ARPA-E: Launching Energy Innovation in the 21st Century 2011 Kentucky Innovation and Entrepreneurship and KY EPSCoR Joint Conference Srini Mirmira, Ph.D. srinivas.mirmira@hq.doe.gov May 26, 2011
Wake Up Call
2009
John Goodenough, U. Texas at Austin
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
2
Creation & Launching of ARPA-E 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ($400M appropriated for ARPA-E)
2007 America COMPETES Act
President Obama launches ARPA-E at National Academies on April 27, 2009
2006 Rising Above the Gathering Storm (National Academies) Innovation based on science and engineering will be primary driver of our future prosperity & security Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
3
ARPA-E was created with a vision to bridge gaps in the energy innovation pipeline Existing Programs
Office of SC (5B)
Applied Programs (4B)
Loan Guarantees ($128B)
Prototype/ Demos
Tech Gap
what ARPA-E will do • Seek high impact science and engineering projects • Invest in the best ideas and teams • Will tolerate and manage high technical risk • Accelerate translation from science to markets • Proof of concept and prototyping Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
Tech Gap
Commercialization Gaps
what ARPA-E will NOT do • Incremental improvements • Basic research • Long term projects or block grants • Large-scale demonstration projects
4
ARPA-E’s Mission and Means
Reduce Energy Imports
To enhance the economic and energy security of the U.S.
To ensure U.S. technological lead in developing and deploying advanced energy technologies
Reduce EnergyRelated Emissions
Improve Energy Efficiency
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
To overcome the long-term and high-risk technological barriers in the development of energy technologies. (A) identifying and promoting revolutionary advances in fundamental sciences; AND (B) translating scientific discoveries and cuttingedge inventions into technological innovations; AND (C) accelerating transformational technological advances in areas that industry by itself is not likely to undertake because of technical and financial uncertainty.
5
DOE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy
Office of the Secretary Dr. Steven Chu, Secretary
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Loan Programs Office
Daniel B. Poneman, Deputy Secretary*
Inspector General
American Recovery & Reinvention Act Office Chief of Staff
Office of the Under Secretary For Nuclear Security/ Administrator for National Nuclear Security Administration Thomas P. D’Agostino Deputy Administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation
Deputy Administrator for Defense Programs
Deputy Administrator for Naval Reactors
Deputy Under Secretary for Counter-terrorism
Associate Administrator for Defense Nuclear Security
Associate Administrator for Emergency Operations
Office of the Under Secretary for Science
Office of the Under Secretary
Dr. Steven E. Koonin Under Secretary for Science
Arun Majumdar Acting Under Secretary
Office of Science
Advanced Scientific Computing Research
Assistant Secretary For Energy Efficiency And Renewable Energy
Assistant Secretary For Environmental Management
Assistant Secretary Electricity Delivery Energy Reliability
Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy
Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy
Legacy Management
Basic Energy Sciences
Associate Administrator for Infrastructure & Environment
Associate Administrator for Management & Administration
Biological & Environmental Research Fusion Energy Science High Energy Physics
Energy Information Administration
Assistant Secretary for Policy & International Affairs
Bonneville Power Administration
Assistant Secretary for Congressional & Intergov. Affairs
Southwestern Power Administration
General Counsel
Southeastern Power Administration
Chief Financial Officer
Western Area Power Administration
Chief Human Capital Officer
Chief Information Officer
Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Management
Intelligence & Counterintelligence
Health Safety & Security
Public Affairs
Hearings & Appeals
Economic Impact & Diversity
Nuclear Physics Workforce Development for Teachers & Scientists
* The Deputy Secretary also serves as the Chief Operating Officer
13 OCT 10
6
An ARPA-E Project has four main attributes IMPACT
BREAKTHROUGH TECHNOLOGY
If successful, project could have: • High impact on ARPA-E mission areas • Large commercial application
Technologies that: • Do not exist in today’s energy market • Are not just incremental improvements; could make today’s technologies obsolete
ADDITIONALITY
PEOPLE
• Difficult to move forward without ARPA-E funding • But able to attract cost share and follow-on funding • Not already being researched or funded by others
• Best-in-class people • Teams with both scientists and engineers • Brings new people, talent and skill sets to energy R&D
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
7
ARPA-E Currently has six focused programs plus a broad portfolio of projects from its first solicitation Transportation Electrofuels BEEST
End-Use Efficiency BEETIT
Broad Solicitation
ADEPT
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
Stationary Power IMPACCT
GRIDS
8
To date ARPA-E has made 121 awards from seven FOAs to a wide variety of organizations Project Breakdown by Lead Organization Type (% based on award value)*
5%
2%
University 33%
20%
Small Business Large Business
37%
National Lab Non-profit
*Total $366 million million *Total Value of Awards = $357 Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
9
ARPA-E FOA 1 projects can be categorized into one of ten energy technology areas Water Waste Heat Capture
1project 1project
Conventional Energy
2projects
6projects
Energy Storage
VBR Power Systems
5projects
Building Efficiency
Biomass Energy
3projects FOA 1
5projects
4projects Renewable Power
Vehicle Technologies
5projects
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
Carbon Capture
5projects
Solar Fuels
10
ARPA-E Currently has six focused programs plus a broad portfolio of projects from its first solicitation Transportation Electrofuels BEEST
End-Use Efficiency BEETIT
Broad Solicitation
ADEPT
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
Stationary Power IMPACCT
GRIDS
11
Energy Storage @ ARPA-E: Vehicles (BEEST) and Grid (GRIDS)
BEEST: Why do we care about the Electric Car?
THE OPPORTUNITY: • Reduced Oil Imports • Reduced Energy Related Emissions • Lower & More Stable Fuel Cost (< $1.00/gallon of gasoline equivalent @ 10¢/kWh) THE CHALLENGE: • Batteries… – Low Energy Density = Short Electric Range ~ 100 miles • Range (miles) ~ Specific Energy (Wh/kg)
– High Cost ~$750/kWh Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
13
Do batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level?
Energy Density (Wh/kg) Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
14
Do batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level? MATERIALS
Theoretical Max
Energy Density (Wh/kg) Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
15
Do batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level? 50% reduction (include oxygen mass)
CELL
Energy Density (Wh/kg) Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
16
Do batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level? 50% reduction (non-active pack materials)
PACK
Energy Density (Wh/kg) Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
17
Do batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level? SYSTEM - DELIVERED
100 kg motor/etc vs 300 kg pack (75%) 90% efficiency
Energy Density (Wh/kg) Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
18
Do batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level? SYSTEM - DELIVERED
150 kg engine vs 38 kg gasoline (25%) 30% efficiency
Energy Density (Wh/kg) Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
19
FACT: Batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level SYSTEM - DELIVERED
Energy Density (Wh/kg) Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
20
ARPA-E BEEST Program Primary Goals: $52.8M/3 years
RANGE BEEST
200+ 2x
Current
COST
300+ 1.5x
100
200
System Energy System Energy (Wh/L) (Wh/kg)
Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
<250 3x
750 System Cost ($/kWh)
21
ARPA-E BEEST Program: Secondary Technical Targets Target ID Number
Target Category
Description
2.1
Specific Power Density (80% Depth of Discharge, 30s)
400 W/kg (system) 800 W/kg (cell)
2.2
Volumetric Power Density (80% Depth of Discharge, 30s)
600 W/liter (system) 1200 W/liter (cell)
2.3
Cycle Life
1000 cycles at 80% Depth of Discharge (cell/system), with cycle life defined as number of cycles at which a >20% reduction in any energy/power density metric occurs relative to the initial values
2.4
Round Trip Efficiency
80% at C/3 charge and discharge
2.5
Temperature Tolerance
-30 to 65C, with <20% relative degradation of energy density, power density, cycle life and round trip efficiency relative to 25C performance
2.6
Self Discharge
<15%/month self-discharge (of initial specific energy density or volumetric energy density)
2.7
Safety
Tolerant of abusive charging conditions and physical damage without catastrophic failure
2.8
Calendar Life
10 Years
Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
22
BEEST Portfolio: Advanced Chemistries & Manufacturing 10 Advanced Prototyping Projects: $47.1M 4 Seedlings: $5.7M TOTAL: $52.8M/3 years
Upside
System Targets: 200-400 Wh/kg 300-800 Wh/L
(Li-S) (Flow Batt)
(Metal-Air) (Li-Air)
Advanced Lithium (Mg-Ion)
(Zn-Air)
Ultra-High Energy
(Solid State Li) (Si anode) (Li Ion Mfg)
(Capacitive)
(Li-Air)
Infrastructure Compatible High Energy Materials
(Si anode)
“Time to Market” 23 Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
BEEST Portfolio: Energy Density Pack Energy Density (Wh/kg)
BEEST Targets
Ultimate Li-ion Practical Limit
Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
24
BEEST Portfolio: Cost
Pack Cost ($/kWh)
BEEST technologies aim to match Li-ion costs. Certain technologies could reduce costs further.
Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
Energy Storage @ ARPA-E: Vehicles (BEEST) and Grid (GRIDS)
Power Grid: Large Supply Chain With No Warehouse
•
Electrification: Premier Engineering Accomplishment of the 20th Century [ NAE ]
•
Harnessing Renewable Power: #1 Challenge for 21st Century
•
Limited storage (~2.5% average load) on current grid vs. 15% for Japan
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
27
Grid-Scale Rampable Intermittent Dispatchable Storage (GRIDS) Renewables Today
Wind in OR (BPA)
Solar PV in AZ (TEP)
1 GW Change in 1 hr
kW
MW
80% Change in 5 min
1 Day
1 Day
Problem: Minutes-to-Hours Changes in Power
Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
28
Grid-Scale Rampable Intermittent Dispatchable Storage (GRIDS)
Power Costs ($/kW)
$10K
$1K
$100
Limited Sites
Cost Target
Pumped Hydro Underground Compressed Air
1hr
New Battery Technologies
2-5X Lower 10min
$10 $1000 $100 Energy Storage Costs ($/kWh) Minimum Response Time
Seconds
Minutes
Need: Innovative Technologies for Cost-Effective Energy Storage Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
29
GRIDS Program Metrics
PRIMARY TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Requirement ID Number
Requirement Category
Value (Units)
1.1
System Capital Cost per Unit of Rated Energy Capacity (for measured capacity at Rated Power)
<$100/kWh
1.2
Minimum Operating Time at Rated Power (time at Rated Power for charge and discharge)
60 minutes
Maximum Response Time (time for system to go from 0% to 100% of rated power in discharge and in charge mode)
10 minutes
Rated Power Capacity for Charge and Discharge in Advanced System Prototypes
â&#x2030;Ľ20kW
1.3
1.4
Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
SECONDARY TECHNICAL TARGETS: Target ID Number
Target Category
Description
2.1
Cycle Life (cycled at rated power between charge & discharge)
5,000 cycle minimum, defined as number of cycles at which >20% reduction in total energy/power capability occurs relative to initial rated values
2.2
Round-Trip Efficiency
80% at rated power for of charge and discharge
2.3
Maximum Dwell Time
Maximum 10 minute response time for reversal between charge and discharge
2.4
Scalability of Storage Technology for Grid-scale Application
Potential for subsequent scaling for gridscale deployment (1-10MW). Scalability will be assessed at the power/energy ratio of the advanced systems prototype proposed.
2.5
Internal Losses
Less than 5% loss of energy in 24 hours from fully charged state.
2.6
Safety
Consistent with transmission and distribution grid deployment at unattended locations
2.7
Calendar Life
10 years, minimum
30
Portfolio of Projects ($28M Total ARPA-E Funding)
UNIVERSITY/ LAB
SMALL BUSINESS
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
CORPORATION
Electrofuels
ARPA-E’s Electrofuels program seeks to address U.S. oil dependence with significantly more efficient biofuels The Electrofuels program is anticipated to open up a new area of research and path to biofuels
13 projects, $45M ARPA-E $ $56M Total $
Electrons/ Reducing equivalents
Photosynthesis
Biomass
EtOH Advanced biofuels
Algae
Pyrolysis oils
Biodiesel Advanced biofuels
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
Chemical Catalysis
Syngas CH3OH CH4 Advanced fuels?
Biological Catalysis
Advanced Fuels
ARPA-Eâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s investment should be considered both high-risk and very early stage To achieve the intent of the Electrofuels FOA, all projects must address the following components: Specify liquid fuel type (diesel fuel, JP-8 aviation fuel, and/or high octane fuels for four-stroke internal combustion engines); liquid fuels 85 research octane or 40 cetane are desirable Anticipated liquid fuel energy density 32 megajoules per kilogram is desired Anticipated liquid fuel heat of vaporization < 0.5 megajoules per kilogram is desired Anticipated liquid fuel-energy-out to photon/electrical energy-in of the envisioned system; an overall energy efficiency > 1% is required Rare earth elements or organic redox shuttles that cannot be deployed economically at scale should be avoided Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
Review: Reducing carbon dioxide is an uphill reaction requiring electrons from a reducing equivalent extraction of energy
burning = oxidation =
Carbon at -4 Carbon at -2
1750 Carbon at 0
Stored Energy (kJ/mol)
Carbon at +2
CH3OH
CH4 Methane
Methanol
HC(O)H Formaldehyde
HCO2H Carbon at +4
-393
CO2
Formic acid
0
reduction = storage of energy 4 # of electrons
Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
8
Electrofuels approach is non-photosynthetic, modular, and solutions can be mixed- and- matched Assimilate Reducing Equivalents
Reducing equivalents: other than reduced carbon or products from Photosystems I & II H2S
H2
Direct Current
NH3
Fe2+
Pathway for carbon fixation: reverse TCA, Calvin- Benson, Wood-Ljungdahl, hydroxpropionate/hydroxybutyrate, or newly designed biochemical pathways
Fix CO2 for Biosynthesis
Generate Energy Dense Liquid Fuel
Fuel synthesis metabolic engineering to direct carbon flux to fuel products
butanol Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
alkanes
+ numerous possibilities
BEETIT
Dr. Ravi Prasher
Cooling System Primary Energy Use 180 160 140
Today
120
Current Systems
100 80
ARPA-E Target
60
Opportunity
40
Theoretical limit
20 0
1
2
3
4
5
COPVapor-compression
6
7 o
Tamb = 90 F, RH = 0.9 Ts upply = 55 oF, RH = 0.5
Reduce primary energy consumption by ~ 40 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 50%
Humidity Ratio
Primary Energy Use (kJ/kg)
200
8
High-Efficiency, onLine Membrane Air Dehumidifier Enabling Sensible Cooling for Warm and Humid Climates
Temperature
Refrigeration unit Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
37
ADEPT Magnetics Hard Magnets
High Flux Soft Magnets
Switches Integrated WBG >13kV WBG
Chip-scale LED Driver for Commercial Lighting
Unipolar SiC
25 Watt LED Electronics
Si
Integrated Circuits for Power 300x reduction in power stage volume
Systems • On-chip inductors and transformers
Dr. Rajeev Ram
• High-voltage transistors • High-energy capacitors Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
38
IMPACCT
Low-Cost Biological Catalyst to Enable Efficient CO2 Capture HCO3- + H3O+
Residual Activity (%)
CO2 + 2H2O
Dr. Mark Hartney
Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) Thermostability 100 80 60 40 20 0 -
Human CAII Parent CA Round 1 CA Round 2 CA 45 55 65 75 85 95
Temperature (Celsius) 39
PETR Plants Engineered To Replace Oil Meeting Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Energy Needs by Maximizing Photon Capture & Conversion
JONATHAN BURBAUM March 31, 2011
Biofuels in a Petroleum Context 140
Total Production Cost ($/BOE)
Production Cost, per barrel
Corn EtOH
120 CTL Oil Shale
100
Marginal Conventional Oil
80
Deep Water
60 GTL
Venezuela Heavy Oil
40
Oil Sands (In-situ)
20 Arctic 20
40
60
Sugarcane EtOH
80
Oil Sands (Mining) 100
Million Barrels of Oil Equivalent per day (MBOE/d) Source: Analysis based on information from IEA, DOE and interviews with super-majors Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
112
Biofuels Technology Landscape
Examples
Repurposed Food Crops
Corn, sugar cane, some oil plants
Description
TRL
TRL 9
“Biofuels today”
7-9
TRL 8 TRL 7
Cellulosics
Switchgrass, corn stover
“Feedstock modification”
Aquatics
Algae, cyanobacteria
“Biofuels tomorrow?”
3-7
??
“Research”
1-3
Synthetic photobiology
Deployment
Pilot
6-8
TRL 6 ARPA-E
Area
TRL 5 TRL 4 TRL 3 Lab
TRL 2
• Next generation biofuels manufacturers seek “co-products” to make economics work; This limits scale Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
TRL 1 Idea
Biofuels Paradigm: Conversion
C4 Plants CO2
~1-2%
~5-10%
Sugars Aquatics
50%
Liquid Fuels Liquid Fuels
Zhu et al. Current Opinion in Biotechnology (2008) 19:153-159 Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
Power Electronics in Photovoltaic Systems (2/8/11)
5-6¢/kWh fully installed at the MW scale by 2020 Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
High Density Thermal Energy Storage (1/31/11) Synergy between Solar and HighTemp Nuclear
Scale
CHP systems in buildings
Increase in efficiency > 50% compared to current systems (T ~ 300- 400 oc)
PHEV & EV
Increase EV range by ~ 40%
Reduces primary consumption ~ 25%
<100 oC
~ 500 oC
> 800 oC
Temperature Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
45
Green Energy Network Integration (12/13/10)
• Congested Lines • Aging Infrastructure
“Today, the average age of a substation transformer is 42, two years more than their expected life span.”
• Increasingly unreliable • Increasingly unpredictable # of US power outages affecting 50K of more # of outages over 100MW 140 66 41
1991-1995 Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
58
76
1996-2000
92
2001-2005 46
Critical Materials Technology (12/6/10)
Electric Motors Wind Generators Geologic or Recycled Feedstocks
Permanent Magnets
Material Extraction Processes
Catalysts& Separators
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Gasoline Refining Auto Exhaust Conversion Supply Technologies
Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy
Lighting Phosphors
Light Emitting Diodes (LED) Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL)
Application Technologies 47