Mariane Lin
architecture and urbanism
Mariane Lin marianelin.17@gmail.com Rua Agenor Goulart Filho, 207 - Bairro Ouro Preto Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (+55)(31)34981800
EDUCATION UNDERGRADUATE Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) Belo Horizonte, Brazil Architecture and Urbanism Ranked 3rd in the entry exam UFMG 2009 Washington University in St. Louis - Saint Louis, USA Study abroad at the Architecture undergraduate program Scholarship granted by the Brazilian Government through the Science Without Borders Program HIGH SCHOOL Colégio Santo Antônio - Belo Horizonte, Brazil Ranked 4th in the National Exam of High Schools (ENEM) in 2008
Jan ‘09 – Dec ‘13
Jan ‘12 – Dec ’12
Aug ‘02 – Dec ‘08
WORK EXPERIENCE PROFESSIONAL Pólis Arquitetura - Belo Horizonte, Brazil Working as an architect on landscape designs for institutional projects INTERNSHIPS Arquitetos Associados - Belo Horizonte, Brazil Worked in the design of the office’s portfolio and in the development of boards and materials for national and international exhibitions. Hera Lab Planners - Saint Louis, USA Worked in Post-Occupancy Evaluation, Sustainability and Marketing.
Jan ‘14 – present
Mar ‘13 – May ‘13
May ‘12 – Aug ‘12
Departament of Physical Planning and Projects of UFMG Belo Horizonte, Brazil Participation in architectural projects, building and remodeling of the university’s facilities
Aug’11 - Sep ‘11
Paraúna Administração Ltda. - Belo Horizonte, Brazil Application of QFD (Quality Function Deployment) in Commercial Buildings – Case of the Edifício Pavarotti. Orientation by professors Eduardo Cabaleiro Cortizo and Lin Chih Cheng. EXTENSION PROGRAM Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) Belo Horizonte, Brazil Public Architecture Program: application of the heritage concept of Cultural Landscape in historic cities in the state of Minas Gerais.
Jan ’11 - Jun ‘11
LANGUAGE TEACHING Number One - Belo Horizonte, Brazil English teacher for beginners (teenagers and adults) at language school AWARDS “Honorable Mention” and “Academic Relevance” Program of Public Architecture at the XIII Extension Meeting of UFMG
LANGUAGES Portuguese: Native speaker English: Fluent (CPE Grade A, TOEFL iBT 115/120) Spanish
Jun ‘10 - Sep ‘10
Aug ‘13 - present
Oct ‘10
Parque Linear Flor D’Água connections through public spaces Degree project 2013 | UFMG Professor Marieta Maciel
av. cristiano machado
SANTA TEREZINHA miranda
lagoa da pampulha
ito mourão de
g aven ida flem in
PAQUETÁ
avenida herácl
supermercado hiperminas
A SAC
err ela
OURO PRETO
igu el p am
BACIA ONÇA ida
alt
iar
uso e ocupação
bh supermercados
CASTELO
av en
av. contorno
s de agu
noel elia
rua ma
RES
av. pedro II
espaços livres
CÓRREGO FLOR-D’ÁG UA
EGO
R CÓR
anel rodoviário
av. pres. carlos luz av. tancredo neves
av en id
The design proposes a linear public space along a channel in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. In a context where rivers and channels have lost their importance in the urban landscape, the design seeks to connect two existing public parks, while turning the channel Flor D’Água into a protagonist once again.
av. antonio carlos
comercial de grande porte comercial de médio porte comercial de pequeno porte residencial multifamiliar residencial unifamiliar
am
iro av eli
no
parque municipal ursulina de andrade melo
so
uso misto
condomínio fazenda da serra
are
s
elementos de referência
LPOUS ZEIS 1 e 2 ZAR-2
clube do churrasqueiro
escola estadual professor alisson pereira guimarães
ZAP
parque fernando sabino
ZP-1
ALÍPIO DE MELO
ZE
escola estadual jornalista jorge paes sardinha
ZPAM
colégio cavalieri colégio frei orlando
ENGENHO NOGUEIRA
parque vencesli firmino da silva
dados demografícos e de fluxo densidade demográfica hab/km2 passagem de veículos e pedestres passagem de pedestres linhas e pontos de ônibus
redo nev es
escola municipal marlene pereira rancante
JARDIM ALVORADA
rio
avenida tanc
do viá
escola estadual ursulina andrade de melo
ane l ro
Distributed along almost two kilometers of extension, the varied program includes bikepath, pedestrian crossings, playgrounds, areas for educational activities, market area, urban agriculture, and others. The vegetation distributed in the public space is a homage to the native species of the state and forms four different biomes.
CÓRREGO SÃO JOSÉ
CAIÇARA ADELAIDE SÃO JOSÉ JARDIM MONTANHÊS
aeroporto carlos prates
MONSENHOR MESSIAS
avenida pedro II
PADRE EUSTÁQUIO
BACIA ARRUDAS
original channel
50 meters sections
connections on demand
path connections
new path and channel
key sections
>> O>> canal O canal original original possui possui 5 metros 5 metros de largura de largura e, apesar e, apesar de estar de estar a céu a aberto, céu aberto, é revestido é revestido em em concreto. concreto.
50
xo.
e
>> Foram >> Foram levantadas levantadas as demandas as demandas de de conexão conexão para para o caminho o caminho dos pedestres. dos pedestres.
>> O>> novo O novo canalcanal possui possui a largura a largura mínima mínima de de 6 metros 6 metros e varia e varia entreentre margem margem em taludes, em taludes, talude talude e muro e muro de arrimo, de arrimo, canalizado canalizado sob sob praças. praças.
>> A>> partir A partir do canal do canal original original foi traçado foi traçado um um eixo eixo como como guia guia e foram e foram definidas definidas seções seções de 50 de 50 metros metros de extensão. de extensão.
>> O>> caminho O caminho foi traçado foi traçado comocomo resposta resposta às às conexões conexões necessárias. necessárias.
>> O>> caminho O caminho é formado é formado por seções-chaves por seções-chaves que se querepetem se repetem ao longo ao longo da intervenção da intervenção e e se relacionam se relacionam ao entorno, ao entorno, canal, canal, vegetação vegetação existente, existente, dentre dentre outros outros fatores. fatores.
AA CIDADE CIDADE EE AS AS ÁGUAS ÁGUAS AsAs águas águas como como protagonistas protagonistas nono cenário cenário urbano urbano biowalesCaminhando native species biomes Caminhando nono sentido sentido oposto oposto ao ao corredor corredor dede trânsitrânsi>> O>> uso O de usobioswales de bioswales possibilita possibilita umauma maior maior absorção absorção da água da água da chuva da chuva eo eo reaproveitamento reaproveitamento da água da água de escoamento de escoamento em em cascatas. cascatas.
>> A>> proposta A proposta parapara a vegetação a vegetação é a referência é a referência
aos bioclimas aos bioclimas presentes presentes no estado no estado de Minas de Minas to to rápido, rápido, a proposta a proposta reafirma reafirma a qualidade a qualidade ambiental ambiental Gerais. Gerais. da da área área trazida trazida pelo pelo corpo corpo d’água. d’água. Antes Antes umum limite limite in-in-
>> Foram >> Foram lev conexão conexão para
>> As>> travessia As trav foramforam desenha des
>> O>> novo O nov flu a relação a relação entr Tancredo Tancredo Nev alternativa alternativ de
Pruitt-Igoe mapping
Architectural Design Spring 2012 | Washington University in St. Louis Professors Patty Heyda and Natalie Yates Developed with Natalie Ng
An open competition was held in 2012 to bring forth ideas for the former site of the Pruitt-Igoe housing complex. As part of the research and analysis process leading to the proposal, a great focus was given to mapping information of the city and its history.
1930
Peak populati (860,000)
Realtors Agreement of 1941 Realtors agree not to sell or rent property to negros outside a designated area in St Louis City.
900000 800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 1930 The Great Depression (1929)
changes in population distribution from 1930 to the present
1940 World War II (1939 - 1945)
1950
Housing Act of 19
Increased funding for projects and slum clea urban renewal made p like Pruitt - Igoe possib same time, the Act pro easier loans encourag people to purchase ho the cheaper suburbs.
ion
100% black
30,000 - 40,000 20,000 - 30,000
1970
1950
10,000 - 20,000
2010
0 -10,000
White / Black ratio
Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956
Demolition of Pruitt Igoe (1972)
Approval for a $1.2 billion urban renewal plan (1999)
Increased federal spending on developing highway infrastructure making it easier for people to commute to work in the city while living in the suburbs.
Acoording to Charles Jencks, it was the day “Modern Architecture died�.
A plan the city approved in December 1999 called for $1.2 billion of investment downtown. More investments followed and since 2000, more than $3.5 billion have been poured into the area.
949
housing arance for projects ble. At the ovided ging omes in
total population white black
1960
1970 The Gateway Arch opens to the public (1968)
1980
1990 Gentrification in Washington Avenue Historic District
2000
2010 World Leadership Award for Urban Renewal (2006) With the investments received, St. Louis had an upturn in urban revitalization and received the World Leadership Award for urban renewal.
Population density (per sq. mile)
100% white 40,000 - 50,000
Pruitt-Igoe
growing renewal Architectural Design Spring 2012 | Washington University in St. Louis Professors Patty Heyda and Natalie Yates
This proposal was an individual entry to the open competition Pruitt-Igoe Now. It is a critique to the various forced attempts to recover large loose spaces in the urban landscape through purely economic approaches. Saint Louis, a city that once thrived, that was once considered a synonym for power, dynamicity, and movement, is now somewhat devoid of the intensity of life it held in the past. Pruitt-Igoe has moved forward and through piles of waste, beauty has somehow risen, day by day, year by year. It is nature, life that has found its way through destruction and that deserves to be shown.
phase 2 phase 1 pruitt-igoe site
pruitt-igoe site I-70 and I-64
phase 4 the three green areas merge into one
phase 3 expansion of the areas
expanding green To extend the renewal to other decaying parts of the city, going beyond the borders of the site. The result is a high-density integrated urban nuclei, a new city grid that breaks away from rigid orthogonal streets, and an ever expanding field and forest that shelter and encourage diversity of flora and fauna as well as its relationship with human life.
With the green areas, new circulation and accesses are needed. Taking advantage of the low density, new streets are not defined by a rigid grid, but are drawn in such a way as to not constrain immediate expansion of the green areas and provide alternate circulation.
Opposed to the rigid grid, new paths connect the public buildings that surround the site and embrace the existing fluxes. However, the old paths, stronger, wider, remain as the guidelines and treasure the memories there formed.
Pruitt-Igoe
pasts and futures Architectural Design Spring 2012 | Washington University in St. Louis Professors Patty Heyda and Natalie Yates Developed by all students of the class as a single group
After working at multiple scales, various group structures, and through a variety of mediums, a group was ultimately formed by all students of the class in order to come up with a more comprehensive proposal for Pruitt-Igoe. The final design is a combination of the class’ favorite ideas from the previous individual projects and attempts to address the neighborhood as well as the city, while providing a variety of programs, goals, and opportunities for the site. infrastructure model for one of the group design phases
Infrascapes
flood mitigation strategies Architectural Design Fall 2012 | Washington University in St. Louis Professor Gia Daskalakis
The site is located along the Mississippi River, in the Chouteau’s Landing area in St. Louis, MO. The starting point of the project involved extensive research on hydrology and flood mitigation strategies, construction of a natural and artificial habitat, and water treatment. The design looks for different ways to occupy the loose urban spaces through multiple paths and passages. This includes experimentation with an infrastructural piece that interlaces with the existing structures and creates a relationship with the softscape.
mapping developed with Luisa Simoni
432 ft
n
Infrastructural Building from rationality to flexibility
Architectural Design 2011 | UFMG Professor Carlos Alberto Maciel Designed with Vitor Lagoeiro, Cibele Eller, Danilo Ribeiro, Marcela Rosenburg, Mateus Jacob
“To provide a structure and installations in order to shelter multiple uses related to academic purposes�. It is located in an area on the campus of the Federal Universiity of Minas Gerais. Though with intense pedestrian traffic, it has serious acessibility issues. The purpose of the design is to generate a greater connection between the surroundings and to allow the academic community to come and go more easily. These are diagrammes related to the dissoluciton of paths and to the distribution of uses. They were developed to better understand the dynamics of the building.
Basic module
enclosure
isothermal pannel isothermal pannel 1.10m x h ceiling height 1.10 x 1.10m
W
S
E
glass (window or door) 1.10m x h ceiling height
N
perforated roofing
E
S
horizontal brise-soleil
N
W
vertical brise-soleil
Inverted pyramid kite research, analysis and design
Architectural Representation Spring 2012 | Washington University in St. Louis Professor Sung Ho Kim and instructor Akshita Sivakumar
The focus of this project was the development of a kite so as to explore form, space, communication, analysis, and creative process. Each individual tetrahedrical pyramid is linked to the next in order to form a greater pyramid with enough air pockets to allow flying and floating. The shape and link variations allow multiple outcomes.
DIAMOND AND TETRAHEDRAL KITES Diamond Kite
Agility: aerodynamic shape
Tetrahedral Kite
Flotation: low density and larger surface area
Triangle
Stable shape
HYBRIDIZATION ITERATIONS HYBRIDIZATION HYBRIDIZATION ITERATIONS ITERATIONS
STRUCTURE + membrane
MEMBRANE + seams
MEMBRANE + seams + eyelets
bass wood, trace paper, glue
polyester, silk string
cotton, nylon string, metallic eyelets
STRUCTURE + membrane
MEMBRANE + seams
MEMBRANE + seams + eyelets
bass wood, trace paper, glue
polyester, silk string
cotton, nylon string, metallic eyelets
STRUCTURE + membrane
MEMBRANE + seams
MEMBRANE + seams + eyelets
bass wood, trace paper, glue
polyester, silk string
cotton, nylon string, metallic eyelets
MEMBRANE + seams + eyelets + wires cotton, nylon string, metallic eyelets, piano wires
MEMBRANE + seams + eyelets + wires cotton, nylon string, metallic eyelets, piano wires
MEMBRANE + seams + eyelets + wires cotton, nylon string, metallic eyelets, piano wires
HYBRIDIZATION STUDIES AND ASSEMBLY
Structure wood dowels inserted in 5/32� aluminum rods
Connection points articulated plastic connections
Tying the knots execute knots considering the colored extents as limits
THE INVERTED PYRAMID KITE BRIDLE FIXED ON THE BASE smaller surface area for resistance in wind exit results in greater diffusion of the air
BRIDLE FIXED ON THE TOP POINT larger surface area for resistance in wind exit results in stronger lift
Foz do Iguaçu
energy and tourism flows BRAZIL
acar BRAZIL BRAZIL
PARAGUAY PARAGUAY
PARAGUAY
BRAZIL
Foz do Iguaçu Foz do Iguaçu
Emergent Urbanisms Fall 2012 | Washington University in St. Louis Professor Patty Heyda PARAGUAY ARGENTINA ARGENTINA BRAZIL FozBRAZIL do Iguaçu
Foz do Iguaçu
ARGENTINA
ARGENTINA PARAGUAY PARAGUAY
Foz do Iguaçu Foz do Iguaçu
ARGENTINA ARGENTINA
POPULATION inhabitants
POPULATION inhabitants POPULATION inhabitants
AREAS within city AREAS within the the city
POPULATION POPULATION (inhab.) (inhab.) POPULATION POPULATION inhabitants inhabitants Itaipu Lake POPULATION
24,2% 24,2% AREAS AREAS within within the the city Lake city AREAS Itaipu Lake Itaipu Itaipu Lake
(inhab.)
AREAS
POPULATION (inhab.)
57.9 sq mi (inhab.) 400,000400,000 24,2%
395,000
260,000
150,000
60,000 60,000
150,000
34,000
20,000 20,000
Ciudad DelDEL Este ESTE CIUDAD
34,000
260,000260,000
POPULATION POPULATION
Itaipu395,000 Lake 260,000
400,000
(inhab.) (inhab.)
AREAS within thePOPULATION city inhabitants
395,000
260,000
400,000 itaipu lake 57.9 sq(inhab.) mi (inhab.) 24,2% 60,000 60,000
2011
before 1975
Urban 395,000 BRAZIL
PARAGUAY Foz do Iguaçu
Foz doDO Iguaçu FOZ IGUAÇU
AREAS AREAS
2011
2011
260,000
2011
150,000 150,000 260,000
395,000 60,000
60,000
ARGENTINA
395,000 60,000
POPULATION inhabitants
57.9 sq mi itaipu lake 57.9 sq mi itaipu lake 57.9 sq mi 24,2% 24,2% 24,2%
Itaipu ItaipuItaipu Lake Lake Lake itaipu lake 57.9 sq mi 57.9 sq57.9 mi sq mi 24,2% 24,2% Urban 24,2%
24,2%
acaray
24,2% Urban
74.4 sq mi
Urban Urban 31,00%
74.4 sq mi 74.4 sq mi Urban 31,00%Rural 31,00%Urban
Park Park Rural
“everything from AK-47's bricks of marijuana can b purchase”
53.9 sq53.9 mi sq mi Urban 74.4 sq74.4 mi sq52.8 mi sq52.8 mi sq mi 22,37% 22,44%22,37% 31,00% 31,00% 22,44% 74.4 sq mi Park
Rural
Rural Iguaçu Iguaçu Rural 53.9 sq Park mi Park 52.8National sq mi National
Rural
Iguaçu Iguaçu RuralNational National Park Park
31,00%
(http://www.gadling.com/2008/06/13/ciuda icas-black-market-hotspot/)
22,37% 52.8 sq mi Urban Urban52.8 sq mi 53.9 sq mi 22,44% 53.9 sq mi 22,44% Iguaçu 22,44% 74.4 sq mi 74.4 sq mi 22,37% Park 22,37% Park Rural National Park 31,00% 31,00%Rural Rural 53.9 sq53.9 mi sq mi 52.8 52.8 sq52.8 mi sq sqmimi 53.9 sq mi 22,37% 22,44% 22,37%22,37% 22,44% 22,44%
22,37%
Iguaçu National Park
Ciudad Del Ciudad EsteDel Este ESTE Foz doDO Iguaçu Foz doDO Iguaçu FOZ FOZ IGUAÇU IGUAÇU CIUDAD CIUDAD DEL ESTE DEL Rural
52.8 sq mi 22,44%
57.9 sq57.9 mi sq mi
Itaipu Lake Itaipu Lake 74.4 sq74.4 mi sq mi itaipu lake itaipu lake 57.9 sq31,00% mi 57.9 sq mi 31,00%
260,000
22,44%
ItaipuItaipu Lake Lake
Urban
150,000
400,000400,000 60,000
before 1975
2011
(inhab.) (inhab.)
2011
1975 1975 2011 beginning 150,000 1975 beginning of the of the 1975 260,000260,000 of the construction construction beginning beginning of the construction 2011 2011 construction of the of the 150,000 of the Dam Dam of the Itaipu DamItaipu Itaipu 1975 Itaipu Dam 260,000 2011 2011 beginning of the 150,000 1975 20,000 34,000 34,000 74.4 sq20,000 mi beginning of the construction before 1975 of the 20,000 34,000 before 1975 construction before 1975 34,000 before 1975 of the Itaipu Dam Dam 31,00% 20,000 Itaipu 150,000150,000 60,000 60,000 1975 1975 34,000 20,000 Ciudad Este ESTE Foz doDO Iguaçu beginning beginning of the of the 60,000 Del 60,000 150,000 150,000 FOZ IGUAÇU Ciudad EsteDel Foz doDO Iguaçu CIUDAD DEL 1975 1975 FOZ IGUAÇU before 1975 CIUDAD DEL ESTE 20,000 34,000 before 1975 beginning beginning of the construction of the construction construction construction of the of the Urban of the Itaipu of the DamItaipu Itaipu Itaipu DamDam Dam 74.4 sq mi Park Ciudad DelDEL Este ESTE Foz doDO Iguaçu Rural FOZ CIUDAD 31,00%20,000 20,000 34,000IGUAÇU 34,000 53.9 sq mi34,000 before before 1975 1975 20,000 20,000 34,000 before 1975 52.8 sq mi before 1975
2011
1975 beginning of the 1975 beginning construction of the constructionof the of the Itaipu Dam Dam Itaipu
260,000
AREAS within the city
AREAS AREAS (inhab.)
53.9 sq mi 22,37%
“While Ciudad del Este is downtown traffic jam, the neighbor Foz do Iguaçu wi organized surroundings.”
52.8 sq mi 52.8 sq misq mi 53.9 53.9 sq mi 22,44% 22,44% 22,37% 22,37%
AREAS within the city
(http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/01/1
(inhab.)
POPULATION was to analyze the AREAS The project flows and dynamics of an urban location through mapping, diagrams, and drawing. The city ENERGY production transmission TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION passengers ENERGY production and and transmission passengers ENERGY production and transmission TRANSPORTATION passengers chosen as an object was Foz ENERGY ENERGY production production and and transmission transmission TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION passengers passengers ENERGY production and transmission passengers do Iguaçu, a city located inTRANSPORTATION the south of Brazil. What makes it a TOTAL 509,200,000,000 TOTAL 509,200,000,000 kWh kWh truly remarkable location is that it TOTAL 509,200,000,000 kWh IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK foreign tourists (2011) IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK foreign tourists (2011) TOTAL TOTAL 509,200,000,000 509,200,000,000 kWh kWh operates across three countries: IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK foreign tourists (2011) FOREIGN VISITORS AT IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK (2011) FOREIGN VISITORS AT IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK (2011) TOTAL 509,200,000,000 kWh IGUAÇU IGUAÇU NATIONAL NATIONAL PARK PARK foreign foreign tourists tourists (2011) FOREIGN VISITORS AT IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK (2011)(2011) Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK foreign tourists (2011) FOREIGN FOREIGN VISITORS VISITORS AT IGUAÇU AT IGUAÇU NATIONAL NATIONAL PARK PARK (2011) (2011) production and transmission TRANSPORTATION passengers This ENERGY naturally generates an FOREIGN VISITORS AT IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK (2011) intense flow of people of different TOTAL: 642,834 TOTAL: 642,834 TOTAL: 642,834 nationalities, yet there are other TOTAL: TOTAL: 642,834 642,834 attractions in the TOTAL city509,200,000,000 that enable kWh TOTAL: 642,834 an even greater and more diverse IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK foreign tourists (2011) TOTAL: 642,834 flow of people and products. FOREIGN VISITORS AT IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK (2011) Itaipu Lake 57.9 sq mi 24,2%
(inhab.)
Itaipu Lake
400,000 395,000
260,000
260,000
60,000 60,000
150,000
20,000
Ciudad DelDEL Este ESTE CIUDAD
Urban
1975
74.4 sq mi 31,00%
beginning of the 1975 beginning construction of the constructionof the of the Itaipu Dam Dam Itaipu
150,000
20,000
itaipu lake 57.9 sq mi 24,2%
2011
2011
34,000
34,000
“everything from AK-47's to Mon bricks of marijuana can be easi purchase”
Urban
before 1975
before 1975
74.4 sq mi 31,00%
Foz doDO Iguaçu FOZ IGUAÇU
Park
Rural
52.8 sq mi 22,44%
Rural
52.8 sq mi 22,44%
(http://www.gadling.com/2008/06/13/ciudad-del-es icas-black-market-hotspot/)
53.9 sq mi 22,37%
Iguaçu National Park 53.9 sq mi 22,37%
“While Ciudad del Este is known traffic jam, the oppos Foz do Iguaçu with its organized surroundings.”
downtown arriving passengers: arriving passengers: 652,194652,194 neighbor departing passengers: departing passengers: 650,293650,293
do Iguaçu Foz doFoz Iguaçu International Airport International Airport
Foz do Iguaçu do Iguaçu Foz doFoz Iguaçu International Airport International Bus Station International Bus Station
Foz do Iguaçu International Airport
Foz doFoz Iguaçu do Iguaçu cataratas del iguazú cataratas del iguazú Bus Station International International Airport Airport international airport international airport Foz doFoz Iguaçu do Iguaçu cataratas del iguazú International International Bus Station Bus Station international airport
arriving passengers: 652,194 departing passengers: 650,293
Foz do Iguaçu International Bus Station
arriving passengers: 502,769 departing passengers: 658,435
cataratas del iguazú international airport
arriving passengers: 652,194 (http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/01/19/paragu departing passengers: 650,293 arriving passengers: arriving passengers: 502,769502,769 departing passengers: departing passengers: 658,435658,435 arriving arriving passengers: passengers: 652,194652,194 arriving passengers: 502,769 departing departing passengers: passengers: 650,293 650,293 departing passengers: 658,435 arriving passengers: arriving passengers: 157.696157.696 departing passengers: departing passengers: 154,451154,451
P
arriving arriving passengers: passengers: 502,769502,769 arriving passengers: 157.696 departing departing passengers: passengers: 658,435658,435 departing passengers: 154,451
cataratas cataratas del iguazú del iguazú international international airport airport
arriving arriving passengers: passengers: 157.696157.696 departing departing passengers: passengers: 154,451154,451
arriving passengers: 157.696 Brasília departing passengers: 154,451 Brasília
376,800,000,000 HydroHydro 376,800,000,000 kWh kWh Brasília
Hydro 376,800,000,000 kWh
Assunción Assunción
Brasília Brasília São Paulo São Paulo
Assunción Assunción Buenos Buenos Aires Aires
Foz do Iguaçu International Airport
São Paulo
Itaipu Dam 9,2245,539,000 kWh
29,946
30,006
Buenos Aires
Foz do Iguaçu International Bus Station 29,946
26,702
29,946
São Paulo São Paulo
29,946
29,946
15,584
30,006
29,946
14,552
14,552 14,663
36,940 257,709 257,709 36,940 36,940
16,479
14,552 14,663
257,709 14,552
15,584
14,552 14,552 14,663
257,709 257,709 257,709 36,940
36,940
14,552
Hydro 376,800,000,000 kWh
14,552
14,663
14,663
257,709
Assunción
São Paulo
19,730
Itaipu Dam 9,2245,539,000 kWh
26,702
29,946
30,006
16,206 15,584
19,730
16,479
26,702 29,946
Buenos Aires
30,006
16,206 15,584
16,479
30,006 30,006
14,663
16,479
16,479
16,206 16,206
16,479
16,479
15,584
26,702
30,006
TOTAL: 642,834
14,663
15,584
15,584
15,584
16,479
15,584
19,730
16,206
TOTAL: TOTAL: 642,834 642,834 14,663
16,206
16,206
19,730 19,730 26,702 26,702
16,206
14,663
36,940
14,663 14,552
257,709 257,709
14,552
257,709 36,940
26,702
30,006
14,663
36,940257,709 36,940 36,940 257,709 14,552
Brasília
26,702
30,006 16,206
14,663
16,479
15,584
19,730
TOTAL: 642,834 TOTAL: 642,834
14,552
16,206
arriving passengers: 157.696 30,006 departing passengers: 154,451
26,702
36,940
36,940
26,702
16,206
19,730
19,730
30,006
29,946 29,946
19,730
19,730
arriving passengers: 502,769 16,206 30,006 Buenos Buenos Aires Aires departing passengers: 658,435
30,006
26,702
arriving passengers: 652,194 departing passengers: 650,293
26,702
Buenos Aires
30,006
ItaipuItaipu Dam 9,2245,539,000 Dam 9,2245,539,000 kWh kWh
19,730
cataratas del iguazú international airport 29,946
29,946 29,946
26,702
16,206
19,730
Itaipu Dam 9,2245,539,000 kWh
Hydro 376,800,000,000 kWh
Assunción
26,702
29,946
São Paulo
19,730
19,730
Itaipu Dam 9,2245,539,000 kWh Itaipu Dam 9,2245,539,000 kWh kWh Hydro Hydro 376,800,000,000 376,800,000,000 kWh
Assunción
Brasília
16,479
16,479 16,479
16,479
16,479
15,584 15,584
16,206
15,584
15,584
itaipu lake
itaipu lake transmission to all S’ao Paulo and distribution to all five regions of Brazil
itaipu lake
ITAIPU DAM brazilian workers: 1,458 paraguayan workers: 2,069 brazilian visitors: 303,928 other countries: 81,632
ray lake
ITAIPU DAM brazilian workers: 1,458
paraguayan workers: ITAIPU DAM 2,069
5.0% of total 5.0% of total 5.0% of total
acaray lake vila c
acaray lake 2,900 houses
itaipu’s energy itaipu’s energy itaipu’s energy
95.0% of itaipu’s total energy 95.0% of itaipu’s total energy 16.99% of the country’s needs 95.0% of itaipu’s 16.99%energy of the total country’s needs 16.99% of the “The Itaipu dam is 7,919 meters long (counting the country’s needs
95.0% of itaipu’s total energy
brazilian visitors: workers: 1,458 brazilian 303,928 paraguayan workers: 2,069
other countries: 81,632 ITAIPU DAM
brazilian workers: visitors:1,458 303,928 brazilian other countries: 81,632 paraguayan workers: 2,069
acaray lake
5.0% of itaipu’s total energy
itaipu lake
itaipu private airport itaipu private airport itaipu private airport
16.99% of the country’s needs
brazilian visitors: 303,928 other countries: 81,632
vila c
2,900 houses
vila c
Hernandarias dike) with a maximum height of 196 meters, equivalent to a 65-story building. It consumed 12.3 million cubic meters of concrete, while the iron and steel employed would permit the construction of 380 Eiffel Towers: dimensions that transformed the power plant into a reference with respect to concrete studies and dam safety.”
2,900 houses
vila c
2,900 houses
72.92% of the country’s needs 72.92% of the country’s needs 72.92% of the country’s needs
220 houses
vila a
2,200 houses
dad-del-este-south-amer-
s known for its chaotic e opposite is true of its ith its well-designed and
population: 396,091 Foz do Ciudad Iguaçu Del
known for its chaotic downtown traffic jam, the opposite is true of its (http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/01/19/paraguay-the-chaotic-ciudad-del-este/) population: 256,088 population: 396,091 neighbor Foz do Iguaçu with its well-designed and organized surroundings.” 94,887 households
BR
-
9 46
2,200 houses
vila a
2,200 houses
vila a
2,200 houses
foz do iguaçu international bus station foz do passengers: iguaçu 502,769 arriving departing passengers: 658,435 international bus station arriving foz do passengers: iguaçu 502,769 departing passengers: 658,435 international bus station
(http://www.unmuseum.org/7wonders/megadam.htm)
“The Itaipu dam is known as one of the seven wonders of the modern world due to its sheer immensity.”
Foz do Iguaçu population: 256,088 Foz do Iguaçu 94,887 households population: 256,088 Foz do Iguaçu 94,887 households arriving passengers: 502,769 departing passengers: 658,435
Este
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population: 256,088 94,887 households
foz do iguaçu international airport foz do passengers: iguaçu 652,194 arriving departing passengers: 650,293 international airport arriving foz do passengers: iguaçu 652,194 departing passengers: 650,293 international airport
foz do iguaçu international airport
arriving passengers: 652,194 departing passengers: 650,293
arriving passengers: 652,194 departing passengers: 650,293
Puerto Iguazu population: 82,297 Puerto Iguazu
parque nacional das cataratas do iguaçu parque nacional das brazilian visitors: 751,353 other countries: cataratas do642,834 iguaçu trails: 0.75 mi brazilian nacional visitors: 751,353 parque das other countries: 642,834 cataratas do iguaçu trails: 0.75 mi
population: 82,297
Puerto Iguazu
(htt der
(http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2011/ph240/mina2/)
Puerto Iguazu population: 82,297
parque nacional das cataratas do iguaçu
population: 82,297
brazilian visitors: 751,353 other countries: 642,834 trails: 0.75 mi
ig ua çu
paraná river
vila a
9 9 9 46 46 46 - RB BR
PARAGUAY PARAGUAY PARAGUAY
(http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/01/19/paraguay-the-chaotic-ciudad-del-este/)
PARAGUAY
friendshipvila b bridge 220 houses friendship bridge friendship bridge
Ciudad Del Este Ciudad Del Este
(http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/01/19/paraguay-the-chaotic-ciudad-del-este/)
Ciudad del Este is organized surroundings.” population: 396,091 “While
220 houses
BRAZIL BRAZIL BRAZIL
“A simple dam placed at the chosen spot on the river would have blocked it, but only would have created a lake 150 feet deep, not enough to produce all the power that was wanted. Instead, it was decided to make the Itaipu not just a single dam, but a series of dams 4.8 miles (7.2km) long and 738 feet (225m) high. This would permit the creation of an immense lake that would allow the Itaipu to produce more hydroelectricity than any other dam in the world.”
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BR
/19/paraguay-the-chaotic-ciudad-del-este/)
“everything from AK-47's to Montblanc pens to friendship bricks of marijuana can be easily obtained for bridge purchase” “everything from AK-47's to Montblanc pens to foz do iguaçu (http://www.gadling.com/2008/06/13/ciudad-del-este-south-amerbricks of marijuana can be easily obtained for icas-black-market-hotspot/) purchase” international bus station “everything from AK-47's to Montblanc pens to (http://www.gadling.com/2008/06/13/ciudad-del-este-south-amerarriving passengers: 502,769 bricks of marijuana canis beknown easily obtained for icas-black-market-hotspot/) “While Ciudad del Este for its chaotic departing passengers: 658,435 purchase”traffic jam, the opposite is true of downtown its population: 396,091 (http://www.gadling.com/2008/06/13/ciudad-del-este-south-amerneighbor Foz do Iguaçu with its well-designed and “While Ciudad del Este is known for its chaotic icas-black-market-hotspot/) organized surroundings.” downtown traffic jam, the opposite is true of its
Ciudad Del neighbor Este Foz do Iguaçu with its well-designed and
77 -2 BR 77 2 BR 77 2 BR
ARGENTINA ARGENTINA ARGENTINA visitors
ARGENTINA
IGUAÇU FALLS parque nacional do iguazú argentinian visitors: 664,272 other countries: 550,491 trails: 3.2 mi
brazilian visitors: 751,353 other countries: 642,834 trails: 0.75 mi
ri ve r
to Montblanc pens to be easily obtained for
220 houses
vila b
(http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hybiggest.html)
BRAZIL
vila b
77 -2 BR
vila b
paraná river paraná river paraná river
72.92% of the country’s needs
tr an tr re an re tr an re
“The semicircular waterfall at the heart of this site is some 80 m high and 2,700 m in diameter and is situated on a basaltic line spanning the border between Argentina and Brazil. Made up of many cascades producing vast sprays of water, it is one of the most spectacular waterfalls in the world. The surrounding subtropical rainforest has over 2,000 visitorsand is home to the typispecies of vascular plants cal wildlife of the region: tapirs, giant anteaters, howler monkeys, visitors ocelots, jaguars and caymans.” (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/303)
IGUAÇU FALLS
visitors
IGUAÇU FALLS
“Iguacu falls in Brazil provides some of the most nacional spectacular scenery parque I’ve witnessed; the sheers scale of the falls and loud roar of the water do the iguazú crashing down below argentinian is breathtaking. I was expectparque nacional visitors: 664,272 ing it to be the most other countries:place 550,491I would dophotogenic iguazú visit in Brazil and trails: it didn't disappoint, even 3.2 mi argentinian visitors: 664,272 parque nacional providing a full rainbow to make the scene even other countries: 550,491 do iguazú more complete.” trails: 3.2 mi
IGUAÇU FALLS
argentinian visitors: 664,272 (http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/traveler-magazine/photo-contest/2012/entries/146342/view/) other countries: 550,491
trails: 3.2 mi cataratas del iguazú international airport “Giant anteaters, howler monkeys, ocelots, endancataratas del iguazú arriving passengers: 157.696 gered jaguars and clouds of butterflies are among international airport departing passengers: 154,451 the attractions at this World Heritage-designated arriving passengers: 157.696 park that marks the border between Brazil and cataratas del iguazú departing passengers: 154,451 Argentina. By foot or by raft, explorers can view international airport
one of the world's most stunning waterfalls, Iguazu Among the park's 270 waterfalls, spectacular Devil's Throat combines 14 falls and generates a "perpetual rainbow" in good weather.”
arriving passengers: 157.696 Falls. departing passengers: 154,451
cataratas del iguazú international airport arriving passengers: 157.696 departing passengers: 154,451
(http://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourism-g303444-Foz_do_Iguacu_State_of_Parana-Vacations.html)
ig ig ig ua ua ua çu çu çu ri ri ri ve ve ve r r r
itaipu private airport
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