULPTURE: ............................................................................................................................... 53 LANDSCAPING: ........................................................................................................................... 53 WALKWAYS: ............................................................................................................................... 54 BENCHES AND VIEWING SHELTERS ............................................................................................... 54 EXHIBIT DESIGN .......................................................................................................................... 55 EXHIBIT SIZE ........................................................................................................................................... 55 EXHIBIT SHAPE ....................................................................................................................................... 55 EXHIBIT ORIENTATION AND PLACEMENT: ............................................................................................. 56 MATERIALS: ................................................................................................................................ 56 EYE LEVEL ................................................................................................................................... 57 STEP UPS AND RAMPS ................................................................................................................. 57 BARRIERS: .................................................................................................................................. 57 SECURITY ................................................................................................................................... 58 ILLUMINATION: .......................................................................................................................... 58 MAINTENANCE: .......................................................................................................................... 58 COMMISSARY: ............................................................................................................................ 59 HOSPITAL: .................................................................................................................................. 59 BUILDING AND GROUND MAINTENANCE: ..................................................................................... 60 SIGNS AND LABELS: ..................................................................................................................... 60 CONCLUSION: ............................................................................................................................. 60 TARGET CASE STUDY .................................................................................................................. 61 CHAPTER NO 4: RESEARCH ASPECT ............................................................................................. 65
7
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) RESEARCH ASPECT: ..................................................................................................................... 66 REARCH FOCUS: .......................................................................................................................... 66 MISSION:.................................................................................................................................... 66 PROBLEM STATEMENT: ............................................................................................................... 66 RESEARCH ASPECT NO 01: BIOMIMICRY ..................................................................................... 67 HISTORY .................................................................................................................................... 67 WHY DO WE NEED BIOMIMICRY? ............................................................................................... 68 • • • • •
SUSTAINABLE ....................................................................................................................... 68 PERFORM WELL .................................................................................................................... 68 SAVE ENERGY ....................................................................................................................... 68 CUT MATERIAL COSTS ........................................................................................................... 68 REDEFINE AND ELIMINATE “ WASTE” ..................................................................................... 68
9 PRINCIPLES OF BIOMIMICRY .................................................................................................... 68 LEVELS OF BIOMIMICRY ............................................................................................................. 68 1. MIMICKING A FORM OR A SHAPE FROM NATURE .................................................................. 69 CASE STUDY - NAMIBIAN DESERT BEETLE: ........................................................................................... 69 PRINCIPLE: ............................................................................................................................................. 69 2. MIMICKING A PROCESS CARRIED OUT BY NATURE ................................................................ 69 PRINCIPLE: ............................................................................................................................................. 70 CASE STUDY – EASTGATE CENTER,HARARE ........................................................................................... 70 NATURE ASPECT : .................................................................................................................................. 70 ARCHITECTURE ASPECT:........................................................................................................................ 71 3. MIMICKING A MATERIAL AND HOW IT PERFORMS OR MIMICKING OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS72 CASE STUDY – CORAL REEF PROJECT ..................................................................................................... 72 CONCLUSON: ............................................................................................................................. 74 RESEARCH ASPECT NO 02: LANDSCAPE IMMERSION: .................................................................. 75 EXAMPLE: .............................................................................................................................................. 75 ELEMENTS TO CREATION IMMERSIVE EXPERIENCE: ..................................................................... 75 1. LANDSCAPE SIMULATION: ................................................................................................... 75
8
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) 2. CONTINUITY ........................................................................................................................ 75 3. CONSISTENCY: ..................................................................................................................... 75 4. SUPPORTING CONCEPTS: ..................................................................................................... 75 DEVELOPMENT OF ANIMAL EXHIBITS ......................................................................................... 76 COMPONENTS IN THE ANIMAL EXHIBIT: ...................................................................................... 76 NATURALISTIC EXHIBIT DESIGN .................................................................................................. 77 CASE STUDY: .......................................................................................................................................... 77 IMMERSIVE EXHIBIT DESIGN ...................................................................................................... 77 CONCLUSON: ............................................................................................................................. 78 CHAPTER NO 05:
SITE ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 80
LOCATION OF THE SITE: .............................................................................................................. 81 DISTANCES AND ROAD NETWORK: ............................................................................................. 81 CLIMATE ( SUNPATH & WIND DIRECTION): ................................................................................. 82 CIRCULATION (VEHICULAR & PEDESTRIAN): ................................................................................ 83 SIZE AND ZONING): .................................................................................................................... 83 SENSORY: .................................................................................................................................. 84 VIEWS:....................................................................................................................................... 84 VIEW FROM THE SITE: ........................................................................................................................... 84 VIEW INTO THE SITE: ............................................................................................................................. 85 VIEW TOWARD THE SITE: ...................................................................................................................... 85 NOISE & POLLUTION:.................................................................................................................. 86 HUMAN ACTIVITIES & CULTURE:................................................................................................. 87 EXISTING CONDITIONS: .............................................................................................................. 88 SWOT ANAYLSIS:........................................................................................................................ 89
9
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) CHAPTER NO 6: ARCHI PROGRAM ............................................................................................. 91 CHAPTER NO 7: DESIGN CONSIDERATION ................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER NO 8: BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 105 1. 2. 3. 4.
ARTICLES: .......................................................................................................................... 106 PAPERS :............................................................................................................................ 107 WEBSITES : ........................................................................................................................ 107 BOOKS :............................................................................................................................. 107
CHAPTER NO 9: ........................................................................................................................ 109 ANNEXURE .............................................................................................................................. 109 STANDARD AND ANIMAL HABITAT STUDY ................................................................................ 110 ANIMAL EXHIBITS: ................................................................................................................... 118 CARNIVORES: ........................................................................................................................... 118 OMNIVORES: ........................................................................................................................... 121 BIG MAMMALS: ....................................................................................................................... 121 AQUATIC MAMMALS: .............................................................................................................. 122 HERBIVORES: ........................................................................................................................... 122 MONKEY AND APES: ................................................................................................................. 125 REPTILES: ................................................................................................................................. 127 BIRDS: ..................................................................................................................................... 128 WATER FOWL ...................................................................................................................................... 128 FLYING ................................................................................................................................................. 128 AVAIRY ................................................................................................................................................ 128 PREDATOR ........................................................................................................................................... 129 ANIMAL EXHIBITS TOTALS ........................................................................................................ 129 FACILITIES ................................................................................................................................ 130
TABLE OF FIGURE: Figure 0.1 timeline of zoo evolution .............................................................................................................21 Figure 0.2 systematic concept ......................................................................................................................24
10
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) Figure 0.3 Geographical concept ..................................................................................................................24 Figure 0.4 ecological concept .......................................................................................................................25 Figure 0.5 Behavioral concept ......................................................................................................................25 Figure 0.6 Popular concept ...........................................................................................................................26 Figure 0.7 Traditional Zoo .............................................................................................................................26 Figure 0.8 Inverted Zoo .................................................................................................................................27 Figure 0.9 Sunken Zoo...................................................................................................................................27 Figure 0.10 Open Zoo....................................................................................................................................28 Figure 0.11 The naturalistic and esthetic setting ..........................................................................................29 Figure 0.12 Soft and hardscape percentage .................................................................................................29 Figure 0.13 Floral displays add color to the grounds ....................................................................................30 Figure 0.14 Grottos .......................................................................................................................................30 Figure 0.15 Pens............................................................................................................................................31 Figure 0.16 pool ............................................................................................................................................31 Figure 0.17 Island ..........................................................................................................................................31 Figure 0.18 Bird Aviary ..................................................................................................................................32 Figure 0.19 Walk track ..................................................................................................................................32 Figure 0.20 Bench design ..............................................................................................................................33 Figure 0.21 Orientation of the Exhibits .........................................................................................................34 Figure 0.22 Eye Level ....................................................................................................................................35 Figure 0.23 Cross viewing points ..................................................................................................................35 Figure 0.24 360 Degree Viewing ...................................................................................................................35 Figure 0.25 Types of Barrier ..........................................................................................................................36 Figure 0.1 Satellite image of Lahore zoo ......................................................................................................50 Figure 0.2 Parking condition of Lahore zoo mall road GATE ........................................................................52 Figure 0.3 Lack of Landscape in animal`s enclosure, sitting under the scorching sun, animals roaming on the dirt in enclosure......................................................................................................................................52 Figure 0.4 Sculpture on Main Gate ...............................................................................................................53 Figure 0.5 Sculpture on the Pathway of exhibit of animals ..........................................................................53 Figure 0.6 On Left side: condition of viewing shelter , Right Side : condition of Path ..................................54 Figure 0.7 unnatural & small exhibit, larger number of animals in aviary, small pool of hippo enclosure .55 Figure 0.8 Tiling in the cage of tiger & lion ...................................................................................................56 Figure 0.9 thick & sharp fencing btw 2 lion enclosure..................................................................................56 Figure 0.10 pond in the puma cage ..............................................................................................................57 Figure 0.11 Condition of Steps, ramp of Lahore zoo. ...................................................................................57 Figure 0.12 The direct use of barrier without any aesthetic appeal.............................................................58 Figure 0.13 Condition of ponds in the enclosure, water in dirty cause health problems.............................59 Figure 0.14 Condition of Commissary & ration area of Lahore zoo..............................................................59 Figure 0.15 Limted directional sign placed in Lahore Zoo ............................................................................60 Figure 0.1 exhibit ..........................................................................................................................................62 Figure 0.2 zoo plan ........................................................................................................................................63 Figure 0.1 Timeline of Biomimicry ................................................................................................................67 Figure 0.1 Three Principal of biomimicry ......................................................................................................68 Figure 0.1 Level of Biomimicry......................................................................................................................69 Figure 0.1 Image of beetle and structures ....................................................................................................69 Figure 0.1 building tower ..............................................................................................................................70 Figure 0.2 Interior .........................................................................................................................................71
11
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) Figure 0.3 Section of building .......................................................................................................................72 Figure 0.1 Apartment view ...........................................................................................................................73 Figure 0.2 Principle of ecosystem .................................................................................................................73 Figure 0.1 Natural Exhibit .............................................................................................................................77
LIST OF TABLE: Table 1 Animal name list...............................................................................................................................15 Table 2 comparison between minimum .......................................................................................................38
12
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
CHAPTER NO 1: INTRODUCTION
13
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
TITLE: ZOOSCAPE ( IMMERSION IN NATURE) TRANSFORMATION OF ZOOLOGICAL PARK IN THE SUBURBAN CITY
With rapid rise in development and infrastructure of various countries. Vast extents of land which formerly were forests or natural habitats and breeding grounds of a biodiversity of plants and animals, are now being turned into concrete jungles. Cities are engulfed inside a dome which cuts off all activities related to natural setting, this fails to educate a visitor about the world abundance of zoological and botanical species and ecosystems, which once used to flourish. A zoo triggers a number of mental stimulating inside a person. A visitor when in contact with a new species and animal questions the facts about the animal. this makes the person aware about the ecological and environmental issues in the world, the mass extinction and depletion of animals and plants. This is very important in the current scenario for the younger generations to realize and react in a positive way.
CLIENT: Wildlife Conservation Department of Government of Pakistan
USERS: 1. ANIMALS 80 species 1200 animals
Carnivores Lion Tigers[Bengal & White] Common leopard Black leopard Cheetah
Herbivores Giraffe Zebra Oryx Addax Cape buffalos
Monkeys & Apes Chimpanzee Gorillas Orangutans Olive baboons Capuchin monkey
Wild cats Wild dogs Gray wolf Hyena Puma Fox
Chin Kara Gazelle Lesser Kudu/Bongo Axis deer(chital) Sambar deer Hog deer
Vervet monkey Rhesus monkey Gibbons Spider monkey Lemurs Howler monkey
Birds Parrots Pheasants Pigeon/doves Hornbill/toucan Ostrich/emu/cassowar y Peafowl Partridges/Quails Cuckoos Wood peckers Birds of paradise Sparrows/Finches
14
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
Jackal Omnivores Asian Black bear Moon/Sun bear Brown Bear Mongoose Big mammals Elephant Rhinoceros Hippopotamus Aquatic mammals Otter Penguin Sea lion Dolphin
Fallow deer Blue bull Sika deer Black buck Mouflon Uriel Red deer Bactrian camel Dromedary camel Impala Eland Wild boar Porcupine Barking deer Koala Kangaroo[Red, Gray] Beavers Rabbits and hares
Reptiles Muggers Crocodiles Snakes Tortoise Lizards Special additions Giant panda Red panda
Amphibians Frogs, etc. Insects Butterflies, etc.
Pelicans Ducks, Geese, Swans Falcons, Eagles, Hawks Owls Vultures Cranes, Herons Flamingos Bee-eaters Kingfishers Guinea fowls Bulbuls Perching birds Fish Fancy fish Eel turtles
Table 1 Animal name list
2. SCHOOL EXCURSION GROUPS: Mostly between age groups of 5-13,and in groups of more than 50
3. ZOOLOGY OR BOTANY RESARCH SCHOLARS/STUDENTS: Above 18 years and may come in groups or induvial
4. PHOTOGRAPHERS/WILDLIFE ENTHUSIASTS: 5. FAMILIES Multiple age groups/multiple numbers
6. TORUIST GROUPS Multiple age groups/multiple numbers
REASON OF SELECTION: “ ESTABLISHMENT WHICH MAINTAIN A COLLECTION OF WILD ANIMALS, CONFINED WITHIN A ENCLOSURE, TYPICALLY IN A GARDEN OR A PARK TO DISPLAY TO PUBLIC”
ANIMAL EXHIBITS
ONE WAY TO COMMUNICATE WITH VISTIORS
15
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
MESSAGE THESE EXHIBITS SEND CAN SHAPE HOW PEOPLE BEHAVE TOWARDS ANIMALS AND WILDLIFE IN GENERAL The exhibits have to address public INTELLECTUALLY and EMOTIONALLY through proper design. There is a continuous conflict in zoo research between: • •
Preserving the animal welfare and their need for sufficient space and material in exhibits so that they can express their natural behaviors Enhancing the experience of visitors who desire to see wild animal closeup and provide financial support.
Historically displayed in cages and some zoo like LAHORE ZOO still use caged display. Small and barren with no sanctuary or refuge for animal. Like in sterile exhibits and one isolate from nature, Result in boredom and behavior problem. enclosure offer close view for visitors ,they do not provided heathy stimulating or pleasant life.
OBJECTIVES • •
• • • • • •
Practice of keeping a focus on the sensitivity of the surrounding in relation to plants and animals using the space. Create a zoo that is enjoyable for both animal and user. Is quite challenge and is accompanied by many obstacles such as views for the users in combination with animal comfortability In the space, ways to keep the visitors interest while educating them. Designing a Zoo which is up to the mark according to international standards. To understand the structure of nature, ecology and ethnology of wildlife To create an institute for research conservation of endangered species and public awareness. To develop and education and recreation facility for people of Pakistan. To provide the concept of night safari To exhibit aquatic animals like dolphins, sea lions, penguin, etc. Our task must be to free ourselves by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole nature must and its beauty (Albert Einstein)
HYPOTHESIS: Discover immersive design to be must most efficient and conservation productive design strategy to implement with a zoo setting.
16
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
REASON OF SELECTION /SIGNIFICANT: •
•
• •
Being able to address environmentalism in a zoo design is important because animals are crucial and arguable the most important, part of the ecology of the earth. If as designers we don’t address the needs of a species, we could effectively be aiding in destruction of an ecological biome Relating this to zoo with zoo we can examine different techniques, designs and plats on a particular species or group of species in a confined area, their apply the positive data to natural world situation. We can effectively help to revitalize endangered species by observing then creating a stable habitant for the species to thrive in. All In the while, zoo will help educate the public on the importance of the animals and biomes as will as provide a form of recreation for all type pf people.
GOALS/AIMS OF PROJECT: Following are the aims/goals of the projects:
1. TO CREATE A COHESIVE DESIGN IN WHICH ALL ELEMENTS FLOW TOGETHER: • • •
Create comfortable habitats for animals Create a fluid environment that appeals to all visitors of the zoo and animal as well Use immersive design to flow habitat together.
2. CREATE AN EMOTIONAL CONNECTION BETWEEN THE VISITOR AND ANIMALS THROUGH DESIGN: • • •
Create the illusion that animal is in its natural habitat with no boundaries or limits Give visitors the environmental experience of feeling as through they are in animals natural environment, not just a viewer. Using immersive design as the connection link between human and animal
3. TO PROVIDE EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES AROUND ANIMALS, CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY • • • • •
Allow immersive design to give the viewer the desire to learn Create an educational and entertaining experience for the visitor To provide educational programs and promote conservation To promote suitability through programs and initiatives Use sustainable design to help create a sustainable zoo.
17
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
SCOPE OF WORK: • • • •
Creating an area of public interest Developing masterplan for regional level zoo considering natural resources of region Understanding of natural habitat of wilds and exotic famous species and their exhibit design Immersive experience journey throughout the zoo.
LIMITATIONS • • • • • • • • •
Complete animal diet A thorough look at individual animal needs Surveyed input from surround environment Existing underground power, sceptic and water lines Conservation program specific Detail Interior designing of all buildings A very through look at exact plant species A detailed look at all proposed exhibits Site drainage design
PROGRAM: Connecting kids and animals strengthen families and insuring growth: entertainment / recreational • • • •
EDUCATION SUSTAINABLE PRACTICE MEDIA PLANTING
Major architectural scope of work would be:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
MASTER PLANNING ANIMAL ENCLOSURE RESEARCH CENTRE AVIARY MUSEUM DOLPHIN HOUSE AND AQUARIUM
18
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
CHAPTER NO 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
19
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
WHAT IS ZOO? DEFINITION: The zoo is a cultural institution that manages and exhibits a collection of wild animals with the purpose of communicating ideas rather than merely displaying collections. It has to balance public education through entertainment with conservation, scientific research, technological development and fund raising. “An establishment which maintains a collection of wild animals, confined within an enclosure, typically in a garden or a park to display to the public.” Zoo is the short for Zoological park or garden, which contains a wide Varity of animals that may be native to that part of the world or to the all parts of the world depending on the nature of zoo.
HISTORY: The zoo can find its earliest origins as far back as 3000 years ago in ancient Egypt. The root cause of keeping wild animals in this fashion was to exhibit the wealth and power of the rulers. This model continued on a very limited scale until the age of exploration when explorers would collect exotic specimens from their travels around the world, particularly in the tropical regions. This led to zoos springing up in capital cities around the western world, once again to demonstrate the city’s status through the size and grandeur of its zoo. Competitions sprang up between zoos to exhibits the greatest variety species in «splendid isolation». This result in many small and inadequate exhibits that by todays standard seem inherently cruel to the animals, but it is not fair to judge past generations by today’s standards. It was during this time, that natural history museums were being founded, these museums gave an access to new exotic subject matter though the age of exploration, possible lead to a changing zoological thinking began to take its modern form. They began to take the roles of conservation facilities and everything that comes along with that role. The newfound knowledge and attitude toward zoo management has species exhibits were formed creating a more natural experience for both animals and visitors.as we continue to study and learn from the animals we have in zoos Today’s zoo serve a very important role in global conservation and sustainability.
20
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
TIMELINE
Figure 0.1 timeline of zoo evolution
PHILLOSPHY: Philosophy behind keeping the wild animals captive is simply, derived from man’s habit of keeping things as a curiosity to know about them. This desire to know is the major objective behind survival of zoos and aquariums. This philosophy has become highly complex with time. The modern zoos have formulized philosophy which guides its purpose. By the advent of time, it has become very clear that not every collection of captive animals deserves to be called zoo. The AZA’s (Association Zoo and Aquariums) definition for a zoo is “an organization and permanent institution, essentially educational or esthetic in purpose with professional staff, which owns and utilizes wild animals, cares for them and exhibits them to the public on regular schedule”.
PURPOSE: The main purpose of every zoological park is to serve the general public as an entertainment source and facility through which people can escape reality for e brief moment, and get educated during the stay. The educational part is especially important for children and this way they can learn more about different animals, even plants and develop respect and love for them. These activities are maintained based on two postulates: quantitative and qualitative conservation of species and public education about the consequences of mother earth’s depletion. The second postulate is achieved on a more enthusiastic level by addressing people using different educational programs and providing informational points in the zoo. Inbreeding of species without the emergence of hereditary problems cannot be achieved if more zoos don’t work together. This necessity led to the formation of the EEP((Endangered Species Programmers) and the ESB (European Stud Books)in Europe Zoos have become sophisticated organisms. A zoo organized along scientific line can help animals Survive. Zoo Fills Many Valuable Purposes. •
PUBLIC DEMAND AND INTERESTS
21
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
• • • • •
SCIENTIFIC STUDY PROTECTION OF RARE SPECIES TOURIST ATTRACTION AWARENESS HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION
TODAYS ZOO: The majority of zoos served simply to display animals, with the more advanced among them, utilize their collections for the study of zoology. However, over time good zoos have changed their mission and focus due to a growing realization and documentation of the decline in wildlife, driven mostly by loss of habitat. From the mid-20th century zoos have been finding ways to help conserve wild animals and their habitats, and the animals in our zoos now fulfill a number of roles, from education of their species to keeping their records and studying their behaviors.
PRESERVATION
•HABITAT •ENDANGERED SPECIES
EXPLORATION
•NATURE •ANIMAL BEHAVIORS
PROMOTION
•AWARENESS ABOUT WILDLIFE •CONSERVATION
CONSERVA TION
RECREATIO N
ROLE OF MODERN ZOO
EDUCATI ON
RESEARCH
Modern zoos are committed to managing captive populations of animals scientifically, with particular emphasis on threatened species
22
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
TYPE OF WILDLIFE PARKS: Types of Wildlife parks include majorly:1) Zoological garden • Urban zoo (it’s within city center.) • Sub-urban zoo (at the suburbs of the city.) 2) Safari park (animals are open and tourist can experience by drive-in.) 3) National park/game reserve (large area of eco-system, for legal hunting.) 4) Sanctuary (naturally occurring areas that provides species from hunting.) 5) Specialized zoo (zoo that display similar or same kind of animals.) 6) Petting zoo (zoo set up for children having domestic animals.) 7) Animal theme park.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ZOO AND MENAGERIE DISPLAY MENAGERIE is simply a collection of animals on public exhibition. ZOO is an educationally planned and oriented animal display presented to the visitor in the most esthetically pleasing, interesting and naturalistic context practical..
DESIGNING THE ZOO : Zoological parks are evolving from popular menageries to become major contributors to wildlife conservation and education.
PLANNING OF ZOO: PLANNING CONCEPT/ DISPLAY ARRANGEMENT OR THEME: A zoological park may be designed on one of the following planning concept according to the nature and arrangement of the exhibits. • Systematic concept • Geographical concept • Ecological concept • Behavioral concept • Popular concept Above given concept are explained following:
1. SYSTEMATIC CONCEPT In this concept the exhibits and allied spaces are arranged according to their systematic relationship that might be type of family, classification, nature, etc. 23
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
Merits •
•
•
In this concept similarities and differences of related species within a single animal group can be emphasized. From a practical stand point of design and construction the systematic concept allows a certain ease of daily maintenance and husbandry. The co-habitation problem will also be solved.
Figure 0.2 systematic concept
Demerits • •
Zoos planned on this concept tends to be a source of exhibit monotony One species may tend to be more unusual or attractive, out of the rest of the species which may leave the remaining species ignored.
2. GEOGRAPHICAL CONCEPT This concept of animal exhibits is according to their geographical origin e.g. new world, old world, European, Asian, African, American, Australian, etc. thus all animals could be arranged according to their geographical concept.
Merits •
• •
This concept is effective for smaller zoos as it permits smaller job to be done in a Figure 0.3 Geographical concept better way There is a lot of scope of imaginative use of native props, background music, etc. Habitat could be mimicked with more efficiency
Demerits •
In context of a zoo in Pakistan people would prefer to see more exotic animals like bears, lions, tigers than goats, birds, small cats, etc
24
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
3. ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT In this concept the exhibit presentation of animals is selected from given ecology that surrounds the animals. For example desert animals like camels, desert fox, etc are separated from the animals belonging to the grasslands.
Merits •
• • •
Educational and Figure 0.4 ecological concept popularity potential of ecological concept is very high. It keeps animals happy, long-lived and the birth rate grows. Depending on the design a single habitat display may involve less cost. People may experience different environments at a single place.
Demerits • •
The co-habitation problem will occur. From a practical stand point of design and construction the ecological concept allows a difficult of daily maintenance and husbandry.
4. BEHAVIORAL CONCEPT This concept deals with the arrangement according to behavior of animals. For example a typical behavioral concept is a nocturnal animal display where animals active only at night time are exhibited in darkened buildings.
Merits •
•
Provides an opportunity Figure 0.5 Behavioral concept to study the behavior of animals of different types. Provides ease to the management to maintain animals according to their behavior with less labor force.
25
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
Demerits • •
This concept creates monotony Animals as individual lose their importance.
5. POPULAR CONCEPT According to this concept the exhibit of a limited number of animals selected and presented strictly on the basis of popular appeal rather than zoological formation. Thus this planning concept would have no particular basis regarded to geography, ecology or system. Figure 0.6 Popular concept
Merits •
•
This concept and design of enclosures will add to their interest and keep them wandering that what animals will come next. This concept would form an excellent basic collection for any small zoo
• •
In this exhibits are scattered which creates problem in educating people. This concept makes a certain difficulty of daily maintenance and husbandry.
Demerits
CONCEPT OF CONFINEMENT 1. TRADITIONAL ZOO The traditional zoos or the zoos of past mostly used this concept of confinement. In this concept the animals were kept in the cages. This concept portrait the man’s superiority and disrespect for the nature and wildlife. -The cages were small. -Animals did not have proper space to roam around. -Animals deprived of their natural habitat. -These zoos were smaller in size.
Figure 0.7 Traditional Zoo
26
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
2. INVERTED ZOO In these zoos animals were kept in large enclosures and humans were kept in cage like tunnels and could easily view the animals up-close. In this concept the humans being caged portrait the fear of the wildlife. -Proper spaces as per requirement and exhibited the natural habitat of animals. -Animal privacy is intervened frequently. -Animals did not showed there natural behavior which is the real essence of the zoo.
Figure 0.8 Inverted Zoo
3. SUNKEN ZOO An enclosed space which is sunken into the ground around 10’ to 20’ depending on the animal nature. -The sunken confinement had larger space -The exhibit was designed with proper habitat which provided the animals natural surroundings and proper space to roam around. -People viewed the animals from the top. This view had hindrance due to the foliage and denning facility which created difficulty for the viewer. And sometimes animals were not seen ending up creating a lack of interest.
Figure 0.9 Sunken Zoo
4. OPEN ZOO The exhibit is brought at the eye level and a physical barrier was placed between the animal and the visitor. -The visitor could have a clear view of not only animals but also its exhibit, -With a distance the visitors can enjoy their view and the animals could enjoy their privacy and exhibit their proper natural behavior. -Open zoo provides a good chance of learning to the visitors. 27
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
-The enclosure depicts the natural environment of the animals which has increased the standards of the zoo experience.
Figure 0.10 Open Zoo
GROUNDS PARKING AREAS: • •
• • • • •
Features to be kept in mind when planning a parking area include capacity, traffic flow, special parking areas, security and landscaping. Adequate parking facilities should be planned to accommodate the average periods of maximum visitation. to provide adequate space at a zoo to accommodate the two or three peak days of the year, which are generally weekends and holidays. In a large lot it is essential to erect signs with letters, numbers or other symbols so the motorist can find his way back to his car when he leaves. Special parking areas should be provided for the handicapped, tour buses, recreational vehicles and taxis. Protection against theft and vandalism should be provided. Pedestrian aisles should be marked clearly to prevent accidents caused by mixing foot and car traffic Separate parking for staffs and maintenance facilities.
ENTRANCES: • • •
•
The fewer entrances and exits, the better the grounds security and visitor control. Turnstiles with counters afford actual attendance checks which are always of interest in measuring the popularity of the zoo, evaluating peak loads, etc. The flow of visitor traffic into the zoo must be designed so as not to conflict with traffic exiting the facility. The number of ticket windows required depends on the maximum number of visitors expected daily. Visitors are likely to head for the restrooms immediately upon their arrival and before leaving. They also need a place to gather and rest at the entrance and exit.
28
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
Especially groups need space to give instructions, introduction, and physically group and organize themselves.
LANDSCAPING: •
The zoo environment is a complex setting because it has to depict natural environment of the wild as well as to cater the human flow and this landscape works as a guide.
Figure 0.11 The naturalistic and esthetic setting
Figure 0.12 Soft and hardscape percentage
• Landscape i.e. both soft and hardscape play important role in the design of the zoo. The accurate percentage is very important for the design of the zoo. It plays functional and aesthetic role and altogether makes the whole zoo complex beautiful.
29
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
•
•
•
Proper landscaping of the zoo grounds adds tremendously to the naturalistic and esthetic setting. Selection of plants of course is generally a function of local conditions of soil, climate, topography, as well as available irrigation facilities. Floral displays add color to the grounds and especially fragrant plantings provide a pleasant atmosphere . plant species are labeled, the zoo functions as a botanical exhibit as well .
Figure 0.13 Floral displays add color to the grounds
LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS • • • • • • • •
Flora(trees and plants) Animals sculptures Lakes Waterfall Flower beds Ponds Rocks and stones And hardscaping elements(paths, stones, etc)
“GROTTOS”, “PENS” & “ISLAND” GROTTOS Grottos are usually referred as a term in exhibit design for zoos, in which animals are separated from the visitors by a moat and are prevented from escaping by vertical walls. Properly designed grottos can be most effectively and beautifully landscaped. The worth of grottos are in the naturalness of setting and the lack if barriers to interrupt the visitor’s view. Figure 0.14 Grottos
30
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
PENS:It is the term used for a yard or an area enclosed by fencing. Animals are kept as display which cannot climb or fly. As pens involve large areas fast running or animals which require larger areas to move around. The section of the pen at the visitor’s side may have a moat with lesser depth just to keep a distance for the safety of the visitors. Figure 0.15 Pens
ISLANDS:An island is just like grottos. Only differentiation is it is surrounded with a wide wet moat. Animals which can be generally kept in moat may also do well in the island, but islands are specifically designed for restraining the animals capable of great leaping activities. This exhibit is accessible through a tunnel by the attendants.
Figure 0.16 pool
ANIMAL POOLS
Figure 0.17 Island
It’s a water body exhibit in which aquatic or semi-aquatic animals like otters, hippos, water fowls, sea lion, etc are kept. Fencing, walls and other barriers may be enclosed by the pool with under water observations windows which are very effective for under water observation which display diving animals and birds.
31
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
“WALK THROUGH” CAGE It is the most modern an attractive concept used for wildlife. This type of exhibit is usually used for the birds. In this exhibit visitor can experience actual live bird flying or roaming around them. It is a large type of cage with truss structure. A walk in cage has biome set according to animals.
Figure 0.18 Bird Aviary
ANIMAL SCULPTURES: Zoos are ideal settings for sculpture gardens, especially animal sculpture. Many zoos locale specific pieces of animal art in association with live exhibits of the same animal. Correlation of the arts with zoo display is another example of the modern multipurpose zoo. Models and restorations of prehistoric animals also are appropriate for zoos, especially when integrated into exhibit areas of their living relatives.
MISCELLANEOUS: WALKS: • • • •
•
•
Adequate sized walks of low-maintenance and permanent materials should be used. Steps should be avoided wherever possible as Zoo visitors frequently have their interest (and eyes) on exhibits rather than where they are walking Nonskid walks should be provided wherever grades indicate. Grounds planning should be especially safety oriented as Zoo visitors frequently have their interest (and eyes) on exhibits rather than where they are walking Low-incline ramps should be substituted. Such planning also facilitates visitors with wheelchairs, baby carriages and especially baby strollers, the latter a frequent and useful vehicle of zoo visitors . The width of zoo walks is an important factor since they are used for both walking as well as Figure 0.19 Walk track standing and looking.
32
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
VISITORS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Provisions for a visitor transportation system should be included in the initial zoo plan. Systems using tractor buses, miniature or narrow gauge trains, monorails and cable cars in zoo.
BENCHES • • • •
Since considerable walking is usually necessary in zoo visiting, rest areas for visitors should be available throughout the grounds. At the more popular attractions many spectators enjoy an opportunity to view the exhibit while seated and proper planning takes this need into account. Bird exhibits are particularly well suited for such passive recreation. Benches are best located on paved areas to simplify litter
Figure 0.20 Bench design
PARAMETER FENCE: In addition to a controlled entrance and exit, the installation of a complete perimeter fence permits added visitor control and grounds security .
ANIMAL EXHIBITS INTRODUCTION In general, there are three basic and sometimes conflicting needs to be considered in planning a zoo animal exhibit, namely those of the animal, the visitor, and the attendant. The needs of the animal take precedence over those of the other two.
DESIGN FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED In order to properly design an animal exhibit which will satisfy the three basic needs cited above, the following factors should be considered:
EXHIBIT SIZE • •
Determined by the size arid activity of the animal. The larger the quarters, the greater will be the husbandry success of the species.
33
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
EXHIBIT SHAPE • •
Determined Largely by the specific kind of animal involved. Acute corners are to be avoided since animals very often will panic when driven into a tight place.
EXHIBIT ORIENTATION AND PLACEMENT An enclosure or exhibit consists of outdoor spaces to give animal a natural habitat and surroundings and animals spend most of their time there then during the day. Then there are indoor spaces which consist of retiring room, nursery, isolation room, etc. Animals like bears, tigers, lions, etc. are kept in the retiring area during the night time due to security and safety reason. Animals are directly affected by sun, wind and other forces of nature. So the orientation of their exhibits is very important and has a great influence on them and their style, nature and psychology. Another important and key factor of designing a zoo is the placement of the exhibits. For the placement of the exhibit the most important information is that which animal is to be housed into that exhibit and what is the nature of that animal. So to exhibit animals in a zoo this is one of the major consideration to place the right animal’s exhibit on the right place.
Figure 0.21 Orientation of the Exhibits
MATERIAL Materials for the exhibit should be selected for 1- the ease of maintenance, 2- Naturalistic experience, 3- Non-toxicity ready available construction items, 4- Standard sizes, shapes and specifications etc. Non-toxic paints should always be specified where animals contact is possible. Floor and wall coverings of the exhibit should be of natural material and depicts the habitat of the animal.
34
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
EYE LEVEL Older exhibits in zoos around the world routinely placed dangerous animals in a visual pit. Such exhibits only encouraged visitors to view the animal with contempt and fear and at worst throw objects or poke sticks at it. Animal exhibit areas should be designed along with the barriers to place the animal either at or above human eye-level. This makes exhibit more interesting and impressive to the viewer, as the animal is respected.
Figure 0.22 Eye Level
CONTROLLED VIEWING 1- Animal exhibit areas and barriers should be designed in such ways that cross views of other people are avoided. 2- Viewing Figure 0.23 Cross viewing points locations and barriers should also ensure that visitors cannot see entire exhibit areas from any one point or from all points (360 degree viewing). Figure 0.24 360 Degree Viewing 3- A greater number of viewing points or viewing windows should be planned to give the visitors special views of the animals. In the case of certain animals e.g. lions and tigers, where visitors are bound to congregate, the length of viewing area can be divided in a way to increase the viewing opportunities for visitors.
STEP UPS • •
The use of step-ups for children and short adults will be helpful. Observation platforms of several 'stepped up" levels or ramped up decks are useful for highly popular exhibits where crowds cause visibility problems.
35
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
PROP AND DECORATION • •
•
Such items as are used to impart a natural setting for the exhibit in addition to fulfilling certain biological and psychological needs of the animal. plants, trees, and rock work, termite nests (any one of which may be real or artificial), and even native artifacts (spears, shields, temple ruins, huts, etc.) all contribute to the display value of an animal exhibit. Strategically located cage props are important in providing hiding places for animals from one another, objects on which to rub, exercise, mark, sun, etc.
SHIFT CAGES Enclosures should be designed so the animal may be easily shifted from the exhibit into an adjacent holding, isolation or reserve area without having to restrain or catch the animal .
BARRIER Animals in captivity are kept under lock and key. For some people they seem to be innocent animals in lock up. It is to be realized that it is the duty of the zoo to keep animals protected from humans and humans from animals. To achieve this goal zoos use certain techniques and barriers. These might be physical or psychological.
TYPE OF BARRIER The type of barrier selected depends on the kind of animal to be exhibited, barriers which are least visible are most desirable due to aesthetical value. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.
vii.
viii. ix.
Vertical wires Moats (dry or wet) Bars Rails Fencing Walls (including naturalistic features as vertical formation rocks) Psychological (birds exhibited in a well it exhibit area and reluctant to fly in the darkened visitor areas) Electrical fences Thermal fencing (cold or hot water line)
Figure 0.25 Types of Barrier
36
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
When structural barriers are used, especially bars, fencing, etc. which interrupts the visibility of exhibits such restrictions produce reflections which produce hindrance in the visibility, this can be reduced by painting the barriers flat black. In case of glass barriers, if improperly installed become viewing barrier due to extraneous reflections that the exhibit is hidden from the view. If tilted installed, the reflection is minimized or the background of viewer to be darkened. In the same way all types of barriers are needed to be treated to get the best results. Barrier design involves issues such as critical jumping distances, structural stability of the barrier, as Well as public safety.
SECURITY • •
Adequate measures should be taken to prevent animal escapes, both by the animal breaking out through human error or because of vandalism. Access & doors and operating levers to dangerous animal enclosures should be clearly identified.
ILLUMINTAION • • • •
Adequate lighting must be available for satisfactory observation of the exhibit. Daylight has the advantages of being both natural and inexpensive. ultraviolet and germicidal lights are often of special value with certain animal species. shade is another important planning factor and is especially important where aquatic exhibits with their attendant algal growth are concerned.
SERVICES STRUCTURE ADMINISTRATION Depending of course on the size of the total zoo operation, the administrative facilities will vary in both area and complexity.
SIZE: MINIMUM A single administrative office may be incorporated with other service facilities in a combined zoo service building. OR if a zoo exhibit building is already present or planned,
MEDIAN A separate structure for administrative offices for the zoo director, secretary and other administrative personnel.
MAXIMUM Enlargement of median facilities based on additional needs of a larger operation such as additional staff members, business office(s), library, meeting room (for staff, board and other small groups) and auditorium where audiences may be 37
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
the administrative office can be located in such a building for reasons of economy without adversely affecting efficiency .
assembled for pre-tour orientation, educational activities, etc.
Table 2 comparison between minimum
LOCATION: •
•
The administrative building occupy a centralized location on the zoo grounds and be near or at tire main entrance, the latter being where many administrative activities occur or radiate from. Direct access of this activity to a street and parking area outside the zoo grounds facilitates the administrative operation.
MAINTENANCE • • •
Animal maintenance concerning the daily feeding, cleaning, and care of the animal collection in addition to animal health requirements: buildings and grounds maintenance; accession, storage, and handling of supplies; service facilities for personnel.
COMMISSARY • • • • • • •
A function directly proportional to the size of the animal collection. Size of this facility should reflect anticipated growth and its design permit future enlargement. Prevention of rodent access to stored foods and ease of pest control should be incorporated in the design The location of the commissary ideally should be central to all operations. In large institutions, it is often more practical to develop a main and centralized commissary facility where food is stored and prepared in bulk in addition to small departmental kitchens located in the main buildings. Ease of access for the regular deliveries of foodstuffs from outside the zoo should be provided Basic requirements for this activity are as follows: → Refrigerated Holding Facilities → Kitchen Diet preparation area → Storage Nonrefrigerated food storage
HOSPITAL-QUARANTINE •
• → → → → →
Facilities where newly arrived and sick animals can be isolated from the rest of the collection, preferably in a structure completely separated from animal exhibit areas . Facilities to be provided for are as follows : Quarantine section Sick wards with "squeeze cages" and outdoor recuperating pens Operating room Pharmacy and laboratory Post-mortem room
38
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
→ Refrigerated holding boxes for specimens to be autopsied → Equipment and supplies : microscope, centrifuge, autoclave, operating table, portable cages, restraining devices, surgical and medical supplies, laboratory ware, testing equipment, pharmaceutical refrigerator, etc.
RESERVE ANIMAL CARE • •
Zoos constantly accrue animals for which exhibit space is either not presently available or when it is desired to isolate the animal from the public for purposes of breeding, holding for other zoos, etc. A special reserve section built for the purpose is a practical and useful adjunct to the service facilities of a zoo.
BUILDING AND GROUND MAINTENANCE This activity houses facilities for the conventional needs of repairs to buildings and grounds, minor construction jobs, grounds maintenance and horticulture. A shop area is a useful facility and should be included in even the smallest of operations.
STAFF FACILITIES •
Employees' quarters with lockers, shower, restrooms and dining area are necessary for any operation.
COMBINATION For a small zoo most of these maintenance functions can be efficiently designed into one central structure.
LOCATION • •
Due to the constant activities of pickup, delivery, and disposal of materials involved in the various maintenance operations, the structure or structures housing them should be located with direct access to an "outside" or off the zoo grounds street. Service drives leading from maintenance areas to the various zoo facilities should be included in the grounds plans, preferably isolated as much as possible from public areas .
PUBLIC SERVICES RESTROOMS •
• •
Inadequate and/or unclean restroom facilities do more to give a public institution an unsatisfactory reputation than any other condition-a fact which service station operators have been aware of for some time. Zoos are well advised to include the installation of toilets especially designed for children due to the large number of youthful visitors. Urinals for female visitors are also being utilized in some public restrooms
SPECIAL SERVICES Problems of crowd control are common to every zoo and proper planning must take the following factors into consideration: •
Public Address System 39
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
• •
Emergency first aid Transportation
CONCESSION In general the following basic concessions have proven to be effective in zoos : • • • •
•
Refreshment stands for minor food and beverage items Cafe and restaurant facilities Vending machines for beverages, snacks and special animal foods Souvenirs, gifts, and numerous educational items zoologically oriented (books, pamphlets, maps, post cards, models, etc. .), jewelry, photographic film, rental cameras. Parking lot fees Transportation systems Profits from zoo concessions can be an important factor in subsidizing zoo budgets, thus decreasing the zoo's dependence on tax revenues .
RESEARCH CENTER A center responsible for education, research and conservation of wildlife. It might be an international or of national level. Components of a research center are:• Rescue • Research • Rehabilitation • Restoration Research center is basically a place where animals are kept under observation; this observation may be behavioral, medical, etc. Animals may be rescued from the wild for the purpose of study and also released in the wild to compensate the number of animals. Centre to study animal and its behavior and medical problems faced by species in designed controlled environment. Research center also play an important part in educating the public by informing them the value of wildlife and informing them of the new research. Research center comprises of → → → →
Labs Observation cubicles Library Conference and lecture rooms
RESEARCH CENTERS IN PAKISTAN • • • •
University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore Animal sciences institute, NARC, Islamabad Punjab wildlife research institute, Faisalabad Zoological survey department, Karachi
40
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD ZOO 1. Combination of planning concept.
2. Animals exhibits and categorized into small group to slow types of animals to live together in the same exhibit or to create an ecological system base on behavior.
3. Separate parking for services and visitors with single entranceexit which is centrally optimum. Entrance gate with turnstiles with counters ad place to gather and rest at the entrance and exit.
41
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
4. Landscape works as a guide with plant species are labeled, the zoo functions as a botanical exhibit as well.
5. The naturalistic and esthetic setting. 6. Floral displays add color to the grounds.
7. Provide naturalistic environment which immerse the visitors in the habitat of the animal. 8. Animal involved in close human-animal interaction, emphasize respect for wildlife.
42
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
9. Develops public awareness about animals and their importance for the survival of the planets.
10.Better exhibit for animal.
11.Better circulation method.
43
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
12.Better barrier and vision control.
13.Better learning method.
14.Provisions for a visitor transportation system, should be included in the initial zoo plan.
44
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
15.In addition to a controlled entrance and exit, the installation of a complete perimeter fence permits added visitor control and grounds security .
16.Adequately sized walks of low-maintenance and permanent materials 17.Steps should be avoided wherever possible.
18.Nonskid walks should be provided wherever grades indicate.
45
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
19.LOW-incline ramps should be substituted.
20.Use of clear graphical signage in the zoo. 21.Non-conventional ways of education: • • • • •
By graphics By observation By sculpture By staff By informal lectures
22. Naturalistic exhibits, where vegetation simulates that is found in wild.
46
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) 23. Design exhibit has natural environment of animals and which stimulate wild.
24. Using physical and psychological barriers to get some interesting design output. 25. Using barriers according to the psyche of animals. 26. Animal exhibit area should be designed along with barrier to place the animal either at or above human eye level. This makes exhibit more interesting and impressive to the viewer, as the animal is respected.
27. Step-ups for children and short adults will be helpful. Observation platforms of several 'stepped up" levels or ramped up decks are useful for highly popular exhibits where crowds cause visibility problems
47
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
28. Giving a closer look of animals but keeping a safe distance between both visitor and the animal.by controlled viewing points which avoid 360 degree views and cross view.
29. Due to the constant activities of pickup, delivery, and disposal of materials involved in the various maintenance operations, the structure or structures housing them should be located with direct access to an "outside" or off the zoo grounds street.
48
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
CHAPTER NO 3 : CASE STUDIES
49
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
SELECTION CRITERIA Case study is studies under following parameters: • • • • • • • •
Climate condition Planning Exhibit design Barrier design Landscape Visitor viewing area Sculptures and furniture Facilities and maintenance
LOCAL CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY NO 1 LAHORE ZOO INTRODUCTION
Figure 0.1 Satellite image of Lahore zoo
50
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) LOCATION
AREA
ANIMALS
MALL ROAD
25 ACRES
140 SPECIES 1400 ANIMALS
REASONS OF SELECTION: Following are the reasons for doing this case study. • • •
Lahore zoo was basically taken as a case study so that an understanding could also be developed of a zoo in the local context. To know more about Lahore zoo and its planning theme To know more about the problems Lahore zoo is facing
ANALYSIS A zoo may be classified by its display theme according to the nature and arrangement of its exhibits. Lahore zoo experiences a combination theme with almost all themes amalgamated. Each display has been given a different theme with the designer’s own wish without apparently giving much thought to the animals and birds for whom these cages have been designed the monkey’s display is placed near the entrance according to its degree of popularity. The bird’s section is separated with the aquatic ones according to the behavioral theme. All the cats cages have been located together systematically their lives. In the wild male tigers do not live together and mark their territory by roaring however, overlapping educative purpose of all these themes has been lost somewhere. The zoo should provide a chance of education, but at the same time break the monotony of only looking at animals. The Lahore zoo exhibits are based not on any particular rule and the animals themselves have not been given any consideration.
PLANNING When designing a zoo it should be ensured that there is maximum flexibility within the longrange plan to accommodate future more pragmatic unknowns. Any kind of zoo has to have some kind of display theme involved in its planning. Lahore zoo planning has been analyzed through these aspects. Features of the grounds of Lahore zoo are discussed here. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Parking Landscaping Animal sculptures Walks
51
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
PARKING: •
The major advantage of Lahore zoo’s location as the local bus stop is just by the gates of the zoo and the prime clients of zoo do not have cars. They are two parking lots: * one catering for the public use on the mall road * second is located on Lawrence road.
Figure 0.2 Parking condition of Lahore zoo mall road GATE
• •
•
This facility is inadequate for present use. There is no adequate parking for the staff cars. Either they park outside in the visitor’s parking lot or outside their offices, where there is not enough space for parking, as the same path is used as a service lane as well as wheel barrows are supposed to be passing through the same path for food supply. Adequate parking facility should be planned to accommodate the average periods of maximum visitors. The administration should have a separate parking space, which should not interact with the Visitors parking.
Figure 0.3 Lack of Landscape in animal`s enclosure, sitting under the scorching sun, animals roaming on the dirt in enclosure
52
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
SCULPTURE: Zoos are ideal setting for sculptural gardens, especially animal sculptures. These not only work as representation but they also are important aesthetical factor. •
Lahore zoo made an adequate use of sculptures at the entrances.
•
The size and composition of sculptures draw the attention of viewers in swiftly moving cars and arouse the curiosity of the public.
Figure 0.4 Sculpture on Main Gate
•
But use of those sculptures should be with the habitat which depicts nature those should not be glued on the artificial material.
•
`Inside the zoo, fountain with different sculptures is misguiding since it does not depict the presence of marine life museum for aquatic animals.
•
Once entered the premises of Lahore zoo, apart from fountain sculpture or lion and bear
Figure 0.5 Sculpture on the Pathway of exhibit of animals
sculpture as a representation of their exhibit, there are no other sculptures seen.
LANDSCAPING: landscaping is one of the most important factors of the zoo designing. A zoo should be designed by taking a cue from nature to evolve its own natural assets, to create a unique heaven where man and nature interact peacefully. Proper horticulture treatment of the zoo adds to the naturalistic and esthetic setting, which immerse the public in a replica of the animal’s natural world. •
In Lahore zoo this part is missing most of the animals are missing their natural enclosure to stimulate natural behavior.
53
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
• • • •
Landscape makes behavior stimulate that keep animal interested and active in their enclosures which is missing in Lahore zoo. Landscape in the enclosure of animals and also outside the enclosure for human which is missing in Lahore zoo. It is very important for the animal’s welfare to landscape its exhibits, as close to the natural environment as possible, but this is also missing in Lahore zoo. A zoo landscape should stimulate the wild; allowing the animal to live in their natural habitat which is missing in Lahore zoo.
WALKWAYS: The Lahore zoo has quite inadequate size of walkways that does not have ample space for walking as well as enjoying the exhibits. • • • •
The draw back in the layout is that, there are a few ramps to facilitate wheel chairs and baby strollers. Quite a lot of stairs in the zoo to get to certain exhibits. Some walkways due to lack of maintenance are broken In some parts especially in the ungulate species area the path is closed by the fencing.
BENCHES AND VIEWING SHELTERS •
Seating for the public at the zoo is pretty ok.
•
Benches are placed near rides and popular exhibits.
•
But the placement near recreational park is not the idea. Viewing shelters are missing greatly, but where they are placed either they are considered as the part of path, like for the bear exhibits or the floor of the viewing shelters in broken, like the exhibits of chimpanzee
•
Figure 0.6 On Left side: condition of viewing shelter , Right Side : condition of Path
54
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
EXHIBIT DESIGN EXHIBIT SIZE The size and activity of animals largely determines it. Generally the larger the exhibit the greater will be the husbandry success of species. These considerations are seemed to be missing or improperly designed in the zoo, especially for some animals like hippos, according to the instinct of the animal hippo spend most of their time of the day in water but in Lahore zoo the major part of their exhibit is the land and a very small is water pond which is even smaller for the animals to fit in. Jungle cats beings a small mammal may be accommodated in a small exhibit but they are exhibited in even smaller exhibit. Asiatic wolf requiring a lot of space in displayed in a cage of size 15’x 8’ approx. Another problem is accommodation of too many species in an exhibit like the new aviary in filled up with lots of bird that they create problems for each other.
Figure 0.7 unnatural & small exhibit, larger number of animals in aviary, small pool of hippo enclosure
EXHIBIT SHAPE •
•
This too is determined by the specific kind of animals involved. But in any case acute corners are to be avoided, since animals very often panic when driven into a tight place. The design of a limited number of exhibits in the Lahore Zoo do show these considerations, but it seems that certain animals are just put in whatever exhibit is available e.g. The guinea pigs in the snake house, the turtles in the rabbits cage. The majority of covered cages at Lahore Zoo need serious attention as most of them have acute angles and sharp corners.
55
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
EXHIBIT ORIENTATION AND PLACEMENT: • •
•
Positioning of enclosures is important in relation to the public and the rest of the zoo, However the concept of orientation is not really visible in the Lahore Zoo e.g. the lions are “crepuscular animals”, ( active at dawn and dusk) hence their enclosures should have had a western aspect, but here at your zoo it face the east. This enclosure should be viewed from the west. The chimpanzee enclosure as mentioned before needs to be covered by a cloth towards the south side as the light and heat in summer is very strong. The cloth looks ugly and artificial and shows lack of consideration in the orientation of the cage. Also chimpanzee are more prone to stress, hence should be exhibited in the quieter zone of the zoo. No such consideration is shown for chimpanzee in Lahore Zoo.
MATERIALS: •
Materials should be selected for the ease of maintenance, naturalistic experience, non-toxicity ready available construction items, standard sizes, shapes and specifications etc.
Figure 0.8 Tiling in the cage of tiger & lion
• •
Due to constant exposure to weather, cleaning abrasive and detergents, acidic animal wastes etc. the selection for exhibit construction material used in the zoos requires special investigations. Non-toxic paints should always be specified where animals contact is possible.
•
In the Lahore zoo materials used in the enclosures are selected solely on the basis of easy maintenance in terms of hygiene. Considering exposure to weather, cleaning abrasives, detergents and acidic animal wastes etc. is ignored.
•
The importance of naturalistic exhibits e.g. the tiger exhibit consist of a straight edged blur tiled water Figure 0.9 thick & sharp fencing btw 2 lion enclosure
56
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
tank flanked on two sides’ nature of animals is completely ignored. In the case of big cats too, their exhibit are tiled and show lack of progressive and conscious designing.
EYE LEVEL •
•
Depending on the habit preferences of the Figure 0.10 pond in the puma cage animals nature (ground living, tree living etc.) the visitor’s eye level should be considered accordingly in planning the floor and ceiling elevation of exhibits. In Lahore zoo, although some areas are given consideration in this respect, most of the moats are at a low level than the visitors but for certain cages this lower eye lists a menace. For e.g. the new bird’s cages.
STEP UPS AND RAMPS •
Since zoo visitors occur in all sizes from very young children to old aged people it behooves the designer to ensure adequate observation facilities. Steps should be given so that every visitor no matter of what age, gets a proper view of the zoo.
•
But in the Lahore zoo this issue occurs around zoo. Due to the vision problem there, a crowd is gathered around lion which causes pushing etc.
Figure 0.11 Condition of Steps, ramp of Lahore zoo.
BARRIERS: Barriers used are of following types: • Bars •
Rails
•
Moats
•
Fencings
•
Walls
•
Glass
57
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
Barriers are not only used to keep humans safe from animals but also vice versa. While visiting the Lahore zoo the incidents of the visitors terminating various animals are very common especially the monkeys and the big cats. Another problem not functional but aesthetic is the direct use of barrier without any design factor. Which creates a visual barrier it gives the visitors the feeling of security but lack of experience.
Figure 0.12 The direct use of barrier without any aesthetic appeal
SECURITY When talking about the security measures two important aspects have to be kept in mind • Animal Security •
Visitors Security
Security measures at Lahore zoo has been created only for the visitors. The cages are locked and there is no way the animals can hurt the visitors. But the visitors either by throwing things or by making noise disturb animal which caused stress for the animals.
ILLUMINATION: • Adequate lighting must be available for satisfactory observation of the exhibit. Each exhibit has its own lightning requirements which be resolved through investigations of animals needs and the effects desired. • At the Lahore zoo in the special displays no sensitivity has been shown to the animals needs e.g. in the snakes house illumination is very poor. The exhibits are barely visible as they are in darker zone than the viewer is. The snake is nocturnal species hence they are supposed to be displayed in the darkness to get to see them active. But here the light is too much for the exhibit and too less for the visitors. MAINTENANCE: •
The maintenance of any zoo holds prime concern, as the health of the animals the outlook of the whole zoo itself and the visitors ease depends on it.
58
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
•
In Lahore zoo the maintenance lacks broken path ways, overlapping fencing, dirty water body and ponds, etc are examples of lack of maintenance.
Figure 0.13 Condition of ponds in the enclosure, water in dirty cause health problems
COMMISSARY: A function that is directly proportional to the size of the animal’s collection. The size of this activity should reflect the anticipated growth and its design permit future enlargement. A commissary in the zoo should have the following facilities: • Refrigerated holding facilities • •
Kitchen Storage
The facilities mentioned above should have top priority in any zoo and certainly precedes the acquisition of any live collection. In the case of Lahore zoo the facilities mentioned above are apparently have not been provided. Fresh food is bought in daily and fed to the animals. There are no refrigerated
Figure 0.14 Condition of Commissary & ration area of Lahore zoo
holding facilities available for the storage of food. Neither is the kitchen.
HOSPITAL: •
Every zoo have facilities for sick animals and a place to take care of them
•
In Lahore zoo there is no proper arrangement of hospital or a place to look upon the animals.
59
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
BUILDING AND GROUND MAINTENANCE: •
•
The activity houses facilities for the conventional needs of repairs to building and ground, minor construction jobs, ground maintenance and the horticulture. A shop area is a useful facility and should be included in even the smallest operations. Waste disposal is another important activity which should be included in maintenance planning. Incinerators are sometimes required for the disposal of the dead animals. A part from that waste disposal bins should be given after few feet especially near the food stalls.
SIGNS AND LABELS: These perform major functions and can be of following major 3 varieties: • Visitor’s information •
Visitors instructions
•
Directional
In Lahore zoo the signs which display the common and generic names and brief history for easy identification. There are no signs which show direction around zoo, there is lack of directional signs and labels Figure 0.15 Limted directional sign placed in Lahore Zoo
CONCLUSION: •
The existing Lahore zoo was designed and constructed in the mid-19th century. And why it is a nationally famous landmark and an excellent example of Victorian zoo architecture. The majority of its enclosures are outmoded, unsafe and unhygienic for the zoo animals. The capacity for developing a comprehensive information program based on the existing layout and infrastructures is extremely limited and is anticipated that such a development should be cost ineffective,
•
On the positive side, the Lahore zoo is the only institution in the country that is selfliquidation. This is probably the combined consequences metropolitan area and the engaging lure of the live exhibits.
60
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
TARGET CASE STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: -AUTHENTICITY (HOW NATURAL IT IS) -EXHIBIT STYLE -EXHIBIT SETTING -EXHIBIT FURNITURE -VEGETATION -BARRIER -VIEWING AREA
WOODLAND PARK ZOO,SEATTLE, USA (91 ACRES):
61
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
Figure 0.1 exhibit
62
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
SAN DIEGO ZOO,CALIFORNIA,USA (100 ACRES ):
Figure 0.2 zoo plan
63
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
64
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
CHAPTER NO 4: RESEARCH ASPECT
65
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
RESEARCH ASPECT: REARCH FOCUS: “IMAPACT OF ANIMAL EXHIBT DESIGN ON THE BOTH ANIMAL AND VISITORS” Well-conceived animal exhibit design process could prove animal with place when they express their natural behavior and visitors with rich wild life experiences. • • •
DESIGNING A ZOO THAT NOT JUST AN EXHIBITION OF ANIMALS BUT INDUCES VISITORS INTERACTION (IMMERSIVE DESIGN APPROACH ) ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND HABITAT ANIMAL-UTOPIA(I.E. TRANSFORMATION OF ZOOTOPIAN CONCEPT) SUSTAINABLE PRACTICE.
MISSION: To create a cohesive designed environment which allowed for the comfortability of the animal, the excitement of the visitor and education of the community. This thesis will analyzed immersive design ,sustainable techniques and educational programs. Immersive design allowed the visitors to feel as a part of the animals environment and gave a better opportunity for an emotional connection between visitors and animals. “IT’S REALLY A GLOBAL COOPERATION EFFORT THE IDEA IS TO PRESERVE THE SPECIES, DISPLAY THEM IN A LOT OF ZOOS AND EDUCATE THE PUBLIC” (DAN CASSIDY)
PROBLEM STATEMENT: • •
How to properly incorporate use view? Animals comfortability and education into a sustainable zoo design? How can a space be created that will emulate the animals natural habitant allowing the animal to feel comfortable in the space, but also allow the user to see and experience the animal without obstruction of view?
66
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
RESEARCH ASPECT NO 01: BIOMIMICRY Biomimicry originates from two Greek words
BIOS = LIFE MIMESIS= IMITATE Biomimicry is the idea of using the natural design of nature and the environment to inspire our own design. Biomimicry can be applied to improve the way the built environment is designed, through site work, construction, and daily operations, and to reduce the impact it has upon the natural environment through numerous strategies of reducing carbon emissions, waste and more. There are vast amounts of knowledge and ideas available to inform possible solutions to architectural design that will also allow designs to be more sustainable. Biomimicry is basically taking a design challenge and then finding an ecosystem that’s already solved that challenge, and literally trying to emulate what you learn” (Jannie Benynus) There are three forms of Biomimicry: → BIOMORPHIC → BIO-UTILIZATION → BIOPHILIA
HISTORY
Figure 0.1 Timeline of Biomimicry
These temples eventually doubled as trade posts on the Silk Road. Silk is one of the first examples of biomimicry that we see in human history. This invention was the reason that the Silk Road got its name. Silk could be traded for its weight in gold during the times where only the Chinese had the weaving strategy mastered.
67
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
6,000 years later we are still using silk all around the world. The first Chinese umbrellas were invented 1700 years ago by a man named Lu Ban, who is now revered in Chinese history. The first umbrellas were, in fact, made of silk. Evidence of biomimicry can be proven to have been in practice through Leonardo da Vinci, and may have been the inspiration for the first domes, which may have been designed based on eggs. Leonardo da Vinci used nature and biology to inspire many of his designs and concepts during his time. The term biomimicry was not referenced in scientific literature until in 1962. The practice, of using biomimicry for inspiration, first began to become popular in 1980 among material scientists who were seeking to redevelop materials based on mimicking nature to improve upon them and find new innovative approaches
WHY DO WE NEED BIOMIMICRY? • SUSTAINABLE • PERFORM WELL • SAVE ENERGY • CUT MATERIAL COSTS • REDEFINE AND ELIMINATE “ WASTE”
9 PRINCIPLES OF BIOMIMICRY 1. NATURE UTILIZE ONLY THE ENERGY IT REQUIRES. 2. IT GOES WITH FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION. 3. IT RECYCLES EVERYTHING. 4. NATURE COOPERATES WITH EVERYTHING. 5. NATURE DEPENDS ON DIVERSITY . 6. NATURE PREFERS LOCAL EXPERTISE. 7. NATURE PUSHES LIMITS OF POWER. 8. NATURE DERIVES EXCESSES FROM WITHIN. 9. IT DEPENDS ONLY ON SUNLIGHT. Figure 0.1 Three Principal of biomimicry
LEVELS OF BIOMIMICRY THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF BIOMIMICRY- ONE IS COPYING FORM AND SHAPE, ANOTHER IS COPYING A PROCESS, LIKE PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN A
68
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
LEAF AND THE THIRD IS MIMICKING AT AN ECOSYSTEM’S LEVEL, LIKE BUILDING A NATURE-INSPIRED CITY (JANNIE BENYNUS)
Figure 0.1 Level of Biomimicry
1. MIMICKING A FORM OR A SHAPE FROM NATURE The first level is ORGANISM LEVEL- this refers to mimicking a specified organism. This could be the entire organism or a portion of the organism. CASE STUDY - NAMIBIAN DESERT BEETLE: Fog-catcher design for hydrological center for the University of Namibia, by Mathew Parks of KSS Architects.
Figure 0.1 Image of beetle and structures
PRINCIPLE: this beetle lives in desert with negligible rainfall and is able to capture moisture however from the swift moving fog that moves over the dessert by tilting its body into the wind. Droplets form on the rough surface of the beetle’s back and wings and roll down into its mouth.
2. MIMICKING A PROCESS CARRIED OUT BY NATURE The second level of biomimicry is the BEHAVIOR LEVEL. This refers to imitating a specific type of behavior or act which an organism does to survive or replicates on a daily basis in relation to a larger context. translation of an aspect of how an organism relates to its environment, or larger context.
69
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) PRINCIPLE: Technique of passive ventilation and temperature regulation observed in termite
mounds, in order to create a thermally stable interior environment. CASE STUDY – EASTGATE CENTER,HARARE
ARCHITECT BUILDING TYPE LOCATION BIOMIMETIC INSAPRIATION
Mick Pearce & Arup Associates shopping center and office block Harare, Zimbabwe Ventilation System of a Termite Mounds
Figure 0.1 building tower
East gate center can be given as an early example of how bio mimesis can shape the design process. Searching for environment aspects, some biologists and environmentalists realized that, NATURE ASPECT : Termites build their homes in the desert in extreme temperatures, and yet
manage to keep the interior of the building cool and clean. A species of termite living in Zimbabwe build gigantic mounds and inside they farm a fungus which is their primary food
70
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
source. The fungus becomes fresh in exactly 30oC,while the temperature outside range from 1.6OC at night 40oC during the day. The termites maintain 30 degree by constantly opening and closing a series of heating and cooling vents throughout the mound during the day time. With a system of carefully adjusted convection currents, air is sucked in at the lower part in the mound. ARCHITECTURE ASPECT: The east gate building in Harare,
Zimbabwe uses design methods inspired by indigenous Zimbabwean masonry and the self-cooling mounds of African termites as a source for innovation in the buildings HVAC design to keep the building cool, even on hottest days, yet stays regulated year round with dramatically less energy consumption. Using natureinspired designs for the ventilation and heating/cooling of buildings instead of high energyconsuming HVAC systems, as in this example, indicate potential for further innovative design solutions for more environmentally friendly , and yet efficient building systems. • •
• • •
East gate comprises two buildings side by side linked together by a glass roof. Below this, steel bridges and lifts suspended on cables from steel lattice beams span over the Figure 0.2 Interior atrium below. The lifts connects with a suspended glass skywalk which runs the length of the atrium at level 2. The center of the skywalk is connected to street level by escalators and the street leads to the city’s web. Along the ridge of the red tiled roof are 48 brick funnels topping internal stacks which pull the exhaust air out of the seven floors of offices below. The sandwich of the vaulted ceiling and the voided floor above acts as a heat exchanger.
71
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
•
The cold night air passing through the void festooned with concrete teeth removes the heat of the previous day and on the following day warm external air is cooled about 3oC by the same teeth before entering the room.
Figure 0.3 Section of building
3. MIMICKING A MATERIAL AND HOW IT PERFORMS OR MIMICKING OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS The third level of biomimicry is ECOSYSTEM- this states to mimicking a specific ecosystem and how it functions successfully as well as what features and principles are required for it to function effectively. CASE STUDY – CORAL REEF PROJECT
ARCHITECT Vincent Callebaut BUILDING TYPE Construction of 1000 prefabricated passive houses LOCATION Port-au-Prince, Haiti BIOMIMETIC INSAPRIATION Organic Form Of Coral
72
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) Coral are home to various innumerable aquatic living organisms and are composed of calcium carbonate.
Figure 0.1 Apartment view
the coral reefs have variations and undulations in its form which are evolved according to the pressure and forces they face underwater. Located in Haiti. The coral reef project mimics the undulating random form of coral reefs to solve the seismic effect problems with its fluidic parametric structure.it consist of 2 blocks of apartments designed in the shape of a wave undulation with a greenbelt in between these two blocks. The individual residential units are constructed out of prefabricated modules and every units is arranged and oriented in such a way that the overall building block gets a non-uniform appearance. It also makes the design flexible enough to adapt to future changes with time. Rooftops of both the blocks have arrays of solar modules and wind turbines as well as hydro turbines, all of which contributed to the overall building efficiency. The project is completely carbon neutral with users growing their own food in a garden , electricity needs fulfilled
Figure 0.2 Principle of ecosystem
73
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) through harvesting natural elements and water needs also completely through treatments and saltwater purification.
CONCLUSON: 1. MIMICKING PROCESS CARRIED OUT BY NATURE IN ZOO BUILDING STRUCTURE.LIKE BUTTERFLY HOUSE.
2. PROVIDE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT THROUGH OUT ZOOO MASTER PLAN.
74
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
RESEARCH ASPECT NO 02: LANDSCAPE IMMERSION: “An animal cannot be isolated, even conceptually, from the particular environment to which it has become adopted during eons of geologic time without a serious misunderstanding of its true nature” – Mary Akeley (1936) LANDSCAPE: "An expanse of scenery..." HABITAT: "The natural adobe or locality of an animal, plant, etc., the place where a person or thing is ordinarily found." IMMERSION: "The act of immersing or state of being immersed. The state of being engrossed or deeply engaged." “LANDSCAPE IMMERSION” is a term coined to describe exhibits in which visitors share the same landscape (but not the same area) with the animals. EXAMPLE: instead of standing in a familiar city park (known as a zoological garden) and viewing the zebra in an African setting, both zoo visitor and zebra are in a landscape carefully designed to "feel" like the African Savanna. Barriers separating the people from the animals are invisible and, no matter where the viewer turns, the entire perceptual context appears consistently and specifically African; ...abstractions are minimized, specifics emphasized. The entire setting looks, smells, and feels as if one left the zoo and entered the African savanna."
ELEMENTS TO CREATION IMMERSIVE EXPERIENCE: The following elements are important to the creation of immersion exhibits. 1. LANDSCAPE SIMULATION: The exhibit must simulate the specific or characteristic natural habitat of the animal being displayed. Broad zoo/geographic representations such as "North America" or "Asian" which embrace many dissimilar ecosystems do not meet this criterion. However, somewhat generalized habitat-based presentations such as "rain forest," while pan-tropical, may be considered immersion displays if they meet the other criteria. 2. CONTINUITY: The created landscape appears continuous on both sides of the animal/people barriers such that the visitors feel as though they were visiting in the animal's natural habitat, with all its sights, sounds and smells. 3. CONSISTENCY:Elements which are inconsistent with the habitat being replicated are absent, hidden or diminished to the extent they do not detract from the experience of the "natural" setting. 4. SUPPORTING CONCEPTS:While not strictly necessary to create the impression of being immersed in nature, the following concepts are essential to support the conservation agenda toward which the educational focus of the exhibit is directed. • The exhibit represents a biocentric or nature-centered perspective rather than a homocentric or man-centered point of view. • The animals are displayed respectfully, such that their inherent beauty, dignity and worth are emphasized. Generally this means that the animals are not looked down upon (placed below the viewer), but rather are intentionally placed above the viewer 75
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
•
•
•
•
(looked up to). Interpretive graphics and presenters must not trivialize the animals or their behavior. The areas are designed so that the animals appear to dominate the scene. They may have the central location, the higher ground or the more dramatic setting. Viewers do not appear to surround the animal. Cross views (vistas of other viewers seen from across the animal's area) are avoided or minimized. Animals appear to have limitless areas available to them. This is often achieved by "borrowing" appropriate background views from other areas of the park. Since containment barriers are hidden, it is not possible to visually determine limits to the animal's area. The circulation system is intentionally developed such that a given animal area may be seen from several different viewpoints interspersed with views of other interrelated displays. For example, one may see a lion basking on a promontory beyond an open plain occupied with zebra. Later the lion may be seen behind other displays such as giraffe, rhinoceros, etc. Suddenly the viewer would come upon the lion at close hand. Cultural Resonance :Many exhibits include replications of traditional human settlements which also immerse the visitors. This has been a successful way to integrate visitor service needs such as snack and toilet facilities as well as providing opportunities for multicultural education.
DEVELOPMENT OF ANIMAL EXHIBITS Exhibits are considered one of the best ways to communicate the message of the zoo to the public. This opportunity is usually overlooked. Exhibits do not only provide ways to display animals, but also inform visitor attitudes towards animal 16 rights. In caged exhibits, animals are being shown as an object on display just like museums. According to Fisher :These exhibits are usually barren and unappealing while the buildings in which these animals are kept are usually well designed and historically significant. However animals are shown out of context, and there is nothing that resembles their natural habitat. These types of exhibits usually denote human power over nature. They offer very little for their residents let alone their visitors. The message that these exhibits sends is that wild animals live in cages. The public cannot develop a sense of respect for animals or wildlife when they see animals behind bars. They are either are left with a sense of sadness towards these creatures or are under the impression that the confined animals are dangerous and should not be shown love or respect.
COMPONENTS IN THE ANIMAL EXHIBIT: it is clear that there are certain components in the animal exhibit that affect visitor experience. These components, when manipulated by the designer, could satisfy the requirements for a successful visitor experience. Zoolex, a leading website in zoo design, declared exhibit components as the following: 76
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
• • • •
Plants Features dedicated to animals Features dedicated to keepers Features dedicated to visitors
NATURALISTIC EXHIBIT DESIGN A new design trend called naturalistic exhibits gradually replaced cages. Naturalistic exhibit design attempts to imitate nature through artificial methods. ). Naturalistic exhibit design depends on imitating the natural landscape of animals in an attempt to make them live in the same environment as if they were in the wild. The enclosure context seems very safe, familiar and predictable. CASE STUDY: The first bar less zoo was in Hamburg, Germany. The zoo used new techniques such as hidden moats, naturalistic composition of vegetation and artificial concrete to create the illusion of the wild (Hanegbi, 1909). This Singapore exhibit below is an excellent example of habitat immersion
Figure 0.1 Natural Exhibit
IMMERSIVE EXHIBIT DESIGN The immersed landscape not only attempts to recreate the appearance and sense of the animal’s natural environment, but also to place the visitor in a similar context. Nothing is allowed to spoil the sense of habitat immersion. All utilities, staff access and other buildings are hidden from the public to highlight the wilderness atmosphere. These enclosures
77
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
provide a sense of excitement and adventure which also makes visitors feel unsafe and uncertain. The three main principles for designing of immersive exhibit design: • • •
DISPLAY OF NATURAL EXHIBIT OF SPECIES TO ENCOURAGE BREEDING TO OFFER SETTINGS FOR RESEARCH
CONCLUSON: 1. THE EXHIBITS WILL FOCUS ON THE ANIMAL AND HOW THEY NATURALLY LIVE.
2. LIMITLESS AREA AVALIABLE FOR ANIMALS,”BORROWING” APPROPRIATE BACKGROUND VIEWS FROM OTHER AREAS OF PARK.
78
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) 3. EXHIBITS SHOULD REPRESENT BIOCENTERIC OR NATURA-CENTERED PERCEPTIVE.RATHER THAN A HOMOCENTRIC OR MAN-CENTERED POINT OF VIEW.
4. LANDSCAPE WHICH STIMULATE WILD INTO THE VISITOR PERCEPTION.
79
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
CHAPTER NO 05: SITE ANALYSIS
80
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
LOCATION OF THE SITE:
DISTANCES AND ROAD NETWORK:
81
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
CLIMATE ( SUNPATH & WIND DIRECTION):
82
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
CIRCULATION (VEHICULAR & PEDESTRIAN):
SIZE AND ZONING):
83
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
SENSORY: VIEWS: VIEW FROM THE SITE:
84
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
VIEW INTO THE SITE:
VIEW TOWARD THE SITE:
85
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
NOISE & POLLUTION:
86
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
HUMAN ACTIVITIES & CULTURE:
87
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
EXISTING CONDITIONS:
88
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
SWOT ANAYLSIS:
89
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
90
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
CHAPTER NO 6: ARCHI PROGRAM
.
91
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
92
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
CHAPTER NO 7: DESIGN CONSIDERATION
93
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
1. COMBINATION OF PLANNING CONCEPT TO MAKE VISITIORS INSTRESTING AND ENGAGE.
2. SITE WILL BE DIVIDED INTO ZONES FOR EASE BOTH VISITORS AND FACILITIES
3. SINGLE ENTRANCE- EXIT WILL BE CENTRALIZED WITH CENTRALIZED PARKING SPACE AND PUBLIC SQUARE FOR VISITORS. 4. SEPARATE ENTRANCES AND EXIT FOR SERVICES AND ADMISNATRATON FACILITIES WITH PARKING.
94
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
5. PROVIDE NATURALISTIC LANDSCAPE WHICH IMMERSE THE VISITORS IN THE HABITAT OF THE ANIMAL..
6. USING BARRIERS ACCORDING TO THE PSYCHE OF ANIMALS.
7. GIVING A CLOSER LOOK OF ANIMALS BUT KEEPING A SAFE DISTANCE BETWEEN VISITOR AND ANIMAL
95
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
8. USING PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS TO GET SOME INTERESTING DESIGN OUTPUT.
96
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
9. ANIMAL EXHIBIT AREA WILL BE DESIGNED ALONG WITH BARRIER TO PLACE THE ANIMAL EITHER AT OR ABOVE HUMAN EYE LEVEL.THIS MAKES EXHIBIT MORE INTERESTING AND IMPRESSIVE TO THE VIEWER, AS THE ANIMAL IS RESPECTED
10. CONTROL VIEWING WILL BE DEVELOP WHILE DESIGNING THE EXHIBITS.
97
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
11. DESIGNING NATURAL HABITAT FOR ANIMALS.
12. PROVISIONS FOR A VISITOR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM, SHOULD BE INCULDED IN THE INITIAL ZOO PLAN.
13. USE OF CLEAR GRAPHICAL SIGNAGE IN THE ZOO WHICH WILL PROVIDE NONCONVENTIONAL WAYS OF EDUCATION.
98
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
14. PROPER SIDEWALKS SHOULD BE MADE TO SERVE PEDESTRIANS,STREET FURNITURE PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN PROMOTING PEDESTRIAN ACTIVITY.
15. TRAFFIC ANALYSIS THE ACCESS SHOULD BE GIVEN FROM FOUR SIDES.PROPER TRAFFIC LANES & SIGNALS MUST BE PLACE TO AVOID TRAFFIC ISSUES IN FUTURE.GREENERY IS ALONG THE ROADSIDE FOR SHADE , BUFFERING & FRESH ENVIRONMENT.
16. FLEXIBLE OPEN SPACES THAT CAN CATER DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES.
99
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
17. VISUAL CONNECTION BETWEEN SPACES AND EXHIBIT .
18. PROVIDE HAVING VISUAL PERMEABILITY AS A SAFETY PRECAUTIONS BY PROVIDING A TRANSITION BETWEEN INDOOR AND OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES.
19. PASSIVE DESIGN WILL BE PROVIDE IN EXHIBIT’S ENVIRONMENT TO GIVE OPTIMUM NATURAL LIGHTING: AND THERMAL COMFORT IN THE INDOOR EXHIBIT SPACES.OUTDOOR SPACES TOWARDS THE AXIS OF SUN FOR ANIMALS.
100
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
20. LIGHT MATERIALS DESIGN TO REDUCE THE IMPACT ON NATURAL CONTEXT.
21. OPENNNGS TO ALLW VISUAL CONNECTIVITY.
22. LANDSCAPE WHICH STIMULATE WILD INTO THE VISITOR PERCEPTION.
101
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
23. CONSIDERING HEIGHTS OF BUILDING BLOCKS TO NOT EXCEED THE HEIGHT OF THE SURROUNDING TREES: SO THAT VISUAL WEIGHTAGE IS NOT DISTRUPTED.
24. PLACING ANIMALS IN A SUPERIOR POSTION.IN LANDSCAPE ALSO REINFORCE THE PERCEPTION OF THE VISITORS.BEING AN INTRUDE IN ANIMALS WORLD.
25. MULTIPLE VIEWPOINTS SHOULD PROVIDE,ENHANCE THE SENSE OF DISCOVERY AND ALSO ALLOW ANIMALS THE ABILITY TO AVOID THE CONSTANT GAZE OF PEOPLE
102
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
26. THE EXHIBITS WILL FOCUS ON THE ANIMAL AND HOW THEY NATURALLY LIVE.
27. LIMITLESS AREA AVALIABLE FOR ANIMALS,”BORROWING” APPROPRIATE BACKGROUND VIEWS FROM OTHER AREAS OF PARK.
28. EXHIBITS SHOULD REPRESENT BIOCENTERIC OR NATURA-CENTERED PERCEPTIVE.RATHER THAN A HOMOCENTRIC OR MAN-CENTERED POINT OF VIEW.
103
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) 29. MIMICKING PROCESS CARRIED OUT BY NATURE IN ZOO BUILDING STRUCTURE.LIKE BUTTERFLY HOUSE.
30. PROVIDE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT THROUGH OUT ZOOO MASTER PLAN.
104
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
CHAPTER NO 8: BIBLIOGRAPHY
105
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
1. ARTICLES: •
C. Aguliar, Antalya Aquarium/ Bahadir Kul Architects, (2019). https://www.archdaily.com/antalya-aquarium-bahadir-kul-architects
•
M.A Snijder, The Modern Zoo: Foundations For Management And Development (2013), EAZA Executive Office , Amsterdam, The Netherlands. https://.aza.com
•
Minimum Standards For Housing Animals. Guidelines On Minimum Dimension Of Enclosures For Housing Animals Of Different Species In Zoos, Central Zoo Authority, Canada https://cza.nic.in/ •
Baratay, E. & Hardouin-Fugier, E. (2002) A History of Zoological Gardens in the West, London: Reaktion Books.
•
Hancocks, D. (2001) A Different Nature: the Paradoxical World of Zoos and their Uncertain Future, Berkeley: University of California Press.
•
Turley, S.K. (2001) “Children and the demand for recreational experiences: the case of zoos”, Leisure Studies, 20, pp. 1-18. Available from: http://www.informaworld.com.
•
Turley, S.K. (1999) “Exploring the future of the traditional UK zoo”, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 5 (4), pp. 340-355. Available from: http://jvm.sagepub.com
•
Aveni, A.F. (1989). What sociology has to offer visitor studies. Visitor Studies 1989: Theory, Research and Practice. Center for Social Design. Jacksonville, Alabama.
•
Bitgood, S., Benefield, A. (1986a). Visitor behavior: A comparison across zoos. Technical Reports, no. 86-20 Center for Social Design. Jacksonville, Alabama. Bostock, S.C. (1993). Zoos and Animal Rights: The ethics of keeping animals.
•
Flak, J.H.,Reinhard,E.M.,Vernon,C.L., Bronnenkant,K., Heimlich, J.E.& Deans J.E., (2007). Why Zoos & Aquariums Matter: Assessing the Impact of a Visit to a Zoo or Aquarium, Association of Zoos & Aquariums
•
Hancocks, D. (1971). Animal and Architecture. New York: Praeger. ---- (1996). The Design and Use of Moats and Barriers. In Wild Mammals in Captivity ( chap. 19). Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.
•
Wolf, R. L. and Barbra, T. (1981). Studying Visitor Perceptions of Zoo Environments: A Naturalist’s View. International Zoo Yearbook. 106
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
2. PAPERS : • Coe Jon c 2003 “Landscape Immersion Exhibits & Beyond” in proceeding for Saga • Coe Jon c 1994 “Landscape Immersion Origins & Concepts in Landscape Immersion” • Coe Jon c 1989 “The Genesis of Habitat Immersion in Gorilla Exhibits” • Coe Jon c 1987 “What’s the message exhibit design” for education in AAZPA 1987 regional conference proceedings American Association of Zoological parks and aquariums • Coe Jon c 2004 “Mixed species rotation exhibits” prepared for ARAZPA 2004 annual conference • David Hancocks 1996 “THE INSUFFICIENCY OF ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS” American Zoo and Aquarium Association Annual General Meeting Seattle, WA • “Design and Architecture: Third Generation Conservation, Post-Immersion and Beyond • Environmentalism in Landscape Architecture” edited by Michel Conan • Jungles of Eden: The Design of American Zoos Jeffrey Hyson
3. WEBSITES : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
www.jonesandjones.com/work/wildlife.html http://designingzoos.com/The Next Zoo Design Revolution? www.designing zoos.com /Landscape Immersion www.clrdesign.com/case studies www.jones&jones.com /work/wildlifehtm http://designingzoos.com/animal-of-the-month http://www.zoolex.org/about.html http://www.al-shorfa.com/ http://www.royalark.net/ http://www.gizazoo-eg.com http://www.globalpost.com/ http://www.paazab.com http://www.redorbit.com/news/ www.touregypt.net/ http://www.waza.org https://www.zoolex.org/
4. BOOKS : • David Handcocks 2001 A different nature “the paradoxical world of zoos and their uncertain future” University of California press • Melody Malmberg 1998 “The making of disneys animal kingdom them park” Hyperion New York • Anthony & Particia Wylson 1994 “Theme parks Leisure Centres Zoos & Aquaria” • Marwa Gewaily 2010 “Visitor experience in zoo design: Design guidelines for Giza zoo” Phool guli jeno kotha_Dwijen Sharma • Nishorgo nirman_Dwijen Sharma • Bangladesher gaach gaachra_
107
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
• •
Wild flowers of Bangladesh_ Noazesh Ahmed Architecture Standard-Ernst & Peter Neufert- Architect’s Data. https://www.Dhaka Zoo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaen.wikipedia.org dhaka zoo_https://www.dhakazoo.org • About the Zoo | Perth Zoo_https://www.perthzoo.wa.gov.au • Caversham Wildlife Park_https://www.cavershamwildlife.com.au • Dissertation on zoo design: _https://www.Exhibit.Plantingdesignforlife.com.sg Hassell to design a zoo in Georgia | Style of Design_https://www.styleofdesign.com • Michelle Plaatsman 1996 “Zoo Exhibit Design: The Influence of Animal Visibility on Visitor Experience” • Donald W.Jackson “Landscape for Realism: Simulating the Natural Habitats of Zoo Animals”
108
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
CHAPTER NO 9: ANNEXURE
109
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
STANDARD AND ANIMAL HABITAT STUDY
110
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
111
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
112
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
113
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
114
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
115
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
116
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
117
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
ANIMAL EXHIBITS: CARNIVORES: ANIMALS
NOS
FEEDING AREA
ENCLOSURE TYPE
BARRIER
3
OUTDOOR AREA 16145.87
ASIATIC LION
53.28136
OPEN TO SKY
TIGERS (BENGAL + WHITE)
6+4
16145.87
53.28136
OPEN TO SKY
LEOPARD
2
16145.87
53.28136
OPEN TO SKY/COVERED ENCLOSURE
LEOPARD BLACK CAT
2
3229.17
2X1.5X2=32.2917SQFT X 215.278 KRAAL, SERVICES = 322.917SQFT
OPEN TO SKY/COVERED ENCLOSURE
CHEETAH
3
3229.17
2X1.5X2=32.2917SQFT X 215.278 KRAAL, SERVICES = 322.917SQFT
OPEN TO SKY/COVERED ENCLOSURE
59 INCH HIGH FENCE/ELECTRIC HOT WIRE FENCE.DRY/WET MOAT ANGLED TOP FENCE 120 DEGREE 59 INCH HIGH FENCE/ELECTRIC HOT WIRE FENCE.DRY/WET MOAT ANGLED TOP FENCE 120 DEGREE 157 INCH HIGH FENCE/ELECTRIC HOT WIRE FENCE.DRY/WET MOAT ANGLED TOP FENCE 120 DEGREE 157 INCH HIGH FENCE WITH 39 INCH ANGLED POST AT 60 DEGREES INWARDS FOR STAND OFF BARRIER REQUIRED 157 INCH HIGH FENCE WITH 39 INCH ANGLED POST AT 60 DEGREES INWARDS FOR STAND OFF BARRIER REQUIRED
TOTAL AREA 21796.92
(15% CIRC.) 21796.92 + 21796.92
4305.56
4305.56
4305.56
118
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) WILD CATS
2
3229.17
2X1.5X2=32.2917SQFT X 215.278 KRAAL, SERVICES = 322.917SQFT
OPEN TO SKY/COVERED ENCLOSURE
WILD DOGS
6
5381.96
2X1.5X2=32.2917SQFT X 4305.56 KRAAL, SERVICES = 538.196 SQFT
FULL ENCLOUSER/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOATS
GRAY WOLF
8
5381.96
2X1.5X2=32.2917SQFT X 4305.56 KRAAL, SERVICES = 538.196 SQFT
FULL ENCLOUSER/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOATS
HYENA
5
5381.96
2X1.5X2=32.2917SQFT X 4305.56 KRAAL, SERVICES = 538.196 SQFT
FULL ENCLOUSER/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOATS
PUMA
3
5381.96
2X1.5X2=32.2917SQFT X 4305.56 KRAAL, SERVICES = 538.196 SQFT
FULL ENCLOUSER/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOATS
FOX
4
5381.96
2X1.5X2=32.2917SQFT X 4305.56 KRAAL, SERVICES = 538.196 SQFT
FULL ENCLOUSER/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOATS
157 INCH HIGH FENCE WITH 39 INCH ANGLED POST AT 60 DEGREES INWARDS FOR STAND OFF BARRIER DRY MOAT - 9 FT DEPTH – 8FT AREA 100SQFT 60 DEGREE PLATE; ELECTRIC HOT WIRE FENCE DRY MOAT - 9 FT DEPTH – 8FT AREA 100SQFT 60 DEGREE PLATE; ELECTRIC HOT WIRE FENCE DRY MOAT - 9 FT DEPTH – 8FT AREA 100SQFT 60 DEGREE PLATE; ELECTRIC HOT WIRE FENCE DRY MOAT - 9 FT DEPTH – 8FT AREA 100SQFT 60 DEGREE PLATE; ELECTRIC HOT WIRE FENCE DRY MOAT - 9 FT DEPTH – 8FT AREA 100SQFT 60 DEGREE PLATE; ELECTRIC
4305.56
8664.95
8664.95
8664.95
8664.95
8664.95
119
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
JACKAL
6
5381.96
2X1.5X2=32.2917SQFT X 4305.56 KRAAL, SERVICES = 538.196 SQFT
FULL ENCLOUSER/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOATS
HOT WIRE FENCE DRY MOAT - 9 FT DEPTH – 8FT AREA 100SQFT 60 DEGREE PLATE; ELECTRIC HOT WIRE FENCE
8664.95
TOTAL=134000 SQFT
120
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
OMNIVORES: ANIMALS ASIAN BLACK BEAR
4
OUTDOOR AREA 1000SQFT
MOON/SUN BEAR
4
1000SQFT
BROWN BEAR
4
1000SQFT
15
16145.87
MONGOOSE
NOS
FEEDING AREA
2.5X1.8X2.5= 48.4376SQFTX4= 861.113SQFT SERVICES= 538.196 2.5X1.8X2.5= 48.4376SQFTX4= 861.113SQFT SERVICES= 538.196 3X2X2.5= 64.5835SQFTX2= 861.113SQFT KRAAL SERVICES= 538.196SQFT
2.5X1.8X2.5= 48.4376SQFTX4= 861.113SQFT SERVICES= 538.196
ENCLOSURE TYPE OPEN TO SKY
BARRIER
TOTAL AREA
DRY MOAT/WT MOAT – 18FT DEPTH- 8 FT AREA 2690 SQFT WIREFENCE 8 FT STAND OFF BAR
17760.45
OPEN TO SKY
DRY MOAT
17760.45
OPEN TO SKY
DRY MOAT
17760.45
OPEN TO SKY
DRY MOAT 22FT DEPTH8FT AREA 2690 SQFT WIRE FENCE 56 INCH STAND OFF BAR
23519.14
TOTAL=76800 SQFT BIG MAMMALS: ANIMALS ELEPHANT
NOS
OUTDOOR AREA
FEEDING AREA
3
4305.56
1291.67SQFT KRAAL SERVICES = 538.196
ENCLOSURE TYPE OPEN TO SKY
BARRIER DRY MOAT 22FT DEPTH- 8FT AREA 3229 SQFT
TOTAL AREA 49513.99 + 15 % CIRC = 57048.73 SQFT
121
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
RHINOCEROS
HIPPOPOTUMUS
2
21527.82 SQFT WATER BODY : 1614.59 SFT
1076.39 SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196 SQFT
OPEN TO SKY WITH WET/DRY MOATS
6-12
32291.73 SQFT WATER BODY AREA SHOULD BE MIN 4305.56 SQFT & 4FT
1291.67 SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196 SQFT
OPEN TO SKY
WIRE FENCE 56 INCH STAND OFF BAR DRY MOAT/WET 9.84252FT DEPTH 4.92126 FT DEPTH – 4FT AREA 2690.98 SQFT 4FT HIGH STONE WALL BARR.STABD OFF BAR
32291.73
40364.66
TOTAL=129705 SQFT AQUATIC MAMMALS: ANIMALS OTTER PENGIUN SEA LION DOLPHIN
NOS
OUTDOOR AREA
FEEDING AREA
ENCLOSURE TYPE
BARRIER
BARRIER DRY MOAT 6.56168 FT DEPTH 4 FT AREA 1614 SQFT WIRE FENCE 12FT STAND OFF BAR DRY MOAT/WET 9FT
TOTAL AREA
TOTAL= SQFT HERBIVORES: ANIMALS GIRRAFE
ZEBRA
NOS 5
OUTDOOR AREA 3229.17
FEEDING AREA 1614.59 KRAAL SERVICES 861.113
ENCLOSURE TYPE OPEN TO SKY
5
21527.82
861.113SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
OPEN TO SKY WITH WET/DRY MOAT; WIRE MESH FENCE
TOTAL AREA 43324.74
29708.39
122
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) DEPTH 8FT AREA 1614SQFT ORYX ADDAX CAPE BUFFALOS CHIN KARA GAZELLE KUDU/BONGO AXIS DEER(CHITAL)
25
21527.82
861.113SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
OPEN TO SKY
SAMBAR DEER
20
21527.82
861.113SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
OPEN TO SKY
HOG DEER
20
21527.82
861.113SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
OPEN TO SKY
FALLOW DEER
20
21527.82
861.113SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
OPEN TO SKY
DRY MOAT 6M DEPTH 2M AREA 2690.98 SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5 M HIGH STAND OFF BAR DRY MOAT 6M DEPTH 2M AREA 2690.98 SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5 M HIGH STAND OFF BAR DRY MOAT 6M DEPTH 2M AREA 2690.98 SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5 M HIGH STAND OFF BAR DRY MOAT 6M DEPTH 2M AREA 2690.98 SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5 M HIGH STAND OFF BAR
29708.39
29708.39
29708.39
29708.39
123
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) NILGAI
20
21527.82
10763.9 SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
OPEN TO SKY
SIKA DEER
15
21527.82
861.113SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
OPEN TO SKY
BLACK BUCK
15
16145.87
861.113 SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
OPEN TO SKY
PORCUPPINE
5
5381.96
32.2917
OPEN TO SKY
RABBIT AND HARES WILD BOAR
34
32.2917
11.8403
OPEN TO SKY
6
21527.82
861.113SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
OPEN TO SKY WITH WET/DRY MOAT; WIRE MESH FENCE
DRY MOAT 6M DEPTH 2M AREA 2690.98 SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5 M HIGH STAND OFF BAR DRY MOAT 6M DEPTH 2M AREA 2690.98 SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5 M HIGH STAND OFF BAR DRY MOAT 6M DEPTH 2M AREA 2690.98 SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5 M HIGH STAND OFF BAR DRY MOAT 6M DEPTH 2M AREA 2690.98 SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5 M HIGH STAND OFF BAR -
28470.54
DRY MOAT/WET 9FT DEPTH 8FT AREA 1614SQFT
29708.39
29708.39
23519.14
7696.2
1501.5655
TOTAL=455850 SQFT
124
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
MONKEY AND APES: ANIMALS
NOS
CHIMPANZEE
5
OUTDOOR AREA 10763.9
FEEDING AREA 430.556 SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
ENCLOSURE TYPE
BARRIER
FULLY ENCLOUSED/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOAT
DRY MOAT/WET MOAT – 6M DEPTH 4M AREA 538.196SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5M HIGH STAND OFF BAR 60 DEGREE PLATES DRY MOAT/WET MOAT – 6M DEPTH 4M AREA 538.196SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5M HIGH STAND OFF BAR 60 DEGREE PLATES DRY MOAT/WET MOAT – 6M DEPTH 4M AREA 538.196SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5M HIGH STAND OFF BAR 60 DEGREE PLATES DRY MOAT/WET MOAT – 6M DEPTH 4M AREA 538.196SQFT
GORILLAS
2
10763.9
430.556 SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
FULLY ENCLOUSED/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOAT
ORGANGUTANS
2
10763.9
430.556 SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
FULLY ENCLOUSED/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOAT
OLIVE BABOONS
6
5381.96
430.556SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
FULLY ENCLOUSER/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOAT:1.5 M WIDE 60 DEGREES PLATE
TOTAL AREA 17222.26
17222.26
17222.26
8072.93
125
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE) WIRE FENCE 2.5M HIGH STAND OFF BAR CAPUCHIN MONKEY VERVET MONKEY RHESUS MONKEY
8
5381.96
430.556SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
FULLY ENCLOUSER/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOAT:1.5 M WIDE 60 DEGREES PLATE
GIBBONS
5
10763.9
430.556 SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
FULLY ENCLOUSED/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOAT
SPIDER MONKEY
8
5381.96
430.556SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
FULLY ENCLOUSER/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOAT:1.5 M WIDE 60 DEGREES PLATE
LEMURS
10
5381.96
430.556SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
FULLY ENCLOUSER/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOAT:1.5 M WIDE 60 DEGREES PLATE
DRY MOAT/WET MOAT – 6M DEPTH 4M AREA 538.196SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5M HIGH STAND OFF BAR DRY MOAT/WET MOAT – 6M DEPTH 4M AREA 538.196SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5M HIGH STAND OFF BAR 60 DEGREE PLATES DRY MOAT/WET MOAT – 6M DEPTH 4M AREA 538.196SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5M HIGH STAND OFF BAR DRY MOAT/WET MOAT – 6M DEPTH 4M AREA 538.196SQFT
8072.93
17222.26
8072.93
8072.93
126
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
HOWLER MONKEY
6
5381.96
430.556SQFT KRAAL SERVICES 538.196SQFT
FULLY ENCLOUSER/OPEN TO SKY WITH WET MOAT:1.5 M WIDE 60 DEGREES PLATE
WIRE FENCE 2.5M HIGH STAND OFF BAR DRY MOAT/WET MOAT – 6M DEPTH 4M AREA 538.196SQFT WIRE FENCE 2.5M HIGH STAND OFF BAR
8072.93
TOTAL=1018100 SQFT REPTILES: ANIMALS
10
OUTDOOR AREA 4305.56
CROCODILES
9
4305.56
SNAKES HOUSE TORTOISE
-
-
45
430.556
LIZARDS + FROGS HOUSE
-
-
MUGGERS
NOS
FEEDING AREA 1614.59 WITH WATER BODY DEPTH 8FT 1614.59 WITH WATER BODY DEPTH 8FT 43.0556 WATER BODY WITH 4FT -
ENCLOSURE TYPE
BARRIER
TOTAL AREA 4951.4
PART CONCRETE ROOF SLAB PART WIRE/OPEN TO SKY
TOUGHENED GLASS FOR VIEWING/PI T
PART CONCRETE ROOF SLAB PART WIRE/OPEN TO SKY
TOUGHENED GLASS FOR VIEWING/PI T
4951.4
-
-
1000
OPEN/ENCLOUSED/SHADE D TOP
WIRE MESH LINK FENCE OF HEIGHT 2.5 M -
21527.8 2
-
990.28 + 990.28
TOTAL=148000 SQFT
127
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
BIRDS: ANIMALS
NOS
OUTDOOR AREA
FEEDING AREA
ENCLOSURE TYPE
BARRIER
TOTAL AREA
4+2
43055.64 WATER BODY PRESENT FOR MOST PORTION WILL BE ADDED WITH OTHER
1291.67
FULLY ENCLOSED CAN BE A WALK IN AVAIRY
STAND OFF BAR CHAIN LINK MESH
49513.99
-
--
6+15
861.113
129.167
FULLY ENCLOSED
STAND OFF CHAIN LINK MESH
10871.55
6
-
-
-
-
-
WATER FOWL CRANES, HERONS
FLAMINGOS
10
KINGFISHERS
12
DUCKS, GEESE, SWANS
PELICANS
-
TOTAL=215278.21 SQFT ANIMALS
NOS
OUTDOOR AREA
FEEDING AREA
38
-
-
98
-
-
40
-
-
4 8
-
-
ENCLOSURE TYPE
BARRIER
TOTAL AREA
FLYING AVAIRY PARROTS PHEASANTS PIGEON/DOVES HORNBILL/TOUCAN PASFOWL PARTRIDGES/QUAILS CUCKOOS WOODPEACKERS BIRDS OF PARADISE BEE-EATERS GUINEA FOWLS BULBULS PERCHING BIRDS
128
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
TOTAL=15278.21 SQFT
ANIMALS
NOS
OUTDOOR AREA
FEEDING AREA
ENCLOSURE TYPE
BARRIER
TOTAL AREA
EAGLES
2
32291.73 WATER BODY 107.639
11.8403
FULLY ENCLOSED
3767.37
FALCONS
2
32291.73 WATER BODY 107.639
11.8403
FULLY ENCLOSED
HAWKS
5
32291.73 WATER BODY 107.639
11.8403
FULLY ENCLOSED
OWLS
2
32291.73 WATER BODY 107.639
11.8403
FULLY ENCLOSED
VULTURES
5
32291.73 WATER BODY 107.639
11.8403
FULLY ENCLOSED
8M HIGH CHAIN LINK WIRE MESH STAND OFF BAR 8M HIGH CHAIN LINK WIRE MESH STAND OFF BAR 8M HIGH CHAIN LINK WIRE MESH STAND OFF BAR 8M HIGH CHAIN LINK WIRE MESH STAND OFF BAR 8M HIGH CHAIN LINK WIRE MESH STAND OFF BAR
PREDATOR
3767.37
3767.37
3767.37
3767.37
TOTAL=15,069.48SQFT ANIMAL EXHIBITS TOTALS= 15,069.48SQFT+15278.21SQFT+215278.21 SQFT+148000 SQFT+1018100 SQFT+455850 SQFT+129705 SQFT+76800 SQFT+134000 SQFT=3,261,350SQFT
129
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
FACILITIES • • • • • • • • • • • •
ADMINISTRATION CENTER = 4800 SQFT JUNGLE COMMSSARY = 6020SQFT CANTEEN = 150 PERSONS = 6000SQFT KIOSKS = 1000SQFT MAIN ENTRANCE OFFICES = 400SQFT PUBLIC TOILETS= 400 SQDT LAKE = 108000 SQFT PARKING=SERVICES=150X1000 =150000SQFT VISITORS PARKING 900X1000= 900,000SQFT ZOO RESEARCH CENTER=18775 SQ FT ZOO HOSPITAL=25600 SQ FT ZOO MUSEUM=13850 SQ FT
GRAND TOTAL=1,099,445SQFT+3,261,350SQFT =4,360,795SQFT =150 ACERS APP.
130
LION
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
131
TIGER
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
132
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
PANTHER
133
REPTILE
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
134
BEAR
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
135
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
DEER
136
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
WATER FOWL BIRD
137
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
ELEPHANTS
138
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
139
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
140
ZOOSCAPE (IMMERSION IN NATURE)
AVIARY
141