CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN VENUSIAN ATMOSPHERE

Nuclear energy

Regarding nuclear energy, we can use it by building a nuclear fusion reactor. As Venus is in proximity of the Sun, we can use solar flares for generating nuclear energy, which are a sudden increase in the Sun's brightness. The massive amount energy released in a solar flare originally comes from nuclear fusion in the Sun's core and emanate from Sun’s spots, every 11 years during solar cycle. The flare ejects ions, electrons, and atoms into space which cause auroras around Earth’s magnetic poles and sometimes affect communication. Inside a fusion nuclear reactor the atoms reach high speed until they collide. One example is the Sun itself, where the temperatures reach 15,000,000 degrees Celsius. There, hydrogen atoms collide, despite their electrostatic repulsion and from two light hydrogen atoms ( H-H) a new heavier element, Helium, results. The advantage of fusion reactors over fission is that the reactive waste amounts is hundreds of times less.

Energy measurements

We will use Einstein’s formula E = mc2 to measure energy in Joules, also known as watt-second unit of measurement and calculate capacity needed to power the settlement, which shows that mass is converted into energy and vice versa, as c is constant, the speed of light. Where, E = energy; m = mass; c = speed light = 3 x 108 m/s E = mc2

In order to support life on the settlement, we need to generate oxygen. How is the harsh Venusian environment going to provide a continuous source of oxygen, considering Venus’ abundance in sulfuric acid rains? Oxygen can be obtained through multiple processes. The most basic process that comes from nature and supports life on planet Earth is the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some bacteria use energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which is converted into ATP, and feeds all living things. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light —> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 The source of generation of the oxygen on Aphrodite settlement through photosynthesis will be Aquaculture farm and green plants sera. In regard to photosynthesis, it allows plants, bacteria, and algae to take carbon dioxide and, with the help of the sunlight, turn it into the oxygen we all breathe. Aloe vera is known to remove benzene and formaldehyde. Dissimilar to most plants, it absorbs carbon dioxide and discharges oxygen during the night making it the most oxygen giving plant at night. Obtaining oxygen out of carbon dioxide by high energy vacuum ultraviolet laser Nowadays, photosynthesis can be bypassed and oxygen (O2) can also be made by zapping carbon dioxide (CO2) with a laser. High-energy ultraviolet light can split carbon dioxide into CO and O segments. O=C=O Carbon is double bonded to the oxygen atoms, and it's way easier, chemically speaking, to simply cut away one of those bonds and create a CO molecule and an oxygen atom. Another source for generating oxygen on Aphrodite will be through the process of electrolysis which is a process that can split water into hydrogen and oxygen molecules by use of an electrical current through a quantity of water, after obtaining H2O from Venusian clouds’ complex processes. 2H2O(l) = 2H2(g) + O2(g)

There are two electrodes: the anode (+) where the oxidation reaction occurs, and the cathode (-), where the reduction reaction occurs. The selection of electrodes and voltages and even additives are vital in order to get the wanted result. The ore is melted- The electrodes are put in -The metals go to the negative electrode (cathode) and oxygen to the anode (+).

However, in order to obtain oxygen through electrolysis process, we need water and we cannot leave Earth with large amounts of water due to its heavy weight. Therefore, we need to extract or generate water in space. Venus atmosphere is abundant in sulfuric acidic rains. But sulfuric acid cannot be transformed into water. There is a way to get water is we react sulfuric acid with a strong base, like sodium hydroxide, but part of water comes from the base. H 2SO4+2NaOH−>H2O+Na2SO4, where NaOH is obtained from 4*( 2NaCl + 2H2O => H2 + Cl2 + 2NaOH )

Venus is known as the “greenhouse” planet and at cloud-top level, and it has the most similar conditions to Earth. Atmosphere contains the primary elements required for life: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur. Water can also be produced in Venus atmosphere by using Sebatier process, which allows reaction of dioxide and hydrogen at elevated temperatures and pressures.

CO2+ 4H2—>CH4 + 2H2O Methane is a useful substance as it can be a good source of fuel for the space transporters and shuttles while 0.2 kilograms of hydrogen and 1.2 kilograms of carbon dioxide product about 1 kilogram of H2O.

Water with different levels of purity can be utilized in different ways. There are 3 main categories: Ultrapure water, which is used in pharmaceutical industry, Drinking water, Water with a small amount of impurities, which is used for day to day activities, other than drinking, like animals, washing the dishes, showering. In regard to disinfection there are options such as: Ozone disinfection, Ultra-violet (UV) disinfection (Solar water disinfection), Chlorine dioxide disinfection