Arch Portfolio | Exploring dimensions of life through sustainable design | marios antoniou

Green Economy and Sustainable Development Bringing Back The Social

EXPLORING DIMENSIONS OF LIFE THROUGH THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Student Name: Marios Antoniou | Year 2012

Green Economy and Sustainable Development Bringing Back The Social EXPLORING DIMENSIONS OF LIFE THROUGH THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN University of Nicosia | Department of Architecture [A.R.C] | ARCH - 401 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN VI | Lecturers : Dr.Petros Lapithis, Michalis Georgiou, Anna Papadopoulou Student Name: Marios Antoniou Year 2012

Table of Contents • Theoretical Background p.6-11 Part A | Study1- Scale 1/5000 • • • • • • •

Part B | Study2 - Scale 1/1000

The area/Characteristics Network of Movements The Needs/Conclusions/Proposals Programmatic guidelines Stages of Development Programmatic placement-Thinking Process Proposed Master Plan – Scale 1/5000

pages 14-31

• • •

Programmatic elements Proposed Master Plan – Scale 1/1000 Design approach - Moments and Case studies

Part C | Design Proposal 1-The Green House • • •

•

pages 34-39

The Aquaponics-theory and requirements Site Placement Design-Plans/Sections -Construction Process -Areas and Programs -Elevations -Seasonal Adaptation -Moments Construction Module [Catalyst Week]

pages 42-59

Part D | Study3 - Scale 1/500 • • • • • • •

Proposed Master Plan – Scale 1/500 Perspective Views/Programmatic Elements and Moments Sectional Studies (scale 1/200) Programmatic Developments Expansion of the River’s Dynamic Circulations and Flows Aquaponics (products) Cycle

pages 63-75

Part E | Design element 2-The Central Node •

• • • • • •

The Central Node Scale 1/200 – Programmatic Elements Section Cuts Passive Strategies and Weather adaptations Stages Of Development Analysis of the Programmatic elements The Canopy Moments

pages 79-99

Liopetri River 2012

Theoretical Background

Green Economy and Sustainable Development Bringing Back the Social Stability Theoretical Background

Abstract The economic crisis of the recent years, has caused many problems in the economic but also the social structure of many countries. Phenomena such as xenophobia and racism, have become expressions of indignation of many people, as a means of expressing their discontent after losing her job and income. Minorities such as migrants and refugees often become victims of these expressions, experiencing a hostile atmosphere against them. Alongside the economic exploitation of the natural environment, has brought the planet to a breaking point, which require drastic changes. The Green Economy seems that gives hope of salvation which is based on the respect for the people, the community and the natural environment. It creates new conditions of exploitation of the natural resources and at the same time it creates new jobs. The essay is presenting, the results of research and analysis of the above issues and concludes with the presentation of an Architectural proposal, through a program which is able to apply these results. Can Architecture through the proposed industry to solve the economic and the social problems of the time , offering a better quality of life?

Table Of Contnents Abstract • Intro: the term Quality of Life- definition • Chapter 1: The financial crisis and the economic and social impact to the daily life • Chapter 2:The Green Economy: A proposition for a more alternative and much • Chapter 3: An emergent need for Cyprus • Chapter 4: Green Economy and Refugee Law under a common ground • Conclusion

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Intro: The term quality of life: The term quality of life (QOL) references the general well-being of individuals and societies. The term is used in a wide range of contexts, including the fields of international development, healthcare, and politics. Quality of life should not be confused with the concept of standard of living, which is based primarily on income. Instead, standard indicators of the quality of life include not only wealth and employment, but also the built environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure time, and social belonging. Also frequently related are concepts such as freedom, human rights, and happiness. However, since happiness is subjective and hard to measure, other measures are generally given priority. It has also been shown that happiness, as much as it can be measured, does not necessarily increase correspondingly with the comfort that results from increasing income. As a result, standard of living should not be taken to be a measure of happiness. Also sometimes considered related is the concept of human security, though the latter may be considered at a more basic level, and for all people.-Wikipedia-

Key words – definitions ➢ Well-being of individual and societies ➢ International development ➢ Healthcare ➢ Politics ➢ Wealth ➢ Employment ➢ Built environment ➢ Physical and mental health ➢ Education ➢ Recreation ➢ Leisure time ➢ Social belonging ➢ Freedom ➢ Human rights ➢ Happiness ➢ Human security

*An independent network of non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) and groups involved in the fight against poverty and social exclusion in the Member States of the European Union, established in 1990. *The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was established on December 14, 1950 by the United Nations General Assembly. The agency is mandated to lead and co-ordinate international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems worldwide. Its primary purpose is to safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees. It strives to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum and find safe refuge in another State, with the option to return home voluntarily, integrate locally or to resettle in a third country. It also has a mandate to help stateless people. In more than six decades, the agency has helped tens of millions of people restart their lives. Today, a staff of some 7,685 people in more than 125 countries continues to help some 33.9 million persons. The objective of this Regulation is to identify as quickly as possible the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application, and to prevent abuse of asylum procedures *The objective of this Regulation is to identify as quickly as possible the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application, and to prevent abuse of asylum procedures.

So many parameters – definitions needed in order to define the term “quality of life”. Parameters which in order to be explained, they need a range of other parameters, of which the definitions need other researches and theses. These researches and theses, at the end, they have as the only result a more attractive and philosophical approach into question, especially in our days, where the tendency for crisis, controversy and nihilism acquires a special dynamics due to the economic crisis.

Chapter 1: The financial crisis and the economic and social impact to the daily life 1. The economic crisis, which commenced in 2007, continues to exist nowadays and it is considered to be the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression of 1930. An economic crisis, which has direct and adverse effects on so many economical and social levels and no one, can say with certainty when it is going to end. 2. Unfortunately, the consequences of the crisis are now diffused in every human life range. A disastrous course of men and values, which passes through the economic, social and concludes to the personal field, having as forms of expansion the antisocial manifestations which many times end up being expressed through various forms of violence. 3. According to EAPN (The European Anti Poverty Network)* , the biggest consequences of the economic crisis have affected the people who were already living on the edge of poverty, or people who reached the edge of poverty after being fired or after losing their social aid. 4. The gap between the poor and rich class is getting bigger and bigger, according to EAPN. People do not straggle anymore for avoiding poverty but they straggle for survivor. Social classes like the old age, the young, the educated and uncultivated men, the immigrants, national minorities, single parents and even the little children are added to a long list of victims. Their daily straggle for survivor, in many cases, increases the intolerance, racism and xenophobia, creating thus a real threat against the social coherence and integration; a picture that brings memories from the black pages of world history, written before the 2nd World War. 5. Inequality is considered to be one of the main reasons of crisis, and one of the most important factors of the increasing social cost. The salaries are reduced, the taxes are increased and even the pensions are differentiated in a period where the simple goods are becoming more and more expensive. This situation creates to many people a weakness to pay for the basics in life even a weakness to pay for the essential foods. 6. The youth unemployment has increased over the 20% in most of the countries, reaching the overall unemployment rate to 42.5%. The immigrant workers from non-EU countries are becoming the scapegoat of the economic crisis, living with the insecurity of being deported or even being physically abused, especially in countries with high unemployment rates like France, Czech Republic and even Greece. 7. The austerity measures that were taken as the main policy in order to ensure the financial viability of many government’s budgets have failed miserably and the goals for increasing equality and creation of sustainable job positions have not succeeded to any extent whatsoever. As a result, the relations between the natives and foreign populations – immigrants, refugees, and other minorities – have exacerbated. 8. Based on the NHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees)* the living conditions for these social groups are getting worse. Even the tactics of the political parties are turning towards the creation of fear against those social entities in order to renounce their responsibilities and at the same time to disorientate the public opinion by turning the attention and tension to another direction. 9. As a result of this economic crisis, Europe seems to fail in the administration of these human issues that occurred. The inadequacy and inexistency of settlements and services for the administration of the needs

which are created by the immigration and refugee flows rend the social problems even more intensive, especially the problems regarding the social integration of these groups in the wider community. 10. Even after the “Dublin II Regulation” *, which replaced the Dublin Convention of 1990– it defines the criteria regarding the competent country for the examination of an asylum application – the administration of the refugees and the asylum applicants remains a responsibility of each country which accepts the refugees. This situation creates an uneven burden allocation among the Member States of the European Union, especially between South and North. As of January 2011, Greece had 67,428 refugees and asylum seekers registered as residing in Greece. Northern European countries, in spite of being much more affluent, have seen the number of asylum requests dwindle to next to nothing. This lack of solidarity among the Member States is one of the main reasons for which countries such as Greece, Italy and Spain have been affected miserably by the economic crisis, a fact that has as a result the deterioration of the existing tense relations inside the societies between the natives and foreigners. 11. The combination of the economic crisis burden and the refugees/ asylum seekers burden creates across Europe a rhetorical policy that plumbs the refugees’ requests and rights restriction. In order to justify this, the rhetorical policy was combined with the excuse of incontrollable and illegal immigration and the so-called abuse of the refugee convention (Geneva 28th of July 1951, Convention relating to the Status of Refugees), creating thus at the same time a racist atmosphere against any form of foreigners. Consequently, foreigners and refugees are charged, according to the political and social environment, with the inequality and effects of the domestic social coherence and economical problems. 12. Under these conditions and circumstances humanity is found at the determinative point to which it must reform the social models. Beyond the economic crisis, mankind should set the foundations in order to overcome the social crisis and at the same time to render the most human and sustainable system which will define and govern the world, economic and social conditions. 13. Now, more than even before, it is necessary to build the hope for a better future, not so for the present but for the future. The economic crisis has brought to surface a bunch of domino problems which possibly, and especially in case where no necessary measures will be taken, will create a range of other problems, where this time will not have the form of a crisis but, without exaggerating, the form of a total destruction. Chapter 2: Green Economy: A proposition for a more alternative and much more sustainable way of business activity. 1. The so-far economic growth and wealth result from the over pump and over exploitation of natural resources across the universe. From forest to water, from air to earth underground, humanity has intervened on a dangerously large scale against nature and consequently, besides its exhaustion and pollution, it has created an economic model which is subjected to an economic, social and environmental cost. A cost that is more painful especially for the poor, who depend, with their own micro-scale, on the exploitation of the natural resources for their cultivations and farms, which provision their daily life. The current phenomenal loss of biodiversity and the ecosystem degradation affects the fields of ani-

mal breeding, cultivation, fishing and forestry, which are fields that define the survivor of many poor people in the world. 2. The need for understanding the interaction between economy, society and environment, through a fair distribution of resources and opportunities in order to create a life model but also accessible, constitutes the sustainability as the new regime. In other words, a system on which humanity can count in order to create a change for the better, succeeding in this way a better quality of life. 3. Therefore, the green economy is a proposition for a more alternative and much more sustainable way of business activity. An economic environment which succeeds low levels of carbon dioxide emissions has high efficiency in natural resources exploitation without any social exclusion, having as model and goal the improvement of human prosperity and social justice. At the same time it reduces the environmental risks and the ecological deficiencies. 4. The transition to a green economy can be considered as a course towards a sustainable development. The achievement of this sustainable development demands the progression and enforcement of the three interlinked and mutually enforced pillars, which are the environment protection, the social and economic development (directive principle for the international cooperation on development at the Earth Summit in 1992 “Our common future”). The course to a green economy can constitutes an important driving force at the attempt of succeeding a sustainable development, having the environment as the determinative factor of the economic production, the value, the stability and the long-term prosperity. The natural environment becomes the source of development and the motive for innovation. While it promotes the development it is being socially fair, since it is the poor people who depend for their survivor on the natural resources and it is them who are being more unguardedly affected by the environment degradation. 5. The technologies of the renewable sources of energy (such as the solar and wind energy), as well as the supportive policies of energy, are promising an important contribution in the improvement of the living standard and health in areas of low income; especially to those who at the present do not have access to energy, rendering thus the environment as catalyst of the economic development and human prosperity. 6. Simultaneously, the transition to a green economy targets at the increase of access to basic services and infrastructures as the medium to combat poverty and improve the overall quality of life. For example, an access for 1.4 billion people who lack modern energy services. 7. In many reports of the UNEP (United Nations Environment Program), such as the UNEP’S Green Jobs report, it is argued that besides the environmental benefits and the implementation of sustainable conditions, the investment in a green economy would function as a medium for the creation of millions of jobs, increasing thus the employment rate; something that would automatically reduce the unemployment, obviously reach the economic growth and consequently escape the economic crisis and the settlement of the social problems. Therefore, the Green Economy is one of the best solutions for the implementation of a sustainable economic growth, which recognises and is recognised by the social component.

Chapter 3: Green Economy: An emergent need for Cyprus. 1. In Cyprus, the need for the implementation of a green economy considers being urgent since the economic crisis and its effects, as mentioned above, are visible in the simple daily life. The geographical position of the island is an attractive passage towards Europe for thousands of persecuted people who either legally or illegally arrives to the island seeking for a better future, at a period where the Middle East suffers daily from belligerent and civil conflicts. 2. According to the Refugee Law, the political asylum seekers in Cyprus in the first six months, even until their application evaluation, do not have any employment right; a situation that leaves them no other choice but to appeal to the social welfare services. After the six-month period, their access to employment rights is still limited, giving them the right to work only in specific fields, mainly in the farming sector. The limited positions in the farming field drive the asylum seekers either to illegal employment or back to the social welfare funds, a situation that provokes the anger of the Greek-Cypriot public opinion which after the deterioration of the economic crisis consequences is increasingly expressed with a strong dissatisfaction. 3. Alongside the situation described above, the management of research and programming of the Human Resource Development Authority, detects - in its report for the location of needs in green skills in the Cypriot economy for the period 2010-2013 - the need and prospective that can be created by the implementation and evaluation of the green economy especially regarding the renewable sources of energy, constructions, transfers, agriculture, forestry, fishing, manufacture and material management. These are applications that will create new jobs and in turn they will give a thrust towards growth. The green professions cover a wide range of professional qualifications, skills and education levels, with the majority of professions to be based on traditional occupations and works. 4. This research supports that the total influence on the employment, from the transition to the green economy, is expected to be positive according to a large number of international researches. In short term, some job positions tend to be lost in sectors that are affected negatively, while the new jobs will be created in green sections which will overlap any losses. Nevertheless, in long term, the consequences in employment will depend on external factors, while the public behaviour is changing and provision chains are being adjusted. Moreover, the innovation and new green technologies are expected to lead to new opportunities for development and investments. 5. The field of agriculture, forestry and fishing will be reoriented towards the organic and biofuel production. The expertise required for the green professions are the traditional skills and qualifications applied to environmental models. They are not completely new but they are just additional or a mixture of existing qualifications. The sub-fields of agriculture, forestry and fishing are expected to affect and be affected significantly by the turn to green economy. The temperature change, the prolonged drought and the limitation of water resources are awaited to affect crucially both the quality and quantity of the produced agricultural products. That is why the turn to a sustainable model of an agricultural production, which respects and protects the environment, is inevitable. 6. The only professions of lower standard, with a medium participa-

tion in the green economy, are represented by the agriculture and fishing workers. Like in the case of farmers, animal-breeders and fishermen, they are expected to be affected significantly by the climate change. Although these fields of occupation present diachronically a downfall tendency in the turnover and employment, however the turn towards the organic agriculture, animal-breeding and sustainable fishing is awaited to create new job positions. 7. For the agriculture sector the relevant actions target in the education and information of the farmers, the usage of agricultural consultant services, the rational management of waste by the agricultural exploitations, the participation in systems of quality foods improvement, the limitation of fertilizer and pesticide usage and the informing of farmers in order to promote the biological products. 8. The report of the management of research and programming, of the Human Resource Development Authority, is also supported on a European level through the European Parliament Resolution of 7 of September 2010, regarding the resource development of job creation in the framework of a new sustainable economy (2010/2010 (INI)) based on a sustainable development. The whole research proves that sustainability, on short steps and procedures can solve problems on a triptych, which defines the quality of life. 9. The implementation of the green economy can set the foundations for the return to economic growth rates; something that will solve directly and indirectly a large number of economic and social problems, while at the same time it will protect the nature by putting it on a nursing and rebound track. 10. On the domestic level, the implementation of the green economy can revive lost sectors of economy such as the agriculture, animal-breeding and fishing, and at the same time to readjust existing sectors such as construction or to import new ones like the installation of solar and wind parks. Chapter 4: ‘Green Economy’ and ‘Refugee Law’ under a common ground 1. The readjustment and development of agro-cultivations, animal-breeding and fishing can support simultaneously the Refugee Law, covering the employment needs of the refugees through these industries and jobs. Therefore, they are prevented from entering the illegal occupation or the claim of social welfare, conciliating at the same time the reactions from the local dissatisfaction. 2. The solution of the social and economic issues, which occurred mainly from the consequences of the economic crisis, and the creation of new conditions for a better quality life are the directive lines of the proposition for the creation of cultivation units, aquaponics* , in the river area of Liopetri village. 3. Both the existing substructures, on animate and inanimate material, and the absence of substructures in relation with the needs of the area, the geographical position and obvious prospective and capability of the space, are the choice criteria of the specific location, with the purpose of designing and implementing the program which will set the solutions both on social and economic problems. 4. The program presupposes: the creation and installations of culti-

*Aquaponics is a sustainable food production system that combines a traditional aquaculture (raising aquatic animals such as snails, fish, crayfish or prawns in tanks) with hydroponics (cultivating plants in water) in a symbiotic environment.

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vation units based on the system and technology of aquaponics, the creation of domestic units for the habitation of the population fragile groups, the asylum seekers and refugees, the creation of services for the population support of which it will be located in the area, the reformation and readjustment of the road and transport network, the readjustment of the fishing shelter, the creation of social meeting villages, the readjustment of the existing cultivations based on the sustainable systems and procedures, and the creation of installations for the formation, usage and re-usage of different kinds of energy. 5. The option of aquaponics, gives the possibility of different herb and vegetable production, without using soil, and at the same time the breeding of different kinds of fish, through a cyclic procedure, which requires only the water recycling. For this reason, for the construction and development of these specific evolvements, it was chosen a place with rocky surface west of the river, which does not present any activity or utilization. The water oxidation by the fish breeding becomes the nourishment for the herb and vegetable development, which in turn use the water oxidation for their development, cleansing the water that can be returned back to the fish and in this way the water continues to be recycled. Different solid leftovers, which occurred from this procedure, become a chain of their re-usage through their transformation into energy, warming and their usage as natural fertilizers. 6. The produced products can be canalized directly to the market. In this particular situation the production may support socially meals for the fragile groups, the workers and refuges who will resident there or even can be canalized to the restaurants or the market where they will be created based on the program in order for the visitors, locals or foreign to be given the chance to consume or buy them. 7. At one time, with the creation of the aquaponic units and fishing breeding through special land tanks, the sea natural environment will be protected from the alteration which is observed during the fishing breeding in the sea and will create new job positions among the villages of the area such as Liopetri, Ksylophagou, Frenaros; villages that traditionally deal with cultivation and fishing. Not only this new method if efficient but is friendly to the environment as well. 8. The existence of new domestic units, with mainly foreign owners at the east as well as the close distance with the tourist resort of Ayia Napa, which welcomes a large number of visitors, was viewed as a strong support point of creating the appropriate domestic units for the habitation of the fragile groups and refugees in the area, continuing thus the domestic growth from east to west. 9. The refugee confinement into gathering centres is viewed by researches as a bad method, especially for psychological reasons since it often acts upon as prisons to people who seek freedom, people who apply for a political asylum and residence, after a series of tortures that have experienced back in their country (Psychological status of former refugee detainees from the Woomera Detention Centre now living in the Australian community). At the same time, the idea for direct habitation of the applicants, among the wide social mass, presents once again, through researches, grave disadvantages in relation with the absence of adjustment period and evaluation of the possibility of applicant association and dispatch with the demands of the wider social framework (Working in the same environment locals with asylum seekers, e.g. French-speaking

Belgians and the asylum seekers). 10. It is estimated that with the correct design, the domestic units can continue the evolvement of the existing domestic environment and the residents, through and by the support of the social services and educational-therapeutic programs, could be assimilated with the human multicultural environment of the area, which has the intense element of the temporary visitor. 11. In this way, the management of refugees will become in an environment of average control, which, in combination with the social services, will provide the possibility of physical and psychological treatment to the asylum seekers. Therefore, their adaptation and reconciliation with the wider social mass and culture of the island will become smoother. 12. The existing presence in the area of different farming units as well as the recommended creation of aquaponic production units, not only they will offer to the locals direct benefits but also they will prepare, at the same time, both the refugee gradual integration, in corresponding job positions, and their coexistence with the locals in a working environment. 13. The restructuring of the fishing shelter and the creation of both open and close common spaces, such as the restructuring of the existing road network in order to offer better access and transport to both private and farming vehicles, such as the additional transport network for pedestrians and bicycles, have as main goal the creation of interest for the area and simultaneously the ability of the area to support, through its substructures, the pursued interest in a quality environment. 14. The whole substructure of the program installations will be made based on the creation of sufficiency energy conditions for both the individual structures, in relation with their elaborations, orientation, construction method and even the materials and their own usage, and the program as a whole. The demands of water usage for the cultivations for example, require the creation of desalination units for which the recommended medium is the evaporation process and it will be framed also by the collecting and re-usage of the grey water from all area usages, or the rainwater. Other methods, like the solar parks, the collecting and processing of waste, the biomass usage, the utilization and re-usage of farming waste are some of the methods which will be designed with the aim to be implemented to the program in order for the program to be able to support, if possible, its energy needs and to be useful in the created production and the offered services. The critical conditions of our time demand for innovations and turnover of the negative facts, something that makes the role of the architect even more important. Someone could ask himself if it is the architecture that influences the human evolution or the other way around. Historically, architecture constituted the pioneer and definitive factor of human behaviour. As for the past so in the present, architecture can be the practical application and coordinator among the ripple components in order to overcome both the social and economic as well as the environmental problems the planet earth is facing. Therefore, the architect becomes the person who can define and designate the precise term of Quality Of Life (QOL).

References

1. The Social Impact of the Economic Crisis in Europe WORKING NOTES The Publication of the Jesuit Centre for Faith and Justice: Issue 69 the future of the Euro- Robin Hanan 2. Europe’s Economic Crisis Pushes Refugees and Migrants Out CARNEGIE EUROPE –CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACEposted by: Judy Dempsey 3. 2012 Regional Operations Profile - Northern, Western, Central and Southern Europe-Working environment UNHCR The UN Refugee Agency 4. Forced migration in an era of global financial crisis-what will happen to refugees? Professor Roger Zetter Director, Refugee Studies Centre University of Oxford Source: pdf 5. Psychological status of former refugee detainees from the Woomera Detention Centre now living in the Australian community. Farahnaz Sobhanian Gregory J. Boyle, Bond University-Mark Bahr, Bond University-Tindaro Fallo Source: Article 6. The Green economy UNEP: United Nations Environment Program - Environment for Development 7. Social Dimensions of Green Economy and Sustainable Development Research Institute for Social Developments-United Nations Programme Area: Social Policies for Inclusive and Sustainable Development 8. The Social Dimension of Sustainable Development by Sherri Torjman May 2000 9. Achieving Sustainable Development and Promoting Development Cooperation Dialogues at the Economic and Social Council. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Office for ECOSOC Support and Coordination 10. Location of needs on green skills in the Cypriot economy 2010-2013 –Management Research and Programming HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 11. Resource development of job creation in the framework of a new sustainable economy European Parliament Resolution of 7 September 2010 regarding the resource development of job creation in the framework of a new sustainable economy (2010/2010(INI)) 12. Reconciliation Through a Common Purpose: The Human Rights of the Asylum Seekers in Cyprus CHRISTALLA YAKINTHOU & ÖNCEL POLİLİ December 2010 13. National Act Plan for the Integration of Immigrants who resident legally in Cyprus 2010-2012 Special Expert Commission for the Integration 14. The Social Benefits of Sustainable Design 15. Working in the same environment locals with asylum seekers .French-speaking Belgians and the asylum seekers. Sonia Gsir (CEDEM-ULg), Fabienne Scandella (GERME-ULB), Marco Martiniello (CEDEM-ULg) and Andrea Rea (GERME-ULB). 16. Emergency transit center in Romania sets precedent for other countries- March 2009 UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency 17. Slovakia increases capacity of refugee transit Centre in Humenne UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency 18. Guide for asylum seekers and beneficiaries of international protection in Cyprus MINISTRY OF INTERIOR ASYLUM SERVICE 19. Kofinou Reception Centre, Between Lefkosia and Larnaca

Liopetri

5.27km

Agia Napa

4.14km

9.5km

Xylofagou A3 Motorway 4.39km

the Area of the Site

The Area

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Liopetri River 2012

The site-Site Analysis