URBAN PORT SCENARIO. Adaptive planning for the future of Gdansk port waterfront by Maria Vittoria Bertolini

MARIA VITTORIA BERTOLINI / VALERIA TAGLIAVINI

URBAN

PORT

SCENARIO

Adaptive planning for the future of Gdansk port waterfront

University of Ferrara Department of Architecture & Design A.Y. 2018 / 2019

Architecture master thesis in Urban Planning

graduate students/ Maria Vittoria Bertolini Valeria Tagliavini

first supervisor/ Romeo Farinella second supervisor/ Elena Dorato

â&#x20AC;&#x153;We are called to be builders, not victims, of the futureâ&#x20AC;?

Richard Buckminster Fuller, 1969

INDEX INTRODUCTION 0. ABSTRACT

1. TERRITORIAL CONTEXT 1.1 The Baltic Sea and its cities 1.2 Poland: society, economy, infrastructure 1.3 Gdansk and the coastal development: Tricity

20 28 38

2. HISTORY OF THE PORT CITY 2.1 Gdansk yesterday:

2.2 Gdansk today:

2.3 Gdansk tomorrow:

Birth and evolution of the city Gdansk and the Hanseatic League Second World War and the Soviet regime

48 56 62

The widespread city The City and the Port, two separate entities Infrastructural system The planning system

70 74 84 90

Projects, investments and future interventions

3. ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM 3.1 The natural contest 3.2 The Vistula river and the delta system 3.3 Martwa Wisla and Motlawa rivers

106 112 116

4. CRITICAL ASPECTS OF THE TERRITORY 4.1 The floods 4.2 The causes 4.3 2030 Strategic Plan for Risk Management

126 130 132

5. THE PORT 5.1 The port yesterday:

The evolution over time Historical trades The Solidarnosc movement among shipyards

140 144 148

Features and functional organization An autonomous infrastructural system Critical issues between Outer and Inner Port

156 164 166

Projects, investments and future interventions Central Port 2030

170 176

6.1 Port cities in northern Europe: making the port and its spaces a starting point for new urban planning 6.2 The redevelopment phenomenon of harbor areas in contemporary cities

186

5.2 The port today:

5.3 The port tomorrow:

6. THE COMPARISON 196

7. CRITICAL ANALYSIS 7.1 Critical issues emerged from the global analysis of Gdansk 7.2 The case of informal appropriation

206 212

8. THE CITY OF TOMORROW 8.1 Features of the future metropolis 8.2 Urban Redevelopment: Regeneration and Recycling as an environmental response 8.3 Examples of recycled urban landscape projects 8.4 The resilient city

222 230 234 244

9. POST 2030 STRATEGY 9.1 Large scale approach: reconnection of the city-port through the industrial redevelopment along the river 9.2 Objectives and actions of the intervention 9.3 Guidelines for redevelopment 9.4 Application process of the strategy: New Urban Scenario

254 260 266 272

10. CASE-STUDIES 10.1 The approach: the built project and the green project 10.2 Imperial Plaza project:

10.3 Mirror Grove project:

288

Introduction Program The shared space The industrial monument

290 292 296 300

Introduction Program An active system

304 306 314

11. CONCLUSIONS

326

BIBLIOGRAPHY

332

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

345

ATTACHEMENTS

350

INTRODUCTION

The thesis work develops the theme of the relationship between city, territory and water carried out by the CITER Urban and Territorial Design Laboratory of the Department of Architecture of Ferrara. The personal interest was to develop a thesis that can project itself into a future scenario, where the need is to define a strategic urban development process, dealing with issues related to the problems that a city of the future will be faced within the short and long term. This opportunity was found in Gdansk, one of the main cities in Poland, characterized by the presence of a huge port in the Baltic Sea and that has proven to have triggered an important process of redevelopment and regeneration of its waterfront. A ten-day survey was conducted in the city to better understand the type of dynamics present: in particular, we tried to understand what the main problems were, what citizensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs could be and the opportunities that could be developed. It has turned out to be a welcoming, young, dynamic and strongly developing city both from a social and economic point of view.

PREMESSA

Il lavoro di tesi sviluppa la tematica del rapporto tra città, territorio e acqua portata avanti dal Laboratorio di progettazione urbana e territoriale CITER del Dipartimento di Architettura di Ferrara. L’interesse personale era quello di sviluppare una tesi che si proiettasse in uno scenario futuro, in cui la necessità fosse quella di definire un processo strategico di sviluppo urbano, trattando tematiche legate alle problematiche che una città del futuro si troverà a dover affrontare nel breve e lungo periodo. Tale opportunità è stata riscontrata nella città di Danzica, una delle principali città della Polonia, caratterizzata dalla presenza di un importante porto affacciato sul Mar Baltico e che ha dimostrato di aver innescato un importante processo di riqualificazione e rigenerazione del suo waterfront. È stato condotto un sopralluogo nella città, della durata di dieci giorni, per comprendere meglio il tipo di dinamiche presenti: in particolare abbiamo cercato di capire quali fossero le principali problematiche, quali potessero essere le necessità dei cittadini che la abitano e le opportunità da poter sviluppare. Si è rivelata una città accogliente, giovane, dinamica e in forte sviluppo sia dal punto di vista sociale che economico.

0. ABSTRACT

MARIA VITTORIA BERTOLINI /

Looking at the European scenario, Poland stands out among the countries in strong development. The implementation of various startegies over the last few years has led to the growth of the infrastructural network, of the productive sector and the regeneration and redevelopment of the main cities, thanks also to the contribution of numerous investments both in Europe and worldwide. The thesis focuses on the city of Gdansk, for centuries one of the main cities of the Hanseatic League, the center of numerous historical events and a destination for cultural and seaside tourism. However urban development is concentrated mainly in the hinterland and along the coastal strip; however, the potential of the Martwa Wisla river is neglected and relations with the predominant port system in the area, which is now in strong development, are absent. The thesis projects itself into a future scenario, considering the impact that the construction of a new port base on the coast, expected by 2030, will cause on the urban system and how it can react synergistically with the territory and the river system.The project implements a strategy of the progressive dismantling of the internal port industry, organized by temporal phases, simultaneously providing for the grafting of new functions that respond to both social and environmental issues. The intervention also foresees the regeneration of the present buildings where possible and the creation of new aggregation spaces for the city. The ultimate goal of the global intervention, therefore, aims to re-establish the city-port system through resilient waterfront regeneration projects, countering problems such as isolation, inaccessibility and environmental risk.

Guardando allo scenario europeo, tra i paesi in forte via di sviluppo emerge la Polonia. La realizzazione di diverse strategie nel corso degli ultimi anni ha portato alla crescita della rete infrastrutturale, del settore produttivo e alla rigenerazione e riqualificazione delle principali città, grazie anche all’apporto di numerosi investimenti sia europei che mondiali. La tesi si concentra sulla città di Danzica, per secoli una delle principali città della Lega Anseatica, centro di numerosi avvenimenti storici e meta di turismo sia culturale che balneare. Lo sviluppo urbano si concentra principalmente nell’entroterra e lungo la fascia costiera; tuttavia risultano trascurate le potenzialità del fiume Martwa Wisla e assenti i rapporti con il sistema portuale predominante sul territorio, ad oggi in forte sviluppo. La tesi si proietta in uno scenario futuro, considerando l’impatto che la costruzione di una nuova base portuale sulla costa, prevista entro il 2030, causerà sul sistema urbano e di come quest’ultimo possa reagire sinergicamente con il territorio e con il sistema fluviale. Il progetto attua una strategia di progressiva dismissione dell’industria portuale interna, organizzata per fasi temporali, provvedendo contemporaneamente all’innesto di nuove funzioni che rispondono a temi di carattere sia sociale che ambientale. L’intervento prevede inoltre la rigenerazione del costruito presente ove possibile e la creazione di nuovi spazi aggregativi per la citta’. Il fine ultimo dell’intervento globale si pone quindi lo scopo di riallacciare il sistema città-porto attraverso progetti resilienti di rigenerazione del waterfront, contrastando problematiche come l’isolamento, l’inaccessibilità e il rischio ambientale.

1. TERRITORIAL CONTEXT

TERRITORIAL CONTEXT

1.1 THE BALTIC SEA AND ITS CITIES // IL MAR BALTICO E LE SUE CITTA’

The Baltic Sea, inland sea of the North Atlantic Ocean, is located in north-eastern Europe, surrounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of Central and Eastern Europe and the Danish Islands. Also called the East Sea, its waters flow into the Kattegat and the North Sea, passing through the Danish islands in three straits, the Øresund, the Little Belt and the Great Belt, a few miles wide at most about 30 kilometers. Considering its closure, the exchange of waters with the Atlantic Ocean is rather low and even its salinity, between 0.5% and 1.5%, (that of the oceans is about 3.5%); the two seas also have different temperatures and densities so much that their waters never mix and their meeting is clearly visible. The average annual temperature of its waters is 7.1 ° C. There are several large rivers that flow into this sea basin, starting from the Vistula, one of the longest European river courses (1 022 Km), the Western Dvina (1 005 Km), the Neman (937 Km) and the Oder (840 Km) ; the Neva river also connects it to the largest lake in Europe, the Ladoga. The surface of this sea is not so wide, 350 000 km² against the 2 500 000 km² of the Mediterranean, but thanks to its slender development it bathes 9 nations: Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany and Russia, which has its westernmost offshoot here, the Kaliningrad exclave, a territory not directly connected to the motherland by land, but only by sea. The Baltic has a very sinuous shape characterized by wide gulfs; among which we find: to the north the Gulf of Bothnia; to the east the Gulfs of Finland and Riga and to the south the Gulf of Gdansk; the coasts are very Il Mar Baltico, mare interno dell’oceano Atlantico settentrionale, si trova nell’Europa nord-orientale, circondato dalla Penisola scandinàva, dalla terraferma dell’Europa centrale e orientale e dalle Isole danesi. Le sue acque sfociano nel Kattegat e nel mare del Nord passando attraverso le isole danesi in tre stretti, larghi in alcune parti una manciata di chilometri. Considerando quindi la sua chiusura, lo scambio di acque con l’Oceano Atlantico è piuttosto ridotto e la sua salinità è molto bassa, tanto che le acque dei due mari non si mescolano mai e il loro incontro è chiaramente visibile; inoltre è influenzato anche dai fiumi che terminano qui 20

TERRITORIAL CONTEXT

fragmented, particularly those in Sweden and Finland, and there are also numerous islands and archipelagos. The largest island belongs to Sweden, Gotland (2 994 km²), followed by Saaremaa (2 671 km²), which is part of Estonia, the smallest of the Three Baltic Republics1. In the last ten thousand years the Baltic has undergone several transformations caused by the last glaciation and the subsequent connection found with the Atlantic Ocean, first through Sweden and finally with its current configuration. The average depth is quite low, 55 meters, and even the maximum is 459 meters; during winter months moreover, in the more northern and cold areas, the Baltic water freezes up to 45% of its surface. From the late Middle Ages, the Baltic Sea assumed a strategic role in Europe following the birth of the Hanseatic League, a commercial alliance of cities located in the north of the continent, many of them right on its coasts. In the Second World War, we saw it as a zone of numerous conflicts, with the consequent sinking of ships and submarines, whose wrecks are occasionally found on its seabed, together with other war materials. Today its waters host mainly port routes linked to maritime trade and passenger transport, in addition to the now-famous tourist routes traveled by large cruise ships. Surrounded by urban and port settlements, a traditional communication route between the extreme north and the heart of the European continent, the Baltic is brought to the attention of neighboring countries that have tried over time to carry out their own commercial and strategic control over those waters. There are still many important cities overlooking the Baltic Sea, including four capitals, Stockholm, Helsinki, Tallin and Riga, as well as St. Petersburg and the so-called Triple City of Gdansk-Gdynia-Sopot, in Poland, home to major cultural and music festivals. 1 The term refers to the three republics on the east coast: Estonia, Latvia

and Lithuania.

la loro corsa. La temperatura media annua delle sue acque è di 7,1 °C. La superficie di questo mare non è così ampia, 350 000 km² ma grazie al suo sviluppo longilineo bagna 9 nazioni: Danimarca, Svezia, Finlandia, Estonia, Lettonia, Lituania, Polonia, Germania e Russia. Il Baltico è caratterizzato da ampi golfi e da coste molto frammentate, in particolare quelle svedesi e finlandesi, inoltre sono presenti numerose isole ed arcipelaghi. La profondità media è abbastanza bassa, 55 metri e anche quella massima è scarsa, 459 metri; nei mesi invernali inoltre, nelle aree più settentrionali e fredde, l’acqua si ghiaccia fino al 45% della sua superficie. Cir22

TERRITORIAL CONTEXT

MAIN EUROPEAN CITY PORT OF THE BALTIC SEA

KOKKOLA

HELSINKI STOCKHOLM

FRIEDERIKSHAVN AALBORG

ARHUS WILHELMSHAVEN

BRUGES OSTEND

GOTEBORG KALMAR

TALLIN

VENTSPILS VISBY

HELSINGBORG COPENHAGEN

KIEL

KOTKA

RIGA LIEPAJA KLAIPEDA

GDANSK

ROSTOCK SWINOUJSCIE

LUBECK HAMBURG BREMEN AMSTERDAM ROTTERDAM

ANTWERP

Main ports in the Baltic Sea that were members of the Hanseatic League New main ports in the Baltic Sea

Main shipping routes Global shipping routes Main cruiseship routes 23

Below, a list of the main cities located on the Baltic coast: - St. Petersburg, Russia, 5 191 690 inhab. - Stockholm, Sweden, 743 703 inhab. - Riga, Latvia, 760 000 inhab. - Copenhagen, Denmark, 509 861 inhab. - Metropolitan area of the Triple City Poland, 1 035 000 inhab. includes:Gdansk, Gdynia, Sopot - Helsinki, Finland, 559 716 inhab. - Kaliningrad, Russia, 400 000 inhab. - Tallinn, Estonia, 387 224 inhab. - Malmö, Sweden, 259 579 inhab. - Kiel, Germany, 250 000 inhab. - Lübeck, Germany, 216 100 inhab. - Rostock, Germany, 212 700 inhab. - Klaipeda, Lithuania, 194 400 inhab. The Baltic cities are today extremely active from the socio-cultural point of view, above all in the way in which they develop the theme of the city according to a shared system and supported by internal policies, so much that since several years has been founded “The Union of Baltic Cities”. UBC, the main network of cities in the Baltic Sea region with about 100 members from Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia and Sweden was founded in 1991 in Gdansk and is a voluntary and proactive network which mobilizes the shared potential of its member cities. It operates through seven commissions: cultural cities, inclusive and healthy cities, planning cities, safe cities, smart and prosperous cities, sustaicondato da insediamenti urbani e portuali, tradizionale via di comunicazione fra l’estremo nord e il cuore del continente europeo, il Baltico si pone all’attenzione dei paesi limitrofi che hanno tentato nel tempo di effettuare un proprio controllo commerciale e strategico su queste acque. Tuttora sono molte le città di rilievo che si affacciano sul suo bacino, fra cui quattro capitali, Stoccolma, Helsinki, Tallinn e Riga, oltre a San Pietroburgo ed alla cosiddetta Tripla Città di Danzica-Gdynia-Sopot. Le città baltiche risultano oggi estremamente attive dal punto di vista socio-culturale, soprattutto per come sviluppano il tema della città, ovvero secondo 24

TERRITORIAL CONTEXT

nable cities and youth cities. The goals set by this network are mainly those of: promote cooperation and exchange of experiences between cities in the BSR2 to advance and provide sustainable urban solutions and quality of life, and thus to bring them added value; promote cities as engines for smart, sustainable, green and resource-efficient growth; promote cities as inclusive, diverse, creative, democratic and secure hubs, in which active citizenship, gender equality and participatory policy development are promoted; support the common interests of cities and their citizens, act on their behalf and promote the interests of the BSR. The UBC and its member cities cooperate closely with other partners and actively participate in the implementation of regional strategies, in particular the EU strategy for the EUSBSR3 of the Baltic Sea region.

2 BSR: Business for Social Responsibility 3 EUSBSR: European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region is the first macro

regional strategy in Europe

un sistema condiviso e supportato da politiche interne; infatti dal 1991 a Danzica è stata fondata “l’Unione delle Città Baltiche” con circa 100 membri partecipanti. E’ una rete volontaria e proattiva che mobilita il potenziale condiviso delle sue città membro. L’UBC lavora in stretta collaborazione con altri partner e partecipano attivamente all’attuazione delle strategie regionali, in particolare la strategia dell’Unione europea per l’EUSBSR.

TERRITORIAL CONTEXT

1.2 POLAND: SOCIETY, ECONOMY AND INFRASTRUCTURE // POLONIA: SOCIETA’, ECONOMIA E INFRASTRUTTURA

Poland has a population of 38 485 779 inhabitants and an area of 312 696 km²; he has been a member of the European Union since 2004, of NATO and the UN since 1945. The main city, as well as the capital, is Warsaw (in Polish Warszawa). It is bordered to the west by Germany, to the south by the Czech Republic and Slovakia, to the east by Ukraine and Belarus, to the north-east by Lithuania and by the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad and to the north is washed by the Baltic Sea. The Polish state has a history of more than a millennium; in the 16th century, under the Jagellonian dynasty, and especially under John III Sobieski, it was one of the most powerful and influential European countries; then it ceased to exist for 123 years, as it was divided between the Russian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia. Independence was regained in 1918, following the First World War, as the Second Republic of Poland. After the Second World War, it became a satellite state of the Soviet Union, known as the Polish People’s Republic. In 1989 the first partially free elections after the Second World War ended with the victory of the Solidarnosc movement against the communist party. Part of the Schengen Agreement, Poland was admitted to NATO on 12 March 1999. In its history, the current territory of Poland has hosted many languages, cultures and religions. The result of the Second World War, with the almost total extermination of Polish Jews, the migration from the territories ceded to the Soviet Union and the concomitant emigration of Germans and Ukrainians, gave Poland a greater ethnic homogeneity. 96.74% are Poles while officially recognized ethnic minorities include: Casciubi, Germans, Ukrainians and Belarusians. The first ten Polish cities in order of importance and size La Polonia, popolazione di 38 485 779 abitanti e superficie di 312 696 km², è membro dell’Unione Europea dal 2004; la capitale è Varsavia. Confina con Germania, Repubblica Ceca, Slovacchia, Ucraina, Bielorussia, Lituania ed è bagnata dal Mar Baltico. Lo stato polacco ha una storia lunga più di un millennio: nel XVI secolo, specialmente sotto Giovanni III Sobieski, era uno dei paesi europei più potenti e influenti, per poi cessare di esistere per 123 anni, in quanto spartita tra Impero russo, Impero austro-ungarico e Prussia. L’indipendenza venne riguadagnata nel 1918, in seguito alla Prima Guerra Mondiale. Divenne poi uno stato satellite dell’U28

TERRITORIAL CONTEXT

are the following: - Warsaw, 1 709 781 inhab. - Krakow, 756 183 inhab. - Lódz, 737 152 inhab. - Wroclaw, 632 932 inhab. - Poznan, 567 882 inhab. - Gdansk, 458 053 inhab. - Szczecin, 411 119 inhab. - Bydgoszcz, 366074 inhab. - Lublin, 354 967 inhab. - Katowicw, 317 220 inhab. Poland is a developed country with an advanced economy and high living standards. Since the end of the communist period, it has reached a high rate of development and an increase in the economy, still growing. The most important sectors of the Polish economy in 2016 were industry (26.5%), wholesale and retail trade, transport, the hotel and restaurant sector (26.2%) and public administration, defense, education, health and social assistance (14.7%). Poland’s exports account for 80% within the EU (Germany 27%, the United Kingdom and the Czech Republic 7%), while outside the EU they are directed towards Russia (3%) and the United States (2%). As for imports, 72% come from EU Member States (Germany 28%, Netherlands 6% and Italy 5%), while imports from non-EU countries come from China (8%) and Russia ( 6%). The Polish economy is on its way to register a growth of at least 4.5% in 2019, the country depends a lot on neighboring Germany but is also based on a dynamic interior market. After joining the EU in 2004, the country’s economy experienced a phase of sustained growth, thanks to the increase in exports, industrial production and domestic demand, to the influx of EU structural funds. It is the sixth-ranked in terms of GDP in the European Union and maintains nione Sovietica. Nel 1989 le prime elezioni si conclusero con la vittoria del movimento Solidarnosc contro il partito comunista. Nella sua storia l’attuale territorio della Polonia ha ospitato molte lingue, culture e religioni. Il risultato della guerra le ha conferito una maggiore omogeneità etnica. E’ un paese sviluppato con un’economia avanzata e alti standard di vita. Dalla fine del periodo comunista ha raggiunto un alto tasso di sviluppo ed è tutt’ora in crescita. L’economia polacca registra una crescita di almeno il 4,5% nel 2019, il Paese dipende molto dalla vicina Germania, ma si basa anche su un mercato interno dinamico. Dopo l’adesione all’UE, ha 30

TERRITORIAL CONTEXT

POLANDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S MAIN CITIES IN TERMS OF POPULATION (Statistic Poland 2018)

GDANSK SZCZECIN

BYDGOSZCZ

POZNAN WROCLAW

LODZ

WARSAW LUBLIN

KATOWICE KRAKOW

> 1 000 000 inhab. 700 000-1 000 000 inhab. 400 000-700 000 inhab. < 400 000 inhab.

INFRASTRUCTURAL NETWORK GDANSK SZCZECIN WARSAW

KRAKOW

Highways

Main roads

Railways 31

growth above the euro area average: + 4.6% trend growth in GDP in the first quarter of 2019. From an economic point of view while in the first quarter Germany returned to positive (+ 0.4%), the growth of the East was much higher, respectively for Hungary, Poland and Bulgaria. The increase in Polish consumer spending was moderate to + 3.9% annual trend, but public spending increased by + 6.4% thanks to fiscal stimuli, fixed investments and thanks to the continuous strong use of EU funding for eligible projects. Poland has also benefited greatly from the demographic dimensions, ranked sixth among European countries, and from the geographical-strategic position that places it at the center of the main European routes. The country attracts the interest of European and non-European companies operating in high-tech sectors such as IT services, telecommunications and software centers including Google, thanks also to the fiscal and administrative incentives that have been offered in the 14 SEZ4 and recently expanded to the whole national territory, and to the availability of young and qualified labor as well as considerable financial resources deriving from EU funds. In this regard, Poland is the first net beneficiary, after its accession to the EU in 2004; in the 2007-2013 period, it received funding of 80 billion euros, of which 67.3 billion coming from structural and cohesion funds, and 14 billion from financing for agriculture and fishing. From the Ministry website it is possible to see that compared to the 74 billion invested, as much as 97.5% of the 2007-2013 programming funds, there was a return, in contracts signed of around 98 billion euros, with 24 billion euros useful. Also in the new 2014-2020 program, Poland will receive as much as 82.5 billion euros between structural and cohesion funds. After 10 years of joining the EU, drawing up a consultative budget for the use of European structural funds, it emerges that Poland has managed to create more than 300 thousand jobs, 25 thousand new companies, and to build 11 thou4 SEZ: Special Economic Zones

conosciuto una fase di crescita sostenuta, grazie all’aumento delle esportazioni, della produzione industriale e dalla domanda interna. Il Paese attrae l’interesse di aziende europee ed extra-europee operanti in settori ad alto contenuto tecnologico come centri software fra cui Google, grazie anche agli incentivi fiscali e amministrativi che sono stati offerti nelle 14 ZES, alla disponibilità di manodopera giovane e qualificata oltre a notevoli risorse finanziarie derivanti dai fondi UE. A tal proposito, la Polonia è il primo beneficiario netto; infatti nel periodo 2007-2013, ha ricevuto finanziamenti per 80mrd di euro, di cui 67,3mrd provenienti 32

TERRITORIAL CONTEXT

sand km of roads and bridges, 1 661 km of railway lines, renovating the local public transport fleet and redeveloping the suburbs, opening new public schools, a science museum, digitized hospitals and a wind tunnel. Also, 40 000 km of broadband internet lines were created and investments were made in the scientific research and development sector. The key to Poland’s success in using European funds is to have created a central office that was responsible for coordinating and programming funds, checking all the activities of regions and provinces step by step, verifying projects and the state of progress, and which in turn then reported directly to the Government. It could be observed that Poland is also favored in this progress by a geographical-strategic position that places it at the center of the European guidelines for commercial exchanges, as well as the availability and openness of government authorities to foreign investments with tax breaks and logistical offers to new companies in the 14 SEZ. A peculiar characteristic of Poland is its ability to act as a logistics and distribution hub for companies in Central and non-European countries. As far as the infrastructural system is concerned, Poland, as mentioned above, is in a strategic geographical position, it is the heart of Europe; thanks to an active investment policy throughout the country in recent years, countless infrastructure works have been built such as roads, highways, railways, bridges and much more that have allowed the country to generate a branched system of connections that make it easily reachable and traversable, notwithstanding its geographical extension. The so-called “Baltic-Adriatic Corridor” takes shape right here. The Baltic-Adriatic corridor is one of the most important trans-European road and rail axes in Central Europe. They range from the Baltic Sea ports of Gdansk, Gdynia, Stettin and Inowinoujscie to the north, to the ports of Koper, Trieste, Venice and Ravenna to the south, reaching the industrial regions of central and southern Poland, before crossing the Czech territory, the Slovak and Austrian / Slovenian borders heading south to Italy and Slovenia. The corridor features the main tunnel and the Koralm railway da fondi strutturali e di coesione, e 14mrd da finanziamenti per l’agricoltura. Dal sito del Ministero è possibile constatare che dal 97,5% dei fondi 2007-2013, c’è stato un ritorno in contratti stipulati di 98mrd di euro, con 24mrd di utili. Anche nella nuova programmazione 2014-2020, riceverà ben 82,5mrd di euro. Dopo 10 anni di adesione all’Ue, emerge che la Polonia è riuscita a creare più di 300mila posti di lavoro, 25mila nuove aziende, nonché a costruire 11mila km di strade, 1661 km di linee ferroviarie; hanno riqualificato i quartieri periferici, apreto nuove scuole e ospedali digitalizzati. Inoltre, sono stati creati 40mila km di linee internet a 34

TERRITORIAL CONTEXT

line in Austria, as well as important cross-border connections between the six countries of the corridor. In recent years, enormous efforts have been made by all parties to implement this corridor and transform it into an area of competitive development for growth and employment in Central Europe. 250 initiatives and investments are currently underway to improve the corridor infrastructure and ensure compliance with the technical requirements of the TEN-T5 regulations, for a total of 36 billion euros. A further 53 projects have been completed since the start of the new TEN-T policy for a total budget of EUR 4.7 billion. Significant progress has also been made in removing bottlenecks in cross-border sections, largely due to the implementation of strong cooperation frameworks and the cultivation of bilateral agreements between the Member States and infrastructure managers on each side of the relevant borders.

5 TEN-T: Trans-European Transport Network

banda larga e fatti investimenti nel settore ricerca e sviluppo. La chiave del successo della Polonia nell’utilizzo di fondi europei sta nell’aver creato a livello centrale un ufficio che si è occupato del coordinamento e della programmazione dei fondi, controllando tutte le attività. Nel settore infrastrutturale hanno generato una rete di collegamenti in tutto il paese incentivando inoltre il cosidetto corridoio Baltico-Adriatico: quest’ultimo fa parte del TEN-T, un insieme di infrastrutture previste per sostenere il mercato unico, garantire la libera circolazione delle merci e delle persone e rafforzare la crescita, l’occupazione e la competitività dell’UE. 36

TERRITORIAL CONTEXT

POLISH INVESTMENT PROJECTS WITH EU FOUNDS (Info Mercati Esteri 2019) in bln Euros

Infrastructure & environment Intelligent development Education & development Digital Poland Eastern Poland

TEN-T CORE NETWORK: BALTIC-ADRIATIC CORRIDOR (European Commission 2013)

GDYNIA GDANSK SWINOUJSCIE SZCZECIN POZNAN

WARSAW LODZ

WROCLAW OSTRAVA BRNO VIENNA

KATOWICE

ZILINA BRATISLAVA

GRAZ UDINE VENEZIA BOLOGNA

LJUBLJANA KOPER TRIESTE

RAVENNA

Airports Ports Roads/rails terminal Roads Railways

1.3 GDANSK AND THE COASTAL DEVELOPMENT: TRICITY // DANZICA E LO SVILUPPO COSTIERO: IL TRICITY

Metropolitanization is a condition deriving from the globalization processes of the contemporary age and increasingly determines the models of urban expansion. Metropolises, as workplaces, attractive from a commercial point of view and able to create good living conditions, constantly attract new residents. National strategy papers show the growing importance of metropolitan centers in the development of Poland and its international relations. The urban expansion of the areas has given rise, for 25 years now, also in the Pomeranian Voivodeship to a metropolitan phenomenon occurring through spontaneous processes and continuous changes in territorial planning. The metropolitan area of Tricity includes the cities of Gdansk, Gdynia and Sopot. It is the main city of Pomerania with an area of 414.81 km2. The settlements are located a short distance from each other along the Baltic Sea coastal system. The metropolitan area also includes the towns of Wejherowo, Reda, Rumia and Pruszcz Gdanski. The total urban population is 784 986 inhabitants with a density of 1 806 ab/km2. The Tricity has an efficient public transport network both within and connecting it with the rest of the Pomeranian region and Poland. The SKM, the city train, was built in 1951 connecting the entire area from Tczew to Wejherowo. The main connection within the city is the internal motorway which has 2-4 lanes in each direction. Finally, a ring road connects Pruszcz Gdanski with Gdynia-Chylonia through the city of Gdansk. The Tricity system is gaining more and more importance in the trans-regional and international interaction networks. This area is gradually turning into a single spatial and functional organization composed of many La metropolizzazione è una condizione derivante dai processi di globalizzazione dell’epoca contemporanea e determina sempre più i modelli di espansione urbana. Questo ha dato origine, anche nel Voivodato della Pomerania, a un fenomeno di metropolizzazione mediante processi spontanei e continui mutamenti nella pianificazione territoriale. L’area metropolitana del Tricity comprende le città di Danzica, Gdynia e Sopot a poca distanza uno dall’altro lungo la costa del Mar Baltico con una superficie di 414,81 kmq. L’area metropolitana include tra le altre anche le cittadine di Wejherowo, Reda, Rumia, Pruszcz Gdanski. Il Tricity 38

TERRITORIAL CONTEXT

METROPOLITAN SYSTEM

GDYNIA SOPOT GDANSK

TRICITY: POPULATION GROWTH

(Statistic Poland 2017) In n. of people

500 000

Gdansk

400 000 300 000

Gdynia

200 000 100 000 0

Sopot 1960 1970 1980 1992 2002 2011 2017

TRICITYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOURISM

Festival

Seaside

Cultural

local government units and managed by many entities that implement their own space policies. However, development is linked to a series of problems concerning mainly social cohesion, environmental protection and transport and communication network. A fundamental prerequisite is, therefore, coordination in territorial planning and implementation of investments. For this reason, in 2016 the “Plan of territorial development of the metropolitan area of Gdansk-Gdynia-Sopot 2030” was adopted, which has three main objectives which correspond to a series of actions: 1. High quality of residences and work areas - formation of structural networks according to spatial order requirements; - formation of a high-quality residential environment; - rationalization of distribution and improvement of the availability of social infrastructures and public services; - prevention and limitation of floods’ effects and other natural threats; 2. Economic, competitive and multi-functional spaces - development of metropolitan functions; - training of space structures to create new jobs; - strengthening of the tourist offer throughout the year made attractive by natural resources, cultural, landscape and metropolitan functions; - formation of a rational spatial structure of the transport network; - increased energy security and efficiency of production, transmission and distribution of electricity and heat, gas, raw oil and petroleum products; - modification of spatial structures to support the defense of the state; 3. Environmental resources and values - behavior and reproduction of environmental resources and their cohesion; - protection of areas with a cultural landscape or historical significance; - reduction of environmental pollution emissions; This program takes into account several principles including the integrated approach, sustainable development, continuity of the ecological warp, balancing socio-economic needs and combining complementary functions. dispone di un’efficiente rete di trasporto pubblico sia al suo interno che di collegamento con il resto della regione della Pomerania e della Polonia. Il sistema sta acquistando sempre più importanza nella rete di interazione trans-regionale e internazionale. Un prerequisito fondamentale è pertanto un coordinamento nella pianificazione territoriale e dell’attuazione degli investimenti. Per questo nel 2016 è stato adottato il “Piano di sviluppo territoriale dell’area metropolitana di Danzica-Gdynia-Sopot 2030”, che si pone tre obiettivi principali: alta qualità di residenze e aree di lavoro; spazi economici, competitivi e multifunzionali; risorse e valori dell’ambiente. 40

TERRITORIAL CONTEXT

POMERANIAN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES (Statistic Poland 2017) In n. of activities

Agriculture Industry Trade Accomodation Comunication Financial Administration Science/technology Education Healthcare Other 0

300

600

900

1200

1500

REGIONAL ECONOMY (Statistic Poland 2017)

Primary sector

Secondary sector

Tertiary sector

42%

56%

EXPENDITURE OF GDANSKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CITY BUDGET (Statistic Poland 2006)

25%

Transport & Dwelling communication economy

30%

Public administration

Education

11%

18%

Social Municipal economy & Others welfare environmental protection

2. HISTORY OF THE PORT CITY

2.1 GDANSK YESTERDAY

Birth and evolution of the city // DANZICA IERI Nascita ed evoluzione della città 997 A.D. is the official year of the founding of the city, the date on which, according to the Benedictine monk Jan Canaparius in his book “Prima vita Sancti Adalberti”, the Saint came to the city to preach the Gospel. However, the birth of the city of Gdansk dates back to the end of the 10th century, about 980 A.D., by Mieszko I of Poland. The territory until that time was almost entirely uninhabited except for small rural camps in the wooded areas. The etymology of the name derives from the Slavic and is linked to the meanings of forest, marsh and water. Originally, in fact, the settlement was located on the bend of the Motlawa river, opposite the island of Olowianka. The Vistula, the Motlawa and two other minor waterways, together with the surrounding marshes, provided the necessary conditions for the defense of the settlement. The position of Gdansk along the Vistula, about 4 km from the sea, has allowed it to be well protected from sudden attacks by pirates but, at the same time, to exploit the direct connection to the sea. The river was the most important communication route with the hinterland and the strategic position in connections with other cities has made Gdansk inseparable from trade since its foundation. In the 12th century, a new urban nucleus of artisans and merchants arose outside the walls (suburbium) building their own port on the river. In all probability, therefore, the city consisted of two urban centers (Old City and Main City) in which the local Slavic community lived side by side with artisans and merchants from the western regions. Il 997 d.C. è l’anno ufficiale della fondazione di Danzica nonostante la nascita della città sia datata alla fine del X sec., circa nel 980 d.C. Il collegamento con le altre città dell’entroterra garantito dalla Vistola, la posizione strategica e la vicinanza al mare la resero inseparabilmente legata al commercio fin dalla sua fondazione. Nel XII sec. un nuovo nucleo urbano di artigiani e mercanti sorse all’esterno delle mura dividendo la città in due centi: la Città vecchia e la Città principale. Danzica ottenne i diritti di città autonoma nel 1226 e negli anni successivi divenne uno dei più importanti porti commerciali della costa baltica fino a che non venne 48

HISTORY OF THE PORT CITY

The city, governed first by the Princes of Poland and then by the Dukes of Pomerelia, obtained the rights to an autonomous city in 1226 thanks to Swantopolk II. In the following years, the city grew to become one of the most important commercial ports along the Baltic coast until it was ceded, in 1282, to Poland. At the beginning of the 14th century, the Pomerelia was involved in a war for the dominion of the territory between Poland and the Margraviate of Brandenburg, one of the major principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. Gdansk besieged, invoked the help of the Teutonic Knights who, after having liberated it in 1308, annexed it to the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights of Prussia. The new governors tried to reduce the economic importance of the city by abolishing local government and privileges for traders. However, over time, the Knights had to accept the fact that the city defended its independence and was the most important seaport in the region. Subsequently, Gdansk flourished thanks to the investments of the State becoming a member of the Hanseatic League in 1361. After almost thirty years of Polish-Teutonic wars, with the Treaty of Kalisz in 1343, the Polish king again obtained the title of Duke of Pomerelia but the Knights retained effective control of the region. Over the years, riots continued against the Teutonic Order, including the war conducted by Poland and Lithuania which ended with the Treaty of Torùn 1411 leaving the city in the hands of the Knights. In 1440 Gdansk, together with the Hanseatic cities of Elbag and Torùn formed the Prussian Confederation recognizing King Casimir IV of Poland as the legitimate king. The resulting Thirteen Years’ War ended in 1466 with the defeat of the Order. With the Second Peace of Torùn, the Pomerelia and the rest of the territory became the province of Poland with the name of Royal Prussia. Between the 14th and 17th centuries, the city grew exponentially thanks to its religious tolerance becoming the most international Polish city with a majority of German population. ceduta al Regno di Polonia nel 1282. Agli inizi del XIV sec. la città, assediata dall’esercito di Brandeburgo, invocò l’aiuto dei Cavalieri Teutonici che, dopo averla liberata nel 1308, la annetterono allo Stato Monastico dei Cavalieri Teutonici di Prussia. Negli anni di dominazione teutonica la città fiorì diventando membro della Lega Anseatica nel 1361. La guerra dei Tredici Anni, scoppiata in seguito alla volontà di Danzica di riconoscere re Casimiro IV di Polonia come legittimo sovrano, si concluse nel 1466 con la sconfitta dell’Ordine e il ritorno della città sotto la dominazione polacca con il nome di Prussia Reale. 50

HISTORY OF THE PORT CITY

997 a.C. Foundation of the city under king Boleslao I Kingdom of Poland (997 - 1308)

997 a.C.

1361 a.C. The city became part of the Anseatic League Teutonic Order (1308 - 1454)

1687 a.C.

1454 - 1466 a.C. Thirteen years’ war

1772 a.C. After two long wars the city begun its decline

Kingdom of Poland (1466 - 1793)

Kingdom of Prussia (1793 - 1807)

1784 a.C.

As a result of a rebellion, the city was besieged for six months by the troops of King Stephen Bathory. Despite the military victory, the king could not subjugate the city and reconfirmed its special status. The war of the Thirty Years (1618-1648) and the Northern War (16551660) greatly reduced the prosperity and the commercial traffics of the city and in 1669 the Hanseatic League also ended, overtaken by other overseas trading powers. During the First Subdivision of Poland in 1772, Gdansk fought to remain part of Poland even though many territories of Royal Prussia had been annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia. Finally, the city also gave way in 1793, becoming part of West Prussia. In 1807 Gdansk was conquered by French troops and Napoleon Bonaparte named it a semi-independent Free City until 1814, the year of his defeat, in which it returned under Prussian domination. La Guerra dei Trent’Anni (1618-1648) e la Guerra del Nord (1655-1660) ridussero notevolmente la prosperità e i traffici commerciali della città e nel 1669 ebbe fine anche la Lega Anseatica, ormai sorpassata da altre potenze commerciali. Nel 1793, durante la Prima Suddivisione della Polonia, Danzica venne annessa al Regno di Prussia fino alla sua conquista da parte di Napoleone Bonaparte nel 1807 che le conferì il titolo di Città Libera semi-indipendente. Nel 1814 tornò sotto il dominio prussiano fino alla sua annessione all’Impero tedesco nel 1871. Dopo la Prima Guerra Mondiale e il Trattato di Versailles del 1919, la Polonia divenne 52

HISTORY OF THE PORT CITY

1807 a.C. Napoleon proclamed the free city of Gdansk Free city of Gdansk (1807 - 1814)

1896 a.C.

1814 Defea The c

Kingd

4 a.C. at of Napoleon city lost its freedom

dom of Prussia (1814 - 1871)

1871 a.C. The city became part of German Confederation under Prussia

1919 a.C. Became a free city under the auspices of the League of Nations

German Confederation (1871 - 1920) Free city of Gdansk (1920 - 1939)

1939 a.C. A german Battleship bombarded Westerplatte. Second World War Third Reich (1939 - 1945)

1946 a.C. 90% of the city destroied. Beginning of recostruction

1980 a.C. Birth of Solidarnosc movement against socialism

Republic of Poland (1945 - present) Buildings Port area Supposed port area

1920 a.C.

1945 a.C.

1980 a.C.

In 1871 the city was annexed to the German Empire until the end of World War I in 1918. With the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, Poland turned into an independent state while Gdansk became a Free City under the protection of the League of Nations, obtaining its Constitution, a national anthem, a parliament and a government thus generating tensions with the Republic of Poland. In the early 30s of the 20th century, the Nazi Party obtained a majority in the city government, demanding the annexation of the city to Germany. At first, the Polish government seemed favorable but the willingness tonegotiate abruptly ended when the German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact stipulated in 1934 was broken in 1939. German troops invaded Poland by attacking the Gdansk military base located in the peninsula of Westerplatte and giving rise to World War II. nuovamente uno stato indipendente mentre Danzica riottenne il titolo di Città Libera sotto la protezione della Lega delle Nazioni. Negli anni ‘30 il Partito Nazista ottenne sempre più il consenso cittadino e nel 1939 le truppe tedesche invasero la Polonia bombardando la base militare di Westerplatte e dando inizio alla Seconda Guerra Mondiale. Il 30 Marzo 1945 l’Armata Rossa Sovietica occupò la città e gli scontri per le strade la rasero quasi completamente al suolo. La Conferenza di Yalta prima e la Conferenza di Potsdam poi presero la decisione di riannettere Danzica alla Polonia. Tra il 1952 e il 1960 la città storica venne interamente rico53

With the beginning of the war, the Nazi regime began the deportation operations of Poles, Casciubi and Jews in concentration camps, mainly in Stutthof where 85 000 victims were killed. In 1944, fearing the advance of the Soviet army, Germans began evacuating the city through the port. On March 30, 1945, the Soviet Red Army occupied the city and the street clashes destroyed it by 90%. Both during the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam one it was decided to reassemble Gdansk to Poland. Between 1952 and 1960 the historic city was completely rebuilt and the Soviet regime invested large capitals in the port and shipyards, making Gdansk the main industrial and commercial center of the People’s Communist Republic of Poland. Gdansk was the scene of a series of demonstrations in 1970 that led to the fall of the communist leader Wladyslaw Gomulka in the same year. Ten years later, in the city’s shipyards, the Solidarnosc movement was born, whose opposition to the government led to the end of the Communist Party in 1989 and finally to the defeat of Communism in the whole Soviet Union.

struita e il Regime Sovietico investì grandi capitali nel porto e nei cantieri navali rendendo Danzica il principale cento industriale e commerciale della Repubblica Popolare Comunista di Polonia. Danzica fu teatro di una serie di manifestazioni nel 1970 e nel 1980 in seguito alla crescita del malcontento tra la popolazione. Nel 1980, nei cantieri navali della città nacque il movimento Solidarnosc, la cui opposizione al governo portò alla fine del Partito comunista nel 1989.

HISTORY OF THE PORT CITY

Gdansk and the Hanseatic League // Danzica e la Lega Anseatica

From the twelfth century, the monopoly of maritime trade in the Baltic Sea and the Northern Sea was in the hands of the Hanseatic League, or Hansa. This association originates from a group of German merchants living in villages along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, following the conquests of the Germans, who felt the need to protect their interests. Bruges and London on the one hand and Novgorod on the other are the extreme points within which exchanges take place and acquire ever greater importance over time, becoming the seat of important Hanseatic farms. Thanks to the support of the German colonies along the Baltic and the domination of the river route from Lübeck to Hamburg, the Hanseatic trade became predominant in all northern European trade. With time, the term Hansa came from the merchant groups to indicate the solidarity of numerous cities from which they originated, including Lübeck, Hamburg, Cologne and Gdansk. The latter was an active part of the League’s congresses since its inception in 1361. Being part of the League did not necessarily mean being part of the Germanic Empire nor being on its shores, the only characteristic was to participate in the rights of the German merchant abroad. About 90 cities belonging to the League have been estimated, but the total number of those affiliated for longer or shorter periods amounts to 164. The Hansa was never based on rigid statutes, nor did it ever sustain a war in which all the affiliates participated. The cases of common interest were dealt with in the general diets that were held at very varying intervals of time and to which the city of Lübeck was considered the most important A partire dal XII secolo d.C. il monopolio dei commerci marittimi nel Mar Baltico e nel Mare del Nord era in mano alla Lega Anseatica o Hansa, associazione di mercanti tedeschi residenti nei villaggi sorti lungo la costa meridionale del Baltico, che sentirono la necessità di tutelare i propri interessi. Presto il commercio anseatico divenne predominante in tutti i traffici dell’Europa settentrionale e dai gruppi di mercanti, il termine Hansa passò ad indicare la solidarietà di numerose città tra cui Lubecca, Amburgo, Colonia e Danzica, che fu parte attiva all’interno della associazione fin dal suo inizio nel 1361. Far parte del56

HISTORY OF THE PORT CITY

not only for the fact that it was the first German commercial city on the Baltic but also for its strategic position. The Hanseatic trade had both a terrestrial and a maritime character, although the latter was preponderant. Land traffic was exercised in all German and Slavic countries, especially Russia and Poland where the League had its buildings within which they enjoyed numerous benefits. The affiliation with the Hanseatic League opened up many opportunities for Gdansk merchants to extend their maritime commercial traffic. Numerous privileges were obtained in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Russia, Finland, England and other countries. Among the goods traded by the city of Gdansk for a long time the products derived from the working of wood were predominant, including pitch, rods, tar and ash. Other treated goods were rye, furs, salted fish and ships. Within the Hansa, with time, distinct groups were formed on a territorial basis: the cities of Vesfalia with the center in Cologne, those of Saxony with Brunswick, of the Wends with Lubeck and Prussia with Gdansk. The members of the league had as their goal the elimination of foreign competition in the entire Baltic basin; however, Gdansk did not share this hegemonic aim, especially in the first part of the XV century in which the city was tightening ever closer relations with the cities of the Polish hinterland. By obtaining from these a considerable amount of building material for the boats, the city did not respect the impositions of the League which prohibited trading with rival cities. Gdansk did not share Hansa’s desire to exclude the Dutch and the British from business in the Baltic only sought to limit their contact with inland cities so that they were obliged to contact her as an intermediary. From the sixteenth century, following the changes in the government structures of many states and the great geographical discoveries, the League was very weak both on the internal front and on the external one. The large centers of commerce gradually moved towards the Atlantic Ocean la Lega non significava necessariamente appartenere all’Impero germanico nè trovarsi sulle sue coste, l’unica caratteristica era partecipare ai diritti del mercante tedesco all’estero. Il commercio anseatico aveva un carattere sia terrestre che marittimo, nonostante quest’ultimo fosse nettamente preponderante. L’Hansa non si fondò mai su statuti rigidi, i casi comuni erano trattati nelle diete generali a cui presiedeva la città di Lubecca. L’affiliazione alla Lega Anseatica aprì ai mercanti di Danzica numerose possibilità di estendere i propri traffici commerciali marittimi. Danzica non condivise la mira egemonica degli altri 58

HISTORY OF THE PORT CITY

THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE: . 14TH - 16TH CENTURY

VYBORG

STOCKHOLM

KALMAR

REVAL

VISBY

COPENHAGEN FALSTERBO ROSTOCK

BREMEN

LUBECK SZCZECIN HAMBURG

RIGA

KONINGSBERG

GDANSK

UTRECHT

BRUGES

Cities members of the Hanseatic League Main shipping routes 59

and cities like Antwerp and Amsterdam began their fortune at the expense of those of the northern European seas. The League was never formally dissolved but the last organized diet was that of 1669. The Hansa marked the pace of commercial development in Northern Europe and the Baltic, highlighting the importance of the area in the experience of mercantile monopoly able to assert itself strongly for an ever more extensive conquest of the markets. Access to fishing areas and salt roads allowed the control of most of the traffic based on the trade of salted fish, being able to make use of the transport of goods along the rivers, especially the Vistula, creating a network, including an increasing number of cities and landing places.

membri, che cercavano di escludere la concorrenza straniera nell’intero bacino del Baltico.. A partire dal XVI sec., in seguito ai cambiamenti nelle strutture di governo di molti stati e alle grandi scoperte geografiche, la Lega risultò molto indebolita e i grandi centri di commercio si spostarono gradualmente verso l’Oceano Atlantico. La Lega non venne mai sciolta formalmente ma l’ultima dieta si tenne nel 1669. L’Hansa segnò il ritmo dello sviluppo commerciale nell’Europa del Nord e nel Baltico evidenziando l’importanza dell’area nell’esperienza di monopolio mercantile. 60

HISTORY OF THE PORT CITY

Second World War and the Soviet regime

// La seconda guerra mondiale e il regime sovietico

With the Treaty of Versailles at the end of the First World War, the Free City of Gdansk was established comprising the city itself, the port and a small surrounding area, under the protection of the League of Nations. The aim was to leave Poland with an outlet to the Baltic Sea and not to subordinate the German population of the city, corresponding to 47% of the total, to the Polish government. Despite this, the part of the port corresponding to the Westerplatte peninsula was ceded to Poland for the construction of a military base. The general desire among the population was that of a re-connection with Germany which culminated with the election of a Nazi party government in 1933, shortly after the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany. In 1934 a German-Polish non-aggression agreement was signed and for a short period, the two states maintained peaceful relations. However, a climate of segregation and violence towards the minorities present in the city, especially Poles and Jews, began to be created, while society became increasingly totalitarian. Following the refusal of Poland to cede the Free City of Gdansk to Germany, on 1 September 1939 the German troops of the battleship Schleswig-Holstein, on a “courtesy visit” to the city, opened fire on Westerplatte’s military base officially starting to the Second World War. The Polish garrison of 182 soldiers led by Major Sucharski possessed sufficient ammunition and supplies to withstand 12 hours waiting for reinforcements. Although these never arrived, the soldiers managed to defend the city for seven days against over 4 000 German soldiers. At the end of the battle about 200/400 German victims were estimated against the 20 Con il Trattato di Versailles al termine della Prima Guerra Mondiale, venne istituita la Città Libera di Danzica sotto la protezione della Società delle Nazioni. Nonostante questo, parte della penisola di Westerplatte venne ceduta alla Polonia per la realizzazione di una base militare. Il desiderio della popolazione era quello di una riannessione con la Germania. In seguito al rifiuto della Polonia di cedere Danzica al Reich, il 1° settembre 1939 le truppe tedesche aprirono il fuoco su Westerplatte dando inizio alla Seconda Guerra Mondiale. I soldati riuscirono a difendere la città per sette giorni contro gli oltre 4,000 soldati tedeschi. Al termine dello 62

HISTORY OF THE PORT CITY

Poles. At the same time the offices of the Polish Post Office were attacked by the paramilitary forces of the SS but the 50 employees, instead of surrendering, barricaded themselves inside and returned fire. When the first attack was rejected, they were unable to oppose the second attack and were shot a few days after the surrender. The city was annexed to the Third Reich and when, on September 17, the Soviet Union attacked from the East6, the Polish campaign started towards the end. The blitzkrieg bent the country rapidly, completely occupied on October 1, 1939. The Poles and German dissidents were sent to concentration camps, mostly in nearby Stutthoff, as were Jews who had failed to escape. The arrests began the same morning as the attack, based on lists of previously prepared names. In the course of the war, numerous organizations were formed in Pomerania and throughout Poland to fight the Nazis and even the inhabitants of Gdansk, despite the difficult conditions in which they had to carry out the actions, joined the resistance in numerous ways. Since the beginning of the war, the city’s shipyards were converted to the production of boats for the Kriegsmarine, the German Navy, and in particular of submarines, as well as all the industries and minor activities of the city were immediately converted to war production. During the war years, the city did not suffer considerable devastation, despite some bombardments by the British and Americans had damaged some of the main buildings in the center. Fighting on the streets during the liberation of the Soviet Army in March 1945 caused the greatest damage. Many buildings were destroyed and the remaining burned by Soviet soldiers after the surrender of the city. The clashes lasted three days and three nights but when the city was liberated, what remained was a heap of ruins. The Main City, the Old City and the Medieval Suburb were completely destroyed and the city was without water, electricity, gas and 6 As foreseen in the secret agreements of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact of 1938

between Germany and the Soviet Union.

scontro vennero stimati circa 200/400 caduti tedeschi contro i 20 polacchi. La guerra lampo piegò rapidamente il Paese,interamente occupato il 1 ottobre 1939. Polacchi e Tedeschi dissidenti vennero inviati nei campi di concentramento, prevalentemente a Stutthoff, così come gli ebrei che non erano riusciti a fuggire. Furono i combattimenti per le strade durante la liberazione da parte dell’Armata Sovietica nel marzo del 1945 ad arrecare i danni maggiori alla città. La difficoltà principale non fu tanto la ricostruzione degli edifici e della rete di servizi, quanto il reinsediamento di una nuova società polacca a Danzica. I lavori iniziarono po64

HISTORY OF THE PORT CITY

any means of urban transport. The main difficulty was not so much the reconstruction of the buildings and the network of services, as the resettlement of a new Polish company in Gdansk. Reconstruction works began a few days after liberation and lasted until the late 1960s. Before the end of the war, the Jalta Conference had established the inclusion of Gdansk under a Polish administration, a decision which was later confirmed during the Potsdam Conference in July 1945. Gdansk and other areas were ceded to Poland with a treaty between this last and the German Democratic Republic in 1950 which however did not officially recognize the new borders until the introduction of Ostpolitik in 1970 and reconfirmed in 1990. Since the end of the conflict in 1945, however, Poland found itself under total Soviet control, the first Polish government called the Polish Committee for National Liberation was established and its manifesto included, among other points, the nationalization of the industry and collectivization of agriculture, which meant the abolition of private property in every productive activity. Almost all German citizens in the city were subjected to a special verification committee to evaluate their behavior during the war. New residents settled in the city, both from Poland and other Polish-speaking areas and from Casciubia. Citizenship requests were also subjected to a judicial process and emigration to Germany was no longer free. After 1948, Stalin closed the borders of Poland. During the administration of the Temporary Government of the National Unity in Poland, a civil war broke out due to the activity of the Soviet security forces. For three years refugees, deportees and repatriates returned to Poland, while Soviet deserters and prisoners of war made their way East. In 1947 the first “free” elections were held which saw the victory of the communist bloc and the Polish Workers’ Party (PPR) obtained for the first time a dominant position in politics. In 1948 the Polish Workers ‘Party and the Polish Socialist Party merged chi giorni dopo la liberazione e durarono per tutti gli anni ’60. Nella Conferenza di Potsdam nel luglio 1945 venne stabilita la cessione di Danzica e altre zone alla Polonia con un trattato tra quest’ultima e la Repubblica Democratica Tedesca nel 1950. Fin dal termine del conflitto nel 1945, tuttavia, la Polonia si trovò sotto il totale controllo sovietico. Nel 1947 si tennero le prime elezioni “libere” che videro la vittoria del blocco comunista. La conferma del sistema stalinista arrivò con l’introduzione della Costituzione nel 1952 che proclamò la Repubblica Popolare di Polonia; in realtà tutto il potere era accentrato nelle mani del 66

HISTORY OF THE PORT CITY

to form the Polish Unified Workers’ Party (PZPR) which would rule the country until 1989. The confirmation of the Stalinist system came with the introduction of the Constitution in 1952 which proclaimed the People’s Republic of Poland; in reality, all power was centralized in the hands of the Party and its First Secretary. In October 1956 Wladyslaw Gomulka was appointed First Secretary of the Party without Moscow’s approval; the relations became strained and military intervention was threatened, which however did not take place to maintain unity within the Soviet bloc. The USSR was forced to respect the Polish conditions and the Party took control of the country, confirming its independence and freeing it from Stalinism. The subsequent twenty years of stability did not, however, lead to the resolution of serious economic and political problems, causing the periodic renewal of political crises in 1968, 1970 and 1976. The strikes and protests in the squares of 1970 were sedated by violence by army troops but led to the resignation of Gomulka and the election of Edward Gierek as the new First Party Secretary. After a period of talks with the workers of the shipyards of Gdansk and Gdynia, the two main promoters of the riots, the new program was approved; however, after a few years the crisis was repeated and Gomulka was forced to increase the prices of goods by 60%. Strikes and protests erupted again in almost all the factories of the country and the government was forced to resign. The Party did not want to admit the need for reforms in order not to blame the mistakes made and risk losing control over state policy. A new crisis in the summer of 1980 saw the workers of the Lenin shipyard in Gdansk at the center of the strike, who proposed and coordinated a joint action led by Lech Walesa, a shipyard electrician. Thus the Solidarnosc movement was born and in October it was officially recognized as an Independent Syndicate. It was a spontaneous movement born for the rebirth of the nation and for the justice that clashed, throughout 1981, with the Party until the Soviet pressure for a return to “order” Partito e del suo Primo Segretario. Nell’ottobre 1956 venne nominato Primo Segretario del Partito Wladyslaw Gomulka senza l’approvazione di Mosca. L’URSS fu costretta a rispettare le condizioni polacche per mantenere l’unità del blocco e il Partito prese il controllo del Paese confermando la sua indipendenza e liberandolo dallo stalinismo. Numerose proteste e scioperi si succedettero per tutti gli anni ‘70; quello del 1980 è ricordato come il più importante dal momento che portò alla fondazione del Sindacato Autonomo di Solidarnosc, sotto la guida di Lech Walesa, elettricista dei cantieri navali di Danzica. 67

did not become excessive. On December 31, 1981, General Jaruzelski ordered the attack of the army proclaiming the State of Siege in Poland. The troops entered the cities and cut off the telephone connections, blocked the means of transport, closed the borders and finally arrested the leaders of Solidarnosc. All the laws were suspended, a curfew was introduced and the Military Council for National Salvation was created, composed of generals and senior army officers. The situation remained so for two years in which the arrested were gradually released and the plans for the reforms began. However, in 1985-89 the country remained in the economic crisis that led to a new wave of strikes in 1988 that ended with dialogue at the Round Table in 1989. Solidarnosc was again recognized and elections were held for a third of the deputies of the Diet and members of the Senate which were won by the Solidarnosc Trade Union. In August 1989 Jaruzelski invited Tadeusz Mazowiecki, an intellectual from Solidarnosc, to form the first non-communist government in post-war Poland. Tolerating this decision, Moscow began the collapse of the regime in numerous Soviet states between 1989 and 1990, including Hungary, Germany and Romania. On December 31, 1989, the People’s Republic of Poland ended and the Third Republic was born. Lech Walesa was elected Head of State in 1990. Finally, in 1999 Poland joined NATO and on May 1, 2004, he joined the European Union along with nine other countries, of which six belonged to the former Soviet bloc.

Dal 1981 in Polonia venne proclamato lo Stato di Assedio che durò fino al 1983 sotto il comando del generale Jaruzelski. Nell’agosto 1989 questi invitò Tadeusz Mazowiecki, intellettuale di Solidarnosc, a formare il primo governo non comunista nella Polonia del dopoguerra. Tollerando tale decisione, Mosca diede il via al crollo del regime in numerosi stati sovietici tra il 1989 e il 1990. Il 31 dicembre 1989 ebbe fine la Repubblica Popolare di Polonia e nacque la Terza Repubblica. Lech Walesa venne eletto Capo dello Stato nel 1990. Infine, nel 1999 la Polonia entrò a far parte della NATO e nel 2004 dell’Unione Europea. 68

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2.2 GDANSK TODAY

The widespread city // DANZICA OGGI La città diffusa The term “widespread city” was born about ten years ago to indicate the phenomenon of uncontrolled urbanization of rural areas. It is also linked to the concepts of decentralized city, dispersed city and city of city. It is an urban intervention extended to the edges of the metropolitan territory, mainly along the communication axes and characterized by discontinuous building interventions that occupy large portions of land. The phenomenon has often been assimilated to the American “urban sprawl”, born around the middle of the 20th century following the development of transport networks that have led to the gradual removal of residential areas from urban centers, which are designated as workplaces and are gradually emptied. A common trait between the diffused European city and the US urban sprawl is the chaotic form, the result of the impossibility of planning the process, and the profoundly different conformation compared to the traditional settlements; however, there are historical, morphological and spatial reasons that make these two phenomena very different from each other. In the countries of Europe, the term “urban sprawl” refers not only to residential suburbs but also to the emergence of fragmented industrial centers in the territory. The development of these small poles is due to the overabundance of rural households no longer exclusively dedicated to agricultural activities and which, not moving to urban centers, settle around their place of origin. Three main causes of the phenomenon are recognizable: firstly, the spreIl termine “città diffusa” nasce circa dieci anni fa ad indicare il fenomeno di urbanizzazione incontrollata dei territori rurali, principalmente lungo gli assi di comunicazione e caratterizzata da interventi edilizi discontinui su ampie porzioni di suolo. Nei Paesi dell’Europa, con questo termine non ci si riferisce solo a sobborghi residenziali ma anche alla nascita di nuclei industriali frammentati sul territorio. Nel caso di Danzica l’espansione urbana ha avuto un notevole aumento a partire dagli anni successivi alla Seconda Guerra Modiale in cui, durante la ricostruzione del centro storico, i sobborghi nelle immediate vici70

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ad of the car and its preferentiality as a means of transport with the consequent increase in roads, motorways, junctions and parking lots; secondly, the demographic decline in industrialized societies with smaller households and an increase in average life; finally, housing policies that supported a model based on low density as opposed to the overcrowding of the compact city. In the case of Gdansk the urban expansion outside the historical perimeter of the city has had a notable increase since the years following the Second World War in which, during the reconstruction of the almost completely destroyed historic center, the suburbs in the immediate vicinity have suffered a consequent consolidation. The investment of large capitals by the Soviet regime in the naval industry and the maritime trade has generated an increase in the demand for labor and the construction of an urban model typical of the Eastern bloc countries characterized by numerous working-class neighborhoods near the port’s areas with consequent emptying of the historic center. From the last years of the 20th century, new urban phenomena have been set off linked to the economic and social changes that are developing in opposite directions. On the one hand, progress has been made towards the gradual redevelopment and densification of the urban area between the historic center and the large outer popular districts, in many areas degraded and neglected; on the other, the economic improvement and the living conditions of citizens have favored the expansion of the building towards the countryside. At first, the model followed was the English one with settlements spread throughout the territory with row houses of few floors. Recently, however, following the American model, new, more concentrated residential areas have arisen connected with the urban center and composed mainly of independent villas of a few floors with private gardens. If at first the phenomenon of migration in peripheral suburbs seemed an nanze hanno subito un conseguente consolidamento. L’investimento di capitali da parte del regime Sovietico nell’industria navale e nel commercio marittimo, ha generato un aumento della richiesta di forza lavoro e la costruzione di numerosi quartieri operai in prossimità delle aree portuali, con conseguente svuotamento della città interna. Dagli ultimi anni del XX sec. ad oggi si sono innescati nuovi fenomeni urbani legati ai cambiamenti economici e sociali. Da un lato si è proceduto ad una progressiva riqualificazione e densificazione della fascia urbana compresa tra il centro storico e gli ampi quartieri popolari esterni; dall’altro il miglioramento economico 72

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advantageous solution to the overcrowding of urban centers conferring a higher housing standard over time, it has shown to bring with it a considerable number of disadvantages both social and environmental. Urban dispersion involves a significant increase in the costs of connection to the water and electricity networks as well as consumption, a decrease in the permeability of the land and their destination for cultivation. The decrease in the efficiency of public transport vehicles and the increase in journey times of the sections means that the private car is the privileged vehicle for citizens, increasing polluting emissions. Finally, concerning the urban landscape, the widespread city is characterized by the lack of diversification both between the individual buildings and the complexes built according to codified architectural and urban principles. In Gdansk itself, the risk is that of the loss of formal compactness of the city to the advantage of a disrupted and, therefore, unfavorable system.

dei cittadini ha favorito l’espansione verso la campagna. La dispersione urbana comporta un notevole aumento dei costi di allacciamento della rete idrica ed elettrica nonchè dei consumi, una diminuzione della permeabilità dei terreni e della loro destinazone a coltura. La diminuzione dell’efficienza dei mezzi di trasporto pubblico fa sì che venga utilizzata principalmente l’automobile incrementando le emissioni inquinanti. Infine, la città diffusa si caratterizza per la mancanza di diversificazione sia tra i singoli edifici che tra gli aggregati. Nella stessa Danzica il rischio è quello della perdita di compattezza formale a vantaggio di un sistema disgregato e sfavorevole. 73

The City and the Port: two separate entities // La città e il porto: due entità separate The Tricity metropolitan system is characterized by a strong tourist as well as a productive vocation. In particular, the city of Gdansk attracts many Polish and foreign visitors each year; this is a case of more cultural tourism than the typically seaside one of the cities of Gdynia and Sopot. The ancient city is clearly recognizable within the urban fabric since it still retains the compact conformation within the ancient perimeter of the fortifications of which only a few remain in the south-eastern area, now destined to be a park. One of the most famous monuments of the historic center is the Zuraw Crane, the historic crane dating back to the 14th century but rebuilt several times. At the time it was the largest port crane in the world, capable of lifting 4 tons of goods to a height of 11 m. The mechanism was put into operation by men walking inside two large wheels with a 6m diameter. Active until the mid-19th century, it was then destroyed during the Second World War and donated to the city’s National Maritime Museum after its reconstruction. The main street of the city is Ulica Dluga (Long Street) surrounded by buildings of great historical and artistic value. The road opens onto the Dlugi Targ (Long Market), the main square in the center overlooked by the Town Hall and the Fountain of Neptune, considered the symbol of the city. At the end of the market opens the Green Door, one of the monumental entrances made in Flemish style and originally intended as a residence for Polish kings. Not far away, the basilica of St. Mary stands out among the surrounding buildings thanks to its 78m bell tower; it is one of the Il sistema metropolitano del Tricity si caratterizza per la forte vocazione turistica oltre che produttiva. In particolare, la città di Danzica attrae ogni anno molti visitatori sia polacchi che stranieri. Uno dei monumenti più famosi del centro storico è la Zuraw Crane, la gru storica risalente al XIV sec. ma più volte ricostruita. La via principale della città è Ulica Dluga, via Lunga, circondata da edifici di grande pregio storico e artistico. La strada si apre su Dlugi Targ (Mercato Lungo), la piazza principale su cui si affacciano il palazzo del Municipio e la Fontana di Nettuno. La basilica di Santa Maria svetta tra gli edifici circostanti grazie al suo campanile di 78m; 74

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largest brick churches in the world and can accommodate up to 25 000 worshipers. The island of Olowianka once housed the city granaries, today partly converted into spaces of the National Maritime Museum in which the history of the port and the commercial traffic of Gdansk is told since its foundation, and partly in the Polish Baltic Frederic Chopin Philharmonic, the most large concert hall in northern Poland that can also host congresses and conferences. Along the Radunia Canal, there is a small island hosting the Wielki Mlyn (Great Mill) built in 1350 by the Teutonic Knights and remained in operation until the fire of 1945. Here were produced about 200 tons of cereals a day thanks to the 18 internal wheels. Opposite, there are the Maly Mlyn (Small Mill) and the house of the guild of millers dating back to the 17th century. Near the mouth of the river, inside the port area, there is still the Fort Carrè, a sixteenth-century military fortress consisting of four brick bastions and surrounded by a flooded moat. Its purpose was to protect the central watchtower which also served as a lighthouse to indicate to the ships the entry of the port. Not far away, on the Westerplatte peninsula stands the monument to soldiers who fell in 1939, right where the troops resisted the Nazi forces in the early days of the conflict. As far as the city’s museums are concerned, the most famous are of recent construction: the European Solidarity Center and the Museum of the Second World War. The first is near the shipyards where strikes began in the 1970s and 1980s and inside there are a library, a research center and an exhibition dedicated to the Solidarity trade union and other communist opposition movements in Eastern Europe; the second is a short distance from the historic center and, in addition to the museum, houses offices, a cinema and a conference room. It is the largest historical museum in Poland and develops mainly on underground levels except for the trapezoidal tower that stands out in the center of the square. Finally, Gdansk is considered the capital of amber, a fossilized resin used to make jewels and numerous handworks. This type of precious stone also called “gold of the North” has been present throughout the Baltic Sea sinsi tratta di una delle più grandi chiese in mattoni del mondo. L’isola di Olowianka un tempo ospitava i granai cittadini, oggi in parte convertiti in spazi del Museo Marittimo e in parte nella Filarmonia Frederic Chopin. In prossimità della foce del fiume si trova il Fort Carrè, fortezza militare cinquecentesca il cui scopo era quello di proteggere la torre di guardia centrale che fungeva anche da faro per l’ingresso al porto. Poco distante, sulla penisola di Westerplatte sorge il monumento ai soldati caduti negli scontri del 1939. Per quanto riguarda i musei della città, i più noti sono di recente realizzazione: il Centro Europeo Solidarnosc 76

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ce ancient times and is worked in numerous laboratories within the city. Its shape and its particular color are also recalled by the new city stadium, the Stadion Energa, built in 2012 during the European football matches assigned to Poland and Ukraine. In addition to the historic center and its most famous monuments, the port has always been the second characteristic element of the city, a fundamental component in the articulation of urban spaces; since its origin as a village, in fact, it had a direct view on the river and docks for the mooring of boats. Over the centuries the city has expanded and enriched thanks to commercial activities and shipbuilding yards. Once the structures dedicated to this type of activity were located within the historical perimeter but with the arrival of the industrial revolution spaces and buildings of ever greater size were needed, with the consequent expansion of the port along both the banks of the Martwa Wisla river up to his mouth on the sea. Although in recent years the new port infrastructures have been built outside the river mouth, even today most of the older internal structures are still active and are in close contact with the rest of the city which has expanded over time to surround the industrial belt on the western shore. Shipyards are also easily reachable in a few minutes on foot or by bicycle from the historic center either through a path along the waterfront that stops at the edge of the area or from the more internal roads. The structures and cranes characteristic of the port areas have a size such as to be easily recognizable from various points in the city, thus constituting a fundamental landmark that gives the city of Gdansk a strong identity, to become its national symbol. Moreover, due to its productive and industrial character, the port area has been further “segregated” and separated from the city by the construction of large urban transport infrastructures. One of the main traffic arteries on the inside of the city runs parallel to the port margin, flanked by the tram network on one side and the railway tracks on the other, constituting a difficult limit and defining a net physical barrier that die il Museo della Seconda Guerra Mondiale. Danzica è infine la capitale dell’ambra, resina fossile utilizzata nella realizzazione di gioielli e numerosi manufatti. Oltre al centro storico e ai suoi monumenti più famosi, il porto è da sempre il secondo elemento caratteristico della città. Un tempo le sue strutture si trovavano all’interno del perimetro storico ma con l’arrivo della rivoluzione industriale sono stati necessari spazi ed edifici di dimensioni maggiori con la conseguente espansione del porto lungo entrambe le rive del fiume Martwa Wisla fino allo sbocco sul mare. Ancora oggi la maggior parte delle strutture interne più datate sono attive e si 78

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scourages the citizen from crossing it. This infrastructural system is flanked for almost the entire length by the cycle/pedestrian system that connects the historic center with the residential districts and the coastal bathing system. The transversal viability of connection to the waterfront is, for the most part, of access to private sheds in the area. The whole band is therefore perceived by citizens exclusively as a place of passage, to be crossed quickly, without dwelling to seize its historical and characteristic value. What keeps these two apparently divided entities together are the citizens: the inhabitants of the city are the thread that unites and sews the two edges of the fracture, passing it daily to go to the workplace. However this isn’t sufficient, urban spaces no longer have to be thought of as separate and distinct neighborhoods due to their housing or work function but must be conceived and designed to complement each other, as a single entity able to coexist. trovano a stretto contatto con il resto della città. L’area portuale inoltre, per il suo carattere produttivo e industriale, è stata separata dalla città dalla realizzazione delle grandi infrastrutture di trasporto urbano che costituiscono un limite difficilmente valicabile che scoraggia il cittadino dall’oltrepassarlo. La viabilità trasversale di collegamento verso il waterfront è, per la maggior parte, di accesso ai capannoni privati. L’intera fascia è quindi percepita dai cittadini esclusivamente come luogo di passaggio. Gli spazi urbani non devono essere pensati separatamente ma devono essere concepiti e progettati come un’unica entità in grado di convivere. 80

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Infrastructural system // Il sistema infrastrutturale Gdansk’s infrastructural system is divided into several connection axes and intermodal nodes. The motorway network consists of three European roads: the E28, eastwest ridge connecting Berlin, in Germany, and Minsk, in Belarus; the E75, north-south ridge connecting Vardo, in Norway, and Sitia, in Greece; the E77, link between Pskov, in Russia, and Budapest, in Hungary. Furthermore, a 38.6 km ring road is the extension of the A1 motorway and quickly connects Gdansk with the cities of Sopot and Gdynia. The state roads that cross the urban center connect it to the north with the Nowy Port district passing parallel to the course of the Martwa Wisla, to the south with the city of Pruszcz Gdanski, to the east with the Lech Walesa airport and to the west with the villages along the mouth and the Vistula Lagoon. In 2017, an underground tunnel connecting the two parts of the city port was inaugurated. The section passes under the Martwa Wisla basin at a maximum depth of 35 m for a total length of 1.4 km. It is the first and largest Polish investment of this type and required 12 months of excavation plus another 23 months to complete the work. Before its construction, the goods that entered the port by road transport had access only to the eastern shore, now all the piers are directly accessible from the highway, rationalizing the process of transferring goods. Moreover, before the construction of the tunnel, the center of Gdansk was crossed by almost a thousand vehicles a day to or from the port. Now, these vehicles can bypass the city center, drastically reducing congestion and air pollution for the population. Il sistema infrastrutturale di Danzica si articola in diversi assi di collegamento e nodi intermodali. La rete autostradale è composta da tre strade europee: la E28; la E75; la E77. Inoltre, una circonvallazione di 38,6 km, estensione dell’autostrada A1, collega rapidamente Danzica con le città di Sopot e Gdynia. Nel 2017 è stato inaugurato un tunnel sotterraneo di collegamento tra le due parti del porto. Il tratto passa sotto il bacino della Martwa Wisla ad una profondità massima di 35 m per una lunghezza totale di 1,4 km. L’aeroporto Lech Walesa è il quarto aeroporto polacco per numero di passeggeri trasportati dopo Varsavia, 84

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The Lech Walesa airport is located within the urban boundaries, in the Matarnia district, and is the fourth Polish airport by number of passengers transported after Warsaw, Krakow and Katowice. Passenger traffic from 2016 to 2017 grew by 15%, while in 2018 it was 8%, rising from 4 611 714 to 4 980 647 passengers/year. As for maritime transport, Gdansk has the largest port in Poland and one of the most important in Europe. In the Inner Port, located along the banks of the Marwa Wisla river, there are moorings for private boats and a cruise terminal on the Westerplatte peninsula. A second passenger terminal, from which the link to Sweden departs, is located in the New Port directly overlooking the Baltic Sea. The river route that crosses the city is served by a system of small ferries with numerous stops mainly near the historic center. The tram system, which came into operation in 1873 but was completely destroyed during the Second World War, was restored in 1947. Currently, the ZTM7 company, owned by ZKM8, operates through 126 trams, 116.7 km of tracks and 211 stops. Gdansk also has a network of urban and extra-urban buses connecting with Sopot, Gdynia, Zukowo and Kolbudy through 73 daily, 11 night and 2 seasonal lines. Inaugurated in 1852, the Gdansk railway network initially had only one line along the Berlin - Konigsberg9 route, part of the East Prussia Railway. Gdansk is an important railway junction for both passengers and goods; it is reached by some of the main railway lines of Poland and connected with larger cities. The main urban stations are: PKP Gdansk Glowny (central station) PKP Gdansk Oliwa PKP Gdansk Wrzeszcz 7 ZTM (Zarzad Transportu Miejskiego): Gdansk’s Municipal Transport Board 8 ZKM (Zaklad Komunikacji Miejskiej): Gdansk’s Public Transport Plant 9 Today Kaliningrad

Cracovia e Katowice. Per quanto riguarda il trasporto marittimo, Danzica dispone del più grande porto della Polonia e uno dei più importanti in Europa. Nel Porto Interno si trovano gli attracchi destinati alle imbarcazioni private e un terminal per le crociere. Un secondo terminal passeggeri si trova nel Nuovo Porto (Nowy Port) affacciato direttamente sul Mar Baltico. La tratta fluviale che attraversa il centro cittadino è servita da un sistema di piccoli traghetti con numerose fermate prevalentemente in prossimità del centro storico. Il sistema tranviario opera attraverso 126 tram, 116,7 km di binari e 211 fermate. Danzica dispone, inoltre, di una rete 86

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LAND TRANSPORT NETWORK

Sopot

Matarnia

Sobieszewo

Otomin

LAND TRANSPORT NETWORK

Gdynia

Pruszcz Gdanski

Sopot

Banino

Sobieszewo Stara Pila

Pruszcz Gdanski

Tramline Busline

Cycle paths Cycle suitable road

Exchanger node Tram terminus

From the post-war period the SKM10, owned by the PKP11, was inaugurated. It is a suburban train service that connects the city with the Tricity conurbation, composed of Gdansk, Sopot and Gdynia, and later with Slupsk, Lebork, Wejherowo and Tczew. Between 2011 and 2015 important work has been done to modernize the Warsaw-Gdansk-Gdynia railway network with the renewal of the stations, the installation of a modern sign system, the replacement of the tracks and the transfer of some sections to allow the reaching a maximum speed of 200 km/h. Part of the project was funded by the European Investment Bank. On 30 August 2015, the Pomeranian Underground Railway was inaugurated, a suburban railway connecting with the southern part of the city and mainly with the Lech Walesa airport. An extension of the network has expanded links to Gdynia and Zukowo. It was the largest Pomeranian investment with a total cost of 760 million zlotys. As far as the port infrastructure is concerned, the freight transport tracks enter the urban system from the south, splitting up on both sides of the river, then branching off to reach the various piers. Within this system there are two important railway junctions: the first near the Energa stadium which, in addition to the port system, also serves the nearby power plant; the second, on the right bank of the river, serves both the docks of the Inner Port and those of the Outer Port and container terminal. Finally, the pedestrian and bicycle system is distributed mainly on the surface of the historic center and along the axis of connection with the coast. These are fragmented and discontinuous paths, in some parts weak if not even absent. However, the infrastructure serves well the main urban polarities such as university, hospitals, sports and beach facilities.

10 SKM (Szybka Kolei Miejska): Fast Urban Rail 11 PKP (Polskie Linie Kolejowe): Polish Railways di autobus urbani ed extraurbani di collegamento con Sopot, Gdynia, Zukowo e Kolbudy. La città costituisce un importante snodo ferroviario sia per i passeggeri che per le merci; è raggiunta da alcune delle principali linee ferroviarie delle Polonia. Per quanto riguarda l’infrastruttura portuale, i binari di trasporto merci entrano nel sistema urbano da sud suddividendosi su entrambe le sponde del fiume. Infine, il sistema ciclopedonale si distribuisce principalmente sulla superficie del centro storico e lungo l’asse di collegamento con la costa. Si tratta tuttavia di percorsi frammentati e discontinui, in alcuni tratti deboli se non addirittura assenti. 88

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The planning system // Il sistema della pianificazione The needs of citizens are constantly evolving and a periodic verification of the possible directions of development is necessary, above all because the city is going through a very rapid period of grouth. For this reasons, in 2018 a new Urban Plan was drafted to replace the previous one, dating back to 2007. The study carried out defines the spatial policy of the entire city, taking into account the provisions dictated by the following documents: 2030 National Space Development Concept, Pomeranian Voivodship Development Strategy 2020, Pomeranian Voivodship Spatial Development Plan 2030 and Gdansk 2030 + Development Strategy. The Plan has a general and strategic nature therefore defines the objectives, ideas and principles of spatial development of the city, not the exact positions of the structures or the exact layout of the technical infrastructure network. Furthermore, the dominant designation established by the document does not fix its exclusivity in a given area but generally the predominantly quantitative destination. For the preparation of the document, a new procedure was adopted compared to 2007, in which the inhabitants were involved through activities such as workshops, seminars, conferences and surveys. The city of Gdansk has favorable economic development prospects, deriving from numerous factors such as the coastal position, natural and cultural heritage, positive global development forecasts, relatively favorable demographic prospects and the investment impulse sustained in recent years by the European Union. This last factor has also made it possible to Le esigenze dei cittadini sono in costante evoluzione ed è necessaria una verifica periodica delle possibili direzioni di crescita, soprattutto perchè la città sta attraversando un periodo di sviluppo molto rapido. Per questo motivo, nel 2018 è stato redatto un nuovo Piano Urbanistico in sostituzione al precedente, risalente al 2007. Il Piano ha natura generale e strategica pertanto definisce gli obiettivi, le idee e i principi dello sviluppo spaziale della città, non le posizioni esatte delle strutture o l’esatto tracciato della rete di infrastrutture tecniche. Per la redazione del documento si è adottato un procedimento nuovo rispetto al 2007, in cui sono stati 90

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MACROTERRITORIAL CONSTITUTION

(Study of conditions and directions for the spatial development of the city of Gdansk 2015)

2 4

Urban expantion Residential Parks Industrial Agriculture

DISTRICTS 1. Oliwa 4. Poludnie 5. Srodmiescie 2. Zachod 3. Wrzeszcz 6. Port

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT

(Study of conditions and directions for the spatial development of the city of Gdansk 2015)

Water

Green Urban core 91

“offset many economic delays in relation to Western Europe”12. Gdansk, among the great Polish cities, is the most planned; the local plans cover 63.3% of the city and, not considering forests, waters and spaces of agricultural production, it reaches 80%; The current urban situation and the main problems for its future development can be summarized in a series of points: 1. The identity of the city is based on four elements that must be protected and developed: its historicity, its position on the sea, the long coastal strip and the position of the city on two terraces separated by the Gdansk upland; 2. An improvement in the residential standard has been recorded, although the average area of the apartments delivered has decreased. Those in the upper range are more in demand because they are cheaper but the greater number of accommodations is in the lower range; 3. The central service area is full of high-level services, office buildings and forms of intensive accommodation; 4. Development must point towards an attractive public space, while to date their conditions and aesthetics are still unsatisfactory. These are punctual and targeted interventions for individual investments, while they should be implemented through cooperation between designers and users. 5. The quality of life of citizens is constantly increasing, especially in the southern part of the city while the areas that require particular attention are: the district of Srodmiescie, the south and west districts and the residential complexes of the port district; 6. A house demand of 12 million square meters has been estimated, however this exceeds the availability of the areas destined to this function, therefore it was considered the possibility of increasing the planned area of residential areas of 1.9 million square meters; 7. The city’s natural heritage must be protected. The system of biologically active areas and its main plot should maintain the continuity of natural 12 Biuro Rozwoju Gdanska, Studium Uwarunkowan i kierunkow zagospodarowania

przestrzennego miasta Gdanska, 2018

coinvolti gli abitanti attraverso attività quali workshop, seminari, conferenze e sondaggi. La città di Danzica dispone di prospettive di sviluppo economico favorevoli, derivanti da numerosi fattori quali la posizione costiera, il patrimonio naturale e culturale, le previsioni di sviluppo globale positive, prospettive demografiche relativamente favorevoli e l’impulso agli investimenti sostenuto negli ultimi anni dall’Unione Europea. Danzica, tra le grandi città polacche, è la più pianificata; i piani locali coprono il 63,3% della città e, non considerando foreste, acque e spazi di produzione agricola, si arriva all’80%. 92

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areas and improve the conditions of leisure and rest of the inhabitants; 8. The cultural heritage of buildings and historic areas should be protected from the pressure of investments and the inevitable deterioration due to its use; 9. Pedestrian traffic is undervalued and the network of cycle paths is kept in low regard in the development of urban structures; 10. The public transport network is constantly decreasing in the number of passengers due to the lack of traffic privileges, too low frequencies and insufficient integration between the various systems; 11. The public transport network is not entirely developed, especially in the southern part of the city and the one between the two bands; 12. Changes in the spatial development of the city require verification of parking zones; 13. Technical infrastructures are well developed with the exception of urban waste treatment, which does not meet EU requirements. It is therefore necessary to build an incinerator in Szadolki; 14. The number of flood control basins is increasing, reducing the risk and expanding the supply of attractive public spaces. However, these interventions do not take into account extreme situations that require a particular design; 15. The national authority for the management of water resources has reported the growing threat to Gdansk from the waters of its Gulf. Measures are needed to determine the true danger and to define safety standards. In conclusion, “in the spatial vision, Gdansk is a city of half a million inhabitants, polycentric, socially dynamic, economically and culturally developing, with high-quality public, residential, service and production spaces ready to meet the challenges current and future development, protecting its cultural and natural values. Gdansk is also a large industrial and service center, well connected with Europe, based on the maritime economy and new technologies, as well as

Nella visione spaziale, Danzica è una città di mezzo milione di abitanti, policentrica, socialmente dinamica, economicamente e culturalmente in via di sviluppo, con spazi pubblici, residenziali, di servizio e di produzione di alta qualità pronti a rispondere alle sfide di sviluppo attuali e future, proteggendo i suoi valori culturali e naturali. Danzica è anche un grande centro industriale e di servizi, ben collegato con l’Europa, basato sull’economia marittima e sulle nuove tecnologie, nonché sui servizi metropolitani.” Per quanto riguarda la visione dello sviluppo spaziale, 93

on metropolitan services.”13 As regards the vision of spatial, social and sustainable economic development of the city, the areas of implementation will be the following: a. Cultural heritage protection: - preserve and strengthen the identity of the city; - protect the cultural values of the structures and areas of the city; b. Protection of natural resources: - protect and strengthen the natural structures that affect the high quality of life of residents and tourism; - introduce solutions that minimize the effects of extreme weather events caused by climate change; c. Economic and social development: - creating the conditions for the development of functions that make up the city: maritime economy, investments with high technological advancement of production and services, innovation and quality of jobs offered, tourist economy, etc.; - take full advantage of the potential of Gdansk’s growth centers by designating new investment areas; - giving shape to three “knowledge districts” in Wrzeszcz Górne, in Oliwa, in Kluków-Rebiechów; - revitalize degraded areas; d. Balancing of spatial structures: - develop the city inland by filling the land invested and creating structures for the city, especially in the downtown area, in order to create a compact model; - improve the quality and attractiveness of public spaces, strengthening the infrastructure of bicycle and pedestrian traffic; - strengthen and develop service centers within the CPU (Central Service Area) and lower-level centers, emphasizing and completing the polycentric structure of the city; 13 Biuro Rozwoju Gdanska, Studium Uwarunkowan i kierunkow zagospodarowania

przestrzennego miasta Gdanska, 2018

sociale ed economico sostenibile della città le aree di attuazione saranno le seguenti: a. protezione del patrimonio culturale; b. protezione delle risorse naturali; c. sviluppo economico e sociale; d. bilanciamento delle strutture spaziali; e. modellazione della mobilità sostenibile; Infine, il modello di sviluppo del Tricity è stato redatto sulla base di conclusioni tratte da studi strategici di livello europeo (EPSON 2030, 2015), nazionale (KPZK 2030, 2011) e metropolitano (Strategy 2030 for the Metropolitan Area of Gdansk-Gdynia-Sopot, 2015, 94

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- limit urban investments in the Zulawy areas, on the Vistula delta; - counteract suburbanization; e. Modeling of sustainable mobility: - develop mobility in a sustainable way, favoring ecological forms of public transport, based on the system of integration nodes; - develop the road network in a balanced way with necessary and adequate field reserves to guarantee parking. Finally, the Tricity development model was drawn up on the basis of conclusions drawn from strategic studies at European level (EPSON 2030, 2015), national (KPZK 2030, 2011) and metropolitan (Strategy 2030 for the Metropolitan Area of Gdansk-Gdynia-Sopot, 2015, PZPOM, 2016). These studies have shown that the main line to pursue is to make Gdansk a strong supra-regional center, a metropolis. This is only possible through: - the strengthening and development of relations between the airport and the ports of Gdansk and Gdynia; - the strengthening and development of the nodes of the internal relations network, between the core and the metropolitan environment; - the daily management of internal flows to and from the Tricity metropolitan system, as well as that within the urban core.

PZPOM, 2016). Tali studi hanno evidenziato come la linea principale da perseguire sia quella di rendere Danzica un forte centro sovraregionale, una metropoli. Questo è possibile solamente attraverso: - il rafforzamento e lo sviluppo delle relazioni tra l’aeroporto e i porti di Danzica e Gdynia; - il rafforzamento e lo sviluppo dei nodi della rete di relazioni interna, tra il nucleo e l’ambiente metropolitano; - la gestione quotidiana dei flussi interni da e verso il sistema metropolitano del Tricity, così come quello interno al nucleo urbano.

2.3 GDANSK TOMORROW

Projects, investments and future interventions // DANZICA DOMANI Progetti, investimenti e interventi futuri The city is carrying out numerous development projects for its future, both short and long term, thanks also to numerous investments by the European Union. Within the historic city there are numerous construction sites for the realization of new residential and office complexes; these projects are mainly located at the gaps still present on the Granary Island and due to the war discounts of the 20th century. As for future projects, the main investment scheduled concerns the re-appropriation by the city of some former industrial spaces along the river system. In 2017 a competition was launched for the construction of the Young City project, in the area of the former Imperial Shipyards, by the two Belgian development companies owning the area: Alides and Re-vive. It is a place with an important historical value since its construction in 1844 for having contributed to making Gdansk a center of international importance for shipbuilding and being the scene of the clashes that in the 70s and 80s led to the birth of the Solidarnosc Movement. Following the bankruptcy of the Gdansk Shipyards and their acquisition by the Gdynia Shipyards in the 1990s, the society Synergia 99 was created. In the early 2000s, this company purchased 73 hectares of construction site including the northern area of Imperial Shipyard, which still hosts production activities. Environmental tests were conducted on the state of the land and surrounding waters as well as on the geological and building conditions. The Imperial Shipyard is located on the western bank of the Martwa Wisla river, in close contact with the historic center and in the immediate vicinity La città sta portando avanti numerosi progetti di sviluppo per il suo futuro, sia a breve che a lungo termine, grazie anche a numerosi investimenti da parte dell’Unione Europea. All’interno della città storica sono all’attivo numerosi cantieri per la costruzione di nuovi complessi residenziali e per uffici principalmente in corrispondenza dei vuoti ancora presenti nell’Isola dei Granai e dovuti agli sconti bellici del XX secolo. Per quanto riguarda i progetti futuri, il principale investimento in programma riguarda la riappropriazione da parte della città di alcuni ex spazi industriali lungo il sistema fluviale. Nel 2017 è stato indetto il concorso per 96

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of two other recently completed major projects: the Solidarity Center and the World War II Museum. The lot covers an area of approximately 15.5 hectares of land and, according to the Zoning Plan, has a development potential of approximately 300 000 m2 of gross floor area (GFA). The winning project is the one of the Henning Larsen studio in Copenhagen and includes, in addition to the reuse of historic buildings, new buildings composed of a different functional mix, including residences, offices, commercial services, hotels and a museum, as well as numerous public spaces. The road network is structured on a central spine and on a cycle and pedestrian promenade along the waterfront connecting the site with the historic center. In particular, the program provides for a total of 403 030 GFA divided into: 298 000 GFA of residential 61 600 GFA of offices 32 526 GFA of commercial 3 850 GFA museum 7 052 GFA of hotels Finally, in the district of Brzezno, near the seaside resort system, reconstruction and renovation of a thermal house is scheduled, which will be used as a Center for ecological education. The investment is implemented by the city of Gdansk together with the Hevelianum Center, an interactive museum of science, physics and astronomy.

la realizzazione del progetto Young City, nella zona degli ex cantieri navali Imperiali, da parte di due società di sviluppo belghe proprietarie dell’area: Alides e Re-vive. Il lotto occupa un’area di circa 15,5 ha di terreno e, secondo quanto stabilito dal Piano Regolatore ha un potenziale di sviluppo di circa 300 000 mq di superficie lorda (GFA) da destinare ad uso misto. Il progetto vincitore è stato quello studio Henning Larsen di Copenhagen. Infine, nel quartiere di Brzezno, in prossimità della costa, è in programma la ricostruzione e il rinnovo di una casa termale che verrà destinata a Centro per l’Educazione Ecologica. 98

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PROJECT RENDER OF HENNING LARSEN STUDIO

3. ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM

3.1 THE NATURAL CONTEST // IL CONTESTO NATURALE

Gdansk, located in the Pomeranian region, is surrounded by large green areas, countryside forests, hills; here the environmental heritage is very rich. Moreover, the city, located on the coastal system of the Baltic Sea, is limited to the west by an ancient hill system and develops on the Martwa Wisla river that, with the Vistula, generates the great delta landscape of the Vistula. Therefore being near an important delta, there are many parks and protected reserves that have allowed to preserve an interesting flora and fauna. Thanks to its location on the Baltic coast, the city also offers an equipped shoreline system, with beaches, piers, parks and promenade that connect it to the other cities of Tricity, Gdynia and Sopot. Together they constitute the nation’s best seaside tourist offer. Despite the urbanization of the coast is increasingly looming, we can still find an active dune system characterized by large plant clusters such as pine forests. Going all along the coast towards the north-west, we find a large park, the Coastal Landscape Park (Nadmorski Park Krajobrazowy), established as one of the first landscape parks in Poland, including areas containing exceptional natural and cultural resources and a great variety of landscapes. More than half of its area covers the waters of the inner bay of Puck, while the terrestrial part includes the entire peninsula of Hel. The southern border of the Park reaches Mechelinki on Puck Bay. This park has all the types of sea coasts typical of the southern Baltic: cliffs, dunes and low lagoon coasts. The largest natural park that Gdansk can enjoy is the Tricity Landscape Park, established in 1979 is one of the oldest landscape parks in Poland. Il patrimonio ambientale che circonda Danzica è molto ricco; del resto, è collocata su una fascia costiera, limitata a ovest da un antico sistema boschivo e a cavallo del fiume Martwa Wisla, parte del delta della Vistola. Grazie alla sua posizione, la città offre un sistema di litorale attrezzato, con spiagge, parchi e promenade che la collegano alle altre città del Tricity. Insieme costituiscono la miglior offerta turistica balneare della nazione. Nonostante l’urbanizzazione della costa sia sempre più incombente, possiamo trovare ancora un attivo sistema dunoso caratterizzato da grandi macchie vegetali. Percorrendo tutta la costa verso nord-o106

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The protected land covers the north-eastern fragment of the morainic plateau of the Kashubian Lake District. The park has an area of about 20 000 hectares. A unique post-glacial relief, formed by processes connected with the glaciation of southern Poland and with its last phase of withdrawal of internal ice, is one of the Park’s most valuable assets and is its unique and distinctive feature. About 90% of the Tricity Landscape Park area is covered by forests that give the park a unique landscape. The most common are beeches and mixed forests with beeches. Some stretches of land have forests of wet earth, marsh forests and birch groves. The precious characteristics of the environment also include non-forest habitats, such as semi-natural valley grasslands. The most precious natural aquatic features include the lobelia lakes. The park’s fascinating flora has many protected plant species, including plant relics. Here there are also rare and curious species of mushrooms and animals. In the Tri-City Landscape Park area there are 10 nature reserves, 18 ecological sites and 167 natural monuments (of which 34 in the buffer zone). Its location near a large agglomeration makes the Tri-City Landscape Park an extremely valuable destination for tourism and leisure among Tri-City residents. In addition to its unquestionable natural assets, the park and its buffer zone also present precious elements of cultural heritage, such as the first fortified medieval settlement. Unfortunately, in recent years, urbanization pressure on the Park area and its buffer zone have increased significantly. This represents a threat to the local flora and fauna and the landscape itself. Moving towards the coast, in particular on the secondary mouth of the Marwa Visla we find the “Paradise of birds” (Ptasi Raj), a natural reserve of Gdansk located in the former Vistula estuary, whose purpose is to protect the places of reproduction and resting of birds aquatic and marsh. The idea of including the bird habitat near one of the Vistula estuaries on the Baltic was born in the late 20th century. The reserve in its current form was created as early as the late 1950s. There are 200 species of birds, including interesting names such as blackvest, troviamo il Coastal Landscape Park. Il più grande parco naturale di cui Danzica può godere è il Tri-City Landscape Park, istituito nel 1979 è uno dei parchi paesaggistici più antichi della Polonia. Ha una superficie di circa 20 000 ettari e la sua caratteristica distintiva è quella di essere un rilievo post-glaciale unico, condizione molto rara. Circa il 90% del parco è coperta da foreste in cui la specie più comune è il faggio; più precisamente ci sono 10 riserve naturali, 18 siti ecologici e 167 monumenti naturali.La sua vicinanza ad un agglomerato urbano rende questo parco una destinazione preziosa per il turismo e il tempo libero dei residen108

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necked grebe, wild goose, common shelduck, spotted crake, oystercatcher, green sandpiper, or even common eider, particularly rare. In the reserve, a 6-kilometer nature and educational trail have been set up, with information panels that familiarize tourists with local natural resources and help them observe the protected flora and fauna within the reserve. “Ptasi Raj” is a true natural paradise that is located a few kilometers from the city center and can be reached by urban transport. Staying on the coast, a narrow strip of land separating the waters of the Vistula Lagoon and the Bay of Gdansk, called Vistula Spit (Mierzeja Wislana), was formed thousands of years ago, following a tumultuous conflict of two elements: the sandy material that has been deposited on the coast by sea currents and the wind that has formed dunes that over time have been gradually covered with pioneer plants and animals. Here today rich deciduous forests developed that protect the earth from the gusts of wind and stormy waves that had incessantly influenced the shape of the Spit. However, it was not only the forces of nature that had changed the appearance of this piece of land. In recent centuries, man has had an enormous impact. It is the human activity that made the pine tree prevail over the imposing beech, hornbeam, oak and linden trees that once dominated the area. Today, the Vistula Spit boasts rich wildlife, which for 25 years has been protected by the Vistula Spit Landscape Park. Its greatest asset is the diversity of the landscape, whose dominant features include pristine forests with a picturesque mosaic of flora, large linear dunes that often house the symbol of the Polish coast, sea holly, and of course large sandy beaches. The birds meet at every step: screams of seagulls and terns that dive in search of fish, eagles and buzzards that float in the sky. However, the best-known representative of the Park’s rich fauna is the large black cormorant, whose largest reproductive colony is found on the Vistula Spit. The Vistula Spit west of Sztutowo is equally interesting in terms of nature if only for the possibility of encountering seals and other animals in the Vistula estuary.

ti. Spostandosi verso est troviamo la riserva naturale del Ptasi Raj. Il parco protegge 200 specie di uccelli ed è stato allestito un percorso naturalistico-educativo di 6km. Rimanendo sulla costa, una stretta striscia di terra separa le acque della Laguna dalla Baia, il Vistula Spit Landscape Park. Qui oggi troviamo ricche foreste decidue che proteggono la terra dalle raffiche di vento e dalle onde tempestose. Tra le caratteristiche dominanti ci sono le foreste di agrifoglio di mare e il rappresentante più noto della ricca fauna è il grande cormorano nero; inoltre c’è la possibilità di incontrare anche foche e la focena comune. 110

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3.2 THE VISTULA RIVER AND THE DELTA SYSTEM // IL FIUME VISTOLA E IL SISTEMA DEL DELTA

As previously mentioned, Gdansk is located within the water region of the Vistula River (Wisla in Polish), the most important Polish river and one of the longest in Europe. Born in the Western Beskid Mountains, in Silesia, it bathes some of the most important Polish cities such as Krakow, Torun and the capital Warsaw, and finally flows into the Bay of Gdansk, on the Baltic Sea. The average depth of the Vistula is 5m, while the total length of the hydrographic network of the water region is about 2 120.74 km; the average speed is 1 080 m3/s. The river is therefore not very deep and does not allow continuous navigability today except through small boats and according to the season of the year. The main tributaries of the right side of the Vistula are : Drweca, Osa, Mien and Fryba; the major tributaries on the left are : Brda, Wda, Wierzyca, Motława, Zielona Struga and Tazyna. A feature of the Vistula river basin is its asymmetry, with a predominance of the right bank compared to the tributaries of the left bank. This is the result of the general inclination of the northern European plain in the north-west direction, which allowed the most powerful rivers in the Baltic drainage area to intercept the glacial flows flowing further east. The Vistula basin extends over 194 424 km², also includes parts of Belarus, Ukraine and Slovakia, 60% of all Poland and it’s entire eastern part; the highest point of the basin is on the Tatra Mountains, at an altitude of 2 663 m, and its average altitude is 270 m. However, 55% of the surface is between 100 and 200 m above sea level and 75% between 100 and 300 m. Historical events of great importance took place on the banks of this river, near the ford of Warsaw. The Soviet invasion of 1920 was stopped Danzica è situata all’interno della regione idrica del fiume Vistola (Wisla in polacco), il più importante fiume polacco e uno dei più lunghi d’Europa. Nasce dai monti Beschidi Occidentali e sfocia nella baia di Danzica. La profondità media della Vistola è di 5m, mentre la lunghezza totale della rete idrografica della regione idrica è di circa 2 120,74 km; la velocità media è di 1 080 m3/s. Il fiume quindi non è molto profondo e non permette oggi una navigabilità continua. Una caratteristica del bacino idrografico della Vistola è la sua asimmetria, questo è dovuto all’inclinazione generale della pianura del Nord Europa in direzione nord-ovest. 112

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM

THE BLUE NETWORK

GDANSK

BYDGOSZCZ

TORUN

WARSAW

KRAKOW

Vistula river Main rivers

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in this place, in what was later called the Miracle of the Vistula. Also during the Second World War, the river was the scene of a succession of clashes, forming part of a rapid and decisive Soviet offensive which had as its objective the opening of a gap between the now disorganized and weakened German eastern front. The Vistula river, crossing the whole nation has always been a source of wealth for the cities that were found on its shores, but in addition to its potentialities, linked in the past especially to its navigability, periods of low tide are frequent, ranging from the end of summer until spring. These hinder or completely disrupt the navigation. Over the years, countless spring floods have also been recorded, caused by the melting of snow and ice in the entire drainage basin and summer floods resulting from heavy rains are common features. Exceptionally severe floods occurred in 1924, 1934, 1947, 1960, 1962, 1970, 1997 and 2010. Today, there are numerous storage basins in the valleys of mountain tributaries that aim to counteract the flood risk. The river forms a large delta called Zuławy around the town of Biała Góra near Sztum, about 50 km from the mouth, dividing into two branches: the Leniwka on the left and the Nogat on the right. Until the fourteenth century, the Vistula was divided into a main eastern branch, the Vistula Elblag, and the smallest western branch, the Gdansk Vistula. Since 1371 the Gdansk Vistula is the main artery of the river. After the flood in 1840, an additional branch was formed called Wisla łmiała (“Vistula Audace”). From 1890 to 1895, additional plumbing work was done on Swibna. Near Kwidzyn the Vistula is currently divided into two separate branches that make up the river delta. The delta of the Vistula river is a morphogenetic unit unique in Poland for its geological structure and its connection with the history of the Baltic Sea. The relief of this surface is almost completely erosive, a type of very rare primary glacial relief. The delta terrain is characterized by several sediments and a large area of depression concerning sea level. The work of the sea wind added to that of river sedimentation has led to the constitution of different types of dunes that characterize the progress of the entire territory of the delta. Il fiume Vistola, attraversando tutta la nazione, è sempre stato fonte di ricchezza per le città che vennero fondate sulle sue sponde. Oltre alle sue potenzialità, sono frequenti periodi prolungati di bassa marea e alluvioni. Il fiume forma un ampio delta chiamato Zuławy: è un’unità morfogenetica unica in Polonia per la sua struttura geologica. Il rilievo di questa superficie è quasi completamente erosivo. Il terreno del delta è caratterizzato da terreno sedimentario e da una una grande depressione rispetto il livello del mare. Il lavoro del vento e di sedimentazione hanno generato diversi tipi di dune che disegnano il territorio del delta. 114

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3.3 MARTWA WISLA AND MOTLAWA RIVERS // I FIUMI MARTWA WISLA E MOTLAWA

The Martwa Wisla in Polish literally “Dead Vistula” is one of the branches of the Vistula delta, created following changes in the riverbed and flows through the city of Gdansk into the Bay. At the mouth of the Martwa Wisla we find today the Westerplatte peninsula which between 1926 and 1939 was the seat of a Polish fortress which, during the first days of World War II, represented one of the cornerstones of the Polish resistance to the invasion of German troops. The left bank of the Martwa Wisla is part of the establishments of the famous Gdansk shipyards. This river, today almost completely characterized by an artificial basin, does not have a single mouth, in addition to the one mentioned above there is a secondary river mouth, which was formed between 1840 and 1895 due to a strong flood and ranks among the primary mouth ( dating back to 1724-40) and the mouth of the Vistula. The depth of the basin varies along its entire route: in the main stretch we find today the port of the city of Gdansk and here its depth reaches a maximum of 12 m; the section between the Vistula and the city is the lowest one with a minimum of 4.5 m. For this reason, not all the river is navigable by large boats but there is a line of ferries on the main waterways of the city. In the famous canals of the center of Gdansk, we find not only the waters of the Martwa Wisla: here there is the encounter with another historic waterway, the Moltawa river. The Motlawa is a river in the Pomeranian Voivodeship which rises to the edge of the Pomeranian Ridge and is 64.7 km long; the depth of its waters varies considerably, it is generally shallow until it is channeled into the Martwa Wisla, in polacco letteralmente “Vistola morta”, è uno dei rami del delta della Vistola creato in seguito ai cambiamenti del letto del fiume e scorre attraverso la città sfociando nella Baia. Sulla riva sinistra del fiume hanno sede parte degli stabilimenti del famoso cantiere navale di Danzica. Questo fiume, oggi caratterizzato principalmente da un bacino artificiale, non ha un’unica foce; è infatti presente una foce secondaria, configuratasi tra il 1840-95 a causa di una forte alluvione. La profondità del bacino varia lungo tutto il suo percorso: nel tratto principale, dove troviamo oggi il porto, la sua profondità raggiunge un massimo di 12m; il trat116

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major canals of the city center where it reaches 10m in depth. It crosses the city of Gdansk surrounding the island of barns and flowing into the Martwa Wisła. The island of granaries (Wyspa Spichrzów in Polish) was created in 1576 by parallel canal building that still today connects the Motława river with the port of Gdansk, which bears the name Nowy Motława. The waters of this river not only fill the canals of the city but still skirt the path of the old walls.

to compreso tra la Vistola e la città è quello più basso con un minimo di 4,5m. Per questo non tutto il fiume è navigabile da grandi imbarcazioni. In particolare, nei famosi canali del centro di Danzica non troviamo solo le acque della Martwa Wisla: qui avviene l’incontro con un altro corso d’acqua: il fiume Moltawa. Quest’ultimo ha una lunghezza 64,7km e profondità variabile; è generalmente poco profondo tranne nei canali del centro dove raggiunge i 10m. Il fiume attraversa il centro città e sfocia nella Martwa Wisla; le sue acque inoltre costeggiano ancora il percorso delle vecchie mura.

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4. CRITICAL ASPECTS OF THE TERRITORY

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4.1 THE FLOODS // LE INONDAZIONI

Having previously illustrated the conformation of the territory in which the city of Gdansk is located and taking into account the presence of a delta system, it is also necessary to verify some critical issues: in particular, as regards the effects on the environmental system, floods are one of the imminent problems in the surrounding area of the city. The most recent catastrophic floods from 1611 are dated: 1956, 1983, 2001, 2009, 2016 finally in 2018. What is most worrying are the statistics: these show a noticeable shortening of the return time of the phenomenon that has passed from every 15 years in the 19th century and every 20 years in the 20th century to every 6 years in the 21th century. This indicates that the phenomenon is increasingly frequent due to the more unstable weather conditions and it is necessary to intervene on the water system so that it works correctly to avoid flooding in the urban core. Throughout the river system, both for Motlawa and for Matrwa Wisla, numerous pumping stations and locks were built over the years to take control of the phenomenon. At the regional level, on the other hand, there is a unique natural and technical system whose operation depends on the effectiveness of the flood protection infrastructures created by man. This system protects depressive areas, the lands close to the Vistula and the average water level of the Baltic Sea. The history of the flood protection infrastructure, which includes dikes, canals, ditches, trenches, rivers, wells and drainage pumping stations, began in the mid-13th century when the Teutonic Knights carried out the agricultural activity. One of the most notable artificial hydro-technical inTenuto conto dalla collocazione di Danzica nel territorio, è necessario illustrare ora anche alcune criticità: in particolare, uno dei problemi incombenti nell’area sono le inondazioni. Le più catastrofiche che siano state registrate partono dal 1611 e la più recente è del 2018. Ciò che più preoccupa sono le statistiche: queste ultime mostrano un’accorciamento evidente del tempo di ritorno delle alluvioni: ogni 6 anni nel XXI sec. Questo indica che il fenomeno è sempre più frequente a causa delle condizioni meteorologiche più instabili e che è necessario intervenire sul sistema idrico affinché esso lavori correttamente per evitare allagamenti. Negli anni, 126

CRITICAL ASPECTS OF THE TERRITORY

127

MORE CATASTROPHIC FLOODS IN VISTULA DELTA (Hydrological sciences journal 2010)

1328

1540/43

1611

1655/60

1747

1813

1815

1829

terventions was made for the final stretch of the Vistula to guarantee the direct outlet to the sea. This intervention led to changes and development of the flood protection system and the Vistula Delta drainage system. Although the flood protection system and the drainage of the Vistula Delta have been repeatedly damaged by water or wars, it is constantly rebuilt and developed. However, the flood infrastructure was left to abandon during the last century due to incorrect policies of the communist government. Politicians have abandoned the traditional polder management that had been conducted there for years by the River Embankment Unions. Furthermore, the political transformation of the last two decades has led to under-financing the flood prevention system. However, today the existing one is no longer sufficient and the hydrogeological infrastructure is being expanded.

lungo il sistema fluviale, sono state costruite numerose stazioni di pompaggio e chiuse per gestire attivamente il rischio. La storia dell’infrastruttura di protezione dalle inondazioni iniziò a metà del XIII secolo, quando i Cavalieri Teutonici svolgevano attività agricole. Uno degli interventi idrotecnici più notevoli fu il tratto finale della Vistola, reso artificiale per garantire lo sbocco diretto sul mare. Tuttavia, le infrastrutture passate vennero lasciate andare in degrado a causa di politiche errate del governo comunista. Ad oggi il sistema esistente non basta più e sono in progetto ampliamenti dell’intera infrastruttura idrogeologica. 128

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1840

1855

1924

1880

1955

2001

1983

1956

2009

2016

2018

RETURN TIME XIX sec.

Storm surge

Ice jam

Cloudburst

Snow Flood wave Breackdown

years XX sec.

1 ø

years

XXI sec.

years

AVERAGE RAINFALL ANNUAL TREND IN GDANSK (The climate data factory 2010) in mm/year

634 Mitigation (RCP8,5)

618 602

Mitigation (RCP4,5)

586 570

1979

2005

2021

2050

2075

2100

129

4.2 THE CAUSES // LE CAUSE

Several reasons cause the phenomenon of flooding in the Gdansk area. They are due to increasingly unstable weather conditions with much more intense and unexpected phenomena. Certainly upstream of the various observable ones there is global warming which leads to more and more extreme conditions. Among the observable causes, we find marine storms, ice jam, cloudbursts, sudden melting of large amounts of snow, river flooding, or water system failure. The most frequent floods are caused by storms and the phenomenon of ice jam, typical of the Baltic areas. Literally “ice jam” occurs on rivers when floating ice fragments and accumulates without being able to progress further downstream. This phenomenon can significantly reduce the flow of a river and cause flooding as well as damage to structures and land. As for the storms, scientifically we are talking about millimeters of water fell to the ground and in recent years it is increasing considerably with even more worrying forecasts. Furthermore, due to global warming, the Baltic Sea is also undergoing major changes. In the last 5 years, its average temperature has increased considerably and will continue to do so: if in 1950 it was 11 °C at 2100 it is expected at 16.5 °C. Some studies show that due to global warming and the relative rise of the seas, the area of the Gdansk basin could also be completely flooded; after all, it is located in a delta area characterized by important depressions respect to the sea level.

Diverse sono le cause che provocano il fenomeno delle inondazioni, ma a monte dei diversi fenomeni osservabili c’è il surriscaldamento globale che porta a condizioni estreme. Tra le cause osservabili troviamo: tempeste marine, il fenomeno dell’ice jam, nubifragi, esondazioni fluviali, o avaria del sistema idrico. Gli allagamenti più frequenti sono causati dalle tempeste e dal fenomeno dell’ice jam, tipico delle zone baltiche. Alcuni studi mostrano come per via del surriscaldamento globale e il relativo innalzamento dei mari, anche la zona del bacino di Danzica tra cent’anni potrebbe essere completamente inondata. 130

CRITICAL ASPECTS OF THE TERRITORY

AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE TREND IN THE BALTIC SEA

(The climate data factory 2010)

10°E

20°E

30°E

40°E

65°N 60°N 60°N 55°N 55°N 10°E

20°E

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE TREND IN GDANSK

(The climate data factory 2010) in °C with mitigation RCP8,5

11°

11,3°

12°

13°

13,6°

15,5°

16,6°

1950

1975

2000

2025

2050

2075

2100

131

4.3 2030 STRATEGIC PLAN FOR RISK MANAGEMENT // PIANO STRATEGICO 2030 PER LA GESTIONE DEL RISCHIO

The Pomeranian region is working to draw up various strategic plans to protect cities from flooding, implementing a policy of prevention, renewal and expansion of the infrastructure protection system. In the document “Program for the Zuawy region - 2030 Complex Flood Protection”, in addition to exposing the problems due to floods and the region’s hydro-geographical history, are described the specific areas in which to carry out actions aimed at safeguarding the territory. The primary objective is to increase the effectiveness of flood protection that will stimulate the enormous potential for sustainable development. Furthermore, the implementation of the program will contribute to the smooth functioning and achieve sustainable socio-economic development. The future will depend heavily on the effectiveness of the drainage system. The main actions of the program are: - increase the effectiveness of flood control and protection that directly affects the increase in the sustainable development of the territory’s potential; - improve the identification and prevention of flood threats by using the best available techniques and the best means available according to EU directives and national policy, increasing the importance of “natural” flood prevention methods; -increase awareness of local communities and administrations in the area of threat and prevention; - to improve the organizational structures of flood control and risk management at the regional and local level; - build and rebuild flood water engineering plants. La regione della Pomerania si sta impegnando nella stesura di diversi piani strategici per proteggere le città dalle inondazioni, attuando una politica di prevenzione, rinnovamento e ampliamento del sistema infrastrutturale di protezione. Obiettivo primario è quello di aumentare l’efficacia della protezione che stimolerà un potenziale enorme per lo sviluppo sostenibile. Tra le azioni del programma troviamo: aumentare l’efficacia del controllo e della protezione, utilizzare le migliori tecniche e mezzi praticabili secondo le direttive UE, e costruire nuovi impianti di ingegneria idraulica. Gli scopi di tali azioni sono quelli di proteggere innanzitutto la 132

CRITICAL ASPECTS OF THE TERRITORY

133

The aims of these actions are to protect the population first of all against the alluvial threat and to allow the realization of the aspirations of the local communities; subsequently, to guarantee the functioning of the industrial sector located in the area of Gdansk, Elblag and Tczew as well as the operation of important technical infrastructural corridors (ex. road, railway, gas pipeline, power station) located near the Vistula Valley and its delta, and also between Gdansk and Elblag; conserve the most precious natural resources, including agricultural land. Finally, preserving, restoring and improving the security of objects of national heritage, including the most valuable, recognized in Europe, the castle of the Teutonic Knights in Malbork and the historic center of Gdansk until medieval walls.

popolazione contro la minaccia alluvionale e consentire la realizzazione delle aspirazioni delle comunità locali; successivamente, garantire il funzionamento del settore industriale situato nell’area di Danzica, Elblag e Tczew nonché il funzionamento di importanti corridoi infrastrutturali tecnici situati vicino al Delta della Vistola; infine, conservare le risorse naturali più preziose, compreso il suolo agricolo. Dove possibile, inolte, conservare e migliorare la sicurezza di oggetti del patrimonio nazionale, tra cui il più prezioso, riconosciuto in Europa, il castello dei Cavalieri Teutonici a Malbork e il centro storico di Danzica fino mura medievali. 134

CRITICAL ASPECTS OF THE TERRITORY

Security of Gdansky Wezel Wodny

Protection from the inner Zulawy Flood risk monitoring system

100

200

Period 2016-2030

300

400

500

600

Period 2009-2015

RESILIENT SYSTEM 2030

135

5. THE PORT

5.1 THE PORT YESTERDAY The evolution over time // IL PORTO IERI L’evoluzione nel tempo Since its foundation, Gdansk has had a close link with commerce and harbor system. While the other cities of the Baltic coast, in the 13th century, looked at trade routes via the river, Gdansk, thanks to its strategic position on the mouth of the Martwa Wisla river and its proximity to the Baltic coast, has always turned more towards maritime trade. The first port infrastructure was located within the current historical center, at the curve of the Motlawa river, between the present Sukiennicza street and Tartaczna street. Between the 12th and 13th centuries, the structures expanded first on the other side of the river and later between Chlebnicka street and Mariaka street. At the back of the port the first warehouses, repair shops and inns were built. In a short time, the city became the reference commercial hub for the entire northern region of Poland and many cities along the Vistula. In the Teutonic period, the port’s warehouses were moved to Granary Island, from which it takes its name, where a new quay was built. The construction of the Zuraw Crane, the largest port crane in the world for the time, dates back to the same period. The significant growth of Gdansk took place starting from the 14th century, when it entered the Hanseatic League, forging very favorable trade relations with countries such as Denmark, Sweden, Flanders, England, France, Spain and Portugal. The ships of Gdansk also arrived in Italy in the sixteenth century. At the end of the 15th century 400-700 ships a year docked in the port up to 1000-1600 ships in the 17th century. In 1643 the city had 315 barns and the docks had a total length of 3km. Fin dalla sua fondazione Danzica ha avuto uno stretto legame con il commercio. La prima infrastruttura portuale si trovava all’interno dell’attuale centro storico. Tra il XII e XIII secolo le strutture si espansero prima sull’altra sponda del fiume e successivamente verso l’interno. Nel periodo Teutonico, i magazzini del porto furono trasferiti sull’Isola dei Granai. La crescita significativa di Danzica avvenne a partire dal XIV sec., quando fece il suo ingresso all’interno della Lega Anseatica. Nel XVIII sec. vennero costruite le banchine di Nowy Port, sulla foce del fiume. Dal XIX sec. fino al termine della Seconda Guerra Mondiale la città alternò periodi di crescita ad altri di 140

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141

The territory of influence of the port of Gdansk mainly included the Polish lands, however, the city also maintained good relations with Lithuania, Riga, Rewal and Novogrod in the north; to the south, relations have reached Hungary and Moldova. Thus, on numerous occasions, frequent goods from Eastern Europe reached the west via Gdansk. In the 18th century, the docks of Nowy Port were built but, during the partition years of Poland, the city became part of the Kingdom of Prussia and a period of economic and commercial decline began. Only a few years after the First World War there was a new phase of development. In 1938 the number of goods transported was three times that of 1914. The Second World War caused serious damage to the port system: 88% of the warehouses were destroyed, 30% of the shipyard buildings, 90% of the machinery and all the cranes. Despite the difficulties and the lack of specialists, in September 1945 the main shipyard of the city, Shipyard N.1, was activated and began its first processing. In 1950 the Minister of Navigation established the territorial boundaries and between 1970 and 1975 the port system was expanded with the construction of the Northern Port and the refinery. In 1973 the Ferry Terminal was inaugurated and in 1974 opened a terminal for coal and one for liquid fuels. Other important events for the continuous expansion of the port were: the creation of the Duty-Free Zone in 1996; the Navy in 1997; the Container Terminal and the LPG Terminal in 1998. Finally, in 2002 the terminal for cruises on the Westerplatte peninsula was opened. Today the port is one of the principal in the Baltic Sea and it’s in continuous expansion with numerous projects scheduled and some already in progress.

declino economico e commerciale. Nel 1950 il Ministro della Navigazione stabilì i confini territoriali del porto e tra il 1970 e il 1975 venne ampliato con la realizzazione del Porto Settentrionale, della raffineria, del terminal traghetti e di un terminal per il carbone e i combustibili liquidi. Nel 1996 venne creata l’Area Doganale Gratuita, nel 1997 la Marina e nel 1998 i Terminal Container e GPL. Nel 2002 è stato aperto il terminal per le crociere sulla penisola di Westerplatte. Oggi il porto è uno dei principali del Mar Baltico ed è in continua espansione con numerosi progetti in programma di cui alcuni già in atto. 142

THE PORT

143

A source of wealth // Una fonte di ricchezza As it is located in a strategic position between the river, the sea and the main roads linking the cities, the port of Gdansk has always been a key trading hub for the country. In the first centuries, the exported goods consisted mainly of timber and products derived from its processing, dried fish, pellets, furs and amber; while importing from the west salt and woolen clothing. These products were then distributed in the Teutonic territories, in the northern areas of Poland and Lithuania. At the end of the fourteenth century, Gdansk sent on average over 2 500 hundreds of timber a year. In the same period, the average annual export of pitch, ash in the form of potash and tar was considerably extended. Most of the exported products were destined for the city of Bruges, the main trading center and meeting place for foreign merchants, as well as from the east and west, also from the south. Instead, England required large quantities of anchors, ship’s ropes, wax, ships and fur from the city. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries exports continued to grow, for example in 1610 a volume of 10 014 forms of ash and potash and 6 074 forms of tar was sent. The value of those assets amounted to about one million guldens14, a very high amount for the time. Copper and lead were also exported; Gdansk exported about 112 pounds of copper each year. The export of wheat began in the 15th century and its remarkable growth was recorded in the second half of the 16th century and at the beginning 14 German and Dutch gold coin

Il porto di Danzica è sempre stato un nodo di scambio commerciale fondamentale per il Paese. Nei primi secoli le merci esportate consistevano principalmente in legname e prodotti derivati dalla sua lavorazione, pesce secco, pelli e pellicce, ambra, pece, catrame e cenere sotto forma di potassa; mentre venivano importati da ovest sale e indumenti di lana. Questi prodotti erano poi distribuiti nei territori Teutonici, nelle zone settentrionali della Polonia e in Lituania. Gran parte delle merci esportate, tra cui anche rame e piombo, erano destinate alla città di Bruges, uno dei principali centri di commercio. L’esportazione di grano iniziò nel XV sec. e la sua no144

THE PORT

145

of the 17th century when the port of Gdansk traded up to 128 000 tons. Since the mid-seventeenth century, due to the continuing wars and economic decline of the Gdansk area of influence, grain exports rarely exceeded 50 000 tons a year. Also flax, hemp, feathers, saltpeter and skins were part of the export products. The main imported goods included spices and fruit from the south and other similar goods transported from Antwerp, Amsterdam and Lisbon; in addition to considerable quantities of sea salt, herring, wine and treated leathers. The import of the latter amounted to about one million pieces a year, as well as woolen clothes that at the time were scarcely produced in Poland. It is also worth mentioning glass and paper. From the mid-eighteenth century, a gradual decline began for the city of Gdansk, following wars and political changes in the states where the city had established commercial relations. The beginning of the 19th century saw Gdansk fall under the rule of Prussia and become one of the many German ports on the Baltic. The main routes for international trade then moved towards the Atlantic Ocean and the ports in its immediate vicinity. The years between 1919 and 1939 were those of the Free City of Gdansk and the development of the port was related to rather specific socio-political conditions. Thanks to the unification of the Polish lands linked in customs terms with the Free City of Gdansk, the port has acquired a vast area of gravity becoming a focal point for Poland’s foreign trade. The economic development of the city strongly depended on the general prosperity of the Polish state and before the outbreak of the Second World War the cargo handling capacity in the port exceeded 7 million tons per year. The 1960s saw the realization of new projects and the overall turnover of goods rose from 6.6 million tons in 1949 to 15.8 million tons in 1974. At the beginning of the seventies, the northern port was built with fuel and coal terminals. After the completion of this project, the total turnover of the port reached in 1978 the record volume of 27.7 million tons. tevole crescita fu registrata nel XVI sec. e all’inizio del XVII. Anche lino, canapa, piume, salnitro e pelli facevano parte dei prodotti di scambio. I principali beni importati comprendevano invece spezie e frutta, oltre a notevoli quantità di sale marino, aringhe, vino, tessuti di lana e pelli trattate. Dalla metà del XVIII sec., iniziò un graduale declino per la città di Danzica, a seguito di guerre e cambiamenti politici. Nel periodo di dominazione Prussiano le principali rotte per il commercio internazionale si spostarono verso l’Oceano Atlantico. Prima dello scoppio della Seconda Guerra Mondiale la capacità di movimentazione delle merci nel porto superava i 7 mln 146

THE PORT

The next decade was, however, less fortunate due to the political and economic decline that hurt the volume and structure of the port’s turnover. A new phase of development and prosperity in commerce began after 1989 with the construction of numerous new terminals in the northern part of the port, outside the mouth of the Martwa Wisla. Today the port ranks second in the Baltic Sea for the number of containers transported and in 2017 it carried 40.7 million tons of goods. The numerous terminals manage both passengers and goods, including mainly fruit, cars, sulfur, sulphites, artificial fertilizers, steel, minerals, coal and fuels. Traffic growth in the last ten years has been 128%.

di tonnellate all’anno. Gli anni ‘60 hanno visto la realizzazione di nuovi progetti e il fatturato complessivo delle merci è passato da 6,6 mln di tonnellate nel 1949 a 15,8 mln di tonnellate nel 1974. Dopo il completamento del porto settentrionale, il fatturato totale ha raggiunto nel 1978 il volume record di 27,7 mln di tonnellate. Oggi il porto è al secondo posto nel Mar Baltico per numero di container trasportati e nel 2017 ha gestito 40,7 mln di tonnellate di merce. Il commercio riguarda principalemtne frutta, autovetture, zolfo, solfiti, fertilizzanti artificiali, acciaio, minerali, carbone e combustibili. La crescita dei traffici negli ultimi dieci anni è stata del 128%. 147

Birth of Solidarnosc Movement among shipyards // Nascita del Movimento Solidarnosc tra i cantieri navali In the winter of 1945 the Soviet Army decided to attack the Third Reich with the aim of inflicting the final blow and conquering Berlin. The first years after the liberation were a very intense period of reconstruction of the destroyed buildings and of the reactivation of the port and the industries to bring the city back to life. In the years between 1945 and 1970 Gdansk, along with the cities of Gdynia and Sopot, became one of the largest and most important urban centers in Poland. In December 1970 the government announced a sudden increase in the prices of primary foodstuffs throughout the country which, added to other inconveniences such as poor organization of work and production as well as negligence in welfare policies, fueled discontent among the population. Were the Gdansk’s port workers who protested against the economic and social policies adopted by the government, giving voice to the opinion of both the inhabitants of the city and the entire nation. On December 14, workers of the Lenin Shipyard organized a spontaneous strike by marching through the city to the PZPR15 headquarters. The first attempt at dialogue with the Party Committee was not successful. On the 15th, the strikes spread to other areas of the port; many workers went to work without starting their shift and a few thousand went to the city center attacking and burning numerous party offices and a newspaper. Clashes between the urban militias and the population took place throughout the day. While the previous day medical assistance was given to no more than a 15 PZPR: Polish United Workers’ Party. Polish communist party dissolved in 1990.

Negli anni compresi tra il 1945 e il 1970 Danzica, insieme alle città di Gdynia e Sopot, divenne uno dei più grandi e importanti centri urbani della Polonia. Nel dicembre del 1970 il governo annunciò un improvviso aumento dei prezzi dei generi alimentari primari in tutto il Paese che, sommato ad altri disagi, alimentò il malcontento tra la popolazione. Furono i lavoratori portuali e dei cantieri navali di Danzica a protestare contro le politiche economiche e sociali adottate dal governo, dando voce all’opinione dell’intera nazione. Il 14 dicembre gli operai dei Cantieri Navali Lenin organizzarono uno sciopero spontaneo marciando attraverso la città 148

THE PORT

149

dozen victims, none of whom were seriously injured, that day 6 deaths and about 300 wounded were recorded. At the same time, the Presidium of the Provincial Popular Council imposed a curfew at night. On December 16, meetings continued in the Gdansk Shipyards, the Northern Shipyard, the Port and the Ship Repair Yard with thousands of workers present. The requests concerned, among other things, the increase in wages, lower prices and improved housing conditions. The protests of the city were followed in the same days by strikes also in the cities of Gdynia, Elblag and Stettin. On December 17, the clashes between workers and the armed forces increased and the cities of Białystok, Nysa, Oswiecim, Warsaw and Wrocław joined the protests. Between 18 and 19 December, the port and industries gradually resumed production activities. The authorities and especially the intervention of the troops and the militia had restored peace in the cities, without however having resolved the tensions and problems underlying the revolts. The violent repression of protests forced the First Secretary of the PZPR, Wladyslaw Gomulka, to resign; in his place was elected Edward Gierek who gradually resolved the economic causes of the conflicts in the main cities of the Baltic coast and of the entire country by granting salary increases, family allowances, some pensions for seniority and disability and, finally, restoring the original prices of food. The Polish working-class first succeeded in bringing down a government in the area of Soviet influence to the east of the Iron Curtain. At the same time, in Gdansk negotiations between shipyard and port workers and local authorities continued on the issues of negligence in factories and workshops, in particular, the lack of strippers, showers, places to get and consume meals, canteens and, above all, housing shortages. Following the meetings, many measures were taken: service buildings for workers who had been converted for production purposes were restored and new ones were built, a new polyclinic was set up for shipyard workers and other maritime companies, a new canteen and numerous apartments. fino alla sede del POUP. Gli scioperi continuarono fino al 18 dicembre circa. Le proteste della città furono seguite nelle stesse giornate da scioperi anche nelle città di Gdynia, Elblag, Stettino, Białystok, Nysa, Oswiecim, Varsavia e Wrocław. I provvediemnti e soprattutto l’intervento delle truppe e della milizia riportarono pace nelle città, senza tuttavia aver risolto le tensioni e i problemi alla base delle rivolte. La repressione violenta delle proteste costrinse alle dimissioni il Primo Segretario del POUP, Wladislaw Gomulka; al suo posto venne eletto Edward Gierek. La classe operaia polacca riuscì per la prima volta a far cadere un governo nell’area di in150

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For its part, the working class was satisfied by increasing and improving the pace of work until it exceeded the annual production targets in the years 1971-1972. The years between 1971 and 1975 were for Poland a period of general prosperity and Gdansk, in particular, will pass through a period of considerable urban and economic development characterized by an increase in production and investments. The second half of the seventies saw, however, the onset of difficulties related to the economic sphere and maladministration. The rising cost of living and the difficulty in supplying certain foodstuffs, especially meat, created a climate of tension in the population. Gdansk also had to deal with the lack of housing, public transport and the inefficient health sector. Between June and July 1980 a strike began in Lublin, which soon reached Gdansk and other cities such as Gdynia and Elblag. On August 14, 1980, a protest broke out at the Lenin Shipyard, which was joined by workers from the port and other industries, including tram drivers. The workers perfectly organized the life within the occupied companies adopting a completely different strategy compared to that of 1970: they remained closed inside, without going down the street. The strike, supported as much by the population of the Baltic coast as by the entire nation, seemed to end on August 16 with the signing of an agreement between the striking commission and the shipyard’s managers; however, many workers did not consider themselves satisfied with the agreements made and decided not to end the protest. In the beginning, 21 companies in the Gdansk region joined the strike, in a short time they increased to 156 up to a total of 400. A similar situation occurred in Gdynia, Szczecin, Elblag and some smaller cities. In numerous ports, various moored boats were waiting for permission to load or unload the goods, while many others were given the order to dock elsewhere. fluenza sovietica a Est della cortina di ferro. Gli anni tra il 1971 e il 1975 furono per la Polonia un momento di generale prosperità e Danzica, in particolare, attraversò un periodo di notevole sviluppo sia urbano che economico caratterizzato da un aumento della produzione e degli investimenti. La seconda metà degli anni Settanta vide, tuttavia, l’insorgere di difficoltà legate alla sfera economica e alla cattiva amministrazione. Tra giugno e luglio 1980 ebbe inizio uno sciopero a Lublino che in breve tempo raggiunse anche Danzica e altre città come Gdynia ed Elblag. Il 14 agosto 1980 scoppiò la protesta all’interno del Cantiere Navale Lenin a cui pre152

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On 17 August 1980, the Intercompany Strike Committee was created by the workers of Gdansk. The program involved the resolution of a long series of problems including wages, living and social conditions, the general management of the economy, the organization of production, the formation of independent trade unions, the criteria for the appointment of managers, the right to strike, freedom of speech and press and, finally, the erection of a monument in honor of the workers who fell during the 1970 strikes. The requests were collected in 21 points which became the basis of negotiations with the government and the party commission. The Gdansk Intercompany Strike Committee, led by Lech Walesa, an electrician and shipyard employee who had been among the organizers of the 1970 strike, became the spokesman for all the nation’s workers. Workers and citizens gathered at the gates of the shipyards to follow the negotiations transmitted by the factory radio. People could follow the news not only from the press but also from the radio and television as well as from the News Bulletin on the Strike “Solidarnosc” (Solidarity). Gradually, after many heated discussions between the Committee and the government, an agreement was reached on 31 August 1980. Meanwhile, given the strong Catholic vocation of the movement, both Polish archbishop Stefan Wyszynski and Pope Giovanni Paolo II prayed in their sermons for peace and justice in the Polish nation. The negotiations in Gdansk, Szczecin, Elblag and Silesia led to changes in the structure of the government and the PZPR. The new unions should have observed the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Poland, accepted the principle of shared ownership of the means of production and the socialist regime; they would not become a political party but would accept the command of the PZPR party. Many problems were dealt with and resolved, often with a compromise or set deadlines within which to make the appropriate provisions. Among these, the most significant were: salary increases for employees, lowering of retirement age, three years of maternity leave, free Saturdays, sto si aggiunsero altri lavoratori. Gli operai organizzarono in maniera perfetta la vita all’interno delle aziende occupate. All’inizio aderirono allo sciopero 21 imprese nella regione di Danzica, in poco tempo aumentarono a 156 fino ad arrivare a un totale di 400. Il 17 agosto 1980 venne creato il Comitato di Sciopero interaziendale da parte dei lavoratori di Danzica. Le richieste vennero raccolte in 21 punti che divennero la base dei negoziati con il governo e la commissione del partito. Il Comitato di Sciopero interaziendale di Danzica, guidato da Lech Walesa, un elettricista e impiegato dei cantieri navali, divenne il portavoce di tutti gli operai della na154

THE PORT

general improvements in working conditions, proper functioning of the health service and the reduction of waiting times for an apartment. Finally, it was created a monument to the memory of the workers who died in the strikes of December 1970. The monument was placed outside the gates of the Gdansk shipyard on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the event. In Gdansk, the Autonomous Union of Solidarity Workers was founded under the leadership of Lech Walesa, who appeared as a partner in negotiations with government representatives on health, culture, education and telecommunications. It deals with the first free union born beyond the Iron Curtain and gained more and more adhesions, soon becoming a federation of unions which, through strikes and demonstrations of dissent, aimed at the dismantling of the monopoly of the single party of government. His actions led to the birth of other peaceful movements and revolts in numerous countries of the communist bloc until the collapse of communism in June 1989.

zione. Gradualmente, dopo molte accese discussioni tra il Comitato e il governo si raggiunse un accordo il 31 agosto 1980. I negoziati a Danzica, Szczecin, Elblag e nella Silesia portarono a dei cambiamenti nella struttura del governo e del POUP. A Danzica fu fondato il Sindacato Autonomo dei Lavoratori Solidarnosc con a capo Lech Walesa. Si trattĂ˛ del primo sindacato libero nato oltre la Cortina di Ferro e ottenne sempre piĂš adesioni trasformandosi ben presto in una federazione di sindacati. Le sue azioni portarono alla nascita di altri movimenti e rivolte in numerosi Paesi del blocco comunista fino al suo crollo del nel giugno 1989. 155

5.2 THE PORT TODAY

Features and functional organization // IL PORTO OGGI Caratteristiche e organizzazione funzionale The port of Gdansk consists of two main parts: the Inner Port, located along the mouth of the Martwa Wisla, and the Outer Port along the coast of the Gulf of Gdansk. The Inner Port has terminals for freight, ferries, passengers and Ro-Ro ships; it also houses equipment capable of lifting large loads, as well as storing grain, artificial fertilizers, minerals and coal. The Outer Port offers suitable facilities for the management of energy raw materials such as liquid fuels, coal and liquefied gas. The Outer Port is also equipped with the modern Deepwater Container Terminal. The total area is 679 ha of land and 412.6 ha of water with a total infrastructure length of 23.9 km. The port is entirely managed by the Port Authority of Gdansk, a commercial company founded in 1998 and owned by the State Treasury, the Municipality of Gdansk and authorized employees. The spaces of the single piers and the warehouses are rented by the companies directly to the Authority which has the task of taking care of their maintenance and modernization. The port of Gdansk has particularly favorable hydrographic conditions since in its outer part the depth of the water (15 m) allows docking to the largest vessels trading in the Baltic Sea. The Inner Port can instead accommodate ships with a maximum draft of 10.2 m per 225m in length. Another advantage that makes this infrastructure the only one in this area of the Baltic that can compete with Northern European ports is the absence of ice and tides throughout the year. Despite the harsh winter climate, the navigation conditions remain favorable, making it one of the Il porto di Danzica si compone di due parti principali: il Porto Interno, collocato lungo la foce della Martwa Wisla, e il Porto Esterno lungo la costa del Golfo di Danzica. Il primo dispone di terminal per merci, traghetti, passeggeri e navi Ro-Ro; ospita inoltre attrezzature in grado di sollevare carichi di grandi dimensioni, nonchĂŠ di stoccaggio di grano, fertilizzanti artificiali, minerali e carbone. Il secondo offre invece strutture adatte alla gestione di materie prime energetiche quali combustibili liquidi, carbone e gas liquefatto. Il Porto Esterno Ă¨ anche dotato del moderno terminal container di acque profonde. 156

THE PORT

157

most accessible in the Baltic region. The port is made up of numerous piers, each with features and machinery suitable for the type of function they are required to perform. Among these, those of note in importance and size are: WOC It is in a particularly favorable position at the entrance of the Inner Port with a total area of 31 ha and the status of Duty-Free Zone. The operations carried out concern the traffic of generic goods such as fruit, commercial vehicles, frozen fish and seafood. Furthermore, freight forwarders, customs agencies and inspection companies operate within the quay. Oliwskie Quay The quay has a 600 m wharf, a maximum depth of 9.7 m and a storage capacity of 46 634 tons. The main merchandise processed in this pier is cereals, although generic cargoes and Ro-Ro ships are also managed. Its main advantage is convenience with road, rail and river connections. Zbozowe Quay The quay, with an operational length of 175 m and a depth of 8 m, has two Grain Elewators with a storage capacity of 12 000 tons for hard grains and 10 000 tons for soy flour. Wislane Quay It is a universal quay of 1 160 m in length, capable of handling goods such as wheat or generic loads, including the lifting of heavy and large goods. It has equipment for handling goods up to 22 000 tons and warehouses with an area of 19 223 m2. Szczecinskie Quay The quay operates Lo/Lo and Ro/Ro vessels and is equipped with 95 stations for refrigerated containers. It has a length of 365 m and a warehouse area of 79 570 m2. La superficie totale è di 679 ha di terreno e 412,6 ha di acqua con una lunghezza totale dell’infrastruttura di 23,9 km. Il porto è interamente gestito dall’Autorità portuale di Danzica, società commerciale fondata nel 1998 e di proprietà del Ministero del Tesoro di Stato, del Comune di Danzica e dei dipendenti autorizzati. Gli spazi dei singoli moli e i magazzini vengono affittati dalle aziende direttamente all’Autorità che ha il compito di occuparsi della loro manutenzione. Il porto dispone di condizioni idrografiche particolarmente favorevoli dal momento che nella sua parte ester158

THE PORT

SOME TYPES OF QUAY

159

Bytomskie Quay It houses the Gdansk Bulk Terminal (GBT) composed of completely automated flat warehouses and silos, with a total storage capacity of 55 000 tons and a cargo handling system to facilitate import and export operations. The terminal is suitable for handling agricultural goods, mainly wheat and pellets and is equipped with a complete grain drying technology. The quay also provides medical and technical gas handling services. Przemyslowe Quay The quay provides handling facilities for dry goods, including inorganic fertilizers, sodium and salt, at a rate of 400 tons per hour. Liquid loads such as fertilizers, molasses and hydrochloric acid are also handled. The dock has a bunker that allows loading goods directly on the trucks. Chemikow Quay The 352 m quay handles inorganic fertilizers, phosphate raw materials, molasses and sulfuric acid. The terminal has warehouses with a capacity of 75 000 tons. Gorniczy Quay The cargoes managed include coal, timber, grain, chemicals, petroleum products, as well as steel products for a storage area of 42 322 m2. Obroncow Poczty Polskiej The quay is intended for the handling of solid and liquid goods such as granulated sulfur, molasses, heating and base oils and aggregates. The wharf is equipped with pipelines for moving the cargo connected to land tanks, railway tracks and funnels for railway wagons and motor vehicles. Westerplatte Ferry Terminal The passenger and freight terminal is well connected to the national and international road network. The structure of the pier is suitable for the na la profondità delle acque (15 m) consente l’attracco alle più grandi imbarcazioni che commerciano nel Mar Baltico. Il porto interno può invece ospitare navi con un pescaggio massimo di 10,2 m per 225m di lunghezza. Altro vantaggio che rende questa infrastruttura l’unica, in questa zona del Baltico, in grado di affrontare la competizione con i porti del Nord Europa è l’assenza di ghiacci e maree durante tutto l’anno. Nonostante il clima invernale rigido, le condizioni di navigazione rimangono favorevoli rendendolo uno dei più accessibili della regione baltica. Il porto è costituito da numerosi moli, ciascuno dotato 160

THE PORT

management of Ro / Ro ships, ferries and passenger ships. Liquid Fuel Terminal The terminal consists of five berths for the movement of crude oil and its derivatives. The handling technology is performed in a closed system, safe for the natural environment. The annual production capacity of the terminal amounts to 40 mln tons. Dry Bulk Terminal It is a terminal with a draft of 15 m, completely mechanized and suitable for moving coal for export directly from railway wagons to ships or, indirectly, through depots. LPG Terminal Located in the Outer Harbor, it occupies an area of 11 ha. The terminal is suitable for reception, storage, partial mixing and distribution via LPG tankers and trucks. It is designed for an annual production capacity of up to 500 000 tons. The storage base consists of 16 excavations in tanks with a total storage capacity of 13 200 tons. Deepwater Container Terminal The direct connection to Asia has contributed to the development of the DCT, which has become a Baltic hub and one of the fastest developing terminals in the world. It operates the largest container ships in the world, with a capacity exceeding 20 000 TEUs16. In January 2015 the construction of a new quay began. The goal was to double the annual production capacity of the DCT up to 3 million TEUs. Investment by which the terminal has become the largest container terminal in the Baltic Sea in terms of transshipment volume. As reported in the editorial One Hundred Ports of Lloyd List Maritime In16 Standard measurement of volume in the transport of containers and corresponds to about 38 m3

di caratteristiche e macchinari adatti al tipo di funzione che sono chiamati a svolgere. Il porto di Danzica non è solo un luogo interessante per gli investimenti nelle infrastrutture, ma anche per lo sviluppo delle operazioni di spedizione. Ciò si riflette nella sua ampia collaborazione con la più grande compagnia di spedizioni di container al mondo in termini di dimensioni della flotta, la Maersk, le cui operazioni di spedizione si sono sviluppate in modo dinamico dal 2010. Nel 2015, è stato affiancato dalla seconda più grande compagnia di spedizioni di container al mondo, la Compagnia di Spedizioni Marittime Terrestri, che ha 161

telligence, Gdansk in 2018 was in 95th place among the largest container ports in the world, entering the rankings for the first time. The productivity levels of the Deepwater Container Terminal increased by 22.7% between 2016 and 2017, reaching almost 1.6 million TEUs. The terminal offers direct access to the domestic market and a convenient freight forwarding point for countries that do not overlook the sea such as Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Belarus. The port of Gdansk is not only an interesting place for infrastructure investments but also for the development of shipping operations. This is reflected in his extensive collaboration with the world’s largest container shipping company in terms of fleet size, Maersk, whose shipping operations have developed dynamically since 2010. In 2015, it was joined by the second world’s largest container shipping company, the Mediterranean Shipping Company, which decided to forge a maritime alliance with the Maersk Line named 2M. In 2017, the previous Gdansk ocean network was joined by 4 other leading container transport companies in the world that make up the Ocean Alliance, such as OOCL, COSCO, CMA CGM and Evergreen.

deciso di stringere un’alleanza marittima con la Maersk Line denominata 2M e ha scelto Danzica come uno dei due porti baltici di riferimento. Nel 2017, la precedente rete di collegamenti oceanici di Danzica è stata affiancata da altre 4 compagnie di trasporto di container leader del mondo che formano la Ocean Alliance, come OOCL, COSCO, CMA CGM ed Evergreen.

162

THE PORT

GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE OF THE PORT OF GDANSKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S HINTERLAND

(Port of Gdansk SA 2013)

BELARUS GDANSK UCRAINE CZECH REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA AUSTRIA HUNGARY

MOLDOVA ROMANIA

MILESTONES IN THE EXPANSION OF PORT OF GDANSK (Port of Gdanks SA 2013) in thousand tonnes

Launch of New Central Port

100000 80000

Launch of Deepwater container terminal Launch of Outer port

60000 40000 20000 0

Inner port 1945

1975

2010

2020

2030 163

An autonomous infrastructural system // Un sistema infrastrutturale autonomo The goods enter the port of Gdansk by road transport thanks to a special motorway exit or railway wagons along a reserved line that reaches the terminals of both banks of the river and those of the Outer Port. In 2016 a tunnel 1.4 km long was inaugurated under the Martwa Wisla river, which connects the left bank of the port with the road and motorway network, allowing vehicles to quickly reach the A1 motorway. An intervention of 123 million euros was also made for the modernization of the railway line n.226 and the construction of a new railway bridge, increasing the traffic capacity of the junction by six times. The European Union strategy has put the port of Gdansk as one of the key connections in the trans-European transport corridor n.1, or Baltic-Adriatic Corridor. It corresponds for the most part to the route of the ancient Amber Route and is a consequence of the forecasts relating to future trends in transport development. Thanks to its geographical and market position, the port is suitable for playing the role of a distribution hub for the Baltic Sea region and other central and eastern European countries. Trends in the transport market show that container transport, Ro/Ro and short sea shipping are rapidly increasing. Furthermore, to cope with the growing traffic congestion on European roads, the implementation of the transition from land to sea transport is increasingly required. Given the development of corridor n.1, new port services and investment plans were developed by the PGA SA for the construction of infrastructures providing the port with a direct link to its hinterland. The planned investment projects aim at the best possible level of cohesion between the port of Gdansk on the one hand and the infrastructure of corridor 1 and the entire EU transport network on the other. Le merci raggiungono il porto tramite trasporto su gomma grazie a unâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;uscita autostradale apposita o con vagoni ferroviari lungo una linea riservata. Nel 2016 Ă¨ stato inaugurato il tunnel sotto la Martwa Wisla lungo 1,4 km che collega la sponda sinistra del porto con la rete stradale e autostradale. Sono stati inoltre eseguiti interventi di modernizzazione della linea ferroviaria. Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;UE ha posto il porto di Danzica come uno del collegamenti chiave nel corridoio trans-europeo di trasporto n.1, o Corridoio Baltico-Adriatico. Sono stati quindi lanciati dalla PGA SA nuovi servizi di navigazione e piani di investimento per lo sviluppo delle infrastrutture. 164

THE PORT

165

Critical issues between Outer and Inner Port // Criticità tra Porto Esterno e Porto Interno The development projects of the port both planned and in place have saturated the space available for the organization within its administrative boundaries and the expansion plan of the city does not allow the creation of new docks neither east nor west of the current conformation since the area is located between the bathing system and large areas protected by the Natura 2000 project. Beyond the western limit of the port, the historical residential facility of Brzezno was installed together with the beaches of the municipality’s property, in addition to numerous areas of forest used as a natural reserve also including the Bird Paradise park for bird protection. It is also an area badly connected by transport infrastructures that provide for the investment of huge amounts of capital for their realization, made in any case difficult by residents’ protests and protected areas. On the other hand, along the east coast, there is one of the most beautiful municipal beaches of Tricity with numerous tourist facilities that extend up to the city of Sopot. Finally, the maximum depth of the Inner Harbor is 10.2 m, which does not allow access to large vessels that in recent years are docking in terminals built in the Gulf of Gdansk. The development of the port infrastructure, which aims to become a leader in both European and global maritime trade, is difficult and numerous studies conducted by the PGA SA have shown that it is more convenient in terms of infrastructural and plant construction to expand on water inside its administrative borders creating an artificial terrain. I progetti di sviluppo del porto, sia in programma che in atto, hanno saturato lo spazio a disposizione per l’infrastruttura all’interno dei suoi confini amministrativi e il piano di espansione della città non permette la creazione di nuove banchine né ad est né ad ovest dell’attuale conformazione, poiché l’area si trova compresa tra il sistema balneare e ampie superfici protette dal progetto Natura 2000. Lo sviluppo dell’infrastruttura portuale, che mira a diventare leader nel commercio marittimo sia Europeo che mondiale, risulta difficoltoso e numerosi studi condotti dalla PGA SA hanno mostrato come sia più conveniente, in termini di realizzazione 166

THE PORT

167

The port authority is required to perform periodic tests to check the pollution level of the surface waters of its basins. The tests are performed twice a year in 7 different points both in the Inner Port and in the Outer Port and include the measurement of: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) pH total suspension lead cadmium zinc petroleum hydrocarbons In order to assess the quality of the water in the port, the limit values of the regulation of the Ministry of the Environment were used. For evaluation, the Physico-chemical indicators have been attributed to one of the two classes: excellent and good status. Test results indicate that the pollution level in the port waters is low. Over the past 8 years, the concentrations of the tested substances have remained in the same range. Most assume values included in class I or II of purity for the chemical state. PGA SA has decided to integrate the basic tests with further sampling points and biological and Physico-chemical parameters soon, also because the tests showed accidental cases where the individual parameters were exceeded. In 2016 the last measurements were carried out regarding the level of noise pollution on a total of 75 points both inside the port and outside. Measurements of ambient noise levels did not reveal cases of exceeding the allowed levels both during the day and during the night. Concerning air pollution, in the period 1996-2006 PGA SA carried out the modernization of the heating system closing the central boiler plant infrastrutturale e impiantistica, l’espansione sull’acqua all’interno dei suoi confini amministrativi realizzando un terreno artificiale. L’autorità portuale è tenuta ad eseguire periodicamente test per verificare il livello di inquinamento delle acque superficiali dei suoi bacini. Le prove comprendono la misurazione di: domanda biochimica di ossigeno (BOD5), domanda chimica di ossigeno (CODCr), pH, sospensione totale, piombo, cadmio, zinco e idrocarburi derivati dal petrolio. I risultati dei test indicano che il livello di inquinamento nelle acque del porto è basso. La PGA SA ha deciso di integrare nel prossimo futuro 168

THE PORT

fed by coal dust and building nine new gas and oil boiler rooms to high efficiency and a heat pump. This was a significant step forward for the environment as the equivalent emission of gas and dust was reduced by 98.9%.

i test di base con ulteriori punti di campionamento e parametri biologici e fisico-chimici. Nel 2016 sono state effettuate le ultime misurazioni per quanto riguarda il livello di inquinamento acustico e queste non hanno rivelato casi di superamento dei livelli consentiti sia durante il giorno che durante la notte. Per quanto riguarda l’inquinamento dell’aria, nel periodo 1996-2006 la PGA SA ha effettuato l’ammodernamento del sistema di riscaldamento chiudendo l’impianto di caldaia centrale alimentato da polvere di carbone e costruendo nove nuovi locali caldaia a gas e petrolio ad alta efficienza nonchè una pompa di calore. 169

5.3 THE PORT TOMORROW

Projects, investments and future interventions // IL PORTO DOMANI Progetti, investimenti e interventi futuri Technological progress and the dynamic recovery of the global maritime economy have had a strong impact on the development plans for the port of Gdansk. The structure of the demand for raw materials and finished products has changed, as has the structure of national trade thanks to globalization and economic growth. The global merchant fleets have also changed and this requires the adaptation of the port infrastructure. The main development objective of the Gdansk port is to make it one of the major ports of the European Union, as well as an important logistics and intermodal transport center in terms of handling liquid and dry bulk goods. Its advantage is not only the great infrastructure potential of the port complex, but also its versatility. This is demonstrated by the wide range of goods handled on the docks of the port. For several years now, the transshipment structure of the port of Gdansk has been divided almost uniformly into three parts, one third each, including liquid bulk goods, dry bulk goods and generic goods. The confirmation of the developing role of the Port of Gdansk is reflected in its results in recent years. In 10 years, the total tonnage of goods handled on the docks of the port of Gdansk has doubled, including a twelve-fold increase in the number of containers transhipped and a doubling of the size of the ships handled. In 2014 the PGA SA document “Development strategy by port of Gdansk until 2027” was completed. The strategy is compatible with European and Polish standards for transport and seaports, the European Strategy for the Baltic Sea region, the National Transport Policy from 2006 to 2025, Il progresso tecnologico e la dinamica ripresa dell’economia marittima globale hanno avuto un forte impatto sui piani di sviluppo per il porto di Danzica. Il principale obiettivo di sviluppo è renderlo uno dei maggiori porti dell’UE, nonché un importante centro logistico e di trasporto intermodale in termini di movimentazione di merci sfuse liquide e secche. Il suo vantaggio non è solo il grande potenziale infrastrutturale del complesso portuale, ma anche la sua versatilità. Ciò è dimostrato dall’ampia gamma di merci gestite sulle banchine del porto. Nel 2014 è stato portato a termine il documento “Strategia di sviluppo per porto di Danzica per il 2027” 170

THE PORT

WORLD’S 100 MAIN PORTS

(Lloyd’s list Maritime Intelligence 2018)

GDANSK

PORTS WITH THE HIGHEST ANNUAL GROUTH RATE (Lloyd’s list Maritime Intelligence 2018)

1/100 PORT

2017 ANNUAL 2016 ANNUAL ANNUAL THROUGHPUT THROUGHPUT CHANGE (TEU)

(TEU)

(%)

1°

Zhuhai (China)

2 270 000

1 338 000

+69,7%

2°

Barcelona (Spain)

2 968 757

2 236 960

+32,7%

3°

Tangshan (China)

2 530 303

1 936 000

+30,7%

4°

Mundra (India)

4 240 260

3 320 285

+27,7%

5°

St Petersburg (Russia)

1 840 700

1 457 800

+26,8%

6°

Gdansk (Poland)

1 593 761

1 298 842

+22,7%

7°

Bandar Abbas (Iran)

2 607 000

2 130 000

+22,4%

8°

King Abdullah (Saudi Arabia)

1 695 322

1 402 225

+20,9%

9°

Savannah (USA)3

065 014

2 561 093

+19,7%

10°

Cai Mep (Vietnam)3

891 209

3 258 381

+19,4% 171

the Transport Development Strategy for 2020, the Development Strategy for Maritime Ports until 2015 and the Agenda for the Development of Polish Seaports until 2020. Today the ports are not only centers of connection between the maritime transport and the terrestrial one but also catalysts of development and regional and national economic wealth and in their vicinity are created industrial and wholesale distribution centers. In the port of Gdansk, in addition to the Port Authority, other groups whose investments are fundamental for the growth of the complex can be identified. These include the Maritime Office, the Municipality of Gdansk, the National management of road and rail infrastructure and private investors. The estimated value of investments completed up to 2016 and scheduled up to 2020 is of 2 billion euros. The most important investments concern the development of the infrastructure for access to the Outer Port both by sea and by river through the construction of new fairways and breakwaters to face the growing movement of boats. This investment will be supported by the Maritime Office with the support of EU funds. With regard to the Inner Port, projects are planned to expand and deepen the docks, financed by the Port of Gdansk Authority SA and EU funds. The goal is to achieve the optimal shape for this port (90 m wide and 12 m deep) allowing safer and more efficient navigation. In 2016 the first phase of the investment for the optimization of the railway system was completed and its adaptation to the needs of the port through the modernization of the railway line from the port to Pruszcz Gdanski and the construction of a new railway bridge. An expansion of the project is expected by 2020. Additional significant investments for the future of the port complex are those financed by private capital. Among these, the most important include the execution of the second phase of the construction of the oil terminal, the PERN (Oil Petroleum Operation Company) base. This is one da parte della PGA SA. Nel porto di Danzica, oltre all’autorità portuale, possono essere individuati altri gruppi i cui investimenti sono fondamentali per la crescita del complesso. Tra questi l’Ufficio marittimo, il Comune di Danzica, la Gestione nazionale delle infrastrutture stradali e ferroviarie e investitori privati. Gli investimenti più importanti riguardano lo sviluppo dell’infrastruttura di accesso al Porto Esterno sia via mare che via fiume tramite la costruzione di nuovi tratti navigabili e frangiflutti. Per quanto riguarda il Porto Interno sono previsti progetti di ampliamento e approfondimento delle banchine. Nel 2016 è stata terminata la prima fase 172

THE PORT

ANNUAL TROUGHPUT OF THE MAIN BALTIC PORTS BETWEEN 2016-2017 (Maritime intelligence informa, Lloydâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s List 2018) in TEU %

173

of the key infrastructure projects that will guarantee the country’s energy security. The first phase of the investment, completed between 2015 and 2016, involved the construction of 6 crude oil tanks. After the completion of the second phase, the oil terminal will double its oil storage capacity. Another important project will be the construction of a deep water terminal by the company OT Logistics. The Deepwater Bulk Cargo Terminal will mainly handle cereals and fodder, with an estimated total production capacity of 4 million tons. Finally, it is important to remember the need for development of the port’s industrial functions and the expansion of the Pomeranian Logistics Center located in the immediate vicinity of the DCT. The investment aims to provide a storage area of 500 000 square meters on an area of over 100 hectares. All these investments amount to infrastructure projects directly linked to the port’s operational strategy for the coming years. These companies cover a wide range of works and a wide range of projects involving a number of organizations, both private and public. Finally, the strategic plan shows that the key factors for the success of the port industry are fundamental elements such as cooperation with the public administration and private investors; increasing the port’s capacity through an expansion to meet the ever-increasing demand; competitiveness among companies operating within a port to strengthen its market position; the ability to develop the potential of intermodal transport and access infrastructures to manage ever-larger container ships.

dell’investimento per l’ottimizzazione del sistema ferroviario e il suo adeguamento alle esigenze del porto. Un ampliamento del progetto è previsto entro il 2020. Tra gli investimenti privati i più importanti includono l’esecuzione della seconda fase della costruzione del terminal petrolifero, la base PERN (Oil Petroleum Operation Company), e la realizzazione di un terminal per acque profonde da parte della società OT Logistics. Infine, è importante ricordare la necessità di sviluppo delle funzioni industriali del porto e l’espansione del Centro Logistico della Pomerania situato nelle immediate vicinanze del Deepwater Container Terminal. 174

THE PORT

10 BIGGEST NORTH EUROPEAN PORTS

GOODS HANDLED

(Lloyd’s list Maritime Intelligence 2018)

DRY BULK

Rotterdam

13 734 334 teu

Antwerp

10 450 897 teu

Hamburg

22,5%

8 860 000 teu

Bremen

5 510 000 teu

Felixtowe

LIQUID BULK

3 849 700 teu

Le Havre

2 870 000 teu

London

2 431 000 teu

Southampton

33,3%

2 040 000 teu

St. Petersburg

1 848 700 teu

Gdansk

1 593 761 teu

PORT OF GDANSK’S GENERAL DATA (Port of Gdansk SA 2018)

GENERAL CARGO

2°place Among the Baltic Sea ports by number of containers handled

44,2%

40,6

128%

Goods transported in 2017

Increse in goods transported over the last 10 years

mln tonnes

CARGO SHIPS Double size cargo ships

CONTAINER 12-fold increase in the number of container handled

(Port of Gdansk SA 2018)

2007

2017

2007

2017 175

Central Port 2030 // Port0 Centrale 2030 The high growth dynamics of transport, the ability to manage ever-larger ships, the wide interest among potential investors and, at the same time, the high economic growth of Poland, show that the development of the port of Gdansk will be continuous in the next decades; this will contribute to the implementation of the strategic hypotheses and objectives, aimed at transforming it into one of the main ports of the Baltic Sea. The “Port of Gdansk development strategy until 2027” states that the current transshipment volume in the port could triple to a level of around 100 million tons. This perspective is implemented through the construction of the Central Port. Since the urban development plan of the city does not foresee the expansion of the administrative boundaries of the port either to the east or to the west due to the bathing system and the presence of natural reserves, the studies conducted have shown the convenience of an expansion on water through the construction of an artificial terrain. The analysis carried out indicate that the most convenient location for the Central Port is the area between the Liquid Fuel Terminal and the Westerplatte peninsula. This water area faces the ground under the PGA SA long-term lease agreement and this position will allow the use of the access infrastructure and utilities already available (water and sewerage network, power supply system, ICT network), which will help reduce project costs and optimize the access infrastructure solutions. The position far from the natural coastline will help to minimize the environmental impact, particularly where Natura 2000 sites are considered. The total area of the planned Central Port will be around 400-500 ha. La “Strategia di sviluppo del porto di Danzica per il 2027” afferma che l’attuale volume di trasbordo nel porto potrebbe triplicare fino a raggiungere un livello di circa 100 milioni di tonnellate. Poiché il piano di sviluppo urbano della città non prevede l’espansione dei confini amministrativi del porto né ad est né ad ovest a causa del sistema balneare e della presenza di riserve naturali, gli studi condotti hanno mostrato la convenienza di una espansione sull’acqua tramite la costruzione di un terreno artificiale. Le analisi effettuate indicano che la localizzazione più conveniente per il nuovo Porto Centrale sono le aree tra il Terminal del Combustibile Li176

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The prerequisite is to implement the project in a modular way, depending on the amount of demand and the acquisition of the investment partners. Will be created about 5 to 8 deepwater terminals, equipped with warehouses and storage facilities with access to modern land infrastructures, providing full inward and outward traffic capacity on the main route axis of land transport of Poland. It will be possible to further expand the container handling capacity and intermodal transport and continue the development of dedicated terminals in cooperation with the economic area designed within the port and in its immediate vicinity. There is the possibility of establishing a DutyFree Zone in the new area, which constitutes a section of the customs territory in which the entities will be able to carry out manufacturing and commercial activities, exploiting specific preferential rates. The external port will also allow providing passenger new high-quality services. The construction of the Central Port will consist of 4 phases: analysis, concept, documentation and implementation. In 2015 the first phase began, that of analysis, focused on the examination of the spatial capabilities of the expansion of the port and the verification of market forecasts, considering all external factors. The implementation work and the construction of the individual modules in the project, the transshipment terminals, will begin after 2020. In accordance with the hypotheses adopted, the construction of the Central Port must be carried out with the involvement of private investment capital and with a wide use of the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) method, which is a form of financing and accounting for projects of investment that involves the construction of the terminal by the investor, who manages the structure and receives the profits from it up to the moment in which it covers the expenses and earns a level of profit agreed by the investment. After the period specified in the agreement, the structure is transferred to the port. Port market research carried out during the preparation of the “Gdansk Port Development Strategy until 2027” indicates an increase in demand quido e la penisola di Westerplatte. Queste aree idriche si affacciano sul terreno sotto il contratto di locazione a lungo termine della PGA SA e tale posizione consentirà di utilizzare l’infrastruttura di accesso e i servizi già disponibili che contribuiranno a ridurre i costi del progetto e ottimizzare l’infrastruttura di accesso. La posizione lontana dalla linea costiera naturale contribuirà a ridurre al minimo l’impatto ambientale. La superficie totale del Porto Centrale sarà di circa 400-500 ha. Il presupposto è di implementare il progetto in un modo modulare, a seconda della quantità di domanda e dell’acquisizione dei partners di investimento. E’ prevista la creazione 178

THE PORT

for cargo terminals, in bulk, general and passengers, including Ro-Ro terminals. It is also possible that the freight terminals and the shipyard’s activities currently located in the Inner Port are subsequently moved to the new part of the port in deep water, which will offer more operational possibilities to companies in the sector. The final selection of the types of terminals included in the project will depend on the interest of potential investors participating in the execution of the port’s largest investment project.

di circa 5-8 terminal, dotati di magazzini e strutture di stoccaggio con accesso a moderne infrastrutture terrestri, fornendo piena capacità di traffico verso l’interno e l’esterno. La costruzione avverrà in 4 fasi: analisi, ideazione, documentazione e implementazione. Nel 2015 è iniziata la prima fase, quella di analisi, mentre i lavori di implementazione e la costruzione dei singoli moduli inizieranno dopo il 2020. È inoltre possibile che i terminal merci e l’attività del cantiere navale attualmente situati nel Porto Interno vengano successivamente spostati nella nuova parte del porto in acque profonde, che offrirà maggiori possibilità operative alle aziende. 179

6. THE COMPARISON

6.1 PORT CITIES IN NORTHERN EUROPE: MAKING THE PORT AND ITS SPACES A STARTING POINT FOR NEW URBAN PLANNING // CITTA’ PORTUALI NEL NORD EUROPA: FARE DEL PORTO E DEI SUOI SPAZI UN PUNTO DI PARTENZA PER LA NUOVA PIANIFICAZIONE URBANISTICA Starting in the 1970s, first in the United States, then in the rest of the world and in Europe, many cities have faced waterfront redevelopment processes at different scales, from large metropolises to medium-small cities. Some of these experiences have been particularly effective in restore the image of the city, in improving the quality of life of citizens, to become reference models for subsequent interventions, suitably adapted to the conditions of the context. Among these, the city of Copenhagen is one of the most important projects of recent years. It is an integrated strategy of regeneration of spaces along the waterfront, divided into several sectors due to its scale. The city port remained active until the 1980s when many industries closed down. From that moment an important project of transformation of the area was started thanks to numerous investments that gave life to a residential and office complex interspersed with numerous public spaces along the port. The location on the edge of the historic centre and the functional mix have made this portion of the riverfront an incredibly attractive area for the city. The projects carried out are numerous, built in various periods and spread along many kilometres of shore. The first intervention was carried out in 1983 thanks to the participation of citizens who proposed the construction of a park on a free area to prevent its construction; from that moment the municipality of Copenhagen adopted measures to improve the water quality of the port and to build several projects including three Harbor Baths in 2002, 2003, 2013. The main actors involved were the municipality of Copenhagen and the port authority that originally owned the land. The projects were developed A partire dagli anni ’70, molte città hanno affrontato processi di riqualificazione del lungofiume a diverse scale. Alcune di queste esperienze sono risultate particolarmente efficaci nel rilanciare l’immagine della città e nel migliorare la qualità della vita dei cittadini, tanto da diventare dei modelli di riferimento per interventi successivi. Tra questi, Copenhagen costituisce uno tra i più importanti esempi degli ultimi anni. Dagli anni ‘80 è stato avviato un progetto di trasformazione dell’area grazie a numerosi investimenti che hanno dato vita a un complesso residenziale e per uffici inframezzato da numerosi spazi pubblici lungo il porto. I principali attori 186

THE COMPARISON

187

by the municipality together with studies of architecture and landscape architecture. Although there is a clear spatial and functional link between the various projects, these remain independent, maintaining their own identity. On the other hand, Rotterdam is a case in which the redevelopment of port functions and structures can go hand in hand with the revitalization of the urban centre. This is an example of how the recovery of waterfront areas can redefine the relationship between the urban fabric and the waterfront and the inclusion of new functions and services can guarantee the usability of the areas. Its location on the estuary of the river Rhin has allowed the city to become one of the main ports in the world. In this case, it is difficult to distinguish the port from the city, this is because an optimal agreement has been reached between the needs of economic development and those related to urban spaces and environmental aspects. It was an “innovative” planning process based on the coordination of policies, on participatory procedures in decision-making processes and on cooperation between different bodies and subjects. The Municipal Port Authority has drafted a project for Port 2010 setting development priorities and providing concrete indications and proposals starting from a predictive framework. The project in the Kop van Zuid area was funded by the Dutch government and provides for the construction of connections between urban areas along the river, the strengthening of the centrality of the watercourse with respect to the urban fabric and the construction of new neighbourhoods. The recovery of an area of 202 hectares with offices, housing units, commercial areas, recreational areas and didactic-training spaces has made it possible to transform a particularly degraded area into a neighbourhood capable of attracting businesses, residents and tourists in just a few years. The port area redevelopment program has become an integrated urban scale project, strategic for the city and its inhabitants, pursued with particular attention to public interests and social objectives. Among the most important projects, the city of Hamburg has particular coinvolti sono stati il comune di Copenhagen e l’autorità portuale originariamente proprietaria del suolo. Nonostante ci sia un chiaro collegamento spaziale e funzionale tra i diversi progetti, questi rimangono comunque indipendenti, mantenendo una propria identità. D’altra parte, Rotterdam costituisce un caso in cui la riqualificazione delle funzioni e delle strutture portuali può procedere di pari passo con la rivitalizzazione del centro urbano. Il progetto nell’area Kop van Zuid è stato finanziato dal governo olandese e prevede la realizzazione di collegamenti tra gli ambiti urbani lungo il fiume, il rafforzamento della centralità del corso d’acqua rispet188

THE COMPARISON

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relevance, the richest German metropolitan area. The city was completely rebuilt following the fire of 1842 and the bombings of the Second World War, meeting the needs of the port and withdrawing the residential areas inland. Following numerous demolitions and reconstructions during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the port was definitively moved towards the south bank of the Elbe, abandoning the older areas close to the city. After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany, the city had numerous international funds and began a process of redevelopment of the river bank to rejoin the city with water. The first intervention carried out is the one between the Fischmarket and the Museumshafen and takes the name of Perlenkette (pearl necklace). It is a neighbourhood of residential and office buildings connected by a walk along the river. From the early 1990s, a process of acquisition of the port areas by the city and the elaboration of the “Vision HafenCity” project for urban expansion began. In 2004 we moved to the operational phase led by the new urban development company HafenCity Hamburg GmbH (HHG). The planned actions are aimed at weaving continuity between Hamburg and HafenCity and between it and the southern suburbs. The main feature of the masterplan is to be neutral from a formal point of view, an aspect that proved to be advantageous due to the flexibility offered to subsequent adjustments. The plan envisages a mixed set of social, residential, cultural and economic functions; attention to the problems of high water and tides; the application of principles of environmental sustainability and energy management. The proximity between Hamburg and HafenCity is strengthened through roads, walks and pedestrian bridges suspended over the water. The time horizon initially envisaged the completion of works in 2020 but this date has already been postponed for 5-7 years. The main loans come from banks, insurance companies and investment funds. The goal is not to maximize profits but to achieve profitability that allows financing the new port in the Altenwerder area. This is why HafenCity must be synonymous with “high quality”. The selected mix of excellent factors (internationally to al tessuto urbano e la realizzazione di nuovi quartieri in grado di attrarre in pochi anni imprese, residenti e turisti. Tra i progetti principali, particolare rilevanza ha quello della città di Amburgo. Nel corso del XIX e XX secolo, il porto è stato definitivamente spostato verso la sponda sud del fiume Elba. Dalla fine degli anni ‘80 la città ha avuto a disposizione numerosi finanziamenti e fondi di investimento internazionali iniziando un processo di riqualificazione della sponda fluviale per ricongiungere la città all’acqua attraverso il progetto “Vision HafenCity”. Nel 2004 è iniziata la fase operativa guidata dalla nuova società di sviluppo urbano HafenCity Ham190

THE COMPARISON

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renowned authors, design aesthetics, valuable functions) has allowed us to sell the lots at high prices. If on the one hand the product is guaranteed, by the other it ends up being accessible only to a narrow range of users. It follows, and this is one of the recurring critical themes, that it is considered an “exclusive centrality”. Furthermore, the spaces of the docks are attractive but oversized and the parking spaces built in the basements separate the residences from the ground weakening life and social communication. Some issues are still pending. Among these, whether it is admissible or not that a public company behaves in the same way as a private investment company that, aiming at profits, produces an exclusive urban environment, reserved for a specific social and economic target of investors and buyers. Despite the great efforts undertaken, HafenCity has not yet managed to remove the label of urban real estate investment and establish itself as a vital part of the city. Beyond the criticisms, what emerges at HafenCity is the validity of a method intended to ensure the transparency of the choices, the information and the participation of anyone who requests it. Not only in the course of work but also when fully operational. And this also applies to aspects of financial management. The last case is that of Amsterdam, a city founded on water and around a dam that separated the Amstel river from the IJ river. In the seventeenth century, it was the most important commercial and maritime centre in the world. Over the past 40 years, most port functions have approached the sea to handle container ships, while large financial institutions have moved to the southern axis of the city due to lack of space and poor accessibility. Its main areas are now converted and rehabilitated, while others completely new are built on artificial islands. The southern and northern waterfront system of the city, with old piers and docks, is becoming an attractive residential and mixed-use neighbourhood with shopping and cultural centres, new means of transport, parks and promenades, most of which mix contemporary design with the historical maritime character. The discussion on the redevelopment of the Eastern Docklands and the burg GmbH. La caratteristica principale del masterplan è quella di essere neutro dal punto di vista formale e per questo molto flessibile per i successivi adeguamenti. I principali finanziamenti provengono da banche, assicurazioni e fondi di investimento. L’obiettivo non è la massimizzazione dei profitti ma il raggiungimento di una redditività che permetta di finanziare il nuovo porto nell’area di Altenwerder. Per questo Hafencity deve essere sinonimo di “alta qualità”e il mix selezionato di fattori di eccellenza ha consentito di vendere i lotti a prezzi elevati. Ne consegue, e questo è uno dei temi critici ricorrenti, che, almeno per adesso, HafenCity vie192

THE COMPARISON

193

rest of the IJ’s southern waterfront began in the early 1980s. The aim is to create a valid alternative to the urban centre, where living spaces are increasingly scarce, through the revitalization of the degraded area and the construction of a new neighbourhood with public spaces and services, characterized by a high-quality level of architecture, technology and environment. After years of negotiations between the municipality, developers and community groups, in 1984 the design competition won by Rem Koolhaas was announced. However, the subsequent controversy over the size and costs of the plan, the collapse of the office market at the end of the 1980s and the growing discontent among the main civil and community groups of the city led in 1994 to the dismantling of the partnership that was supposed to carry out the project. The city has, therefore, changed its approach and approved a strategic memorandum entitled “Anchors of the IJ” in 1995. This plan proposed to build on the existing island with a gradual development starting from the outer edges and proceeding towards the Central Station area. This pragmatic and organic approach has focused the city’s efforts and resources on general plans for smaller and more manageable areas. The development program has moved towards housing with public buildings and squares (anchors) in strategic positions within a framework of greater infrastructure investments. Urban planning and development programs were determined by the potential of the site and the strong contribution of the community and have been modified over time based on experience, new ideas and changing market conditions. The case of Amsterdam underlines the fact that strategy, planning tools, leadership and partners are interdependent and instrumental for redevelopment for the benefit of the community in general. Looking at the city of Gdansk, today a redevelopment process comparable to the examples mentioned has not been started, but the municipality and some private investment companies have started the realization of the first phase of intervention in the areas of currently neglected shipyards. ne considerata una “centralità esclusiva”. L’ultimo caso è quello di Amsterdam. Negli ultimi 40 anni, la maggior parte delle funzioni portuali si è avvicinata al mare e le sue aree dismesse vengono ora convertite e riabilitate. Lo scopo è quello di creare una valida alternativa al centro urbano, dove gli spazi abitativi sono sempre più scarsi, attraverso la costruzione di un nuovo quartiere dotato di spazi e servizi pubblici, con un alto livello qualitativo dal punto di vista architettonico, tecnologico e ambientale. Guardando alla città di Danzica, ancora oggi non è stato avviato un processo di riqualificazione paragonabile agli esempi sopra citati, ma la città e alcu194

THE COMPARISON

The port system is constantly expanding and the construction of a new deep-water peninsula is planned, which will lead to the closure of many of the terminals along the river banks. These spaces will constitute an incredibly favourable terrain for the expansion of the city within its already consolidated fabric and an opportunity to relaunch its image. For some years now, Gdansk has been carrying out numerous projects throughout its territory, both for the edification of lots left vacant by the war, and for the construction of new museums and public buildings, as well as infrastructural systems increasingly adapted to the management of the numerous flows of goods and people. Trying to make a comparison with the examples just analyzed, the city has good characteristics for the success of these and subsequent interventions thanks to the excellent ability to manage national and European funds, ever greater visibility especially at a national level and a constantly growing population. For the elaboration of a waterfront redevelopment plan it is useful for Gdansk to look at the cities that have been able to develop effective projects both for design and for management of decision-making and processes; however, it would be a mistake to copy from these “models” without taking into account the specific characteristics of the place in which they are located and the individual dynamics of the realization.

ne società di investimento private si sono attivate per la realizzazione di una prima fase di intervento nelle aree dei cantieri navali attualmente dismesse. Per lo sviluppo di un piano di riqualificazione del waterfront portuale, dismesso in seguito alla realizzazione del Porto Centrale, è utile per Danzica guardare alle città che sono state in grado di elaborare progetti efficaci sia per conformazione che per gestione dei processi decisionali e di sviluppo; sarebbe tuttavia un errore copiare da tali modelli senza tenere conto delle caratteristiche specifiche del luogo in cui essi si collocano e delle singole dinamiche della realizzazione. 195

6.2 THE REDEVELOPMENT PHENOMENON OF HARBOR AREAS IN CONTEMPORARY CITIES // IL FENOMENO DELLA RIQUALIFICAZIONE DELLE AREE PORTUALI NELLE CITTA’ CONTEMPORANEE Almost always the port was the element of mediation between the human settlement and the waterfront; the city merged with the port area integrating its activities. This condition of a single organism has been maintained for a long time, decreasing during the period of industrialization that has invested and transformed all urban activities, including those more specifically linked to the port sector. A contribution not secondary to the definitive break between the city and the port was given by the affirmation of the culture of the zoning and the consequent fragmentation into functionally specialized parts that increased the insecurity of these places isolating them ever more. Until the nineteenth century, port areas did not diversify much in terms of vitality from all other urban spaces; indeed, the role of entrance door that the maritime station carried out had the consequence that in the surrounding areas the maximum quota of exchanges was collected, not only of goods but, above all, of people and of different cultures. The port area, that for centuries has been the main transport terminal, having sold most of its users and related activities to the railway station, suburban buses and airports, sees its the vital ferment dissolve. The ports have become increasingly similar to those production areas deserted outside of working hours as they lack any activity or service to the citizens; they’re also very large open areas with disjointed volumes that discourage passage and stopping. The negativity of these spaces increases if we consider their position in a non-peripheral area but belonging to the traditional historical center and the fact that they turns into a barrier that prevents the inhabitants from Quasi sempre il porto ha costituito l’elemento di mediazione tra l’insediamento umano e il fronte d’acqua. Tale condizione di organismo unico si è mantenuta a lungo disgregandosi durante il periodo dell’industrializzazione che ha investito e trasformato tutte le attività urbane. Un contributo non secondario alla definitiva cesura tra la città e il porto è stato dato dall’affermarsi della cultura dello zoning e dalla conseguente frammentazione in parti specializzate funzionalmente che ha isolato sempre di più questi luoghi. Dal mutamento dei cicli di produzione è scaturita la domanda di vaste aree necessarie per le manovre a terra e per l’adegua196

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using the sea or the river. Among the first factors that contributed to the creation of the current scenario is mechanization, followed by changes in the processes of port activities. The transformation of the production cycles has resulted in the demand for large areas necessary for ground operations (loading, unloading, storage, processing, etc.) and for adapting the infrastructures to the new types and to the new dimensions of the boats. Once the space available in the urban waterfront is exhausted, freight ports are expanding over large external areas; in this way large “free” spaces are created near the town but with a remarkable cultural heritage. It is therefore necessary to expand the residential area towards a reappropriation of the waterfront, the reuse and recovery of neglected areas and buildings generally located near the heart of the city; it is also an opportunity for the local administration to improve the urban image and turn the inhabitants’ tendency to move towards the suburbs. The return to the waterfront is a trend already underway in many cities for some decades through a reorganization of the neglected port areas. Thanks to numerous projects carried out all over the world, their redevelopment has become synonym of a new image for the city, a reminder of greater investment and attraction to the population center. Numerous research centers were born in the world with the aim of keeping up to date on the latest developments on the subject; an example is the Waterfront Center in Washington DC, the International Centre City on Water in Venice and the Association Internationale Ville in Le Havre. The phenomenon of “returning to the waterfront” had its first manifestations in the United States, around 1970s and then spreading to Japan and Europe and, subsequently, to the rest of the world. The large port metropolises, but also many medium and small cities on water, have carried out interventions to restore the area. However, there is a tendency to consider the redevelopment of the waterfront as the solution to all the problems of a city in search of its own identity image or tourist attractiveness; however this has caused a “copy mento delle infrastrutture ai nuovi tipi di imbarcazioni. Una volta esaurito lo spazio a disposizione nel waterfront urbano, i porti merci si stanno espandendo su grandi aree esterne; si creano così grandi spazi “liberi” in prossimità del centro abitato ma dotati di un notevole patrimonio culturale. Si rende quindi necessario un ampliamento del nucleo abitativo verso una riappropriazione del fronte d’acqua e il recupero di aree ed edifici in disuso; si tratta inoltre di un’opportunità per l’amministrazione locale di migliorare l’immagine urbana e capovolgere la tendenza degli abitanti a spostarsi verso i sobborghi. Si pensa spesso che la riqualificazio198

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and paste” of the projects without taking into account the characteristics and needs of each context leading to poor results. As for the former industrial areas, the designers who will take care of the old dismantled port infrastructures should follow three fundamental guidelines: recomposition, regeneration and recovery. Recomposition means giving a new sense of unity to the different parts, both physical and functional. The first step in this direction is given by the reunification of the margins and the creation of a new character, able to provide a captivating image to future users. Regeneration is a second fundamental aspect since it concerns the revitalization of spaces inside the city, with a heritage that must be highlighted. Finally, with the term recovery, we mean the introduction of new activities within individual buildings or groups of them through heritage reconstruction or restoration operations. From this point of view, the waterfronts of the world have been, in these years, an experimental laboratory for the most diverse types of recovery. The often very ambitious goal is not only to recover spaces with a strategically convenient position, but also to define a new urban quality, offering higher housing standards and thus re-launch the image of the city on both a national and international level. In Europe cities like Liverpool, Le Havre, Hamburg, Valencia, Genoa, Naples and Barcelona are an example of these transformation processes. Analyzing the places where the best results were obtained, Rinio Bruttomesso in the book “Waterfront in post industrial cities” highlights a series of criteria whose observation should guide the work of the designers: 1. The plurality of functions included. In this way it is possible to strengthen the qualities of the surrounding area. 2. The multiple activities in the redeveloped areas. The functional mix with reference to the main urban sectors (economic-productive, residential, cultural and leisure, etc.) often represents the key to design success. A number of activities related to the original uses of the area such as fishing or navigation or water-related activities should be included. ne del waterfront sia la soluzione a tutti i problemi di una città in cerca di una propria immagine identitaria o di attrattività dal punto di vista turistico, tuttavia questo ha causato un “copia e incolla” dei progetti senza tenere conto delle caratteristiche e delle necessità di ciascun contesto e portando a scarsi risultati. L’obiettivo spesso molto ambizioso non è solo quello di recuperare spazi con una posizione strategicamente conveniente, ma anche quello di definire una nuova qualità urbana, offrire più elevati standard abitativi e rilanciare in questo modo l’immagine della città su un piano sia nazionale che internazionale. Analizzando i 200

THE COMPARISON

Furthermore, compatible production activities and the introduction of residential buildings ensure the vitality of the area all day long an avoid the creation of a neighborhood dedicated exclusively to an occasional flow of visitors. Finally, it is necessary to design mainly pedestrian paths linking macro areas. 3. The coexistence of public and private. This combination is fundamental both in terms of the functions included, the spaces and the actors that guarantee the management of the waterfront. Cities are in constant competition with each other to get as many capital and funding as possible, which is essential for the success of national, regional and local urban policy programs. Two crucial aspects within this competition are the environment and urban regeneration. Despite the many obstacles, waterfronts are incomparable opportunities for creating new spaces and new uses within the urban fabric. The central location, easy access by public transport, clear visibility and, finally, the presence of water make these spaces economically very attractive both for tourists and citizens, especially for those recreational and cultural activities that favor integration and sociality. So, despite the fact that the shift of the port industry towards deep water structures may initially seem an unfavorable factor in terms of attracting capital, it actually opens up an incomparable opportunity to create a new image of the city or the region. These places tell of a past of industrial production, of strong growth and expansion that gave little importance to pollution and exploitation of the land; but at the same time they speak of a future of opportunities for cities to reconnect with their river or sea side.

luoghi in cui sono stati ottenuti i migliori risultati, Rinio Bruttomesso nel libro “Waterfront in post industrial cities” evidenzia una serie di criteri la cui osservazione dovrebbe guidare il lavoro dei progettisti: la pluralità di funzioni inserite; le molteplici attività nelle zone riqualificate; la coesistenza di pubblico e privato. Le città sono in costante competizione tra loro per ottenere il maggior numero di capitali e finanziamenti possibili, essenziali per la riuscita dei programmi di politica urbana. Per questo, i waterfront costituiscono delle opportunità impareggiabili per la creazione di nuovi spazi e nuovi usi all’interno del tessuto cittadino. 201

7. CRITICAL ANALYSIS

7.1 CRITICAL AND POTENTIAL ISSUES EMERGED FROM THE GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF GDANSK // CRITICITA’ E POTENZIALITA’ EMERSE DALL’ANALISI GLOBALE SU DANZICA From the analysis carried out on the whole urban area and, in a second phase, more specifically on the center-port area, have been emerged some dynamics and relationships between urban structures of fundamental importance for understanding the scope of intervention and the consequent elaboration of the general strategy. We tried to identify the main problems and potentialities of the area to elaborate the redevelopment program. In conducting this analysis, the SWOT methodology was used to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and risks of the territory to start developing the aims of the intervention and the consequent strategic lines. STRENGTHS - Proximity to the waterfront. This is one of the main advantages since it allows many opportunities for interaction with the natural element that makes the area highly attractive for both tourists and citizens; - Strategic position in continuity with the historic center and the coastal system. The area can, therefore, be reached in a short time from the city’s main cultural and seaside attractions; - Reachability through public transport. The area is entirely flanked by the tram network with numerous stops and by one of the main city roads; as well as, partially, also from the railway line; - Strong historical-cultural identity. These are the places where strikes and protest movements of national and European importance erupted in the last decades of the 19th century; - Proximity to areas with a wide functional mix. Due to its extension, the Dall’analisi condotta complessivamente sia sull’intero ambito urbano e più specificatamente sulla fascia centro-porto, sono emerse alcune dinamiche in atto tra le strutture urbane risultanti di fondamentale importanza per la comprensione dell’ambito di intervento e la conseguente elaborazione della strategia generale. Si è cercato di individuare le principali problematiche e potenzialità della zona che hanno successivamentepermesso di sviluppare il programma di riqualificazione. Nella conduzione di tale analisi ci si è avvalsi della metodologia SWOT con lo scopo di definire forze, debolezze, opportunità e rischi dell’area oggetto di studio. 206

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strip joins several urban areas including, in addition to the historic center, also an industrial area with the new stadium and residential quarters; - Proximity to buildings of cultural interest. The two main city’s museums, the Solidarity Center and the Museum of the Second World War, as well as the Fort Carrè near the mouth of the river, allow a constant flow of people in its immediate vicinity; - Presence of landmarks. The numerous port cranes, present throughout the territory of interest, constitute a strongly identifying element making it clearly visible even from great distances. WEAKNESSES - Insulation and impenetrability. Many access roads are for the exclusive use of company employees and shipyards, making difficult the inner practicability; - Strongly privatized system. The entire area has a reduced number of public spaces that can be crossed and no services for citizens; - Discontinuity of the waterfront. The existing cycle-pedestrian path along the waterfront is interrupted once the port system areas have been reached and then resumed along the internal roads and to a small extent near the mouth; - Failure to enhance existing cultural heritage. There are some buildings of historical interest including the former Maritime Post Office today abandoned or under-used; - Proximity to areas with possible emission of harmful substances. The lands, used for years as a base for maneuvering goods, storage and, in some cases, production is also polluted. Besides, there are port terminals and industries that will continue their activity; - Perception of the area exclusively as a place of passage. The numerous physical and visual barriers, as well as the transport infrastructure, discourage the passerby from entering or stopping.

STRENGHTS - La prossimità al fronte d’acqua; - Posizione strategica in continuità con il centro storico e il sistema costiero; - Raggiungibilità attraverso mezzi pubblici; - Forte identità storico-culturale; - Vicinanza ad aree con un ampio mix funzionale; - Prossimità ad edifici di interesse culturale; - Presenza di landmarks. WEAKNESSES - Isolamento e impenetrabilità; 208

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OPPORTUNITIES - Presence of large empty surfaces. The terminals have large open spaces for the movement of machinery and storage of goods; - Possibility of both public and private investments. The cooperation between the various investors contrasts the risk of excessive building speculation, a more certain realization of individual interventions and the inclusion of a wide functional mix; - Use of the river system for urban transport. Currently, it is a seasonal service while it could be a rapid and effective transport system at any time of the year; - Counteract urban sprawl. Unused land and sheds can be an opportunity for the densification of the internal fabric, counteracting the increasingly rapid construction of the surrounding countryside; - Generation of new spaces for the city. The presence of water and wide-open spaces, in addition to easily reconverted buildings, generate the ideal characteristics for the inclusion of recreational, entertainment and cultural functions. The size of the territory can accommodate functions requiring large surfaces such as sports halls or university facilities; - Enrichment of the urban green areas. The city has an already strong component of green surfaces such as parks, urban vegetable gardens, reserves or privates. This network can be further implemented by penetrating the surfaces of the former infrastructure; - New connections between the historic center and the coastal system. The network of cycle and pedestrian routes in the city can be further implemented along the Martwa Wisla bank, providing a smoother and, at the same time, safer route away from large transport infrastructures; - Increase in the quality of life of citizens. Through the generation of new quality spaces for the population, related to the surrounding neighborhoods and the waterfront.

- Sistema fortemente privatizzato; - Discontinuità del waterfront; - Mancata valorizzazione del patrimonio culturale; - Prossimità ad aree con possibile emissione di sostanze nocive; - Percezione dell’area esclusivamente come luogo di passaggio; OPPORTUNITIES - Presenza di ampie superfici vuote; - Possibilità di investimenti sia pubblici che privati; - Utilizzo del sistema fluviale per il trasporto urbano; 210

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THREATS - Incompatibility of the new project with the surrounding production environment. The port authority carries out an annual test to guarantee the admissible pollution level of both water and air, however the production and commercial system on the east bank of the river and on the island of Olowianka will continue its activity; - Loss of identity of the place. The strategy of redevelopment and regeneration of areas and buildings may not take sufficient account of the industrial past of the area which gives it a strongly identifying character; - Generation of excessive building speculation. It would be the consequence of an unsuccessful private-public partnership that is not sufficiently balanced between the parties.

- Contrastare la diffusione urbana; - Generazione di nuovi spazi per la città; - Arricchimento della superficie verde urbana; - Nuove connessioni tra il centro storico e il sistema costiero; - Incremento della qualità di vita dei cittadini. THREATS - Incompatibilità del nuovo progetto con l’ambiente produttivo circostante; - Perdita di identità del luogo. - Generazione di eccessiva speculazione edilizia. 211

7.2 THE CASE OF INFORMAL APPROPRIATION // IL CASO DELL’APPROPRIAZIONE INFORMALE

When one thinks of the city system, the recurrent model is still the modernist one, that of a rational organism, defined in its parts, a place where the new manifests mostly an attitude to abstraction, to a visible order where the involvement of its inhabitants is closely linked to technological virtuosities, to the surprising and unexpected. However, there is another city, a city that escapes predefined models because it responds to the intrinsic needs of the individuals who inhabit it, too complex logics that are the expression of local requirements and structures rather than economic expectations; a city that grows in parallel with the structured one, against which the planning and recovery tools can only observe, understand and to which design will have to account. The outcomes of these informal settlements only apparently appear similar, in reality, even if they all meet a primary need, that is to give shape to a liveable city, they reflect different specificities that respond to the different social structures and the different cultural heritage; Common expressions, unknowingly shared, are the extreme articulation and richness in giving substance to a primary need, anything but elementary, like that of living and the desire to give form and expression to one’s individuality, to one’s sense of belonging to the city. “If by definition, formal systems are a set of explicit rules developed to regulate social life and to predict developments, informality is a leveling system that contemplates the introduction of chaos in the order, an adaptive attitude that accepts the lack of foresight, surprise and chance as inevitable and important elements of life” Axel Capriles. The informal is a Quando si pensa alla città, il modello ricorrente è ancora quello modernista ovvero di un organismo razionale, definito nelle sue parti. Tuttavia, c’è una città che sfugge a modelli predefiniti perché risponde alle necessità intrinseche degli individui che la abitano, a logiche complesse che sono espressione di strutture locali e retaggi culturali. L’architettura come azione sociale ha il dovere di dare alle persone un ambiente con funzioni e forme adeguate e utilizzare il più possibile una strategia collaborativa con gli abitanti stessi. È interessante evidenziare come l’appropriazione informale dei luoghi possa innescare nuovi processi di pianificazione e pro212

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type of language that communicates the role of each inhabitant in the community: decoding this language is complex because it is born of a social structure founded on equilibria; balances that the “new planning” should respect, rather than cancel. Architecture as a social action has to give people a space that they can feel proud of, with functions and forms that can correspond to them and developing, as much as possible, a collaborative strategy with the inhabitants themselves. Design and planning methods are increasingly looking at the multiple and unprecedented processes and phenomena that are manifesting in the contemporary city. The current tendency of the city is to project itself with ever greater intensity towards a less formal and more flexible spatial order, favoring the passage from a strategic method towards a “tactical” approach. According to this organic view, urban complexity is analyzed as the relationship between spatial form and social, economic and cultural processes. It is interesting to highlight how the informal appropriation of places can trigger new planning and design processes through alternative ways of framing the topic, no longer considering them as marginal, unsuitable, missing but rather as concepts of hybrid, simultaneous and coexistent. In this sense, the formal and informal order can both be considered as legitimate and simultaneous ways of “doing the city”. In the specific case of the city of Gdansk, the theme of the informal is evident in the sense of informal appropriation of places, in particular of the places located on the banks of the Martwa Wisla river which, except for the historical center of the city, is difficult to reach. The very large surface of the port does not allow citizens to be able to take advantage of the river banks as a continuous, functional and connective system, but rather feeds a sense of impenetrability and marginality. Marginality that citizens pass in their free time, with family and friends, getting closer to the river course, its green spaces, the places of historical memory present here and the natural parks that today are incorporated in the private port area. It is common to find citizens like old and young people attending these places gettazione attraverso modi alternativi di inquadrare la tematica: ciò che veniva considerato marginale, inadatto, mancante è ora concetto di ibrido, simultaneo e coesistente. Nel caso di Danzica, il tema è chiaramente evidente nei luoghi del lungofiume che, ad esclusione del centro storico, risultano difficilmente praticabili in quanto la superficie privata del porto non permette ai cittadini di poter usufruire del corso fluviale come sistema connettivo e funzionale, ma piuttosto alimenta un senso di impenetrabilità e alienazione. Eppure, l’uomo ha da sempre sviluppato una necessità di appropriazione degli spazi urbani che per lo più possono racchiude214

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at the same time: those who fish, those who jog, those who walk the dog. In most cases, these places would not even lend themselves to welcoming guests because of the shortage of services or even for lack of a mobility system sufficient to reach such places. In spite of that, man has always developed a need for an appropriation of spaces, which for the most part are considered marginal compared to the rest of the urban context, but it can encompass a vast potential if placed at the service of those who live in the city. In the case of spaces close to the Martwa Wisla, the potential is very high because on its shores is possible to find historical-monumental elements, industrial settlements now abandoned of important historical value as well as the fact that the watercourse describes a junction line between the coast and the city. As a matter of fact from the coast that going down the river, you can notice many cases of informal appropriation, not only respect to a “passing” use of some spaces but also to a sense of appropriation that is reflected in social and cultural initiatives that they are carried out in these places. In particular, in the old shipyards linked to the birth of the Solidarnosc movement, history and memory are a source of inspiration for the citizens of Gdansk. This is why there are countless initiatives by artists and associations that in these spaces give rise to musical and entertainment shows, artistic installations and open-air museums. Therefore, in this case, we could say that the informal appropriation of places reveals the natural potential that is intrinsically present and that conscious planning cannot ignore.

re una vasta potenzialità se messi a servizio di chi vive la città. Potenziale che ritroviamo sul lungofiume nei monumenti e negli insediamenti industriali dismessi dal valore storico oltre al fatto che il corso d’acqua descrive una linea di congiunzione tra la costa e la città. In questi spazi il senso di appropriazione è ben visibile anche grazie a iniziative sociali che danno luogo a spettacoli, installazioni artistiche e musei a cielo aperto. Pertanto, in questo caso si potrebbe dire che l’appropriazione informale dei luoghi svela il potenziale naturale che è intrinsecamente presente e che una progettazione-pianificazione consapevole non può non considerare. 216

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8. THE CITY OF TOMORROW

8.1 FEATURES OF THE FUTURE METROPOLIS // LE CARATTERISTICHE DELLA METROPOLI DEL FUTURO

Urban space is in a phase of expansion throughout the world. According to some statistics, the urban population is growing at a rate of 250,000 inhabitants a day, the equivalent of a new London per month. 2008 marked a decisive turning point, with more than half of humanity residing in urban areas. More than ever, cities are real urban magnets. The Sensable City Lab17 laboratories have crossed the data related to telecommunications and meetings by discovering the individuals who communicate in digital form are interested also to meet each other physically. People seek contact with other people, they want to be at the center of events: they want to live in the city. The new sphere of digitally integrated urban space sometimes takes the name of Smart City: a city where technology pervades every dimension of urban space, transforming it almost into a living computer. The smart city in urban planning and architecture is a set of planning strategies aimed at optimizing and innovating public services so as to relate the physical infrastructures of the cities “with the human, intellectual and social capital of those who live there” thanks to the widespread use of new communication technologies, mobility, the environment and energy efficiency, in order to improve the quality of life and satisfy the needs of citizens, businesses and institutions. How not to mention the French architect Le Corbusier who caught the spirit of his time in the ironic concept of the city as “living machines”. 17 Sensable City Lab is a research initiative at the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology “MIT”.

Lo spazio urbano è in a fase di espansione in tutto il mondo. Secondo alcune statistiche la popolazione urbana cresce al ritmo di 250.000 abitanti al giorno. I ricercatori di Sensable City Lab hanno incrociato i dati relativi alle telecomunicazioni e agli incontri scoprendo che gli individui che comunicano in forma digitale tendono anche ad incontrarsi fisicamente. Le persone desiderano il contatto, vogliono stare in un bel posto, vogliono essere al centro degli avvenimenti: vogliono vivere in città. La nuova sfera di spazio urbano digitalmente integrato prende a volte il nome di Smart City: città in cui la tecnologia pervade ogni dimensione dello 222

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Cities are now fundamentally very different spaces, in which digital systems have a very real impact on the way we experiment, navigate, visit, move and socialize. Briefly, Smart cities today are characterized by the advent of widespread information technology, which allows connections, interactions and communications in real-time. Parallel to the development of new technologies of digital networks on the urban scale, that is, to the improved vision of cities thanks to technology, we have a vision of the city improved by initiatives from citizens. Social platforms connect individuals and allow the birth of communities around different ideas and causes, both positive and negative. Public space is also increasingly influenced by digital innovation that is revolutionizing the role, perception and social dimension of public space, improving its use and accessibility: devices that are always active connect human beings to other human beings, to places physical and dynamic processes. From the quantification of the individual, we pass to the quantification of the city. Understanding these urban dynamics allows people to better inhabit the city or make it more enjoyable: we are in the era of the Cyborg Society. The consequences of this interdependence have not yet been sufficiently deepened, but the phenomenon, accompanied by rapid developments and increasing application possibilities, represents a challenge for IT experts, urban designers and sociologists. Important in this perspective are the open spaces that have, or could have, an added value to allow the sharing of experiences, contributing to the public dimension of the city and to social inclusion. “Their conceptualization as places of democracy is associated with the idea of the common good”: the network of spaces that belongs to the community and is freely accessible to all” (Smaniotto, 2014). Here people can meet and interact, with others and with different urban contexts. Public spaces can embody multiple meanings. As for meeting places, they allow the exchange between different social groups, regardless of class, race, ethnicity, gender and origin. spazio urbano, trasformandolo quasi in un computer dell’abitare. La “città intelligente” in architettura è un insieme di strategie di pianificazione tese all’ottimizzazione e all’innovazione dei servizi pubblici così da mettere in relazione le infrastrutture delle città «con il capitale umano, intellettuale e sociale di chi le abita» grazie all’impiego delle nuove tecnologie di comunicazione, mobilità, ambiente ed efficienza energetica. Anche lo spazio pubblico è sempre più influenzato dall’innovazione digitale che sta rivoluzionando il ruolo, la percezione e la dimensione sociale dello spazio, migliorandone la fruizione e l’accessibilità. Dalla quantifica224

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They are contexts in which to express cultural diversity, relax or move, see and be seen, or simply remain anonymous (Thompson, 2002). Social interactions are important for the definition of a sense of place, to contribute to the physical, cultural, and spiritual well-being of individuals, for personal development and learning, and for tolerance. In these places both formal and informal relationships are manifested. To be “open to all” (Thompson, 2007; 2002), they must be characterized as neutral territories and be inclusive and pluralistic, accepting and accepting differences. This also concerns their use for public purposes, such as hosting celebrations or welcoming group events. Cities are a resource, a tool and a design problem for architects of the urban landscape who are facing large-scale urban design challenges and take the lead in developing ideas and strategies to address these entrenched and complex situations. At the same time, cities will have to adapt to the space in which they will be born or expand, considering that the planet in which they find life has been severely damaged by humans in the 20th century. The cities themselves will have to procure their needs by working synergistically with the territory in which they are located and no longer through uncontrolled exploitation of lands and resources of which the planet has now dried up. We need to find an answer to the growth of the world population that will continue to need an increasing number of resources such as food, water, work, housing, and find design solutions that can respond to climate change by limiting the damage on infrastructure, cities and man. For years we have been working on the issue of “efficiency” in environmental terms in every type of field, including agriculture, industry and obviously architectural design as a solution to the problems mentioned above. Considering that by 2050 the world population should reach 9.8 billion and that almost 70% of this booming population - 6.7 billion people should live in urban areas, how we should today design a city of the future, educated by the lessons of the past and anticipating the next challenges?

zione dell’individuo si passa alla quantificazione della città. Comprendere queste dinamiche urbane consente alle persone di abitare meglio la città o renderla più godibile: siamo nell’era della Cyborg society. Parallelamente, le città dovranno adattarsi allo spazio in cui si evolveranno considerando che il pianeta in cui trovano linfa vitale è stato fortemente danneggiato dall’uomo del XX secolo. Saranno le città stesse a doversi procurare il loro fabbisogno lavorando sinergicamente con il territorio in cui si collocano e non più attraverso uno sfruttamento incontrollato delle risorse di cui ormai il pianeta è stato prosciugato. Bisogna trovare una ri225

The architecture and urban planning firm SOM18 has developed an illustrative project of how the city of the future might appear, what elements will characterize it and what kind of themes it will have to face in order to be truly avant-garde and solve incumbent and disastrous problems such as energy waste, waste system, water and air pollution, traffic, climate change, degradation and so on. Their vision is divided into five scales, from the surrounding ecosystems to the interiors of buildings, and follows 10 key principles: ECOLOGY, WATER, ENERGY, LIVABILITY, WASTE, FOOD, MOBILITY, CULTURE, INFRASTRUCTURE, ECONOMY. ECOLOGY_ The future city is designed around natural features and forces, protecting the habitat of wildlife and natural resources. Based on a unified vision for the region, the city is compact and dense to limit the impact on the ecosystem. WATER_ The protection of mountain water systems and the rigorous collection and cleaning of rainwater improve water quality. Restoring wetlands and sponge-city measures revive habitats and protect against flooding and rising sea levels. ENERGY_ In the city of the future, energy is 100% renewable. Enough power is produced in or near the city to be self-sufficient. The buildings in the area share energy resources, generating as much energy as they consume. WASTE_ Waste becomes a resource for producing energy or alternative material. Landfills and abandoned industrial areas are gradually converted into other purposes after soil reclamation. Wastewater is treated for irrigation or human consumption. FOOD_ Sustainability practices are mandatory throughout the life cycle of a product, from food production to delivery and disposal. Global standards are established for organic farming and animal treatment; most of the products are locally sourced. MOBILITY_ Traveling in the city of the future is more convenient, safe and convenient thanks to automated technology and high-speed rail. A smaller 18 SOM: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architectural and urban planning firm

sposta alla crescita demohgrafica mondiale che continuerà ad avere bisogno di un numero sempre maggiore di risorse come cibo, acqua, lavoro, abitazioni, e trovare soluzioni progettuali che possano rispondere ai cambiamenti climatici limitandone i danni sulle infrastrutture, sulle città e sull’uomo. Da anni si lavora sul tema dell’“efficienza” in termini ambientali in ogni tipo di ambito tra cui agricoltura, industria e ovviamente la progettazione architettonica, come soluzione ai problemi prima citati. Considerato che entro il 2050 la popolazione mondiale dovrebbe raggiungere i 9,8 mrd, come dovremmo progettare oggi la città di domani? 226

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number of personal cars are on the road and more pedestrian space is available. CULTURE_ In the densely populated and diverse city of the future, historical heritage is preserved and celebrated. Recreation, art and entertainment can be shared globally through virtual and augmented reality VIVIBILITY_ The city of the future is designed for accessibility and security while more people populate urban areas. Residents have a healthier life with more simplified access to nature, services and automated technology. INFRASTRUCTURE_ Buildings are built more efficiently and include technologies that can improve the quality of natural resources such as water, soil and air. The infrastructure is designed for pedestrian access with limited roads for cars ECONOMY_ The economy of the future city must work in tandem with policies that safeguard ecological sustainability. People adapt to more flexible working hours as artificial intelligence and automation become more widespread. In conclusion, it is possible to observe how technology can be applied in every fundamental field of the city of the future, not only in the most social but also the physical dimension of the city. It will be strongly increased in fields such as economics, work and cultural diffusion, the efficiency of infrastructure and production systems; will encourage the use of public mobility, produce resources in a controlled and efficient manner, help to produce clean energy and increasingly flexible, adaptable and energy-zero buildings: “the future Smart city”.

Lo studio di architettura e urbanistica SOM ha elaborato un progetto esemplificativo di come la città del futuro potrebbe figurarsi, quali elementi la caratterizzeranno e che tipo di temi dovrà affrontare per essere veramente all’avanguardia e risolvere problemi oggi incombenti e disastrosi come lo spreco energetico, il sistema dei rifiuti, l’inquinamento di acqua e aria, il traffico, il cambiamento climatico, il degrado e così via. La loro visione è articolata in cinque scale, dagli ecosistemi circostanti agli interni degli edifici, e segue 10 principi chiave: ecologia, acqua, energia, vivibilità, scarti , cibo, mobilità, cultura, infrastruttura, economia. 227

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8.2 URBAN REDEVELOPMENT: REGENERATION AND RECYCLING AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE // RIQUALIFICAZIONE URBANA: RIGENERAZIONE E RICICLO COME RISPOSTA AMBIENTALE The contemporary territory is increasingly fragile and its balances are increasingly threatened by the lack of attention to the values of the environment and the ecosystem due to the compatibility functions that their treatment requires; a fragility that translates into risk by constantly putting the conditions of its habitability in crisis. The territory is like an organism with its pathologies and its metabolism. The idea that the territory is endowed with a metabolism or rather, a complex of synthesis and degradation reactions that take place in every living organism and that determine its growth, renewal, and maintenance substantiates a new sensibility for the environment and its ecologies. A sensitivity that finds more and more consensus in policies and projects of transformation of the territory through redevelopment, regeneration and recycling. From this value dynamic and entrepreneurial initiatives, different types of urban metabolism take shape, alternative and incremental, socially inclusive and economically innovative. In the most advanced European and national practices, the theme of urban regeneration is at the center of the governance perspectives of urban transformation processes and increasingly identifies a strength added value due to the increase in environmental quality, in which the components of resilience and urban metabolism are opposed to the logic of soil consumption. Faced with the problems deriving from social and market changes, urban regeneration represents a practice for the development of strategies aimed at overcoming some critical aspects of the contemporary city, in order to generate lasting progress. Il territorio contemporaneo è sempre più fragile e i suoi equilibri risultano sempre più spesso minacciati dalla scarsa attenzione per i valori dell’ambiente e per le necessarie forme di compatibilità che richiede; una fragilità che si traduce in rischio ponendo costantemente in crisi le condizioni della sua abitabilità. Il territorio è come un organismo con le sue patologie e il suo metabolismo. Questa idea sostanzia una nuova sensibilità per l’ambiente e per le sue ecologie che trova sempre più consenso in politiche e progetti di riqualificazione, rigenerazione e riciclo. Da questa dinamica valoriale e dalle iniziative imprenditoriali prendono forma diversi 230

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Urban regeneration refers to planning and design processes that address socio-economic components, which make use of communication and participation, which provide for local development concerning the effective use of resources and strategic planning objectives for verifying the effectiveness of the results achieved. Urban regeneration defines a complex relational system that involves financial, human, and environmental resources as well as material and energy, in addition to their rational and efficient use, according to multidisciplinary and multi-scalar correlations. Some of the most relevant examples of urban innovation in Europe are London and Barcelona: in the Anglo-Saxon world the ability to involve different actors of urban regeneration, investors, experts, local administrators, inhabitants has been the winning key because with the involvement of the critical mass is reached which produces the new, suggests solutions, implements them correctly and collegially; the Barcelona action, on the other hand, has shaped a regeneration strategy inspired to balance services, reduce the need for mobility, think about neighborhoods and residential blocks, use the concept of “sufficiency” to guide the new services and urban spaces. Urban metabolism involves open and built spaces, stimulating new life cycles of resources and forms of management anchored to discrete territorial dimensions that can also be controlled by local communities. Urban metabolism has always produced waste elements, called “dross” and “waste”, but more generally environmental criticalities. Today it is necessary that the “drosscity” be exploited through a reconversion, because an environmental and also settlement solution is increasingly urgent and bearing in mind that it is no longer possible to waste new soils, the best answer to these problems is urban recycling. T he theme of urban recycling is now consolidated in the design culture of “zero waste”; it’s the response to the wound that man has generated on the planet and now wants to remedy by trying to reconstruct an aesthetic sense of the landscape but above all a “beautiful” landscape in which to live. The desire to create new landscapes through the recovery, recycling tipi di metabolismo urbano, alternativo e incrementale, socialmente inclusivo ed economicamente innovativo. Il tema della rigenerazione urbana è al centro delle prospettive di governance dei processi di trasformazione urbana e individua sempre più un punto di forza nel valore aggiunto dovuto all’incremento della qualità ambientale, in cui le componenti della resilienza e del metabolismo urbano si contrappongono alle logiche di consumo del suolo. Il metabolismo urbano ha da sempre prodotto elementi di scarto, chiamati “dross” e “waste”, ma più complessivamente “criticità ambientali”. Oggi è necessario che le “drosscity” vengano sfrut232

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and regeneration of places is combined with the need to bring social, economic and environmental interests back into balance. The implementation of a sustainable redevelopment process as an investment for the future that generates added value. In the redevelopment process, however, every trace of the past should not be erased, but rather examples of architecture and landscapes should be preserved as evidence of the advantages and disadvantages of historical interventions as well as the identity value they confer on the territory itself. A “recycling” implies policies and strategies aimed at recovering the values and social functions of urban places. Another possible choice can also be “non-intervention”, which is, however, a way of intervening: the conservative choice is indeed an artificial action against the spontaneous becoming of nature. What should be hoped is that an ethics of responsible transformation be adopted in which fundamental social values are clearly defined and protected: defense of the territory, of its species, protection of the identity function and egalitarian enjoyment of the product intervention. Therefore, recycling architecture does not only mean acting on the dead body of the city but contemplating revisions of urban parts that are still active and that however require greater complexity to truly be parts of the city. One of the main assumptions of this strategy is to pose the problem of choice: recycling presupposes looking at things by looking for their possible reversal and the unveiling of value inherent in them.

tate attraverso una politica di riconversione e la miglior risposta a queste problematiche è il riciclo urbano. Ormai consolidato nella cultura progettuale dello “zero consumo”, il riciclo urbano è la risposta alla ferita che l’uomo ha generato sul pianeta e a cui ora vuole rimediare cercando di ricostruire un senso estetico del paesaggio ma soprattutto un “bel” paesaggio dove vivere. Uno degli assunti principali di questa strategia è porre il problema della scelta: riciclare presuppone guardare alle cose cercando un loro possibile capovolgimento e lo svelamento di un valore insito in esse.

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8.3 EXAMPLES OF RECYCLED URBAN LANDSCAPE PROJECTS // ESEMPI PROGETTUALI DI PAESAGGI URBANI RICICLATI

Let us now see some application examples of how the recycling applied to architecture and the urban landscape generated new spaces for the city, respecting and in some cases emphasizing the identity of the place. The interventions aim to create places with high aesthetic research, that can be usable, in which to feed social interaction, the relationship with nature, and the environmental sustainability of the sites. In particular, the projects will be shown are characterized by a strong industrial character or infrastructural previous use. ZOLLVERIN PARK Place: Essen, Germany Implementation: 2003-2006 phase I - 2006-2012 phase II Project team: Agense Ter; Planergruppe Oberhausen Destination of previous use: Steelworks New destination of use: Public park Area: 80 ha The history of this place is linked to coal mining and coke production activities, it was a neglected and now forgotten place. An area closed to the public, in an urban context, where vegetation began to cover what remained of the site. The focal point of the area and therefore also of the project is the decantation basin of the mine, a free multifaceted space near Di seguito, alcuni esempi di riciclo applicato al paesaggio urbano: gli interventi hanno lo scopo di creare luoghi dall’elevata ricerca estetica, usufruibili, alimentare il rapporto con la natura, e la sostenibilità ambientale. La storia di Zollverin Park è legata all’estrazione del carbone; si trattava di un luogo trascurato e ormai dimenticato. Punto focale del progetto è il bacino di decantazione della miniera, uno spazio libero e multiforme .Grazie a questo intervento l’area venne arricchita di nuove funzioni quali spazi espositivi, sale conferenze, un Museo e un ristorante, una Design School e successivamente venne ristrutturata anche l’ex laveria del carbone. 234

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an atypical industrial area stained by birch trees. Thanks to the project the area became accessible and was enriched with architectural elements and sculptures. In the second phase, new functions were also included in the industrial facilities still present as exhibition spaces, conference rooms, a museum and a restaurant. The area also addressed a third phase linked to a planning project, hosting a Design School and the restructuring of the former coal laundry.

SPOOR NOORD PARK Place: Tretow, Antwerp, Belgium Realization: 2003-2007 Project team: Associated studio Secchi-Viganò Destination of previous use: Railway New destination of use: Public park Area: 24 ha The Spoor Noord park was conceived by Studio 03 - Bernardo Secchi and Paola Viganò - as an intervention with important repercussions not only on the area of the disused railway network but on the entire city: a park open to the whole city, important for the region subway and beyond, a park for the neighborhood and daily activities. The transformation of the old railway line, which in the past served the old port, into a park with mixed-use structures and destinations subscribe to the following guidelines: maintaining the ecological connection and concentrating the new buildings in the western section. Il parco Spoor Noord è un intervento che ha avuto importante ricadute non solo sull’area della rete ferroviaria dismessa in cui sorge ma sull’intera città: un parco aperto a tutti, importante per tutta la regione metropolitana e oltre; un parco per il quartiere e le attività quotidiane. La trasformazione della vecchia linea ferroviaria, in passato utilizzata dal vecchio porto, in un parco con strutture e destinazione d’uso mista aderisce a due linee guida principali: mantenere la connessione ecologica e concentrare le nuove costruzioni nella sezione occidentale.

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RIEMER PARK Location: Munich Riemer Airport, Bavaria, Germany Realization: 1997-2005 Project team: Latitude Nord, landscape architects, DPLG Destination of previous use: Airport New destination of use: Public park Surface: 5 ha phase I - 14 ha phase II The park occupies the area of the old Munich airport and is surrounded by contrasting destinations, agriculture, building plots and urban suburbs. The strong interaction between the park and the long flat expanse is the strength of the project. The spatial structure is defined by hedges, thickets and tree masses over which the circulation network that connects the surroundings and the park to the city overlaps. There are also topography and green density games that give perspective and visual guidance.

Il parco occupa l’area del vecchio aeroporto di Monaco ed è circondato da destinazioni d’uso contrastanti quali agricoltura, lotti edificabili e periferia urbana. La forza del progetto sta nella forte interazione tra il parco e la lunga distesa pianeggiante. La struttura spaziale è definita da siepi, boschetti e masse arboree a cui si sovrappone la rete di circolazione che collega il parco all’intorno e alla città. Sono presenti anche giochi di topografia e densità del verde che conferiscono prospettiva e guida visiva nello spazio.

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SHANGHAI HOUTAN PARK Location: Shanghai Expo Park, China Realization: 2007-2009 Project team: Turenscape (Beijing Turen Design Institute) Destination of previous use: Port site New destination of use: Public park Area: 14 ha The river is located along the bank of the Huangpu River in Shanghai, in the past was an iron and steel site and a shipyard base, as shown by the few remaining industrial facilities. It was successively used as a dump and deposit. The water in the river was very polluted, so besides not being swimming, was necessary to intervene with long reclamation processes; the main purpose of the project was to create a pleasant, safe place, open to the public and at the same time convenient to integrate with the dam present on the site, necessary to control river floods. Furthermore, the project set out to create a usable space throughout the year and not just for the Green Expo.

Il Shanghai Houtan Park si colloca lungo la riva del fiume Huangpu a Shanghai in passato appartenuto a un sito siderurgico e a cantiere navale. Fu utilizzato anche come discarica e deposito; l’acqua del fiume era molto inquinata quindi non balneabile, ed è stato necessario intervenire con processi di bonifica; lo scopo principale del progetto era quello di creare un luogo piacevole, sicuro, aperto al pubblico e che allo stesso tempo potesse integrarsi alla diga presente nel sito, necessaria per controllare le alluvioni fluviali. Inoltre, il progetto si prefissò di creare uno spazio utilizzabile durante tutto l’anno e non solo in occasione dell’Expo Verde. 240

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JARDIN DES FONDERIES Place: Nantes, France Realization: 2004-2009 Project team: ADH (Doazan + Hirschberger Associés) Destination of previous use: Foundry specialized in the production of propellers for ships New destination of use: Public garden Surface area: 0.35 ha The project of the Garden of Foundries is part of an extensive redevelopment project of the Ile de Nantes. This is the conversion of an industrial area and warehouses that have long been out of use. The main objectives of the project were to create a covered garden for daily use, open to the public, with games and social activities as well as to present the ancient industrial activity not only as an open-air museum but also as a legacy of a place of hard work for many citizens. Preserving and redeveloping these great architectural elements is a real tribute to the past of the city and its inhabitants.

Il Giardino delle fonderie si colloca all’interno di un ampio progetto di riqualificazione dell’Ile de Nantes. Si tratta della riconversione di un quartiere industriale e di magazzini da lungo tempo in disuso. Gli obiettivi principali del progetto erano quelli di creare un giardino coperto di uso quotidiano, aperto al pubblico, con giochi e attività sociali oltre a quello di presentare l’antica attività industriale, non solo come museo a cielo aperto, ma anche come eredità di un luogo di duro lavoro per molti cittadini. Conservare e riqualificare questi grandi elementi architettonici rappresenta un effettivo tributo al passato della città e a chi la abita. 242

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8.4 THE RESILIENT CITY // LA CITTA’ RESILIENTE

Cities are now facing a growing series of adversities: from the effects of climate change to growing migrant populations to inadequate infrastructure to pandemics to cyber attacks. Resilience is what helps cities to adapt and transform themselves in front of these challenges, helping them to prepare for both the expected and the unexpected. 100Resilient Cities defines urban resilience as “the ability of individuals, communities, institutions, companies and systems within a city to survive, adapt and grow regardless of the type of chronic stress and acute shock they suffer”. Building urban resilience requires looking at the city in an overall way: understanding the systems that make it up, the interdependencies and the risks it can face. By strengthening the underlying fabric of a city and better understanding the potential shocks and stresses it can face, it is possible to improve its trajectory of development and the well-being of its citizens. Chronic stresses are disasters that occur slowly and weaken the fabric of a city; these are mainly: high unemployment, an overloaded or inefficient public transport system, violence and chronic food and water shortages. On the other hand, acute shocks are sudden events that threaten a city, including earthquakes, floods, disease outbreaks and terrorist attack. Of course, the challenges cities face are often not a single shock or stress. Many face a combination of these challenges, which can contribute to further threatening the resilience of a city. Applying a resilience goal leads to better designed projects and policies Le città si trovano oggi a dover affrontare una serie crescente di avversità: dagli effetti dei cambiamenti climatici, alle crescenti popolazioni di migranti, alle infrastrutture inadeguate, alle pandemie. La resilienza è ciò che aiuta le città ad adattarsi e trasformarsi di fronte a queste sfide, aiutandole a prepararsi sia per l’atteso che per l’inatteso. Rafforzando il tessuto sottostante di una città e comprendendo meglio i potenziali shock e gli stress che può affrontare, è possibile migliorare la sua traiettoria di sviluppo e il benessere dei suoi cittadini. L’applicazione di un obiettivo di resilienza porta a progetti e politiche meglio congegnati che affrontano 244

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that address multiple challenges simultaneously, improving services and saving resources. This concept is known as the resilience dividend: the net social, economic and physical benefits obtained when planning initiatives and projects in a far-sighted, risk-conscious, inclusive and integrated way. But what are the characteristics and capabilities of a city that can adapt and grow in the face of these challenges? What distinguishes a resilient city from a city that collapses in the face of hardship and adversity? The Rockefeller Foundation1 and the global design company Arup conducted a series of researches and evaluations on the experiences of different cities in order to develop answers. The result is the City Resilience Framework (CRF) system that identifies a series of guidelines necessary for the resilience of a city. The CRF describes the essential systems of a city in terms of four dimensions: Health and well-being; Economy and society; Infrastructure and environment; Leadership and strategy. Finally, just understanding a city’s system is not enough. To build the resilience of a city, these systems must be designed and functioning in such a way that they can resist, respond and adapt more easily to shock and stress. The CRF identifies 7 characteristics that the various city systems need: - Reflectivity. Or use past experience to make future decisions; - Resourcefulness. People and institutions able to identify alternative ways to use resources; - Inclusiveness. That is, giving priority to a broad consultation to create a sense of shared participation in the decision-making process; - Integration. Bringing together a wide range of systems and institutions; - Robustness. It refers to a well-conceived, constructed and managed system; - Redundancy. More elements able to perform the same function to deal with interruptions due to extreme pressures; 1 It’s an American philanthropic organization, founded in 1913 and supported by

public and private funding

più sfide contemporaneamente, migliorando i servizi e risparmiando risorse. Ma quali sono le caratteristiche e le capacità di una città che può adattarsi e crescere di fronte a queste sfide? Il risultato di una serie di ricerche condotte dalla Rockfeller Foundation e della società di design Arup è il City Resilience Framework (CRF) sistema che individua una serie di linee guida necessarie per la resilienza di una città. Le 7 caratteristiche individuate necessarie ai vari sistemi cittadini sono: riflessività, intraprendenza, inclusività, integrazione, robustezza, ridondanza, flessibilità. Nel caso della città di Danzica, l’analisi condotta sulle sue condizioni clima246

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- Flexibility. Ability to adopt alternative strategies in response to changing circumstances. In the specific case of the city of Gdansk, the analysis conducted on its climatic conditions and the forecasts so far implemented for the year 2100 reveal an ever increasing risk of floods due to a combination of different causes. Among these, an increase in the frequency of the rains and the phenomenon of ice-jam, or blocks of ice that, getting stuck in natural inlets of the river prevent its sliding downstream. The city is already getting ready to deal with this increasingly pressing problem by building a territorial system of locks and pumping systems. However, an urban design that is aware and sensitive to current issues should include spaces and structures capable of reacting actively to extreme situations. In the world, the concept of urban resilience is gaining popularity, although most of the work remains to be done. The financing models are different in scope and expected results, better intervention practices are emerging but the quantifiable results are still being determined. Coordination on how to prepare communities for the next stress or shock will be crucial. While the conventional approach is to build ever higher walls, thicker concrete and larger barriers, it is essential to question such a solution to the problem. Instead, a resilience approach seeks to address challenges by designing systems that allow a rapid return to normality following a shock. In this regard, an effective example is that of the city of Copenhagen. The city has always been particularly attentive to the dynamics of sustainable development and protection of the territory. The international competition “The soul of Norrebro” was born within a process of transformation of the city supported by a dual basis: on the one hand the increasingly frequent risk of floods and, on the other, the enactment of the Copenhagen climate plan, an ambitious program of interventions drawn up in 2012 as a result of the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference. The winning project is that of the local studio SLA Architects and Ramboll Group that will transform the area of Hans Tavsens Park and Korsgade, a large green area located in the Norrebro district. tiche e sulle previsioni per il 2100 rivela un rischio sempre più crescente di alluvioni. Sarà sopratutto rispetto questo tema che la città dovrà dimostrarsi resiliente; Danzica si sta già attrezzando per far fronte a questa problematica impellente attraverso la costruzione di un sistema territoriale di chiuse e sistemi di pompaggio. Tuttavia, una progettazione urbana consapevole e sensibile alle tematiche attuali dovrebbe prevedere spazi e strutture in grado di reagire attivamente a situazioni estreme. Nel mondo, il concetto di resilienza urbana sta infatti sempre più guadagnando popolarità. Mentre l’approccio convenzionale è per la realizzazione di 247

The project was developed in a participatory manner with the citizens at the instigation of the municipality. It operates on an area of 85,000 square meters at high risk of flooding, creating a system capable of self-protection in which the park becomes a large collection basin capable of handling up to 18,000 cubic meters of rainwater that will be diverted to an identified disposal site near the lake of Peblinge. During the journey, the system will also be able to naturally filter the water through green drainage channels and feed the irrigation of the surrounding external areas. The system is capable of operating in both emergency and normal rainfall situations. Finally, the park will be organized around areas dedicated to the practice of outdoor sports that will become the physical places where water is collected and will have fountains, playgrounds and common areas accessible to all. The project is expected to be completed by 2022 and 18 million euros will be required. Although solutions based on complex infrastructures certainly have a place in resilience planning, it is often more effective for the community to implement punctual projects of urban spaces that can be activated as protection systems in case of climate emergency and extraordinary events. A holistic strategy that crosses social, economic, environmental and organizational systems is not only cheaper but increases liveability in our cities.

muri sempre più alti, cemento più spesso e barriere più grandi, è essenziale mettere in discussione tale soluzione al problema. Un progetto resiliente cerca invece di affrontare le sfide elaborando sistemi che consentano un rapido ritorno alla normalità a seguito di uno shock. Sebbene le soluzioni basate su infrastrutture complesse abbiano sicuramente posto primario nella pianificazione resiliente, spesso è più efficace per la comunità realizzare progetti puntuali di spazi urbani in grado di attivarsi se necessario come sistemi di protezione in caso di emergenza climatica, vedi progetto esmpio di SLA Architects per la città di Copenhagen. 248

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9.1 LARGE SCALE APPROACH: RECONNECTION OF THE CITY-PORT THROUGH THE INDUSTRIAL REDEVELOPMENT ALONG THE RIVER // APPROCCIO A LARGA SCALA: RICONNESSIONE DEL SISTEMA CENTRO-PORTO ATTRAVERSO LA RIQUALIFICAZIONE INDUSTRIALE LUNGO IL FIUME Following the global analysis carried out on the city regarding its urban fabric and its characteristic features, we can certainly say that Gdansk has a strong potential to be located within a wide range of European cities that have been able to make the waterfront redevelopment a winning aspect for urban planning. A waterfront that, today, has centralized reconstruction processes of the city, which remain, however, limited within the margin of the historic centre, mostly in the voids left by the war. The projects for the new settlements concern in particular the residential sector, without however neglecting a need for a functional mix of the area in which they are located. In addition to planning that aims at densifying internal tissue, particularly favourable extrinsic conditions and the excellent ability to manage European funds make the entire metropolitan area fertile ground for the emergence of large infrastructure projects. In particular, among the main interventions of recent years, particularly relevant are new branches of the tramway line, a tunnel connecting the two shores of the Martwa Wisla river and important interventions linked to the road system such as new sections of motorway and highway. Urban planning is aiming to make the city an attractive destination under many aspects such as education, culture, economy and tourism. Already representative of the Tricity metropolitan system, Gdansk lends itself more and more to becoming an attractive centre for the entire Baltic basin. In this regard, the city seems to want to regain the leadership role that has distinguished it in the past, when, thanks to its strategic position as an intermediary between maritime traffic and the European hinterland, it had gained control of much of the Baltic Sea. Today this aspect is still reflected In seguito all’analisi globale svolta sulla città rispetto il suo tessuto urbano ed emersi i suoi tratti caratteristici, si può senz’altro affermare che Danzica ha un forte potenziale per essere collocata tra le città europee che hanno saputo fare della riqualificazione del waterfront un aspetto vincente per la pianificazione urbana. Un waterfront che, ad oggi, ha accentrato processi di ricostruzione della città, che rimangono tuttavia limitati all’interno del margine del centro storico. Già rappresentante del sistema metropolitano del Tricity, Danzica si presta a diventare sempre più un polo attrattivo per l’intero bacino Baltico. Gli elementi industriali del porto 254

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in the presence of a large port which over the years has undergone considerable changes, also as regards its identity: it has gone from being a renowned shipyard to hosting as many commercial exchange bases. This identity mutation is also evident in its morphology which over time has contaminated most of the territory. The industrial elements of the port, of considerable size, now draw much of the urban skyline, overlooking the landscape of the city. Its expansion does not seem to be limited, so much so, from the global analysis conducted it emerged that the authority of the Port of Gdansk SA is planning a huge intervention near the northwest coast, in proximity of the mouth of the river. It is a large artificial peninsula, between 400 and 500 ha, built specifically to enlarge the possibilities of expansion compared to the Baltic basin, overcoming problems related to internal river navigability. It is precisely this variable that the thesis questions concerning how the urban fabric can react to an infrastructural intervention of this magnitude. In particular, the construction of this work would imply the disposal of most of the internal piers and in the first place those of which the functional transfer to the new base is envisaged. It would, therefore, be a significant impact on the urban structure, especially with regard to the presence of industrial gaps, no longer exclusively limited to the former historical shipyards located near the centre for which a large redevelopment project is already planned, but rather of an entire band between the river course and the rest of the fabric built. The strategy can, therefore, only consider an already triggered process of reconstruction of the waterfront, in addition to innumerable cases of informal appropriation of these places and the presence of historical-cultural elements to be exploited, to elaborate a redevelopment and regeneration intervention of the whole centre-port area through punctual waterfront interventions. Looking at the size of this approach, not only as regards the design scale but also the time scale, the strategy is applied following successive phadisegnano ormai gran parte dello skyline urbano, sovrastando il paesaggio della città. La sua espansione non sembra limitarsi, tanto che è prevista entro il 2030 la realizzazione di una grande penisola artificiale, costruita appositamente per ampliare le possibilità di espansione rispetto il bacino baltico. E’ proprio rispetto questa variabile che la tesi si interroga su come il tessuto urbano possa reagire ad un intervento infrastrutturale di tale portata. In particolare, questo implicherebbe la dismissione di gran parte dei moli interni. Si tratterebbe perciò di un notevole impatto sulla struttura della città, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la presenza di gradi la256

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ses, depending on the variables mentioned above. The implementation of various intervention actions concerning the basic objectives set, is conceived according to three macro-temporal phases, 2019-2015, 2025-2035, 2035-2050. The strategy therefore only draws a future scenario, intrinsically linked to real variables, projecting itself into Gdansk 2050. This type of process does not want to produce a rigidly planned future, following the hypothesized phases hand in hand, but rather stimulating an alternative way of doing urban planning, which is no longer used only as a curative practice but rather preventive.

cune industriali, non piĂš esclusivamente limitate agli ex cantieri navali storici collocati in prossimitĂ del centro, ma piuttosto di unâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;intera fascia compresa tra il corso fluviale e il resto del tessuto. Considerando la dimensione di tale approccio, non solo rispetto la scala progettuale ma anche temporale, la strategia viene applicata seguendo fasi successive. La realizzazione di azioni di intervento rispetto obiettivi di base preposti, viene concepita secondo tre macro fasi temporali, 2019-2015, 2025-2035, 2035-2050. La strategia quindi non fa che disegnare uno scenario futuro, intrinsecamente legato a variabili reali, proiettandosi nella Danzica 2050. 258

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9.2 OBJECTIVES AND ACTIONS OF THE INTERVENTION // OBIETTIVI E AZIONI DELL’INTERVENTO

Based on what emerged from the preliminary analysis and the considerations elaborated previously we proceeded to define the guidelines of the intervention, divided into four main purposes: reactivating the abandoned port area, connecting it with the urban fabric behind, enriching the neighbourhoods in direct contact with new spaces and regenerate polluted industrial land. Within them they are divided into a series of general objectives, the achievement of which is possible through the fulfilment of actions and individual interventions necessary both on specific areas and disseminated over the entire range. The first purpose refers to the need for reactivating the dismantled port area to ensure that it does not remain in its state of separation from the rest of the urban system. Two goals have been identified that are necessary to address this issue: increasing dialogue with the waterfront system and creating new public spaces for the city. As for the first case, this can be achieved using the water element to characterize the public space, generating new attractive polarities on the river bank and creating panoramic points and optical cones near the river. In the second case, instead, it is necessary to re-use the areas of the old piers and yards as squares and green areas to encourage aggregation and socializing, to insert new functions currently absent in the surrounding neighbourhoods and to create new flexible spaces, both external and internal, able to host temporary structures and occasional events. The connection of the new spaces with the surrounding urban fabric is an equally fundamental element for the success of the intervention and to avoid that the area remains impenetrably closed in itself. The objectives Sulla base di quanto emerso dall’analisi preliminare e dalle considerazioni elaborate precedentemente si è proceduto definendo le linee guida dell’intervento, suddivise in quattro finalità principali: riattivare l’area portuale dismessa, connetterla con il tessuto urbano retrostante, arricchire i quartieri in diretto contatto con i nuovi spazi e rigenerare il terreno industriale inquinato. Al loro interno sono suddivise in una serie di obiettivi generali, il cui raggiungimento è possibile attraverso il compimento di azioni e singoli interventi necessari sia su aree specifiche che diffuse sull’intera fascia. La prima finalità fa riferimento alla necessità di riattivare l’area 260

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REACTIVATE

INCREASE DIALOGUE WITH THE WATERFRONT SYSTEM _Generation of new urban polarities on the river’s shore _Use of water to characterize the public space _Creation of panoramic views and walkways near water

CREATION OF NEW PUBLIC SPACES FOR THE CITY _Use of the former shipyard and dock’s areas as new equipped plazas and green areas _Insertion of new functions currently missing in the surrounding neighbourhoods _Creation of places adapted for accomodate temporary structures and events

CONNECT

REDUCE THE ISOLATION OF THE HARBOR AREA _Removal of physical and visual barriers _Generation of new access roads and statalization of existing ones _Allow visual dialogue between the two river banks

PROMOTE PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND SOFT MOBILITY _Creation of a continuous cycle/pedestrian path on the waterfront and insertion of bike sharing stations _Annual activation of the ferry line and insertion of new stops _Creation of underground parkings in strategic locations for the access to public transport

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identified concern the reduction of the isolation of the port area and the promotion of the use of public transport and soft mobility. All this will be possible through the removal of the numerous physical and visual barriers that perimeter the areas, the generation of new accesses and paths, making those currently privatized public and allowing the visual dialogue between the two banks of the river. It will also be necessary to create a continuous cycle-pedestrian path along the waterfront with the insertion of special bike-sharing stations in easily accessible places, the annual activation of the urban ferry line and the construction of underground parking lots in strategic positions for achieving the public transport. With the goal of enrichment, we want to enhance the former industrial spaces to allow their use by the whole population and to increase the attractiveness of the city as a whole. The actions identified for the first objective concern the inclusion of various functions and services that meet the demanding needs of citizens, the creation of spaces in direct connection with the surrounding consolidated neighbourhoods and the activation of a functional mix that guarantees the exploitation of spaces throughout the year and for the whole day. For the second objective, instead, it will be necessary to enhance the existing cultural heritage and include museums and interactive activities both outside and inside the environments. Finally, the inclusion of a new strongly identifying element, the symbol of the regeneration process, will be of fundamental importance. The territory, once strongly active for maritime trade, is now a “void” within the fabric of Gdansk, a space devoid of a specific function that needs to be regenerated to integrate with the urban organism. This turns out to be a very important occasion for the city to counter urban sprawl towards the countryside, an increasingly frequent phenomenon in recent decades. The re-use of industrial buildings and timely construction where necessary can effectively deal with this situation, as well as the construction of new residential neighbourhoods near the waterfront. portuale dismessa per fare in modo che non permanga nel suo stato di separazione dal resto del sistema urbano. Sono stati individuati due obiettivi necessari: l’incremento del dialogo con il sistema del waterfront e la creazione di nuovi spazi pubblici per la città. La connessione dei nuovi spazi con il tessuto urbano circostante è un elemento altrettanto fondamentale per la riuscita dell’intervento e per evitare che la zona rimanga impenetrabilmente chiusa in sé stessa. Gli obiettivi individuati riguardano la riduzione dell’isolamento dell’area portuale e l’incentivazione all’uso dei trasporti pubblici e di mezzi di mobilità dolce. 262

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IMPROVE

ALLOW THE USE OF THE AREA TO ALL CITIZENS _Insertion of different functions and services to meet the needs of all citizens _Creation of spaces directly connected to the rear consolidated neighbourhoods _Set up of a varied functional mix making possible using the area for the entire day and throughout the year

INCREASE THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE CITY _Enhancement of the existing cultural heritage _Inclusion of museums and interactive activities both outdoor and indoor _Insertion of a new element strongly identitary and symbolic of the regeneration process

REGEN

COUNTERACT URBAN SPRAWL TO THE COUNTRYSIDE _Reuse of neglected warehouses

industrial

buildings

and

_Punctual ediﬁcation within large empty spaces _Remediation processes of polluted areas to guarantee the land quality

LIMIT THE INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK _Planting of plant species able to absorbe polluting emissions _Creation of localized wetland systems _Creation of rain gardens, ﬂood basins to counteract the risk of ﬂooding

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The second objective is to reduce the environmental impact compared to industrial pollution and the risk of flooding. In the first case, this is possible through punctual reclamation in the places affected by phase 1 as well as the insertion of tree and shrub species capable of absorbing polluting emissions from water and soil through a phytoextraction process. This process involves extended timescales and therefore, the planting of the same in phase 1 would benefit the subsequent phases. Furthermore, it would start a purification process in former industrial areas that would remain empty in the early stages. In the second case, instead, the creation of wetlands in places particularly at risk along the river system and beyond would allow to control the water level near the urban fabric, limit the risk of flooding and activate a resilient multi-scalar system.

Ponendo come finalità l’arricchimento, si vuole valorizzare gli spazi un tempo industriali per consentirne l’uso a tutta la popolazione e aumentare l’attrattività della città nel suo complesso. Il territorio, un tempo fortemente attivo per il commercio marittimo, è ora un “vuoto” all’interno del tessuto di Danzica, uno spazio privo di funzione specifica che necessita di essere rigenerato per integrarsi. Questa si rivela un’occasione importantissima per la città per contrastare la dispersione urbana verso la campagna. Il secondo obiettivo necessario è la riduzione dell’impatto ambientale rispetto l’inquinamento industriale e il rischio di inondazioni. 264

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9.3 GUIDELINES FOR REDEVELOPMENT // LINEE GUIDA PER LA RIQUALIFICAZIONE

The area of intervention is characterized by innumerable buildings in particular from the port buildings which are to be disposed of successive phases. As one of the main interventions concerned is the desire to preserve the industrial heritage to maintain the identity of the area, a more in-depth analysis of the building heritage has been necessary based on the characteristics of the buildings in order to develop an overall classification. Of all the cataloged ones, only the industrial port type has been extrapolated. To define a gradient of design intervention was drawn up a table which produces, through a crossing of proportional scores, an indicatively qualitative value of the individual volumes. The items in the table concern intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of buildings: size, conservation status, historical-cultural value, site sustainability, site accessibility and proximity to an urban agglomeration. The final summation of each score assigned proportionally with a value between 0 and 5, allowed to establish which buildings could be demolished and which were recovered. The entries in the table concern intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of buildings: size, conservation status, historical-cultural value, site sustainability, accessibility and proximity to an urban agglomeration. The final summation of each score assigned proportionally with a value between 0 - 5 allowed to establish which buildings could be demolished and which were recovered. In particular, for buildings that have not exceeded a minimum value of 14 points, it is possible to carry out the demolition, while those with a score between 15-19 can be revitalized. As far as those between 20-24 are concerned, the high score indicates a building that due to its characteristics could fall into a first redevelopment intervention. Poichè tra i principali interventi preposti c’è la volontà di conservare il patrimonio industriale al fine di mantenere l’identità dell’area, si è rivelata necessaria una analisi più approfondita del patrimonio edilizio sulla base di caratteristiche proprie degli edifici. Tra tutti quelli catalogati, sono stati estrapolati esclusivamente quelli di tipo industriale portuale. Per definire un gradiente di intervento progettuale è stata elaborata una tabella che produce, attraverso un incrocio di punteggi proporzionali, un valore indicativamente qualitativo dei singoli volumi. La sommatoria finale ha permesso di stabilire quali edifici potessero essere demoliti e quali recuperati. 266

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CLASSIFICATION TABLE OF BUILDINGS

BUILDING

DIMENSION

CONSERVATIVE STATUS CULTURALHISTORICAL VALUE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE SITE ACCESSIBILITY TO THE SITE URBAN CORE NEAR THE SITE FINAL RESULTS

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EXAPLES OF TABLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S BUILDINGS

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9.4 APPLICATION PROCESS OF THE STRATEGY: NEW URBAN SCENARIO // PROCESSO APPLICATIVO DELLA STRATEGIA: UN NUOVO SCENARIO URBANO

The development of the former port waterfront can be considered a global strategy to regenerate public life along the water. This strategy consists of several phases due to its scale and complexity. The identification of the macro areas took place on the basis of the functions already present on the site or in its immediate vicinity and, in second analysis, of the existing system of access to the band. The functional mix has been designed to ensure the use of the spaces throughout the day and the months of the year thanks to the presence of public spaces both outdoor and indoor, interspersed with a residential fabric both existing and new. With regard to the southern area, the one closest to the historic center, the presence of already established recreational activities related to sport and nightclubs was taken into consideration, in addition to the forthcoming construction of a new mainly residential district by Henning Larsen studio. A series of public spaces for citizens was therefore planned, characterized by a wide functional mix mainly concerning rowing and gym activities, outdoor sports, events and a large market hall with bars, restaurants and shops, in addition to multipurpose spaces. For the abandoned warehouses in the adjacent area, proceeding north along the shore, it was decided to recover, where possible, with the inclusion of work functions mainly related to the tertiary sector and the creation of large green areas. The presence of the power station interrupts the idea of a continuous promenade along the waterfront despite the passage is still allowed. The project wants to emphasize this section, increasing its use through a cycle pedestrian path that in a first section joins the roadway and then completely replaces it. In this way it is possible to guarantee the continuity Lo sviluppo dell’ex waterfront portuale può essere considerato un elemento strategico globale per rigenerare la vita pubblica lungo l’acqua. Il mix funzionale è stato studiato in modo da garantire la fruizione degli spazi durante l’intero arco della giornata e in tutti i mesi dell’anno. Per quanto riguarda la zona meridionale, ovvero quella più vicina al centro storico, è stata prevista la realizzazione di una serie di spazi pubblici riguardanti principalmente attività sportive e ricreative. Per i capannoni dismessi nell’area adiacente, si è deciso il recupero con l’inserimento di funzioni lavorative principalmente legate al settore terziario. La presenza della centrale 272

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of the route and the achievement of the new sports center, which includes covered playgrounds including volleyball, basketball and tennis; as well as a sports hall, a swimming pool and an ice rink for hockey and skating. Concerning outdoor spaces, have been planned: open-air courts, an athletics ring so far absent in this area of the city and, finally, a golf course that emphasizes the green system along the strip. The idea of creating a new sports center in the area was stimulated by the presence of various elements linked to the same theme in the rear band, including the new city stadium built in 2012 for the European Football Championships. In its immediate vicinity, an imposing historical building dating back to the early 20th century faces the river and housed the Maritime Post Office. Today, the building is in disuse but considering its historical value and its favorable position, the strategy envisages its reuse as a Baltic Biodiversity Museum. In the section between this and the residential district of Nowy Port, are developed a series of sheds more and less recent in which will be inserted functions of academic and research type. Where necessary, these spaces will be implemented by the construction of new buildings since the area lends itself to hosting a new university with biology courses, as well as spaces dedicated to the development of start-ups and new businesses. For these purposes, the large surrounding outdoor areas can also be used. Finally, since the city is considered the world capital of amber which is sold in numerous shops in the center, two warehouses have been destined to laboratories for the processing of this stone, in which it is possible to understand the formation process and see the treatment until various artifacts are obtained. In the area in front of the urban gardens available to citizens, the view of the waterfront is partially prevented by two imposing mills, once used for storing and handling large quantities of grain. These buildings will now be used to host mixed functions in the first floors such as restaurants, bars and shops; they will also be home to a library and study rooms for students, while on the upper floors they will house a residence divided into several independent apartments. elettrica interrompe l’idea di una promenade continua lungo il waterfront nonostante il passaggio sia comunque consentito. Il progetto ne incrementa l’utilizzo attraverso una pista ciclopedonale. Il nuovo polo sportivo comprende al suo interno numerosi campi da gioco, un anello di atletica e un campo da golf. Nelle immediate vicinanze, si affaccia sul fiume l’ex sede dell’Ufficio Postale Marittime di cui la strategia prevede il riutilizzo come Museo della Biodiversità del Baltico. Nel tratto compreso tra questo e il quartiere residenziale di Nowy Port, si sviluppano una serie di fabbricati industriali in cui verranno inserite funzioni di tipo accademico e di ricerca. 274

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In the area behind these buildings the construction of a new residential complex is planned whose conformation and height has been designed to relate to the considerable size of the mills and to guarantee a direct view of the river to the highest possible number of dwellings through the exploitation of optical cones in the spaces left by the buildings in the front line. Finally, the northernmost area of the intervention has all the features needed to establish a dialogue with Fort Carrè, a historical monument located on the opposite bank of the Martwa Wisla river. It is a dense woodland mainly composed of birch trees in which the strategy provides for the most possible maintenance of the natural state and the construction of a footbridge over the water, creating views and observation points for the monument. Inside, it will also be realized a floodable basin of the waters in case of flood that will be connected, through an artificial canal, to a larger basin located behind it, about 1.5 km away. The entire area of intervention is well connected by public transport as it is entirely bordered by the tram line with numerous stops and by one of the city’s main traffic arteries. Internal accessibility, on the other hand, is increased by making the roads public up until now, for almost exclusive use of the companies present, and by creating new pedestrian and bicycle connections alongside them. There is also a route on the water along the entire shore that allows the continuity of pedestrian and cycle traffic even on the river bank. Finally, the ferry system will be strengthened through the creation of new stops and its annual activation since, avoiding urban traffic, it constitutes a rapid and effective means of travel. The disposal also implies the presence of railway tracks no longer necessary for the transport of goods; this infrastructure will then be recovered and adapted for the activation of an autonomous electric mobility system within the band able to quickly connect the different areas. Considering the extension of the territory subject to strategic processing and the large presence of unpublished surfaces, the choice was made not to saturate the entire area of intervention but to leave room for future urban planning that will provide for the insertion of elements that will be Nell’area antistante gli orti urbani, la visuale sul waterfront è caratterizzata da due imponenti mulini. Questi edifici verranno ora destinati ad ospitare funzioni miste nei primi piani quali ristoranti, bar e negozi; mentre nei piani superiori si troverà un residence suddiviso in più appartamenti indipendenti. Nella zona retrostante, è prevista la realizzazione di un nuovo complesso residenziale la cui conformazione è stata studiata per garantire un affaccio diretto sul fiume al più elevato numero di alloggi, tenendo anche conto della notevole dimensione dei mulini. Infine, nell’area più a nord dell’intervento troviamo una densa macchia boschiva composta princi276

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necessary for a possible future demand. For portions of land currently unused, it was decided to arrange the planting of plants specially selected to purify the soil polluted by substances inevitably released by the previous function through a process of phytoextraction. These species include, among others, sunflowers, wheat, beets and lavender. Finally, alongside the water and filtration system of the city of Gdansk, the projects can increase the quality of water thanks to the inclusion of phytoremediation plants which, through the submerged roots, absorb the polluting particles. In conclusion, two fundamental aspects in the overall intervention strategy concern the strengthening of the relationship of citizens with water and the will to further increase the city’s green system. As far as the first case is concerned, this is achieved by allowing the natural element to penetrate into the built spaces, forming mirrors of water, games of walkways and fountains; where this cannot happen, it is the project itself that extends towards the river with paths and quays. In the second case, each macro area is characterized by a green system that allows not only to create visual continuity in the succession of spaces but also to generate a significant environmental contribution, especially considering that they are former industrial areas. Furthermore, densifying the green system in these areas becomes a useful approach to unify the area with the rest of the urban fabric in which the element is strongly present.

palmente da betulle di cui la strategia prevede il mantenimento dello stato naturale e la realizzazione di una passerella sull’acqua creando affacci e punti panoramici di osservazione del Fort Carrè sulla sponda opposta. Per porzioni di terreno attualmente inutilizzate, si è deciso di predisporre la messa a dimora di piante appositamente selezionate per purificare i terreni inquinati nel tempo. In conclusione, due aspetti fondamentali nella strategia complessiva di intervento riguardano quindi il rafforzamento del rapporto tra acqua e cittadini e la volontà di incrementare ulteriormente il sistema verde.

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10. CASE-STUDIES

10.1 THE APPROACH: THE BUILT PROJECT AND THE GREEN PROJECT // L’APPROCCIO: IL PROGETTO COSTRUITO E IL PROGETTO VERDE

Two project focuses have been proposed below which, through a zoom of scale on the belt, allow to concretely see the application of the principles described up to here. The two areas chosen differ in conformation and location within the urban fabric; in particular, the first focus is on an industrial area near the historic centre where today the old industrial buildings of the shipyards and numerous and impressive cranes dominate. The area has a high potential not only because it is easy to reach but because it is part of an already implicitly attractive context. The second case sees the approach to design more related to the urban green system in a more decentralized area. In this case, it is inevitable the comparison with the facing bank, where one of the main monuments of the city is located. While the first project focuses on industrial recovery and the creation of a functionally enriched urban space, the second concerns the improvement of the relationship of citizens with the natural system, providing them with a new public space not rigidly defined but characterized by a linear path winds through the park providing numerous opportunities for recreation and rest. Both cases were an opportunity to develop projects that are also efficient from an environmental point of view: they were conceived through a resilience program applied in different ways depending on the case to face environmental risk situations linked to an excessive increase in the level of river waters.

Sono stati di seguito proposti due focus di progetto che permettono di vedere concretamente l’applicazione dei principi fino qui enunciati. Le due aree scelte differiscono per conformazione e collocazione all’interno del tessuto urbano. Mentre il primo progetto si focalizza sul recupero industriale e la creazione di uno spazio urbano funzionalmente arricchito, il secondo riguarda l’incremento del rapporto dei cittadini con il sistema naturale, fornendo loro un nuovo spazio pubblico non rigidamente scandito ma caratterizzato da un percorso lineare che si snoda attraverso il parco fornendo numerose occasioni di svago e di sosta. 288

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10.2 THE IMPERIAL PLAZA PROJECT Introduction

// PROGETTO IMPERIAL PLAZA Introduzione The first project area is located in the area closest to the historic centre of the city, in direct continuity with the new district of Young City from which it is easy to access thanks to the cycle and pedestrian path along the waterfront and the internal roads coming from the south. The area is therefore located between a newly built mixed-use neighbourhood and a large infrastructure that runs parallel to the river until it reaches the sea. Finally, more consolidated residential neighbourhoods develop beyond this defined margin. On the opposite bank of the river is the island of Olowianka, still occupied by the structures of the shipyards. The area covers a total area of about 28 hectares of land entirely exploited as a shipyard and on which there are a series of brick sheds, mainly of a historical nature and in a not optimal conservative state. These, in addition to hosting the building site facilities, are partly used for nightclubs, a dance school and a boxing club. These functions will be maintained where possible or transferred to new structures within the project. As for the external spaces, they appear as almost entirely paved surfaces with a very small presence of trees. On the ground are the tracks for the transport of materials and the slides in correspondence of the strips of water for the extraction of the boats. Finally, the area is strongly marked by the cranes that rise above the surrounding landscape.

La prima area oggetto di approfondimento si colloca in prossimità del centro storico della città, accanto ad una grande fascia infrastrutturale che si sviluppa parallelamente al fiume. L’area occupa una superficie totale di circa 28 ha su cui sorgono una serie di capannoni in mattoni in uno stato conservativo non ottimale. Questi, oltre a ospitare le strutture del cantiere navale sono adibiti in parte a locali notturni, scuola di ballo e club di pugilato. Gli spazi esterni si presentano come superfici quasi interamente pavimentate con una ridottissima presenza di alberature. L’area è infine contraddistinta da innumerevoli gru mobili che svettano sul paesaggio 290

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Program // Programma The project area is easily reachable both from the historic center along the cycle and pedestrian path that runs along the riverbank and from the western side thanks to the infrastructure system that develops towards the north. The latter consists of a two-lane urban road in each direction, of the tram line which has a stop right next to the area and the railway system for which the reactivation of the present station has been planned. Both stops are located at the same access to the Imperial Plaza, completed by a pedestrian overpass which, from the park located beyond the transport system, allows you to easily cross the infrastructure. Finally, the project envisages a secondary road system for access to underground parking lots equipped with lifts directly inside the pedestrian system. The Imperial Plaza, given its extension, is articulated in a series of spaces more precisely in six functional macro areas, connected fluidly by the square and the green urban furniture. The project is composed of a marina located at an existing dock, large indoor and outdoor spaces for events and a space dedicated to sporting activities, an urban forest that juts out into the water, an area for the display of works of art and installations, as well as for recreational and leisure activities linked to the gastronomic sphere and a residential complex developed around a relevant public space. As for the green, this was used as a unifying element of the entire project. Mixed trees have been inserted in the outer belt, creating an ecological filter to separate the heavily trafficked infrastructure system throughout the day. Evergreen plants, both shrubs and tall trees, have been planted inside shared spaces to guarantee a unified image during all seasons. In circostante. L’area di progetto è facilmente raggiungibile sia dal centro storico lungo il percorso ciclopedonale che costeggia il fiume, sia dal lato occidentale grazie al sistema infrastrutturale che si sviluppa verso nord. Infine, una viabilità secondaria consente l’accesso ai parcheggi interrati. L’Imperial Plaza, data la sua estensione, è articolata in sei macroaree e una serie di polarità comprendenti una marina, ampi spazi interni ed esterni, uno spazio dedicato all’attività sportiva, una foresta urbana che si protende verso l’acqua, un’area per l’esposizione di installazioni artistiche, nonché per attività ricreative e di svago legate alla sfera gastronomica e da un 292

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MACRO FUNCTIONS 1.

1. Residential 2. Art & entertainment 3. Urban forest 4. Sport 5. Performance & event 6. Marina 7. Ecological filter

3. 4.

5. 6.

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particular, the use of native species such as pines and junipers has been envisaged which, as characterized by a high trunk, always guarantee users the visual permeability of the overall space despite their dense presence. Finally, port cranes are a clear design landmark because on the one hand they maintain the historical memory of the place and on the other, thanks to their size and the colours attributed based on the functional sector to which they belong, they constitute a design element visible from a great distance.

complesso residenziale. Per quanto riguarda il progetto del verde, esso è stato utilizzato come mezzo unificante dell’intera area. Sono state inserite alberature miste nella fascia esterna realizzando un filtro ecologico di separazione dal sistema infrastrutturale, mentre piante sempreverdi sono state messe a dimora all’interno degli spazi condivisi per garantirne un’immagine unitaria. Infine, le gru costituiscono un chiaro landmark progettuale poiché da un lato mantengono la memoria storica del luogo e dall’altro, grazie alla loro dimensione e alla colorazione attribuitagli costituiscono un elemento progettuale visibile da grande distanza. 294

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SECTION B-B

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The shared space // Lo spazio condiviso As already seen, the project consists of six functional macro areas, which articulate the wide public space. Coming from the historic center, you reach the pier of the marina built in correspondence with an existing mooring, in its immediate vicinity a new building was built hosting a yacht club, a hotel and the marina offices. Subsequently, two large industrial sheds were recovered maintaining their original conformation and were used as Academy of Performing Arts and photographic atelier with the relative theater to host both the events of the school and of independent theatrical groups. To maintain this functional aspect also outside, the existing cranes have been maintained which, provided with the necessary technical equipment, act as a lighting system for events and concerts. In correspondence of the final part close to the water, the ground rises thanks to a staircase creating a panoramic observation point of the river. In this area, as well as in the area to the north of the intervention, a new ferry stop has also been inserted, in order to allow a further access system to the area. The redeveloped and equipped sheds with sports facilities such as a gym, a swimming pool and the rowing club, are completed externally by sports fields, a 100 m runway and a skate park entirely immersed in the surrounding greenery. The strips of water of the existing shipyards have been extended creating deep cuts within the public space and are home to swimming pools and games of walkways on the water to create connections between the polarities. A dense evergreen urban forest spreads along the entire length of the quay extending towards the water, while large tanks with a depth of 1m house phytodepuration plants that contribute to increasing the richness Sei macro aree funzionali articolano e scandiscono l’ampio spazio pubblico. Le “strisce di acqua” presistenti sono state prolungate creando tagli profondi all’interno dell’area e ospitano piscine balneabili e giochi di passerelle che garantiscono il collegamento tra le polarità. Ampie vasche ospitano svariate specie vegetali tra cui piante fitodepuranti che contribuiscono ad incrementare la ricchezza dell’arredo verde. Inoltre le vasche possono essere utilizzate, in caso di rischio esondazione fluviale come bacini di contenimento. Grazie alla loro dimensione, sono in grado di contenere circa 4 300 mc di acqua. 296

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of green furnishings. The tanks also perform an active function in case of an environmental risk linked to the raising of the river level because, thanks to their size, they are able to contain about 4 300 cubic meters of water. In this circumstance, the phytoremediation plants present, which are well suited to the more or less prolonged stay in wet areas, through the roots perform an action of purification from the polluting substances. The largest industrial building in the area has been entirely restored, now housing a complex articulation of spaces including: an art gallery with installations and plays of light also outside, a covered market characterized by the presence of numerous restaurants, bars and gourmet shops as well as entertainment areas. Inside, there are also rooms dedicated to laboratories and the playrooms. Finally, next to this, there’s a residential complex of tower buildings with a maximum height of 40 m. This height was chosen to balance the skyline of the city, especially of the recently built buildings in the immediate vicinity. Ultimately, the entire project is linked to the neighborhood below, thanks to the continuity of the cycle and pedestrian path along the waterfront, which also extends to the other strategic sites not studied in depth, creating spatial and perceptive continuity.

L’intero progetto è stato pensato come inserito in un sistema di flussi continui che legandosi al nuovo quartiere sottostante garantisce continuità di percorso lungo il waterfront, estendendosi inoltre anche ad altri albiti strategici non oggetto di approfondimento, ma creando comunque continuità spaziale e percettiva.

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GDANSK MARKET HALL 1.

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The industrial monument // Il monumento industriale The building symbolizing the entire redevelopment project is the shed of the Stocznia Gdanska, the shipyard of the city. It is a building of approximately 217 000 mc made entirely of brick with large glazed strips on all sides. Natural light also enters from the top through numerous skylights placed on the roof and made as raised elements. The building consists of four independent and articulated parts, but all connected internally. The entrances are arranged on all sides divided between main and secondary: the main ones are four and are found along the short sides, characterized by their considerable size. The south-west volume, of less elongated dimensions, thanks to its large interior open space is destined to host an art gallery and large-scale installations; as well as a conference room. Art exhibitions can also be carried out outside, in the square in front of the entrances, while laterally a crane of the old building sites acts as a support for temporary installations. The two buildings facing north-east host an innovation hub and the markethall respectively. In the first case, it was assumed a volume divided over two floors and hosting artisan workshops, as well as spaces dedicated to co-working and small entrepreneurial activities. There is also a playroom and a library in continuity with the public lounge. In the second case, the construction of the Market Hall foresees the maintenance of the building as a single volume characterized by a system of internal balconies overlooking the large central space where there are numerous bars and restaurants offering various types of cuisine as well as food shops. The last building, clearly smalL’edificio simbolo dell’intero intervento di riqualificazione è costituito dal capannone della Stocznia Gdanska, il cantiere navale della città: si tratta di uno stabile di circa 217 000 mc. L’edificio si compone di quattro parti indipendenti ma connesse. Gli accessi principali si trovano lungo i lati corti, caratterizzati da notevoli dimensioni. Il volume a sud-ovest, grazie ad un ampio openspace interno è destinato ad ospitare una galleria d’arte e istallazioni di notevoli dimensioni; nonché una sala conferenze. Esposizioni artistiche possono essere collocate anche all’esterno. I due corpi di fabbrica affiancati rivolti a nord-est ospitano rispettivamente un Innovation Hub 300

CASE-STUDIES

ler in size, is destined to host the range of services to the Market Hall and the art gallery, in addition to the accesses to the four staircases arranged along the entire side. Finally, in the area of external relevance facing the river, the pre-existing reticular structures have been maintained, enhancing them with the planting of climbing plants. This space was therefore made of a wooden platform equipped with tables and seats, becoming an outdoor expanse in order to take full advantage of the Market Hall even in the hottest months.

e il Market Hall. Nel primo caso, il volume ospita laboratori artigianali, spazi dedicati al co-working, una ludoteca e una biblioteca in continuità con spazi di svago. Nel secondo caso, l’edifcio è caratterizzato da un spazio centrale in cui si trovano numerosi bar e ristoranti proponenti culture gastronomiche di vario genere oltre a negozi per la vendita di prodotti a km zero. L’ultimo corpo di fabbrica, di dimensioni nettamente inferiori viene destinato ad ospitare la fascia dei servizi. Infine, nell’area di pertinenza esterna una struttura metellica presente rivestita di forme rampicanti vegetali viene enfatizzata per creare un “giardino d’inverno”. 301

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10.3 THE MIRROR GROVE PROJECT Introduction

// IL PROGETTO BOSCO RIFLESSO Introduzione The second area of intervention is located in a more decentralized position than the first, still along the bank of the Martwa Wisla river but near the mouth, in the Nowy Port district, mainly occupied by residential settlements. It is, therefore, a less trafficked context than the previous one and in which in addition to housing there is a vast green area occupied by urban gardens, small plots of land made available to citizens by the municipality. The total area of intervention is about 24 hectares and is divided into two main areas: a dense wood of deciduous plants, mainly consisting of birch trees, and a part of the former Zbozowe pier, once used for grain management and storage. In fact, on the area there are still two mills which are expected to be redeveloped and a warehouse for storing timber, while the sheds arranged in the second line to the waterfront will be demolished. The small wood on the shore is left in its natural state but is usually frequented by the surrounding community as a transit area or neighbourhood park. These phenomena of informal appropriation of space have left their mark over time, modifying the appearance of the bush through the creation of passages beaten in the ground, which have become destiny of paths on which to move more easily. Along the shore, instead, there is a poorly used dirt road driveway because it is easier to cross the area through the internal roads to the residences located behind the woods.

La seconda area di intervento si trova in posizione più decentrata rispetto alla prima, in prossimità della foce, nel quartiere residenziale di Nowy Port. Si tratta pertanto di un contesto meno trafficato del precedente e in cui oltre alle abitazioni è presente una vasta area verde occupata dagli orti urbani. La superficie complessiva di intervento è di circa 24 ha ed è suddivisa in due nuclei principali: un fitto bosco di piante caducifoglie, costituito principalmente da betulle, e una parte dell’ex molo Zbozowe, un tempo desinato alla gestione e allo stoccaggio del grano. Il piccolo bosco sulla riva è lasciato allo stato naturale ma è abitualmente frequentato della comunità. 304

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Program // Programma The project, being composed of two clearly distinct parts, envisages a dual approach to the territory: on the one hand we do not want to change the natural and “uncultivated” character of the wooded area while on the other the re-use and implementation of the already built is expected. The park being studied in depth, since it is located on the side of the bank where the historic fortress is located on the other side of the river, lends itself favorably to the creation of panoramic points and elements of dialogue with this work. A wooden footbridge was therefore designed which, stretching along the bank, stretches out towards the water and the Fort Carrè; the route has also been planned as a pier along which the many fishermen in the area can find a space dedicated to their activity. The further realization of a grassy inlet through the breaking of the artificial bank creates an opportunity for direct interaction between the citizens and the water, which here can find a favorable place for stopping and playing, always maintaining a privileged view towards the opposite shore. Proceeding towards the southern part of the area, while maintaining a strong overall bond thanks to the preponderant presence of greenery and trees, the design focus develops in a different way, relating more closely to the surrounding built environment. As for the two mills, they house various functions on the ground floor in a series of cafes, restaurants and shops. On the upper floor of one of the two buildings there is a library and study rooms. Finally, in the other floors there is a residence, composed of several independent apartments with a privileged panoramic view over the entire surrounding area. Behind these buildings, a new residential settlement will be built, whose Il progetto, componendosi di due parti chiaramente distinte, prevede un duplice approccio insediativo: da un lato non si vuole mutare il carattere naturale dell’area boschiva mentre dall’altro è previsto il riutilizzo e l’implementazione del costruito già presente. È stata quindi progettata una passerella in legno che, snodandosi lungo la sponda, si protende verso l’acqua e il Fort Carrè collegando inoltre gli estremi dell’area e conferendo un carattere di unità e continuità all’intero ambito di intervento. L’ulteriore realizzazione di una insenatura prativa crea un’occasione di interazione diretta tra i cittadini e l’acqua. Procedendo verso la parte meridionale 306

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MACRO FUNCTIONS

2. 3. 4. 3.

1. Park 2. Non projected residential 3. Phytoextraction 4. Residential 5. Mixed use 6. Research & development

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shape and size has been designed to integrate with the buildings located on the front line on the waterfront. A study of the optical cones necessary to guarantee a direct view of the river to most of the dwellings has determined its planimetric conformation, while the maximum height of 21 m remains however lower than that of the opposite mills. The shed once used for the storage of timber now becomes the site of amber laboratories, stone for him the city is famous. Inside it is therefore possible to admire the processes and the processing until obtaining multiple handicrafts. In the final analysis, large portions of the surface that have not been prepared for further building interventions, can however remain available to the municipality that can develop them later. As a temporary intervention, the planting of plant species capable of purifying the soil over time has been planned. among these sunflowers, wheat, beets and lavender that will improve the healthiness of the area, allowing less invasive remediation in the future. Finally, the continuous line of the wooden walkway that, winding between the new buildings and the park, connects the extremes, giving a character of unity and continuity to the entire area of intervention. As far as the infrastructural system is concerned, the entire area is easily reachable from different directions: from the south, an internal road system to the intervention zone connects it to the new university campus and to the sports center, from the west two other carriageways flow into the artery of main traffic that runs parallel to the river from the historic center to the coast, finally the internal streets of the residential district allow access to two main points located at the ends of the woodland spot. The transfer of the port infrastructure has led to the consequent disposal of the relevant railway network which is, however, reused and adapted in this case to implement the public transport network by activating an autonomous electric mobility system within the range able to quickly connect the sports center, the university and the laboratories with the amber museum and the new project settlements, finally reaching the main tramway line located in the hinterland behind. dell’area, il focus si sviluppa relazionandosi maggiormente con l’ambiente costruito circostante. Per quanto riguarda i due mulini, essi ospitano al loro interno svariate funzioni pubbliche e un residence ai piani più alti. Alle sue spalle è prevista la realizzazione di un nuovo insediamento residenziale, la cui conformazione e dimensione è stata studiata per integrarsi con gli edifici collocati in prima linea sul waterfront. Come intervento temporaneo nelle superfici non predisposte ad ulteriori intervendi edificatori, è stata prevista la piantumazione di specie vegetali in grado di purificare il terreno nel tempo. 308

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SECTION A-A

SECTION B-B

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SOIL PURIFICATION

WATER PURIFICATION

NEW HABITAT

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An active system // Un sistema attivo Both projects were conceived in an implicitly resilient manner, which in this case refer to the risk of floods. The demonstration of the application of the characteristic “resilience” within the two projects wants to be a practical example that the municipality of Gdansk could adopt in the processes of redevelopment of the waterfront as a system of support to the existing infrastructure and project network avoiding that this acts exclusively autonomy, sometimes not enough to solve the problem. Therefore, it is an approach that does not want to replace a necessary macro-scale hydraulic engineering design, but whose integration with it can make it more effective. For a macroscale approach, the strategy has decided to place inside the park, in an area devoid of trees, a flooding basin to accommodate a maximum of 8 600 cubic meters of water that is brought inside it through a canalization system. If it was necessary to divert the water from the basin, the project is further characterized by the presence of a channel that flows into an existing drainage system that is expected to be implemented. It then reaches an area to the north-west, about 1.5 km away, conceived as a large wetland which, due to its size, can serve the entire surrounding area. Although the port authority regularly conducts tests for monitoring the water pollution of the river basin, surely these need a continuous purification process. Considering the approach of the intervention, it was also thought to increase the quality of the site by inserting natural purifying devices: these are plantings that are well suited to stay in damp places and that can absorb and retain through the roots organic and inorganic contaminants present in the water. These systems also possess a strong environmental value, generating an ideal habitat for numerous animal species. Entrambi i progetti sono stati concepiti in maniera implicitamente resiliente. Si tratta di un approccio che non vuole sostituirsi ad una comunque necessaria progettazione di ingegneria idraulica, ma la cui integrazione con essa può renderla sempre più efficace. Attraverso un approccio a macroscala, è stato predisposto un bacino di allagamento in grado di ospitare un massimo di 8 600 mc d’acqua. Nel caso in cui fosse necessario far deviare tale massa, il progetto ha previsto un canale di collegamento con un’area più estesa, concepita come bacino di raccolta.

314

CASE-STUDIES

315

FUNCTIONAL PROGRAM OF THE GREEN-BLUE SYSTEM

316

CASE-STUDIES

317

318

CASE-STUDIES

319

11. CONCLUSIONS

324

CONCLUSIONS

325

The large-scale approach maintained for the entire project has revealed many difficulties in understanding and managing the needs and characteristics of each sector that the site is inevitably made up of. However, if a macroscale strategy had not been applied to the entire area subject to transformation, the entire regeneration process could have been affected. A further difficulty in the elaboration of the thesis was found in the approach to a strategic process located in a distant and therefore undefined future. During the analytical elaboration phase, the current state of the city was considered, both for morphology and for economic and social structure. This has been integrated, when possible, with the information found regarding future development forecasts and upcoming or already in progress urban projects. Although this has allowed the elaboration of a strategy as likely as possible, it could undergo significant changes based on the variables considered or on data not found. This thesis would therefore need further and more in-depth studies, as well as monitoring the evolution of the urban system in the coming years to better understand its effective applicability. The thesis project, in any case, aims to identify a flexible set of implementation principles and intervention guidelines for a waterfront redevelopment process that can be easily adapted to the unforeseen possible and plausible future changes.

326

CONCLUSIONS

L’approccio a larga scala mantenuto per l’intero progetto, ha rivelato non poche difficoltà di comprensione e gestione delle necessità e delle caratteristiche proprie di ciascun settore di cui inevitabilmente l’ambito si compone. Tuttavia, se non fosse stata applicata una strategia macroscalare sull’intera area oggetto di trasformazione ne avrebbe potuto inficiare l’intero processo di rigenerazione. Ulteriore difficoltà nell’elaborazione della tesi è stata riscontrata nell’approccio ad un processo strategico collocato in un futuro lontano e, pertanto, indefinito. Nel corso della fase di elaborazione analitica si è considerato lo stato attuale della città, sia per morfologia che per assetto economico e sociale. Questo è stato integrato, quando possibile, con le informazioni reperite riguardo previsioni di sviluppo futuro e progetti urbani di prossima realizzazione o già in atto. Nonostante questo abbia consentito l’elaborazione di una strategia il più verosimile possibile, essa potrebbe subire notevoli modifiche sulla base delle variabili considerate o su dati non rinvenuti. Tale studio necessiterebbe pertanto di ulteriori approfondimenti, nonché di un monitoraggio dell’evoluzione del sistema urbano nei prossimi anni per comprenderne meglio la sua effettiva applicabilità. Il progetto di tesi, in ogni caso, si pone l’obiettivo di identificare una serie flessibile di principi attuativi e di linee guida di intervento per un processo di riqualificazione del waterfront che possa essere facilmente adattabile agli imprevisti possibili e ai plausibili mutamenti futuri.

327

BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXTS // TESTI

Abrahamse J.E., Hulsman B., Ibelings H., Jolles A., Eastern Harbour District Amsterdam. Urbanism and Architecture, Nai Uitgevers Publishers, w.p. 2003 Al Naib S.K., London Docklands. Past, present and future, Ashmead Press, London, VI edition, 1995 Ballesteros M., Ferrè A., Hwang I., Kubo M., Prat R., Sakamoto T., Tetas A., Prat R., Verb crisis, Actar Publishers, w.p. 2008 Biernat C., Cieslak E., History of Gdansk, Zaklady Graficzne, Gdansk 1995 Bruttomesso R. (edited by), Water and Industrial Heritage. The reuse of industrial and Port Structures in Cities on Water, Marsilo Editori, Venezia 1999 id. , Waterfront: una nuova frontiera urbana. 30 progetti di riorganizzazione e riuso di aree urbane sul fronte d’acqua, Centro Internazionale Città d’Acqua, Venezia 1991 Calvino I., Le città invisibili, Einaudi, Milano 1972 Careri F., Walkscapes. Camminare come pratica estetica, Giulio Einaudi S.p.a., Torino 2006 Casanova H., Heádez J., Pubblic space acupuncture. Strategies and interventions for activating city life, Actar Publishers, New York 2014 De Poli M., Incerti G., Atlante dei paesaggi riciclati, Skira editore, Milano 2014 Di Santo P., Gli indicatori urbani per il monitoraggio della relazione città-area portuale, Giannini Editore, w.p. 2003 Farinella R., Acqua come patimonio. Esperienze e savoir-faire nella riqualificazione delle città d’acqua e dei paesaggi fluviali, Aracne editrice, Roma 2013

332

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Gasparrini C., Terracciano A., Dross City. Metabolismo urbano,resilienza e progetto di riciclo dei drosscape, LISt Lab, Trento 2016 Grosch L., Petrow C.A.., Designing Parks. Berlin’s PArk an Gleisdreieck or the Art of Creating Lively Places, Jovis Verlag GmbH, Berlin 2016 Koolhaas R., Junkspace. Per un ripensamento radicale dello spazio urbano, Quodlibet, Roma 2006 Marshall R., Waterfront in Post-Industrial Cities, Spon Press, London - New York 2001 Meyhöfer D., Hafercity Hmburg Waterfront. Architectural guide, Julius GmbH/ Elbe&Flut edition , Hmburg 2014 Motta G., Il Baltico. Un mare interno nella storia di lungo periodo, Edizioni Nuova Cultura, Roma 2013 Prominski M., Stimberg D., Stokman A., Voermanek H., Zeller S., River. Space. Design. Planning Strategies, Methods and Projcets for Urban Rivers, Birkhäuser, Basel 2012 Ratti C., Claudel M., La città di domani. Come le reti stanno cambiando il futuro urbano, Giulio Einaudi Editore, Torino 2017 Lutzoni L., Informalità e progetto urbano. Spazi di relazione tra formale e informale: prospettive per il progetto della città, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Facoltà di Architettura Design Urbanistica, Scuola di Dottorato in Architettura e Pianificazione XXIV Ciclo, Sassari 2011

333

WEBSITES // SITOGRAFIA

Mapire, Gdansk historical maps https://mapire.eu/en/synchron/firstsurvey-west-galicien/ [ last costultation November 2018 ] Port Gdansk https://www.portgdansk.pl/visual-enhancement [ last costultation September 2019 ] Geoportal_iMap http://mapy.geoportal.gov.pl/imap/Imgp_2.html [ last costultation January 2019 ] Panstwowe Gospodarstwo Wody Polskie ht tp://www.gdansk.rzgw.gov.pl/index.php?mod=content&path=2,7,8,238,1028 [ last costultation January 2019 ] Metropolitan Area_Gdansk Gdynia Sopot http://en.metropoliagdansk.pl/news/pomerania-continues-work-towards-a-metropolitan-union/ [ last costultation September 2019 ] infoMercatiEsteri, PerchĂŠ investire in Polonia http://www.infomercatiesteri.it/perchepaese.php?id_paesi=82 [ last costultation March 2019 ] Surging Seas Risk Zone Map https://ss2.climatecentral.org/#12/40.7298/-74.0070?show=satellite&projections=0-K14_RCP85-SLR&level=5&unit=feet&pois=hide [ last costultation April 2019 ] Interreg Baltic Sea Region Cultural Planning project http://www.river-cities.net [ last costultation October 2019 ] Union Of the Baltic cities http://www.ubc.net/ [ last costultation September 2019 ]

334

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Biuro Rozwoju Gdanska https://www.brg.gda.pl/planowanie-przestrzenne/studium-uwarunkowan-i-kierunkow-zagospodarowania-przestrzennego [ last costultation January 2019 ] Lloydâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s List_Maritime intelligence informa, One Hundred Ports 2018 https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/one-hundred-container-ports-2018 [ last costultation March 2019 ] Statistics Poland https://stat.gov.pl/en/ [ last consultation: September 2019 ] Henning Larsen, Gdansk Imperial Shipyard https://henninglarsen.com/en/projects/1600-1699/1689-gdansk-imperial-shipyard/ [ last consultation: June 2019 ] MVRDV, Young City Gdansk https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/310/young-city-gdansk [ last consultation: June 2019 ] Granaria http://www.granaria.pl/en#home [ last consultation: June 2019 ] Trojmiasto https://www.trojmiasto.pl [ last consultation: May 2019 ] Kwadrat Studio Architektoniczne, Granary Island http://kwadrat-gdynia.pl/en/projects/ [ last consultation: June 2019 ] City of Gdansk https://www.gdansk.pl/en/ [ last consultation: April 2019 ]

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Fotopolska https://gdansk.fotopolska.eu/m33188,Gdansk.html [ last consultation: April 2019 ] World Port Source, Port of Gdansk http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/POL_Port_of_Gdansk_1176.php [ last consultation: April 2019 ] Archiwalne Mapy Pomorza Gdanskiego, Gdansk http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/POL_Port_of_Gdansk_1176.php [ last consultation: April 2019 ] Interaktywny Plan Gdanska http://mapa.gdansk.gda.pl/ipg/app/index# [ last consultation: May 2019 ] Stocznia Cesarska https://stoczniacesarska.pl/en/ [ last consultation: September 2019 ] TEN-T Core Network https://ec.europa.eu/transport/infrastructure/tentec/tentec-portal/site/en/maps.html [ last consultation: May 2019 ] Helcom, Sea surface temperature in the Baltic Sea in 2018 http://www.helcom.fi/baltic-sea-trends/environment-fact-sheets/hydrography/ development-of-sea-surface-temperature-in-the-baltic-sea [ last consultation: May 2019 ] Alides, Two Belgian players develop the former Gdansk shipyards https://alides.be/en/blog/two-belgian-players-develop-former-gdansk-shipyards [ last consultation: June 2019 ] Liberation route Europe https://liberationroute.it/poland/pois/t/the-last-days-of-the-war-in-gdansk [ last consultation: August 2019] Visit 360.pl https://liberationroute.it/poland/pois/t/the-last-days-of-the-war-in-gdansk [ last consulting: September 2019 ] Marine Poland, DS Consulting will help Port Gdansk with construction of the Central Port https://www.marinepoland.com/news/ds-consulting-will-help-port-gdanskwith-construction-of-the-central-port-video.html [ last consulting: September 2019 ] 336

BIBLIOGRAPHY

U3_Urbanistica Tre, Territori a Bassa densità, Fabrizio Esposito http://www.urbanisticatre.uniroma3.it/dipsu/?portfolio=lessico-dellurbano-2 [ last consultation: August 2019 ] Giorni di storia, Danzica, agosto 1980: gli scioperi che portarono alla nascita di Solidarnosc http://www.giornidistoria.net/453/ [ last consultation: September 2019 ] European Commission_mobility and transport, Poland’s first underwater crossing improves road access to the Port of Gdansk https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/infrastructure/news/poland’s-first-underwater-crossing-improves-road-access-port-gdansk_el [last consultation: September 2019 ] National Geographic, City of the Future.From Mega-Regions to Micro-Size Homes https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2019/04/see-sustainable-future-city-designed-for-people-and-nature/ [ last consultation: September 2019 ]

337

OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS BY GDANSK AUTHORITY // DOCUMENTI UFFICIALI DELLE AUTORITA’ DI DANZICA

Studium Uwarunkowan i Kierunków Zagospodarowania Przestrzennego Mista Gdanska 2001, Biuro Rozwoju Gdanska, Gdansk 2001 Study of Conditions and Directions of Spatial Development of the City of Gdanska 2001, Biuro Rozwoju Gdanska, Gdansk 2001 Studium Uwarunkowan i Kierunków Zagospodarowania Przestrzennego Mista Gdanska 2007, Biuro Rozwoju Gdanska, Gdansk 2007 Study of Conditions and Directions of Spatial Development of the City of Gdanska 2007, Biuro Rozwoju Gdanska, Gdansk 2007 Studium Uwarunkowan i Kierunków Zagospodarowania Przestrzennego Mista Gdanska 2018, Biuro Rozwoju Gdanska, Gdansk 2018 Study of Conditions and Directions of Spatial Development of the City of Gdanska 2018, Biuro Rozwoju Gdanska, Gdansk 2018 Plan Zagospodarowania Przestrzennego Obszaru Metropolitalnego Gdansk-Gdynia-Sopot 2030, Pomorskie Biuro Planowania Regionalnego, Gdansk 2016 Spatial development plan of the Gdansk-Gdynia-Sopot 2030 Metropolitan Area, Regional Pianification Office of Pomerania, Gdansk 2016 Programme for the Zulawy region - to 2030 Complex Flood Protection, Regional Water Management Board in Gdansk, Gdansk 2010

338

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ARTICLES // ARTICOLI

Roggeveen P., Il recupero tardivo del patrimonio industriale nella regione olandese dello Zaan in “Aquapolis”, a. II, n. 4, Venezia 1997 Clark C., Vecchi porti o cantieri navali abbandonati: i diversi destini delle eredità navali in Europa in “Aquapolis”, a. V, n. 1, Venezia 2000 Woodward R., Il Royal Dockyard di Chatham: storia e recupero, in “Aquapolis”, a. V, n. 1, Venezia 2000 Moretti M., Componenti aquatiche nella progettazione dei waterfront in “Aquapolis”, a. VI, n. 1-2, Venezia 2001 Lorens P., La riconversione del waterfront di Danzica in “Aquapolis”, a. VI, n. 1-2, Venezia 2001 Pieprz D., Sasaki Associates, La rigenerazione del waterfront recuperato in “Aquapolis”, a. VI, n. 1-2, Venezia 2001 Cimmino F., Fondi europei: Polonia, un modello da seguire con il 97,5% di finanziamenti spesi in “Il Fatto Quotidiano”, 2014 Staudt M., Kordalski Z., Future Sea level change: a transboundary problem in the baltic sea region_Case study area Gdansk, Proceedings of the Conference “Hydrogeological transboundary problems. West and East European Bidge”, Polish Geological Institute Special Papers, vol.18, 2005, pp.86-92 Retrieved from: https://www.pgi.gov.pl/docman-tree-all/publikacje-2/special-papers/88-staudt/file.html [ last costultation April 2019 ] Gerth M., Siegel H., Sea Surface Temperature in the Baltic Sea in 2018, Helcom, Baltic Sea Environment Fact, 2019 Retrived from: http://www.helcom.fi/baltic-sea-trends/environment-fact-sheets/ hydrography/development-of-sea-surface-temperature-in-the-baltic-sea [ last consultation: May 2019 ] Cyberski J. , Grzes M. , Gutry-Korycka M. , Nachlik E., Kundzewicz Z.W., History of floods on the River Vistula, Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2010 Retrived from :https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1623/hysj.51.5.799 [ last consultation: June 2019 ] 339

Novazio E., La II Guerra Mondiale. Perchè il dramma iniziò a Danzica, La Stampa, 2009 Retrived from: https://www.lastampa.it/cultura/2009/09/02/news/la-ii-guerra-mondiale-perche-br-il-dramma-inizio-a-danzica-1.37057781?refresh_ce [ last consultation: September 2019 ] Sagan I., Urban Regeneration in Gdansk, Poland: Local Regimes and Tensions Between Top-Down Strategies and Endogenous Renewal, Taylor & Francis Online, 2012, pp. 1135-1154 Retrived from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09654313 .2012.674347 [ last consultation: August 2019 ] Giovinazzi O., Moretti M., Città portuali e waterfront urbani: trasformazioni e opportunità, Trimestrale del Laboratorio Territorio Mobilità e Ambiente TeMA, Dipartimento di Pianificazione e Scienza del Territorio dell’Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, vol. 2, n. 3, 2009 Retrieved from: http://www.tema.unina.it/index.php/tema/issue/view/13 [ last costultation September 2019 ] Frediani G., HafenCity Hamburg in “Paesaggio Urbano”, a. XX, n. 1, 2011 Retrieved from: https://www.paesaggiourbano.org/2019/09/04/paesaggio-urbano-2011_1/ [ last costultation September 2019 ] Quici F., Interpretare l’informale: esperienze di riconciliazione con i luoghi dell’abitare in “(h)ortus rivista di architettura”, n. 53, 2012, Retrieved from: http://www.vg-hortus.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1535:interpretare-linformale&catid=2:scritti&Itemid=15 [ last costultation September 2019 ] Farold E., Losasso M., Pagani R., Rigenerazione Urbana in TECHNEJournal of Technology for Architecture and Environment, 2015, pp. 04-11 Retrived from: http://www.fupress.net/index.php/techne [ last costultation September 2019 ] McIntosh M.A., The Hanseatic League: Medieval Trade and Immigration in Europe, Brewminate_a bold blend of news and ideas, 2018 Retrived from: https://brewminate.com/the-hanseatic-league-medieval-trade-and-immigration-in-europe/ [ last consultation: August 2019 ]

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341

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

344

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Grazie alla professoressa Elena Dorato e al professor Romeo Farinella per averci guidato in questo percorso, per la loro disponibilitĂ , per aver alimentato la nostra curiositĂ e per averci illustrato una materia tanto complessa quanto ricca.

345

Maria Vittoria

A Nonno Guido, per avermi insegnato che non servono parole per esprimere l’amore. Grazie ai miei genitori, Luca e Lorenza, per essere ogni giorno un modello e una fonte d’ispirazione. Grazie per essere sempre al mio fianco, per avermi sempre sostenuta e spronata a cercare la mia strada. Grazie alle nonne, Rosanna e Giuseppina, per essere ogni giorno i fari che guidano il mio cammino. Grazie perché nella vostra saggezza trovo sempre il consiglio giusto. Grazie per l’amore incondizionato. Grazie a Luca per l’infinita pazienza di questi anni. Grazie perché mi capisci con uno sguardo, per credere sempre in me anche quando le mie certezze vacillano e per essere semplicemente te stesso. Sei la mia roccia e il mio rifugio. Grazie a Elisabetta, più che un’amica una sorella. Grazie per questi anni insieme, senza segreti, senza filtri, con tanti dubbi e insicurezze che abbiamo sempre affrontato insieme. Ci è bastato uno sguardo per sceglierci, grazie per essere l’amica e la coinquilina migliore del mondo. Grazie a Lalli, Alì e Bibi per i momenti passati insieme e quelli ancora da vivere. Grazie per aver reso Ferrara una seconda casa, per i ricordi che porterò sempre nel cuore e per l’amicizia, quella vera. Grazie a Eleonora, Giorgia e Dafne le amiche della vita, da una vita. Grazie per avermi sempre sostenuta e per avermi insegnato che non contano la distanza e il tempo se quando siamo insieme è come se non fosse passato un minuto. Grazie a Catia, Corrado e Chiara la mia seconda famiglia. Grazie per esserci sempre stati, per essere un punto di riferimento e per condividere sempre con me i successi e i momenti difficili. Grazie a Valeria, compagna di questa avventura difficile ed entusiasmante, ma soprattutto amica meravigliosa. Grazie per questi mesi di lacrime e risate passati fianco a fianco.

346

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Valeria

A Nonna Elda, a quel suo sguardo pieno d’amore incondizionato. Grazie alla mia famiglia, a mia Mamma e a mio Papà, il mio tutto. Grazie all’amore che incessantemente e instancabilmente provate per me, a tutto ciò che fate per me. Grazie per avermi sempre accompagnato nel percorso della vita, per il sostegno mai mancato e per aver reso possibile tutto questo. Vi voglio immensamente bene. Grazie a Zio Andrea, il mio zio tanto alto quanto speciale. Grazie per l’appoggio cieco, costante e amorevole che hai sempre nei miei confronti. Grazie a Sara, alla migliore amica che potessi avere, alla sua presenza tanto rumorosa quanto silenziosa all’occorrenza, grazie per avermi sempre capita, per esserci sempre stata e per la gioia che mi regali. Grazie a Lorenzo, per essere il miglior complice che io potessi desiderare, grazie per i consigli, per gli abbracci, per l’amore e per tutto ciò che silenziosamente mi dimostri. Grazie a Maria Vittoria, complice e vittima di questa tesi, grazie per la pazienza, per tutte quelle notti passate a lavorare, per tutti quei momenti in cui hai saputo confortarmi, per essere stata la miglior compagna che potessi avere ma soprattutto per essere un’amica. Grazie agli amici della FAF, Anna, Beatrice, Eleonora, Simona, Mattia R. e Mattia Z.. Grazie per avermi fatto compagnia in questi anni, per aver reso meno buie le nottate al pc, per i caffè pessimi delle macchinette, per le risate e i pranzi in giardino, grazie per l’amicizia e per aver reso questi cinque anni indimenticabili.

347

ATTACHEMENTS

CATALOGING OF BUILDINGS IN THE INTERVENTION RANGE // CATALOGAZIONE DEGLI EDIFICI NELLA FASCIA DI INTERVENTO

The cataloguing of the buildings belonging to the intervention area was carried out to know in detail them and the activities carried out inside. The buildings were named with letters and progressive numbers; the former indicates buildings in which no change is expected, while the latter was used for the ones subsequently inserted in the table defining the design intervention gradient. The procedure was carried out based on intrinsic characteristics of the buildings and in particular: Category: refers to the type of building in its external appearance; Volume: indicatively calculated based on the data found; Height: established considering an average of 3m inter-level; Condition: regards the state of activity of the building (active or neglected); Function: the activities carried out within; Conservative state: refers to what is visible externally according to the parameters: - optimal, indicating buildings already restored or newly built; - good, referring to buildings neglected from a maintenance point of view; - bad, for neglected buildings or in need of large interventions of extraordinary maintenance. La catalogazione degli edifici appartenenti alla fascia di intervento è stata eseguita per conoscere approfonditamente l’edificato esistente. I fabbricati sono stati nominati con lettere e numeri progressivi; le prime indicano edifici in cui non è prevista alcuna modifica, mentre i secondi sono stati utilizzati per gli stabili successivamente inseriti all’interno della tabella di definizione del gradiente di intervento progettuale. Il procedimento è stato eseguito sulla base di caratteristiche intrinseche ai fabbricati e in particolare: categoria, volume, altezza, condizione, funzione, stato conservativo. 350

ATTACHEMENTS

A Category: Historic industrial building Volume: 7 730mc H: 9m Condition: attivo Function: art gallery (WL4) Conservative state: bad

F Category: Historic industrial building Volume: 15 840mc H: 8m Condition: neglected Function: / Conservative state: bad

B Category: Historic industrial building Volume: 52 271mc H: 8m, 5m, 3m Condition: partially neglected Function: storage Conservative state: bad

G Category: Historic industrial building Volume: 2 475mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: gym (Crossfit Stocznia) Conservative state: bad

C Category: Historic industrial building Volume: 36 960mc H: 8m, 15m Condition: partially neglected Function: offices Conservative state: bad

H Category: Historic industrial building Volume: 21 585mc H: 9m, 15m Condition: neglected Function: / Conservative state: bad

D Category: Historic industrial building Volume: 10 640mc H: 8m Condition: neglected Function: / Conservative state: bad

I Category: Historic industrial building Volume: 6 900mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: offices (Center of workers protection of Gdansk shipyard) Conservative state: good

E Category: Historic industrial building Volume: 5 370mc H: 6m Condition: neglected Function: / Conservative state: bad

J Category: Historic industrial building Volume: 3 120mc H: 6m Condition: neglected Function: / Conservative state: bad

351

K Category: Historic industrial building Volume: 187 300mc H: 8m Condition: partially active Function: shipyard (SM Europe Ltd e Sunreef Yachts) Conservative state: bad

5 Category: Industrial building Volume: 7 545mc H: 8m, 3m Condition: active Function: shipyard Conservative state: bad

1 Category: Industrial building Volume: 4 150mc H: 3,5m Condition: active Function: storage Conservative state: bad

6 Category: Industrial building Volume: 48 780mc H: 6m, 8m, 12m Condition: active Function: boxing club (Ring3city), art gallery (Layup), nightclub (Protokultura), storage Conservative state: good

2 Category: Office building Volume: 8 040mc H: 12m Condition: active Function: offices (Baltic Engeneering) Conservative state: bad

7 Category: Industrial building Volume: 12 950mc H: 7m Condition: active Function: boxing club (Ring3city) and security (Straz Gdansk) Conservative state: bad

3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 53 220mc H: 6m, 9m, 12m Condition: active Function: nightclub (Ulika Elektrykow, SoSalsa, Klub B90) Conservative state: good

8 Category: Industrial building Volume: 12 320mc H: 7m Condition: active Function: boxing club (Ring3city) and security (Stocznia Gdansk) Conservative state: bad

4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 33 360mc H: 8m, 12m Condition: active Function: shipyard (Safe) Conservative state: bad

9 Category: Industrial building Volume: 14 400mc H: 8m Condition: active Function: sandblasting Conservative state: bad

352

ATTACHEMENTS

10 Category: Industrial building Volume: 5 360mc H: 4m Condition: active Function: shipyard Conservative state: bad

15 Category: Industrial building Volume: 400mc H: 4m Condition: active Function: storage (Aluship) Conservative state: optimal

11 Category: Industrial building Volume: 177 210mc H: 7m, 14m, 18m Condition: active Function: shipyard Conservative state: bad

16 Category: Industrial building Volume: 4800mc H: 4m Condition: active Function: storage (Aluship) Conservative state: optimal

12 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 3 360mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: shipyard and offices Conservative state: good

17 Category: Industrial building Volume: 750mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: storage Conservative state: good

13 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 175 000mc H: 6m, 12m, 16m Condition: active Function: shipyard and production of wind energy facilities (Aluship Technology) Conservative state: good

18 Category: Industrial building Volume: 5 160mc H: 3m, 6m Condition: active Function: shipyard Conservative state: good

14 Category: Industrial building Volume: 2 730mc H: 7m Condition: neglected Function: / Conservative state: bad

19 Category: Industrial building Volume: 32 400mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: shipyard - preparation (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

353

20 Category: Office building Volume: 3 135 mc H: 3m, 9m Condition: active Funzione: amministrazione (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

25 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 87 840mc H: 12m, 18m Condition: active Function: shipyard - production and administration (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

21 Category: Industrial building Volume: 10 400mc H: 8m Condition: active Function: shipyard - preparation (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

26 Category: Office building Volume: 5 460mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: administration (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

22 Category: Industrial building Volume: 12 000mc H: 8m Condition: active Function: shipyard - preparation (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

27 Category: Industrial building Volume: 71 760mc H: 8m Condition: active Function: storage (Remontowa) Conservative state: optimal

23 Category: Industrial building Volume: 61 200mc H: 8m Condition: active Function: shipyard - preparation (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

L Category: Military building Volume: 11 025 H: 6m, 12m Condition: active Funzione: fire station Conservative state: good

24 Category: Office building Volume: 13 020mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: administration (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

28 Category: Industrial building Volume: 46 960mc H: 8m Condition: active Function: storage (Levantina) Conservative state: bad

354

ATTACHEMENTS

M Category: Residential building Volume: 3 780mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: bad

30 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 960 H: 4m Condition: active Function: storage Conservative state: bad

N Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 320mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

31 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 2 920 H: 4m Condition: active Function: storage and offices Conservative state: good

O Category: Residential building Volume: 3 780mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: bad

32 Category: Industrial building Volume: 41 550 H: 15m Condition: active Function: shipyard - production (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

P Category: Office building C200 Volume: 78 540mc H: 6m, 24m Condition: active Function: mixed (offices, conference hall, gym, restaurant) Conservative state: optimal

33 Category: Industrial building Volume: 2 240 H: 4m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

29 Category: Industrial building Volume: 980 H: 4m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: bad

34 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 000 H: 4m Condition: active Function: storage Conservative state: good

355

35 Category: Office building Volume: 5 580 H: 6m Condition: active Function: administration Conservative state: good

Q Category: Sports building Volume: 2 520mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: changing rooms and offices Conservative state: good

36 Category: Office building Volume: 7 560 H: 12m Condition: active Function: administration (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

R Category: Residential building Volume: 8 262mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: bad

37 Category: Industrial building Volume: 94 050 H: 15m Condition: active Function: shipyard - production (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

S Category: Residential building Volume: 14 310mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

38 Category: Industrial building Volume: 73 500mc H: 15m Condition: active Function: shipyard - production (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

T Category: Residential building Volume: 2 520mc H: 12m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

39 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 216 H: 6m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

U Category: Residential building Volume: 4 950mc H: 15m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

356

ATTACHEMENTS

V Category: Residential building Volume: 11 385mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

A1 Category: Residential building Volume: 10 710mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

W Category: Residential building Volume: 10 485mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

B1 Category: Residential building Volume: 2 880mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: supermarket (Zabka) and residences Conservative state: good

X Category: Residential building Volume: 12 300mc H: 15m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

C1 Category: Commercial building Volume: 6 060mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: supermarket (Lidl) Conservative state: good

Y Category: Residential building Volume: 11 400mc H: 12m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

D1 Category: Commercial building Volume: 4 240mc H: 4m Condition: active Funzione: typing office (Hicopy) Conservative state: good

Z Category: Residential building Volume: 4 800mc H: 15m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

E1 Category: Industrial building Volume: 4 440mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: supplier of industrial plants (Promag S.A.) Conservative state: good

357

F1 Category: Industrial and commercial building Volume: 21 840mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: battery sales (Emu), lighting (Lug Light Factory), production of steel structures (Wns Pomorze) Conservative state: good

K1 Category: Residential building Volume: 1 800mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

G1 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 6 480mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: clothing (Marel Plus) Conservative state: good

L1 Category: Residential building Volume: 3 060mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

H1 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 3 600mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: production of iron elements (Materbud) Conservative state: good

M1 Category: Industrial building Volume: 12 420mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: production of steel elements (Irko) Conservative state: good

I1 Category: Commercial building Volume: 1 890mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: petrol station Conservative state: good

N1 Category: Industrial building Volume: 17 703 mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: sale of computer products Conservative state: good

J1 Category: Industrial building Volume: 860mc H: 4m Condition: active Function: packs storage (InPost) Conservative state: good

O1 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 110 mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: storage (EDF) Conservative state: good

358

ATTACHEMENTS

40 Category: Industrial building Volume: 35 100mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: shipyard - storage (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

Q1 Category: Industrial building Volume: 2 340mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: storage (PGE Energia Ciepla SA) Conservative state: good

41 Category: Industrial building Volume: 35 400mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: shipyard - storage (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

R1 Category: Industrial building Volume: 13 440mc H: 8m Condition: active Function: / (PGE Energia Ciepla SA) Conservative state: good

42 Category: Office building Volume: 2000 mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: administration (Remontowa) Conservative state: good

S1 Category: Industrial building Volume: 302 880mc H: 6m, 9m, 12m, 15m, 21m, 24m Condition: active Function: power plant (PGE Energia Ciepla SA) Conservative state: good

43 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 760mc H: 4m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

T1 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 6 480mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: storage and offices (PGE Energia Ciepla SA) Conservative state: good

P1 Category: Residential building Volume: 960mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

U1 Category: Office building Volume: 10 800mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: administration (PGA Energia Ciepla SA) Conservative state: good

359

V1 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 4 485mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: storage and offices (PGA Energia Ciepla SA) Conservative state: bad

A2 Category: Office building Volume: 1 740mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: offices (PGA Energia Ciepla SA) Conservative state: good

W1 Category: Office building Volume: 2 460mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: offices (PGA Energia Ciepla SA) Conservative state: good

B2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 668mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: / (SPIE-SAG Elbud Gdansk SA) Conservative state: bad

X1 Category: Industrial building Volume: 504mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: / (PGA Energia Ciepla SA) Conservative state: good

C2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 405mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: / (SPIE-SAG Elbud Gdansk SA) Conservative state: bad

Y1 Category: Industrial building Volume: 6 726mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: storage (PGA Energia Ciepla SA) Conservative state: bad

D2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 600mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: / (SPIE-SAG Elbud Gdansk SA) Conservative state: bad

Z1 Category: Industrial building Volume: 231mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: storage (PGA Energia Ciepla SA) Conservative state: good

E2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 14 880mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: production of energy supply networks (SPIE-SAG Elbud Gdansk SA) Conservative state: bad

360

ATTACHEMENTS

F2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 420mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: / (SPIE-SAG Elbud Gdansk SA) Conservative state: bad

K2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 26 520mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: parrot zoo (Papugarnia Gdansk) and printing house (APS Drukarnia) Conservative state: good

G2 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 35 980mc H: 7m Condition: active Function: food production and administration (Atlanta Poland SA) Conservative state: good

L2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 8 050mc H: 5m Condition: active Function: storage (Atlanta Poland SA) Conservative state: good

H2 Category: Office building Volume: 2 700mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: offices (SPIE-SAG Elbud Gdansk SA) Conservative state: good

M2 Category: Office building Volume: 3 420mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: administration Conservative state: good

I2 Category: Office building Volume: 9 000mc H: 12m Condition: active Function: administration (SPIE-SAG Elbud Gdansk SA) Conservative state: optimal

N2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 900mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: storage (Atlanta Poland SA) Conservative state: good

J2 Category: Office building Volume: 5 700mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: offices (SPIE-SAG Elbud Gdansk SA) Conservative state: good

O2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 2 040mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: selling items for painting (Al-kor) Conservative state: good

361

P2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 7 200mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: squash court (HEDONIA Squash), engineering structures for the oil industry (EMMCO Pomorze) Conservative state: good

U2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 4 440mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: / (PGA Energia Ciepla SA) Conservative state: bad

Q2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 200mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

V2 Category: Office building Volume: 7 200mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: / (PGA Energia Ciepla SA) Conservative state: bad

R2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 5 820mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: copy shop (Atrium Sp.zoo), marine supplies sales (BJT Boat & Yacht Power), construction equipment hire (Kiloutou) Conservative state: good

W2 Category: Office building Volume: 1 470mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: / (PGA Energia Ciepla SA) Conservative state: bad

S2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 5 820mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: sold welding supplies (Premium) Conservative state: optimal

44 Category: Office building Volume: 2 100mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: sale of chemical products (Meie) Conservative state: good

T2 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 13 200mc H: 4m, 15m Condition: active Function: sale of electrical supplies (Nowa Elektro) Conservative state: good

45 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 200mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: / (Kruszwica SA) Conservative state: good

362

ATTACHEMENTS

46 Category: Industrial building Volume: 31 260mc H: 6m, 12m Condition: active Function: production of seed and vegetable oil (Kruszwica SA) Conservative state: good

51 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 960mc H: 4m Condition: / Function: storage Conservative state: bad

47 Category: Office building Volume: 2 520mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: / (Kruszwica SA) Conservative state: good

X2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 350mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: sale of spare parts for cars and scrapping (TRW) Conservative state: good

48 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 17 850mc H: 6m, 9m, 12m Condition: active Function: administration (Kruszwica SA) Conservative state: good

Y2 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 7 020mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: / (TRW) Conservative state: bad

49 Category: Residential building Volume: 945mc H: 9m Condition: neglected Function: / Conservative state: bad

Z2 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 200mc H: 4m Condition: active Function: storage (TRW) Conservative state: bad

50 Category: Office building Volume: 330mc H: 3m Condition: neglected Function: / Conservative state: bad

A3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 7 098mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: sport centre Conservative state: good

363

B3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 050mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: storage Conservative state: good

G3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 600mc H: 4m Condition: active Function: storage Conservative state: bad

C3 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 29 400mc H: 6m, 12m Condition: active Function: production of plastic and administrative containers (Orplast Jerzy Orlikowski) Conservative state: optimal

H3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 900mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: storage and garage Conservative state: bad

D3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 11 520mc H: 12m Condition: active Function: productive (Taranko Sp.o.o) Conservative state: optimal

I3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 840mc H: 4m Condition: active Function: scrapping storage (Elmetal) Conservative state: good

E3 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 1 800mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: administrative and production of welding and abrasive materials (Elmetal) Conservative state: good

J3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 2 660mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: scrapping storage (Elmetal) Conservative state: good

F3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 875mc H: 5m Condition: active Function: commercial-furniture accessories (ABO) Conservative state: good

K3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 2 340mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: storage (Elmetal) Conservative state: good

364

ATTACHEMENTS

L3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 590mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: storage (Elmetal) Conservative state: good

Q3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 18 240mc H: 4m Condition: active Function: mechanical (Buba) Conservative state: good

M3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 5 900mc H: 5m Condition: active Function: storage (Elmetal) Conservative state: bad

R3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 630mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: storage Conservative state: bad

N3 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 15 000mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: food production (Savpol) Conservative state: good

S3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 4 000mc H: 5m Condition: active Function: wholesale of building materials (Tadmar) Conservative state: good

O3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 9840mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: food production (Savpol) Conservative state: good

T3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 4 744mc H: 4m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

P3 Category: Office building Volume: 5 310mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: lighting systems design (JBS) Conservative state: optimal

U3 Category: Office building Volume: 17 190mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: bathroom furniture sales (Armadeo) Conservative state: bad

365

V3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 990mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

A4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 375mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: repair shop Conservative state: good

W3 Category: Hotel Volume: 5 640mc H: 12m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: optimal

B4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 380mc H: 3m Condition: active Function: selling work clothes (JABO) Conservative state: good

X3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 4 660mc H: 4m Condition: active Function: sale of building materials (Pollytag) Conservative state: good

52 Category: Industrial building Volume: 23 910mc H: 3m, 15m Condition: neglected Function: / (Pollytag) Conservative state: bad

Y3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 700mc H: 4m Condition: / Function: storage (Pollytag) Conservative state: good

C4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 11 550mc H: 15m Condition: active Function: storage (Pollytag) Conservative state: good

Z3 Category: Industrial building Volume: 4 980mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: repair shop Conservative state: good

D4 Category: Residential building Volume: 1 710mc H: 9m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: bad

366

ATTACHEMENTS

53 Category: Industrial building Volume: 2 340mc H: 5m Condition: neglected Function: container terminal (GTK) Conservative state: bad

58 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 780 mc H: 7 m Condition: active Function: steel storage (Techmaprojekt Sp. o.o.) Conservative state: good

54 Category: Office building Volume: 840mc H: 7m Condition: active Function: container terminal (GTK) Conservative state: good

57 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 780 mc H: 7 m Condition: active Function: steel storage (Techmaprojekt Sp. o.o.) Conservative state: good

55 Category: Industrial building Volume: 55 040mc H: 16m Condition: active Function: storage (Techmaprojekt Sp. o.o.) Conservative state: good

58 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 780 mc H: 7 m Condition: active Function: steel storage (Techmaprojekt Sp. o.o.) Conservative state: good

56 Category: Industrial building Volume: 7 896mc H: 7m Condition: active Function: steel production (Techmaprojekt Sp. o.o.) Conservative state: bad

59 Category: Industrial building Volume: 4 800 mc H: 8 m Condition: active Function: production of concrete structures (Lafarge Wytwรณrnie Betonu Gdansk) Conservative state: good

57 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 780 mc H: 7 m Condition: active Function: steel storage (Techmaprojekt Sp. o.o.) Conservative state: good

60 Category: Industrial building Volume: 4 320mc H: 6 m Condition: / Function: / Conservative state: bad

367

E4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 920 mc H: 7 m Condition: active Function: supplier of industrial plants (Simex Sp. z o.o.) Conservative state: good

J4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 600 mc H: 5 m Condition: active Function: steel constructions (Mostostal Pomorze S.A.) Conservative state: bad

F4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 9 300 mc H: 5 m Condition: active Function: production of building materials (LB Therm Sp. z o.o.) Conservative state: good

K4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 82 680 mc H: 10 m Condition: active Function: steel constructions (Mostostal Pomorze S.A.) Conservative state: good

G4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 5 250 mc H: 7 m Condition: active Function: / (Atlas) Conservative state: good

L4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 440 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

H4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 5 616 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: bathroom furniture sale (Bokaro) Conservative state: good

M4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 944 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

I4 Category: Office building Volume: 58 500 mc H: 26 m Condition: active Function: logistical-administrative (PKO Polish Bank) Conservative state: good

N4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 2 325 mc H: 7 m Condition: active Function: logistical-administrative (Mostostal Pomorze S.A.) Conservative state: good

368

ATTACHEMENTS

O4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 16 992 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: mixed, auto parts shop, repair shop Conservative state: bad

T4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 7 500 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: storage (PUT Port transport Sp. o.o.) Conservative state: good

P4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 29 760 mc H: 16 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

U4 Category: Industrial building Volume: mc H: 3,5 m Condition: active Function: logistics service (PUT Port transport Sp. o.o.) Conservative state: good

Q4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 15 750 mc H: 7 m Condition: / Function: / Conservative state: good

V4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 6 699 mc H: 5,5 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

R4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 10 944 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: steel constructions (Ruroserv. PPUH) Conservative state: good

W4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 6 138 mc H: 5,5 m Condition: active Function: storage (Malmor) Conservative state: good

S4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 10 200 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: storage (PUT Port transport Sp. o.o.) Conservative state: good

X4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 7 788 mc H: 5,5 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

369

Y4 Category: Industrial building Volume: 75 456 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: administration and production (Wetcab Sp. z o.o.) Conservative state: good

D5 Category: Commercial building Volume: 7 047 mc H: 9 m Condition: active Function: electrical products and kitchen furniture Conservative state: good

Z4 Category: Office building Volume: 2 535 mc H: 7,5 m Condition: active Function: administrative (Malmor) industrial engineering firm (Teltor-Pol PĂ˛lnoc S.A.) Conservative state: good

61 Category: Industrial building and residential Volume: 2 106 mc H: 6,5 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

A5 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 720 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: mechanic and car assistance Conservative state: good

62 Category: Industrial building Volume: 10 802 mc H: 11 m Condition: active Function: logistical-administrative (ZBI) Conservative state: good

B5 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 720 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

63 Category: Industrial building Volume: 20 608 mc H: 8 m Condition: active Function: metal processing (ZBI) Conservative state: good

C5 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 105 mc H: 4,5 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

64 Category: Industrial building Volume: 588 mc H: 3,5 m Condition: active Function: logistical-administrative Conservative state: good

370

ATTACHEMENTS

65 Category: Industrial building Volume: 2 600 mc H: 4 m Condition: active Function: logistical-administrative Conservative state: good

70 Category: Industrial building Volume: 43 400 mc H: 25 m Condition: neglected Function: administration and general cargo storage Conservative state: bad

66 Category: Residential building Volume: 2 340 mc H: 13 m Condition: neglected Function: / Conservative state: bad

71 Category: Industrial building Volume: 40 635 mc H: 7 m Condition: active Function: general cargo storage (Port Gdanski Esportacja) Conservative state: good

67 Category: Historic building Volume: 16 650 mc H: 9 m Condition: neglected Function: maritime post office Conservative state: good

72 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 56 250 mc H: 10 m Condition: active Function: storage and customs office (Customs department Vistula Quay) Conservative state: good

68 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 388 mc H: 7 m Condition: neglected Function: storage Conservative state: bad

73 Category: Industrial building Volume: 63 000 mc H: 10 m Condition: active Function: general cargo storage Conservative state: good

69 Category: Industrial building Volume: 12 240 mc H: 5 m Condition: / Function: / Conservative state: good

74 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 012 mc H: 4 m Condition: neglected Function: storage Conservative state: bad

371

E5 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 080 mc H: 5 m Condition: active Function: steel producer (Elka Sp. o.o.) Conservative state: good

j5 Category: Residential building Volume: 639 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

F5 Category: Industrial building Volume: 5 310 mc H: 5 m Condition: active Function: administration (Rezerwa Sp. z o.o.) Conservative state: good

75 Category: Industrial building Volume: 9 225 mc H: 5 m Condition: active Function: operational vehicle storage Conservative state: bad

G5 Category: Industrial building Volume: 4 180 mc H: 5 m Condition: active Function: furniture maker (KMK meble) Conservative state: bad

76 Category: Industrial building Volume: 7 800 mc H: 5 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: bad

H5 Category: Industrial building Volume: 2 756 mc H: 4 m Condition: active Function: tool shop (Mikro-Test sp.j.) Conservative state: good

77 Category: Industrial building Volume: 10 360 mc H: 5 m Condition: active Function: storage Conservative state: bad

I5 Category: Industrial building Volume: 3 060 mc H: 4 m Condition: active Function: commercial (Marzal) Conservative state: good

78 Category: Industrial building Volume: 13 500 mc H: 4,5 m Condition: active Function: wood storage Conservative state: good

372

ATTACHEMENTS

79 Category: Industrial building Volume: 19 305 mc H: 4,5 m Condition: active Function: wood storage Conservative state: good

M5 Category: Industrial building Volume: 2 016 mc H: 4 m Condition: active Function: repair shop Conservative state: bad

80 - 81 Category: Historic industrial building Volume: 40 800 mc H: 25 m Condition: active Function: storage (Elewator Âž Gdansk) Conservative state: good

N5 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 197 mc H: 3 m Condition: active Function: storage and commercial Conservative state: good

82 Category: Office building Volume: 1 469 mc H: 6m Condition: active Function: / (Elewator Âž Gdansk) Conservative state: good

O5 Category: Residential building Volume: 1 197 mc H: 6 m Condition: neglected Function: / Conservative state: bad

K5 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 743 mc H: 5 m Condition: active Function: commercial Conservative state: good

P5 Category: Residential building Volume: 1 776 mc H: 4 m Condition: active Function: social services Conservative state: good

L5 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 434 mc H: 3 m Condition: active Function: commercial Conservative state: good

Q5 Category: Residential building Volume: 678 mc H: 3 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

373

R5 – S5 – T5 Category: Residential building Volume: 864 mc H: 8 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

Y5 Category: Residential building Volume: 6 720 mc H: 12 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

U5 Category: Residential building Volume: 378 mc H: 3 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

Z5 Category: Office building Volume: 4 356 mc H: 11 m Condition: active Function: / (Atrasys Sp. z o.o.) Conservative state: good

V5 Category: Commercial building Volume: 3 600 mc H: 9 m Condition: active Function: tire shop Conservative state: bad

Ω5 Category: School building Volume: 4 060 mc H: 7 m Condition: active Function: nursery Conservative state: good

W5 Category: Industrial building Volume: 12 798 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: public transport garage Conservative state: good

A6 Category: Military building Volume: 1 134 mc H: 10 m Condition: active Funzione: fire station Conservative state: good

X5 Category: Residential building Volume: 12 672 mc H: 12 m Condition: active Function: mixed Conservative state: good

B6 Category: Residential building Volume: 12 740 mc H: 14 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: bad

374

ATTACHEMENTS

C6 Category: Residential building Volume: 12 740 mc H: 14 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: bad

H6 Category: Residential building Volume: 7 600 mc H: 10 m Condition: active Function: social services Conservative state: good

D6 Category: Office building Volume: 21 560 mc H: 14 m Condition: active Function: administration (Port of Gdansk Authority SA) Conservative state: good

I6 Category: Industrial building Volume: 1 800 mc H: 9m Condition: neglected Function: / Conservative state: bad

E6 Category: Office building Volume: 54 180 mc H: 21 m Condition: active Function: logistics-administrative (Baltona Shipchadlers Sp. z o.o.) Conservative state: bad

J6 Category: Office building Volume: 2 268 mc H: 7 m Condition: active Function: health and checkpoint Conservative state: good

F6 Category: Industrial building Volume: 7 680 mc H: 12 m Condition: active Function: storage Conservative state: good

K6 Category: Office building Volume: 3 822 mc H: 7 m Condition: active Function: administration (Port Security Guard) Conservative state: bad

G6 Category: Religious building Volume: 15 194 mc H: 11,5 m Condition: active Function: church and convent Conservative state: good

L6 Category: Industrial building Volume: 8 838 mc H: 18 m Condition: active Function: food storage (Magrol Sp. z o.o.) Conservative state: bad

epidemiological

375

M6 Category: Industrial building Volume: 38 064 mc H: 6,5 m Condition: active Function: food storage (Magrol Sp. z o.o.) Conservative state: good

R6 Category: Residential building Volume: 1 019 mc H: 3 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

N6 Category: Office building Volume: 67 500 mc H: 15 m Condition: active Function: logistics-administrative (Inter Royal S.A.) Conservative state: good

S6 Category: Residential building Volume: 2 923 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

O6 Category: Industrial building Volume: 75 600 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: general cargo storage (Port of Gdansk S.A.) Conservative state: bad

T6 Category: Residential building Volume: 1 160 mc H: 5 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

P6 Category: Residential building Volume: 1 615 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

U6 Category: Office building Volume: 7 281 mc H: 9 m Condition: active Function: shipping of maritime goods (Mag Morska) Conservative state: bad

Q6 Category: Residential building Volume: 1 314 mc H: 6 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

V6 Category: Residential building Volume: 7 338 mc H: 9 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

376

ATTACHEMENTS

W6 Category: Office building Volume: 3 864 mc H: 7 m Condition: active Function: administration (Adampol Port Gdansk) Conservative state: good

B7 Category: State building and lighthouse Volume: 6 840 mc H: 10 m Condition: active Function: administration Conservative state: good

X6 Category: Industrial building Volume: 2 934 mc H: 3 m Condition: active Function: ferry storage Conservative state: good

C7 Category: Industrial building Volume: 68 900 mc H: 6,5 m Condition: active Function: storage (GTP WOC by Vetro) Conservative state: good

Y6 Category: Office building Volume: 5 250 mc H: 5 m Condition: neglected Function: / Stato conservativo: cattivo Intervento indicativo: demolizione

D7 Category: Industrial building and offices Volume: 19 215 mc H: 9 m Condition: active Function: shipping service (Cargofruit Sp. Zo.o), customs agency Conservative state: good

Z6 Category: Office building Volume: 2 835 mc H: 9 m Condition: active Function: / Conservative state: good

E7 Category: Industrial building Volume: 77 080 mc H: 8 m Condition: active Function: storage Conservative state: good

A7 Category: Old lighthouse Volume: 1 846 mc H: 12 m Condition: neglected Function: monument Conservative state: good

F7 Category: Industrial building Volume: 123 552 mc H: 12 m Condition: active Function: storage Conservative state: optimal

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PANELS // TAVOLE