Urban Regeneration: Best Practices from European Cities reCity European Joint Master Course in City Regeneration - FISD Consortium Lab 4: City and Communication FU 26: Information and Communication Technology Professor: Fabio Alfieri Student: Maria Kikidou
Urban Regeneration: Best Practices from European Cities
Table of Contents Introduction
5
1st Project
7
Vauban, Freiburg, Germany
7
General context
7
Background
8
Description of the project
8
Results
10
2nd Project
13
Castlefield Urban Heritage Park, Manchester, United Kingdom
13
General context
13
Background
14
Description of the project
14
Results
16
3rd Project
19
Augustenborg, Malmรถ, Sweden
19
keywords: participatory planning, eco-friendly neighborhood, botanical roof garden, climate change, ecological footprint reduction
19
General context
19
Background
19
Description of the project
20
Results
22
Bibliography
25
Image sources
27
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Introduction The report talks about existing regeneration projects of central urban districts in European cities. Cases were selected based on excessive online research. The online research includes books, professional journal articles, reports from international organizations. The criteria for selecting the examined case studies were to be in different countries and to have been implemented during the 1980s. An important aspect that was taken into consideration was the year of implementation of the project. More specifically, the projects should have finished some years ago, so as its results are obvious. Last criterion was the availability of multiple sources of evidence. Following the before mentioned principles, the final urban regeneration projects chosen are: • Vauban, Freiburg, Germany • Castlefield, Manchester, United Kingdom • Augustenborg, Malmo, Sweden
The main goal is to describe best and innovative practices that were implemented in regeneration projects during the 1980 and 1990 decade in Europe, so as to be used for future regenerations.
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1st Project Vauban, Freiburg, Germany keywords: Brownfield, participatory planning, residential district, eco-sustainable building, car-free
General context
Image 1: Residence in S.U.S.I.
The first regeneration project to be described took place in Vauban district located 3 kilometers in the south of Freiburg city centre. Freiburg is a university city in southwestern Germany in Baden-Wurttemberg region with a population of slightly less than 230.000 inhabitants (City of Freiburg im Breisgau, 2011). It was one of the first examples of sustainability, since in 1992 was elected to be Germany’s Environmental Capital for achievements such as installation of an early warning system for smog and ozone pollution, its traffic and transport policy and other environmental protection projects (City of Freiburg im Breisgau, 2011).
Image 2: Case Study location Maria Kikidou
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Urban Regeneration: Best Practices from European Cities
Background The regeneration is about a brownfield area that was created after the closure of a military base in 1992. Initially, the area was a property of the Federal Authorities, but after its closure, Freiburg’s municipality bought it for 20 million euro. The municipality decided the area’s renovation in order to transform it into a new housing district. The main motivation that led to this regeneration was that already implemented regeneration and urban development projects in Freiburg have increased the land prices in the city centre which resulted in making the centre of the city unaffordable for families (Human, 2010). In order for the municipality to deal with pressures for residential areas requests, it started to plan and develop two new settlements, one of which was Vauban. The area of the project is 28 ha and it was planned to host more than 5000 inhabitants and about 600 jobs (City of Freiburg, 1999). The regeneration process started in 1993 and lasted 13 years, until the area was delivered to its new inhabitants in 2006.
Description of the project The vision was the creation of a district totally democratic that encourages its future citizens in engaging more in the political process. The main objective of the project was the creation of a city district that combines and balances the ecological, economic and cultural requirements of its residents. More specifically, according to City of Freiburg (1999), in short, the key assets of the regenerated area should be a balanced social environment, the conservation of important natural elements with cultural value, a planning that is friendly to families and children, extensive use of ecological building material and solar energy, low energy standards for buildings, and street planning friendly to pedestrians, cyclists and public transport and privileges to car-free living. The project created a mixed use neighborhood based on low energy and car-free principles (Milutinovic, 2009). Participatory planning The citizens’ association “Forum Vauban” was created as a legal body in 1995. From the beginning of the regeneration project the “Forum Vauban” was participating actively in the design process with own suggestions for the planning and building of the district (City of Freiburg, 1999). Thus, citizens were actually one of the stakeholders and decision-makers in regenerating the Vauban district together with the city of Freiburg and other partners.
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Design process
3rd development section Passive houses
2nd development section
1st development section
S.U.S.I. and Students organization
Neighborhood Centre Solar settlement Community Car park
Map 1: Land Use and Chronological Development
The development plan for Vauban included some regulations for the design and layout of the homes. These included the prohibition of detached houses, thus leading to a compact urban building structure and the prohibition of buildings exceeding four storeys. The division of the land into small plots and he numerous individually designed facades ensure the diversity and the uniqueness of the district (Milutinovic, 2009). The building of the area was based on joint building processes and cooperative building (City of Freiburg, 1999). Baugruppen are self-build groups that managed the majority of the buildings constructed. The concept was based on the fact that new inhabitants could influence their future living conditions and directly receive economical benefits because building takes place on a larger scale without the engagement of private investors. Other initiatives were the Genova co-operative apartments for rent within a collective process and the self-organized S.U.S.I.settlement initiative which refurbished four old barrack buildings for student dormitories (City of Freiburg, 1999). The energy concept at Vauban was developed through the collaboration of Forum Vauban, the City of Freiburg and the Freiburg Energy Company (FEW). In 1992 the City Council decided that land sold by the City should only be available for lowenergy houses. All houses in Vauban are built according to low-energy standards and passive houses principles. Maria Kikidou
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Mobility system As far as the mobility system is concerned, car usage reduction is the main concept. The system foresees effective public transportation with the providing of two bus lines that connect Vauban with city centre, a railway station at the north edge of the city, tramline and suburban train line (Milutinovic, 2009). At the edge of the district there is the ‘‘Vauban’s Solar Car Park’’, which invites visitors to leave their cars and explore the neighborhood on foot (Morel, 2008). Local residents who own a car are invited to park their car in this car park since the building of parking space on private property is prohibited. In the same car park, people can find 5 cars and one van, offered by the car sharing c o m p a n y “F r e i b u r g e r Gemeinschaft”
for
the
Auto
Vauban’s
parking free areas traffic calmed areas
Map 2: Circulation in Vauban Map 3: Parking free and traffic calm areas
residents. Cars are only allowed into the residential area for pick-up and delivery. Residents without cars are exempted from participating in the community car park. To support all above mentioned policies the mix of land uses is promoting walking and biking as the main transportation ways.
Results The institute for applied technology started a research project ‘‘Sustainable districts in urban conversion areas’’ in which examines ecological and economic effects in two development projects, one of which is Vauban. The neighborhood is analyze with respect to buildings, infrastructure, electricity, supply, heat supply, water and waste, traffic and private consumption with a full life-cycle perspective and regional material flow analysis using the GEMIS-sotware. The results show that there are 28 J energy savings per year, 2100t reduction of CO2- equivalents, 4t reduction of Maria Kikidou
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sulphor-dioxide (SO2-) equivalents per year and 1600t saving of mineral resources per year. It is also the largest passive house settlement in Germany (City of Freiburg, 1999). The project was also very successful in achieving social inclusion, since during the implementation of the project a participatory process evolved and according to City of Freiburg (1999) the participation was more than expected. Participatory planning included community building projects, workshops and the organization of other local initiatives such as district festivals, farmer’s market, neighborhood center, private kindergarden, community gardens, the co-operative district's foodstore. Moreover, the Baugruppen/co-housing projects helped to keep the overall costs for buildings much lower than if they were built from a construction company. In this way, people with low income could own a house. Nevertheless, the number of flats for rent is quite small, something that generated a problem to find apartments. In general, the only thing that Vauban seems to fall far short of its aim is achieving a good social mix, since now 75% of its inhabitants are educated professionals (Morel, 2008).
Image 3: Vauban as part of an ecological landscape Image 5: The solar Settlement
Maria Kikidou
Image 4: The market square fronted by the comunity centre/building Image 6: Landscaped roof, terraces, balconies, front and back gardens
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2nd Project Castlefield Urban Heritage Park, Manchester, United Kingdom keywords: brownfield, industrial heritage, gentrification, cultural regeneration, publicprivate partnership
Picture 7: Urban sketch of Castlefield
General context
The current regeneration project is set in a central district of Manchester in United Kingdom. Manchester is the second largest urban area in United Kingdom located in the south-central part of North West England. Like most of the cities in the United Kingdom, Manchester thrived during the Industrial Revolution, but its economy faced the decay during the post-war era. More specifically, Manchester lost 150000 jobs in manufacturing between 1961 and 1983, with a simultaneous creation of brown-fields and derelict sites within the centre of the city. Later, at the end of the 1980s decade, several initiatives for regeneration started, such as Metrolink, the Bridgewater Concert Hall etc. so as to enhance the international interest for the city. The name of Manchester was designated to the entire quarter only after the redevelopment process began (Dittmar, 1999).
Picture 8: Case Study location Maria Kikidou
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Background The described project is in the area that is now called Castlefield, on the southern edge of Manchester’s city centre where the Bridgewater and Rochdale Canals meet. Dittmar (1999) describes the area before the regeneration as a no-go area, a part of town that nobody wanted to visit, full of tanneries, concrete works, a stockyard. The regeneration project actually started in 1988, when the Central Manchester Development Corporation (CMDC) was created in order to develop a regeneration policy for the central area of Manchester, including the examined area. However, it was back in 1979 when Castlefield’s historical value was recognized and therefore it was marked as a preservation area. The main characteristics that Later on, in 1983 Castlefield nominated itself as Britain’s first Urban Heritage Park. Due to problems with ownership, since the majority of the area belonged to Manchester Ship Canal Company and a difficulty in obtaining private investment, the public sector decided to fund the regeneration project (CABE, 2011).
Map 4: Case Study orientation
Description of the project The main objectives that drove the regeneration were to exploit the area’s industrial heritage by conserving and adapting Castlefield’s historic buildings and to take advantage of the potential for tourism (ASPIS, n.d.). The core of the regeneration project included the restoration and preservation of historic warehouses by transforming them into residential and commercial accommodation. At the same time, the new buildings that were created for housing and offices were compatible (concerning the height and the materials used) with the old buildings (CABE, 2011). Concerning the restoration process, the only thing that was preserved, were the facades of selected buildings, something that can be interpreted as a continuation of Maria Kikidou
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the old into the new, rather than a restoration of the old in every detail (Dittmar, 1999). Moreover, the canal network was restored and now it is
Museum of Science and Industry
used by boats throughout the year, while canal arms have been refurbished bringing vitality to the canalsides (CABE,
Youth Hostel
2011). Open spaces were maintained or
Castlefield’s arena Merchants’ Warehouse
refurbished and some others newly created,
like
regeneration
Catalan also
Square.
The
foresaw
the
Middle Warehouse
refurbishment and the creation of new bridges and viaducts in order to assure
Map 5: Key projects and buildings of the regeneration project
the linkages around the canal basin. The redeveloped area also contains an
events arena of about 3.500 m2 capable to accommodate 1500 people, that hosts commercial, community and civic events.
Image 9: Museum of Science and Industry
Image 12: Merchants’ Warehouse
Image 10: Youth hostel
Image 11: Railway bridges, Castlefield Basin
Image 13: View to the canals
Other key projects of the regeneration were the Museum of Science and Industry, the Castlefield Hotel, the Middle Warehouse and the Merchant’s Warehouse. Castlefield after the implementation of the regeneration project can be divided
into
3 main subareas: the north, which is characterized by the museums, the central where canals, tourism oriented facilities, service sector firms and upscale housing Maria Kikidou
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dominate and Knott Mill with smaller in size buildings and denser urban web (Dittmar, 1999). The Museum of Science and Industry, one of Castlefield’s main attractions, consists of 5 buildings, one of which is the world’s oldest railway terminal station. One of the most important buildings in Castlefield is the Middle Warehouse (Castle Quay) which was first built in 1831 and it was used for maize storage until the 1970s. The restoration of the warehouse created a mixed-use development consisting of 44 apartments, offices and retail units (Dickson & Rendek, 2002). The oldest warehouse in Castlefield is the Merchants’ Warehouse and dates back to 1827 when it was first erected with hand-made bricks and timber. Currently, it is functioning as studio offices, after its restoration funded by English Heritage, the European Regional Development Fund and private investors (Dickson & Rendek, 2002).
Results The
Castlefield
regeneration
project
is
considered to be one of the most successful in the history of regeneration in UK. From 1989 on, Castlefield
is
called
‘‘ M a n c h e s t e r ’ s
Birthplace’’ (Brumhead, Wyke, 1989 in Dittmar, 1999), having influenced substantially the actual image of Manchester as it is perceived by local people and tourists (Dittmar, 1999). It is said that this model of regeneration gave the boost for the renaissance of Manchester,
leading also the way
for other
interventions into Ancoats Urban Village and New Islington in the northern part of the city (ASPIS, n.d.). Castlefield today has been totally integrated into Manchester’s inner city having the majority of
Image 14: The urban environment after the regeneration
tourist attractions in inner city Manchester, like the Museum of Science and Industry, the Granada studios and amenities like pubs, restaurants and a youth hostel (Dittmar, 1999). The regeneration contributed significantly to the creation of a character for the district by the mix of old and new buildings and bridges that highlight the contrast between traditional and modern. The regeneration project created a complete new appearance of the area by removing the remaining industrial usage and its residues. The project has resulted in the reclamation of a brownfield site, preservation of historical resource, adaptive reuse by mixing of uses, the utilization of the open space by the larger community and the attraction of tourists. Furthermore, it managed to create additional employment opportunities for the local people, reduction in crime Maria Kikidou
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and vandalism and a sense of pride in their revitalized community (ASPIS, n.d.). However, according to Ditmar (1999), it could be claimed that Castlefield was affected by gentrification process, since a lot of design and software developing companies affected the population group that was attracted in the area.
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3rd Project Augustenborg, Malmö, Sweden keywords: participatory planning, eco-friendly neighborhood, botanical roof garden, climate change, ecological footprint reduction
image 15: Botanical Roof Garden
General context The regeneration project of Augustenborg neighborhood in Malmo was an initiative of public and private in collaboration with the local residents. Malmö is located in the south of Sweden and is the country’s third-largest city, with a population of 286,000. Malmö used to be a successful industrial city. However, the oil crisis in the 1970s caused closures of shipyards and textile industries generating severe unemployment. Since the 1980s Malmö has reinvented itself as an eco-friendly, multicultural and knowledge-based city (Hambleton, 2008).
Background Augustenborg district is situated at the eastern side of Malmö central area. It was, firstly erected during 1948-1952 by Malmö City Housing Company Ltd. and was one of the first residential zones that were provided under the new policy for residence in Sweden. Until 1960s, the district was developing economically and socially, but until 1980 the area lost many of its residents and had to deal with a degraded urban environment. However, during 1980-1990, due to increased migration in Malmö, Augustenborg’s population rose again, with a new demand for housing (Building and Social Housing
Map 6: Case Study location
Foundation, 2005, Rolfsdotter-Jansson, 2009). However, Maria Kikidou
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one of the main problems that Augustenborg had to deal with, and maybe one of the reasons for decline, was the increasing inability to manage the stormwater, something that led to annual floods and damage of properties (CABE, 2011).
Description of the project The
regeneration
p r o j e c t “E k o s t a d e n
Augustenborg” began in 1998, having as an aim to make Augustenborg an urban econeighborhood, namely to create a social, economic and ecosustainable hub in Malmö. The total area of the project is about 32 Ha and
it
was
finished
in
2005.
The
regeneration was funded by local and national government, EU funds (LIFE and URBAN communal initiatives) and private investors. Its total cost was about 20,6 million €. One of the main objectives of Ekostaden Augustenborg was to activate residents’ participation into the planning process and the
implementation
of
the
project
(Kazmierczak and Carter, 2010). Moreover,
Map 7: Case Study orientation
another key-targets for the area were the
improvement of quality of life and job generation, the increase of green spaces and biodiversity, the decrease of car-usage with a simultaneous increase in public transport. Environmental characteristics The Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) started in 1999 and was operational since May 2001 (Villarreal et al, 2004). The SUDS foresaw the creation of an open canal system of 6km length,
that
communicating
is with
also ten
retention ponds inside the neighborhood.
Rainfall
is
collected in natural reservoirs before
getting
into
the
conventional sewer system. These
elements
Maria Kikidou
are
Image 16: Canals network and retention ponds in Augustenborg
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incorporated within urban net by the creation of courtyards, that are also functioning as recreational green spaces (City of Malmö, 2009). Moreover, in 2001 the first Botanical Roof Garden in the world was created in Augustenborg. The garden covers about 10000 sq.m. of area and it had as a goal the increase of biodiversity and the flood protection. Biologists estimate that botanical roof garden has increase the biodiversity in the area of about 50% (City of Malmö, 2009).
Image 17: Solar panels on roofs and windows
A large program of solar energy has been implemented through the creation of a solar construction by placing of 450 sq m. of solar panels. This initiative, that was mainly started from residents, motivated also the starting of other similar programs such as “Solar City Malmö” which functions in all the city (City of Malmö, 2009). MKB have launched a pilot project to find the most efficient and equitable system for individual charging for heat and hot water which are both currently included in the rent. Some residents have taken part in a programme to weigh in their CO2 and then work together to find ways of decreasing their carbon footprint. For the waste management, 15 buildings for collection, reuse, recycle and composting of the waste have been created aiming to recycle 90% of all waste (Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment, 2011). Transportation Having as a goal a more sustainable transportation system, Augustenborg projects have prioritised to the decrease local traffic speeds, the promotion of electric vehicles through an “Electric Carpool” as a form of local ca-sharing within the district. Electric cars can be picked up and returned to the parking lots of a local supermarket. In 2001, two prototype electric street trains appeared in Augustenborgs streets in order to decrease car dependence and improve the mobility options offered to the local people. The trains had a capacity of 28 passengers and speed of 30 km/h. The “Green Line” offered new job opportunities and the capability of connection with adjacent local centres and services. However, the line after two years stopped functioning, because the system was not profitable, mostly due to a separate ticketing system. Maria Kikidou
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Built Environment Before 1970 buildings in Augustenborg were characterized by the features of 1950s. This characteristics were destroyed when the facades of the buildings were covered with insulation and steel sheeting. The regeneration project restored this appearance by covering them with a skimmed painted render. The result is a new identity in the area and has made the buildings even more energy efficient. A new school building has also been created from natural materials, using natural lighting and implementing eco-friendly principles, such as ground source heat pump, solar thermal panels, composting toilets. The building is a factory made modular construction which can be removed and relocated in another school in the future if pupil numbers in Augustenborg decrease.
Image 18: the “green line� electric train Image 19: Augustenborg’s primary school with natural materials
Results Ekostaden Augustenborg resulted in plenty of positive changes for the district of Augustenborg, concerning ecological, social and economic aspects of life. First of all, Augustenborg has managed to reduce the CO2 emissions with a percentage of 20%, while the biodiversity has increased for 50% (Sustainable Cities, source: http:// sustainablecities.dk/). Moreover, the open canals system has contributed into the preventing of flooding and a more beautiful cityscape. The heating and hot water consumption has decreased for 25% and the waste management system recycles 70% of total waste. Regarding to energy consumption, the buildings are 35% more energy sufficient comparing to their condition before the interventions. The regeneration project upgraded the local economy by creating new local companies. These companies are: a. Watreco, was set up by local residents and amaeur water enthusiasts, b. Green Roof Institute; and car pool, which was established in 2000, uses ethanol hybrid cars to further reduce environments impacts. Augustenborg is considered to be now an attractive, multicultural neighborhood which Maria Kikidou
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offers possibilities for jobs and staying in a healthy environment of human scale. More specifically, unemployment rate decreased from 30% to 6% of MalmÜ’s average. The participatory character of the project sparked interest in renewable energy and in sustainable transport among residents, after they heard about similar plans for other areas. Other social changes that occurred between 1998 and 2002 were the decrease by 50% in the turnover of tenancies and the increase of participation in elections (from 54 % to 79%).
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Bibliography 1st Project
<http://data.prismanet.gr/aspis-case-studies/
Human, Brian. "Freiburg (Rieselfeld view.php?id=33>. and Vauban), Germany." Historic Towns
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3rd Project
Milutinovic, Slobodan. "Case Study: Vauban,
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City of Malmo. Web. 1 Aug. 2013. <http://www.malmo.se/english>. Sustainable Cities, Web. 1 Aug. 2013. <http://sustainablecities.dk/>
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Image sources Image 1: http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTsxwNEWkIjOHBktFPiV_8huY1HiMoF5LyOiFzXAL3WNo3d5d3 image 2: h t t p : / / t 1 . g s t a t i c . c o m / i q=tbn:ANd9GcQH5mjiwzOA3u0grb7urb0IxGrN3J_dSuOvEm2b887nDk8yHpTP
m
a
g
e
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?
Map 1: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Vauban-fr.png, self-edit Map 2: http://www.kleehaeuser.de/fotos/gross/lage1.gif Map 3: http://ecolocalizer.com/files/2011/02/vauban-transportation-network-e1297894668467.png Map 4: http://www.vauban-im-bild.de/infos_vauban/verkehrskonzept.php Images 3-6: http://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=freiburg%20vauban %20regeneration&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CC8QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.phys.tue.nl % 2 F f i l e a d m i n % 2 F t n % 2 F E n e r g y D a y s %2FpresentationsDay8%2FFrey_Part5.pdf&ei=nNP6UcKtJ4X74QSZpIGACg&usg=AFQjCNGl7rVS4V6mo0o UegJEPj_qAwML-A&sig2=QX08P6UtgTK0vYlP-eMxow&bvm=bv.50165853,d.bGE image 7: http://simoneridyard.blogspot.it/2013/06/urban-sketching-in-castlefield.html Image 8: http://newstourismworld.blogspot.it/2011/05/map-of-manchester-city-road-pictures.html Maps 5-6: Google Maps, self-edit Image 9-11: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http://www.cabe.org.uk/ case-studies/castlefield?photos=true Image 12: http://revealinghistories.org.uk/how-did-money-from-slavery-help-develop-greatermanchester/places/merchants-warehouse-castlefield-manchester.html Image 13-14: http://www.adeptlandscape.com/castlefield.html Image 15: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http:/www.cabe.org.uk/casestudies/ekostaden-augustenborg Map 6: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5413960.stm Map 7: http://www.luda-project.net/partners/refcit/MalmoLC.htm Image 16: Building and Social Housing Foundation, 2005 Image 17: Green Roof, http://www.greenroof.se/default.asp?pid=40&sub=24 Image 18: European Academy of the Urban Environment, http://www.eaue.de/winuwd/list.htm Image 19: Building and Social Housing Foundation, 2005
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