თსუ სტუდენტური მეცნიერება n1 by Mari Otiashvili

Tsu

studenturi mecniereba

Tsu studenturi mecniereba saredaqcio jgufi TamTa zaaliSvili - iuridiuli fakultetis III kursis studenti salome gorgoZe - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti sofia maisuraZe - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti guranda ZamelaSvili - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti megi sajaia - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti dea darbaiZe - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti

redaqtori mari oTiaSvili - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti

dizaini beqa gorgiZe-gabunia - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti laSa zarandia - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti ana gziriSvili - apolon quTaTelaZis saxelobis Tbilisis samxatvro akademiis III kurisis studenti

fotosuraTebi nesi kupreiSvili - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis II kursis studenti

saredaqcio jgufi did madlobas uxdis ekonomikisa da biznesis; zust da sabunebismetyvelo; socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa; iuridiul; humanitarul mecnierebaTa da medicinis fakultetebs; Tsu-is administracias da studentur TviTmmarTvelobas TanadgomisaTvis.

sarCevi Temur SveliZe

hidroTermebi -“Savi da TeTri mbolavebi” da wyalqveSa “oazisebi”

TinaTin meZmariaSvili

globalizaciis gavlena socialur kapitalze

nato qorCilava

umuSevrobis problema saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi

eTer zviadauri

dasaqmebis problema saqarTveloSi

giorgi CaxvaZe

utilitarizmi sawyisebidan dRevandelobamde

ana SatakiSvili

“susti” mxaris dacvis problema Sromis samarTalSi

giorgi nakaSiZe

idealuri emisiebi da maTi dasabuTebis problematika amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT

giorgi baRdavaZe

iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris definicia gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebisa da qarTuli kanonmdeblobis SedarebiTi analizi

salome gorgoZe

Tanamedrove qarTuli beWdviTi da onlain media religiuri problematikis Sesaxeb

mariam jafariZe

baqo-axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigzis ekonomikuri Sefaseba

ekaterine maxaTaZe

“momavlis regioni” – erTiani da stabiluri samxreT kavkasia

mari oTiaSvili

demokratizaciis procesis dadebiTi gavlena postsabWoTa qveynebis ekonomikur globalizaciaze

nino TvaloqroSvili

stigmatizacia: uaryofiTi Sedegebi da daZlevis gzebi

eka tabataZe

„qalTa emansipaciis sakiTxi gazeT „droebaSi“

sofio CitaZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studenturi TviTmmarTvelobis prezidenti

“Tsu studenturi mecniereba” warmoadgens studentebisTvis samecniero komunikaciis, TavianTi samecniero kuTxiT SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis, samecniero informaciis gavrcelebis karg saSualebas. Jurnali moicavs yvela fakultetis yvela mimarTulebas. studentebs saSualeba eZlevaT imuSaon saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sxvadasxva samecniero mimarTulebiT. “Tsu studenturi mecniereba” universitetis studentebs miscems saSualebas pirveli nabijebi gadadgan TavianT samecniero karieraSi. mimaCnia, rom Jurnalis gamocemam unda miiRos tradiciuli xasiaTi, studenturi TviTmmarTveloba yovelTvis gverdSi daudgeba studentebis aseT araCveulebriv wamowyebebs.

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vladimer papava ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori, akademikosi

Zalian kargia, rom ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi studenturi samecniero Jurnali gamodis. universiteti ar aris mxolod saswavlo centri, is aris saswavlo-samecniero centri, universiteti ar aris ubralod ganaTlebuli adamianebis samWedlo, is mecnierTa samWedlocaa. gansakuTrebiT niWieri axalgazrdebi unda CaerTon samecniero kvlevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, CemTvis princi pulia, rom axalgazrdebis niWieri nawili iyos gamovlenili. maTi gamovlenis yvelaze kargi mastimulirebeli forma ki samecniero Jurnalis gamocemaa, rodesac axalgazrda dainaxavs, rom misi nafiqri da naRvawi daibeWda. me maxsovs Cemi pirveli Tezisebi,romlebic pirvel kursze gamoqveynda. maxsovs rogor davinaxe patara broSuraSi erTgverdiani Tezisebi, sadac Cemi saxeli da gvari ewera, rogori siamayis gancda mqonda 18 wlis axalgazrdas. sxvaTa Soris, Cemi Sromebis sia swored im pirveli TezisebiT iwyeba. amitom studenturi Jurnalis gamocemas me mxolod da mxolod mivesalmebi. amasTanave, minda aRvniSno, rom kargi formatia mofiqrebuli, rom es Jurnali maTi profesorebis kuratorobis qveS gamoicema. es daexmareba maT SeirCes marTlac iseTi statiebi, romelTac samecniero faseuloba gaaCnia da amdenad mizanSewonilia daibeWdos. axalgazrdebs ki minda vusurvo warmateba maT samecniero saqmianobaSi.

Tsu studenturi mecniereba

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hidroTermebi -‘ “Savi da TeTri mbolavebi” da wyalqveSa “oazisebi” Abstract

Temur SveliZe zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakulteti, ekologiis mimarTulebis meoTxe kursis studenti. “hidroTermebi – Savi da TeTri mbolavebi da wyalqveSa oazisebi” aris misi pirveli statia. imedovnebs, rom misi mecnieruli kariera am statiiT warmatebulad daiwyeba. Temurs samomavlod aqvs saintereso gegmebi. kerZod, didi survili aqvs Camoayalibos axalgazrda ekologTa asociacia, romlis mTavari mizani iqneba sazogadoebis informulobis donis gazrda ekologiur sakiTxebSi. aseve surs moiwvios da iTanamSromlos sxva universitetebis studentebTan, romlebTan erTadac SeZlebs zemoT aRniSnuli gegmebis Sesrulebas da moaxerxebs sxvadasxva proeqtebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebas.

Hydrotherms - in fact, are the thermal water sources on the ocean floor. They are located mainly in the areas of mid-ocean ridges, which are actually the longest chain of volcanoes on our planet. The water there is so hot that can dissolve many metals. Its overheating is caused due to the water column high pressure impacting on it. It should be mentioned, that ocean depths, particularly in places where these volcanoes are located along the mid-oceanic ridge, reaches of 2-4 thousand meters. Hydrotherms availability on ocean floor is important for several reasons. The minerals, such as copper, iron, and others are extracted on land. It turns out, that many of the deposits under development, is actually formed on the ocean floor. As it is known, even though these deposits exists on land they are located in parts of the oceanic crust, as defined. These deposits are very old. Hydrothermal orifice (muzzles) study can help to trace of these deposits formation and search for new deposits in the future. Two other reasons are related to biology. The first is the large number of exotic and until unknown creatures living around the hydrothermal sources, beginning from large, such as crabs and shellfish to the micro-organisms that belong to the Archean Group, probably one of the most primitive life forms on the planet. Thus, hydrotherms are important in the sense of living organisms and previously unknown to science biological communities study. These enzymes from microorganisms can be used for commercial applications. Scientists use enzymes from microorganisms living in hydrothermal sources for the human genome decoding. Thus, to examine both practical reasons and reasons connected with the understanding of the oceans and the resources that we have on Earth. Thus, for study and research there are both, as practical reasons as well reasons, connected with the understanding of the oceans and the resources that we have on Earth.

hidroTermebi warmoadgenen Termuli wylebis wyaroebs okeanis fskerze. isini ZiriTadad mdebareoben Sua-okeanuri qedebis raionebSi, romlebic Cven planetaze, faqtobrivad, vulkanebis yvelaze grZel jaWvs qmnian. wyali iq imdenad cxelia, rom SesaZloa mravali metalis ganzaveba. es wyali SeiZleba maRali wnevis Sedegad iyos gadaxurebuli, romelsac wylis fenis sisqe qmnis. amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes, rom okeanis siRrme, gansakuTrebiT im adgilebSi sadac vulkanebia ganlagebuli, Sua-okeanuri qedebis gaswvriv, 2-4 aTas metrs aRwevs. hidroTermebi mniSvnelovanni arian ramdenime mizezis gamo. Cven madneuls, iseTebs, rogoricaa spilenZi, rkina da sxv. xmeleTze movi povebT. aRmoCnda, rom mravali sabado, romelsac Cven vamuSavebT sinamdvileSi Camoyalibda okeanis fskerze. miuxedavad imisa, rom axla xmeleTze mdebareoben, isini dedami-

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wis qerqis im nawilebSia ganlagebuli, romlebic okeanurad aris miCneuli. es sabadoebi uZvelesia. hidroTermebis yelebis Seswavlisas SegviZlia Tvali mivadevnoT maTi formirebis process, rac momavalSi axali sabadoebis moZiebis saSualebas iZleva. ori sxva mizezi miekuTvneba biologias. Ppirveli, es aris hidroTermebis garSemo mobinadre didi raodenobis egzotikuri, dRemde ucnobi qmnilebebi - dawyebuli didi kiborCxalebidan da moluskebidan, damTavrebuli mikroorganizmebiT, romlebic miekuTvnebian arqeas jgufs da albaT warmoadgenen planetaze sicocxlis yvelaze primitiul formas. amrigad, hidroTermebi mniSvnelovanni arian im cocxali organizmebisa da biologiuri “sazogadoebebis” Seswavlisas, romlebic adre ucnobi iyo mecnierebisaTvis. am organizmebidan miRebulma fermentebma komerciuli gamoyeneba hpoves. hidroTermebis binadari mikroorganizmebis fermentebi mecnierebam adamianis genomis gaSifrvisaTvis gamoiyena. amrigad, maTi SeswavlisTvis praqtikuli mizezebi arsebobs, romlebic dakavSirebulia okeaneebisa da im resursebis gagebisaTvis, romlebic dedamiwaze gagvaCnia.

Tavi 1. “Savi mbolavebi” da iq mcxovrebi organizmebi 1.1 rogor iqmneba “Savi mbolavebi”

zRvis fskeris Tanamedrove rukebis gadaxedvisas SevamCnevT, rom yovel okeaneSi gawolilia giganturi mTis qedi, romelic sruliad gansxvavdeba xmeleTze arsebulisagan. maT Sua-okeanuri qedebi ewodebaT, vinaidan, rogorc wesi isini gadaWimuli arian mTeli okeanis gaswvriv, mis Sua nawilSi da mxolod wynar okeaneSi ekvris aseTi qedi amerikebis materikebs. Sua-okeanuri qedebis sistema – dedamiwis yvelaze did mTaTa sistemas miekuTvneba. misi saerTo sigrZe 60 aTas kilometrs aRemateba da yvela am qedebis gaswvriv, maT centralur nawilSi, gadis viwro, gaswvrivi xeoba, romelsac riftuli ewodeba. Sua-okeanuri qedebi mdebareoben giganturi liTosferuli filebis mijnaze, iq, sadac dedamiwis zedapirs uaxlovdeba gavarvarebuli mantia da iqmneba dedamiwis axali qerqi. aq okeane weliwadSi 1 sm. (atlantikaSi) da 18 sm. (wynar okeaneSi) siCqariT farTovdeba. meore mxriv, okeanis napirebTan, romlebic

suraTi 1. hidroTermebi - “Savi mbolavebi”

odesRac, uxsovar droSi warmoiqmnen, okeanuri dedamiwis qerqi “yvinTavs” dedamiwis mantiaze mocurave materikebis beltebis qveS da misi nivTiereba kvlav Caedineba dedamiwis wiaRSi. zustad aseTi adgilebi niSandeben Rrmawyliani Rarebis rkalebs da maT gaswvriv ganlagebul kunZulTa jaWvs. aq, dedamiwis qerqis filebi exaxunebian erTmaneTs da Seqmnili daZabuloba miwisZvrebis saxiT sruldeba. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Rarebis da kunZulovani rkalebis ubnebi (kuriliis kunZulebisa da iaponiis CaTvliT) dedamiwis erT-erT seismurad yvelaze aqtiur raionebad gvevlineba (vinogradovi 2005). Sua-okeanuri qedebis riftuli velebis bevr adgilas, agreTve materikebisa da kunZulTa

suraTi 2. hidroTermebi - “TeTri mbolavebi”

rkalebs Soris, dedamiwis qerqis dacilebis raionebSi, sadac magma gansakuTrebiT axloa zedapirTan liTosferos siRrmidan amomavali siTburi nakadis temperatura gansakuTrebiT maRalia. aseT adgilebSi riftuli xeobebis bazaltebi axalgazrdobisa da ganze gadaadgilebis unaris gamo dabzarulia. am bzarebiT zRvis wyali kldeebSi Sedis. axlomdebare magmis siTbo mas 300-400 gradusi celsiusiT acxelebs da is,(gogirdis SenaerTebisa da mZime metalebis) misi garemomcveli qanebidan, bazaltebidan da serpentinitebidan sxvadasxva nivTierebis uZlieresi ZaliT gaxsnas iwyebs. okeanis wylis gadaqceva hidroTermul maRaltemperaturul xsnarad xdeba TandaTanobiT da iwyeba maSin, roca wyali jer kidev qvemoT Cadis. Semdeg es gadaxurebuli xsnari, romelic ar duRdeba Zalian maRali atmosferos wnevis gamo, (zRvaSi wneva yovel 10 metr siRrmeze 1 atmosferoTi matulobs,aq ki siRrmeebi mravalkilometriania) zeviT iwevs da Sadrevnebis saxiT amoifrqveva. fskeris civ wyalTan Serevisas (2-30C) es xsnari Cqara civdeba da zogierTi masSi gaxsnili nivTiereba iwyebs ukan gamoyofas (gamocvenas). magaliTad, gaxsnili sulfatebidan sulfidebis wvrili, wyalSi uxsnadi, Savi feris kristalebi warmoiqmneba. fskeridan amofrqveul nakadSi maTi miriadebi damwvari rezinis sqel Sav bols waagavs. sulfidis fxvnili ileqeba qvemoT da maTgan mRvimeebSi stalagmitebis msgavsad fskeridan Savi koSkebis mSenebloba iwyeba, romlebic dafarulia gogirdovani wiTuri nafrqveviT. aseTi sakvamurebi, romlebic Sav bols afrqveven, amJamad cnobili arian, rogorc Savi ‘mbolavebi”. (suraTi 1). Tu wlebis ganmavlobaSi nakadi erT wertilSi scems, maSin aseTi koSkebis simaRle SeiZleba ramdenime aTeul metrs aRwevdes, xolo Tu nakadi aqeT-iqiT “exeTqeba”, maSin Savi koSkebis magivrad saocari qvis tyeebi

iqmneba. Tumca, zogjer adgilobrivi xsnarebis Taviseburebebis gamo sulfidebi ar ileqeba da maSin amofrqveuli wyali rCeba gamWvirvale, anda odnav moyviTalo. misi mocimcime da bolqvadi nakadebi maTi simkvriveebisa da temperaturis sxvaobis gamo fskeris wylis fonze saocrad Cans. “Sav mbolavebTan” erTad aseTma wyaroebma “TeTri mbolavis” saxelwodeba miiRes (suraTi 2). vinaidan, aq cirkulaciuri sistema muSaobs, bazaltebSi ki bzarebi bevria, “mbolavebi” ganlagdebian jgufebad, romlebic erTiandebian hidroTermul mindvrebad - saitebad. saitebis zoma aTeuli metria, xolo mindvrebis ti puri zomebi ki aseulobiT metri.

1.2 hidroTermuli oazisebi da maTi binadarni

hidroTermuli oazisebis biomasis safuZvels (cxovelebis 10 kg-mde kvadratul metrze) warmoadgens hemosinTezirebeli baqteriebi, romlebic qmnian axal organul nivTierebas, im qimiuri nivTierebis daJangvis xarjze, romlebic gamoaqvs cxeli wylis Sadrevnebs. “mbolavebidan” amofrqveuli cxeli wylis nakadis (e.w. fluidi) da zRvis wylis Serevis zonaSi e.w gogirdis sulfatreduqciis procesis xelsayreli pirobebi iqmneba, raSic monawileobas iReben Termofiluri (e.i. cxel wyalSi mcxovrebi) mikroorganizmebi arqebaqteriebis CaTvliT (isini Tanamedrove gagebiT sulac ar aris baqteriebi da aris kidev erTi jgufi mikroorganizmebisa), romlebic aRadgenen sulfats Semdegi reaqciiT.

Semdeg saqmeSi erTvebian namdvili baqteriebi, romlebic Jangaven HH2S, S, S2O3–, NO2–, Fe2+, Mn2+ agreTve gogirds da meTans. amJamad hidroTermuli oazisebidan (yvela okeaneSi napovni - 100-ze meti) aRwerilia cxovelebis aseulze meti saxeoba, maT Soris, uxerxemloebi da Tevzebi. amasTan, 80% -ze meti maTgani arasdros ar gvxvdeba mSvid fskerze da mxolod hidroTermebze binadroben. ufro meti saxeoba ukve daWerilia da aRweras elo-

suraTi 4. msxvili Tavfexiani moluskebi Alviniconcha da Infremeria deba, romelTa Soris aranaklebi unikumebia. es gasagebicaa, hidroTermebze cxovrebis pirobebi Zalian specifikuria. JangbadiT msunTqavi cxovelebisaTvis gogirdwyalbadi da mZime metalebi momwamlav nivTierebas warmoadgens, aTeuli gradusis temperaturuli gradientebi ki maTi daRupvis ZiriTad mizezad gvevlineba. aseve, negatiurad moqmedebs maT cxovelmyofelobaze baqteriebis produqciis SeTvisebis aucilebloba. ra Tqma unda, hidroTermebis yvela mobinadre pirdapir ar ikvebeba baqteriuli organikiT. sistema ufro rTulad aris mowyobili. arsebobs edifikatorebis ramdenime saxeoba, romlebic ganapirobeben am sazogadoebis “saxes”. edifikatorebi aRweven uzarmazar raodenobas da swored baqteriebiT sazrdooben. arsebobs mtaceblebisa da leSiWamiebisagan Sedgenili mravalricxovani Sleifi, romelic ukve edifikatorebis saxeobebiT sazrdoobs. sxvadasxva okeaneSi sxvadasxva edifikatoria. wynari okeanis aRmosavleTiT mxolod am adgilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “milisebri Wiebi”- riftiebia. (suraTi 3). Riftia pachyptila sigrZeSi metrnaxevars aRwevs, aqvT TeTri tyaviseburi milebi da wiTeli sacecebi. riftiebi da maTi ufro momcro monaTesaveni rijeebi, romlebic vestimentiferebs (pogonoforebis gancalkevebuli jgufi) miekuTvnebian da mravlad arian hidroTermebze. pirveli arahidroTermuli pogonoferebi (rogorc gamoirkva agreTve mcxovrebi meTanis susti dinebis adgilebSi) me-20 saukuneSi, 1944 wels aRmoaCines. anatomiur-SedarebiTi monacemebis safuZvelze isini gamoyves cxovelebis calke ti pad. axla ki rnk-s molekuluri analizis Sedegebis safuZvelze, cdiloben CaTvalon mravalsaceciani Wiayelebis gansakuTrebul jgufad.

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orsagduliani moluskebi mitilidebi batimadiolusebi (ramdenime saxeobis) – yvela okeanes hidroTermebze gavrcelebuli edifikatorebis meore jgufia. aRmosavleT pasifikis edifikatorebis mesame da meoTxe jgufi – napovnia sxva adgilebSic, magram giganturi Tovlisebr-TeTri orsagduliani vezikomiidebi da hidroTermebis yvelaze cxel ubnebze mobinadre polixetebi–alvinelidebi yvelaze uxvad mxolod aq binadroben (zaxarovi2005). dasavleT pasifikis “Savi mbolavebi” dafarulia msxvili Tavfexiani moluskebiT Alviniconcha da Ifremeria (suraTi 4). atlantikaSi msxvili, nacrisferi krevetebi – rimikarisebi boboqroben, romlebic qurqisebrad faraven adgilobriv mbolavebs im adgilebSi, sadac ar arian batimodiolusebi. rimikarisebs Cveulebrivi Tvalebi ara aqvT, samagierod specialurad ganviTarebuli organo gaaCniaT, romelic infrawiTel diapazonSi muSaobs da maT mduRare nakadis danaxvis saSualebas aZlevs. rac Seexeba indoeTis okeanes, pirveli hidroTermuli velebi aq axlaxan aRmoaCines, sadac rimikarisebi binadroben. Crdilo-yinulovan okeaneSi hidroTermuli mindvrebi jer arc erT geologsa Tu biologs ar Seuswavlia, Tumca hidrologiuri gamokvlevebi da fotosuraTebi maT arsebobas amtkiceben. zemoT CamoTvlili saxeobebis baqteriebis ubralo Segroveba sulac ar aris marTebuli. Tumca, hidroTermebze baqteriebi bevria da zogjer isini grunts santimetris sisqis sqeli feniT faraven, magram yovelTvis da yvelgan ara. Aamitom, ufro saimedoa, sxeulze an sxeulSi maTi kultivireba. orsagduliani moluskebi maT Tavis layuCebSi amravleben. krevetebi-rimikarisebi „baqterialur baRCebs“ pirdapir, sakuTari piris kideebze amravleben da saWiroebisas sakvebad moixmaren. es ki sakmaod Zneli saqmea. baqteriebs yvelanairi qimiis maqsimaluri koncentracia sWirdebaT, is ki iqaa sadac hidroTermuli fluidis nakadi jer ar aris gazavebuli fskeruli wyliT da amitom Zalian cxelia. TavianTi baqteriebis gasazrdelad krevetebi Zvrebian yvelaze Sav bolSi da uxdebaT saxifaTo balansireba. SeZvrebian Zalian axlos – moixarSebian, Sors – mSivrebi rCebian. Aamitom, rimikarisebs Soris anZa da fexebdamwvrebic xSirad gvxvdebian. yvelaze eSmakurad moewyvnen vestimentiferebi. maT piri da sakvebis momnelebeli sistema ar gaaCniaT, xolo baqteriebi – simbiontebi sxeulis SigniT specialur trofosomad wodebul Rrubelovan organoebSi binadroben. swored aq iqmneba problema, hemosinTezisTvis baqteriebs sWirdebaT gogirdwyalbadi, magram Jangbadis msunTqavi cxovelebisTvis sxeulSi SeRweuli gogirdwyalbadi– Sxamia. rogorRa cocxloben isini? hidroTermaluri vestimentiferebis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli riftiaa.

8 Tsu studenturi mecniereba

maT magaliTze naCvenebia Tu rogor cxovroben riftiebi (rogorc yvela pogonofora) mkvriv milebSi, romlebsac qmnian TviTon cxovelebi ci-

suraTi 5. vestimentiferebis warmomadgeneli riftiebi da hidroTermuli krevetebi - rimikarisebi lisa da hitinididan. riftiebi milakebs qmnian jiryvliT, romelic mdebareobs specialur „sayeloze“ cxovelis wina nawilze, sacecebis qveS. “sayelo“ ki, rogorc sacobi xuravs milakSi Sesasvlels. am milakebs riftiis sxeulis mkvriv kolagenur safarTan erTad, romelSic aris fermentebi, SeuZliaT Zalian swrafad daJangon sulfidebi, rac saSualebas ar aZlevs gaxsnil gogirdwyalbads (ufro zustad mis anions HS–) SeaRwios riftiis sxeulSi. ra Tqma unda, isini xels uSlian Jangbadis SeRwevasac da cxovelis mTeli airis mimocvla xdeba milakebidan gamoSverili sacecebiT. sacecebi uxvad maragdebian sisxliT, imdenad rom cocxali riftiebis

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sacecebi kaSkaSa wiTel fers iZens. riftiebis hemoglobini gansxvavdeba umetesi cxovelis hemoglobinisagan (magaliTad xerxemlianebisa)

daecema uSualod simbiontebs. riftiis sisxlis sxva komponentebi CO2-s miawvdian, rac agreTve saWiroa hemosinTezis procesebisaTvis (feoktistova 1997).

1.3 “TeTri mbolavebi”

da unari gaaCnia SeaerTos HS–, amasTan erTad Jangbadi, rogorc yvela cxovelSi uerTdeba hemoglobins, sulfidebi ki molekulis sxva nawilakebs. Sedegad, hemoglobinTan SeerTeba ar uSlis ukanasknels Jangbadis gadatanas. amasTan, HS–is hemoglobinTan kavSiri imdenad Zlieria, rom ar gascems mas Cveulebriv sunTqvis ferments citoxrom-C-oqsidazs (HS–-s SenaerTi am fermentTan wamlavs gogirdwyalbadiT im coxvelebs, romlebic sunTqaven JangbadiT). aseTi saimedo SenaerTis saxiT saxifaTo nivTiereba mogzaurobs riftiis sisxl-ZarRvTa sistemaSi, romelic brwyinvaled ganviTarebul lapilarul qselSi trofosomaSi xvdeba, saidanac ga-

axla ki odnav dawvrilebiT “Savi mbolavebis” Zmebze - “TeTr mbolavebze”. atlantikis okeaneSi mdebare mTebis masivis batiskafi “elviniT” daTvalierebisas aRmoaCines uzarmazari zomis mokaSkaSe TeTri koSkebi. maTi simaRle samoc metrs aRwevda. isini stalagmitebs hgavdnen. daaxloebiT fexburTis moednis sididis koSkebis gverdiT erTi metris simaRlis, sam aTeulze meti wamonaSveri da kbilanaa ganlagebuli. agreTve, TeTri qaniT Sevsebuli uamravi naprali. es suraTi uzarmazar CaZirul qalaqs mogagonebdaT. geografebma mas “dakarguli qalaqi” (lost city) daarqves. es adre ucnobi ti pis hidroTermuli wyaroebi iyo. isini sulac ar hgavdnen “Sav mbolavebs”. Cveulebrivad ori teqtonikuri filis Sexebis win ganlagdebian. “dakarguli qalaqi” filis kidisagan iyo moSorebuli. is aRemarTeboda ara axal vulkanur bazaltze, aramed peridoditze – qanze, romelic dedamiwis mantiidan didi xnis win iyo amofrqveuli. misi asaki milion wels aRemateboda. “TeTri mbolavebi” xeebis msgavsad simaRlesa da siganeSi izrdebodnen. gaxsnili lava ara mxolod yelidan, aramed mis ZirSi myofi napralebidan da bzarebidanac amoedineboda. am sxvadasxva wyalqveSa “milebis” qimiuri Semadgenloba mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. “Savi mbolavebis” kedlebi sulfidebisa da rkinis naerTebisagan Sedgeba, xolo “TeTri koSkebi”– karbonatuli qanebisagan. koSkebi, romlebmac SeinarCunes Tavisi aqtivoba mTlianad TeTri ferisa arian, xolo Camqrali nel-nela nacrisfers iReben. qimiuri Sedgenlobis gansxvaveba miuTiTebs am wyaroebis sxavdasxva genezisze. “Savi mbolavi” konusebi cxeldebian vulkanuri siTboTi. maSin, rodesac axlad aRmoCenili wyaroebis energia gamomuSavdeba qimiuri reaqciis xarjze, romelic mimdinareobs zRvis wyalsa da olivins (minerali, romlisganac ZiriTadad Sedgeba peridotiti) Soris. am reaqciis dros olivini gardaiqmneba sxva mineralad – serpentinad, romlis drosac gamoiyofa meTani, wyalbadi da Warbi siTbo. amodenili wyali cxeldeba 50-80 gradusamde, amitom naleqad gamoiyofa iseTi mineralebi, rogoricaa: kalciti, aragoniti da brukiti, xolo gogirdi da rkina TiTqmis ar aris. “TeTri koSkebis” Tavze araviTari TeTri bolis Rrubeli ar vrceldeba. es wyaroebi SesaZloa gairCes mxolod Suqis aTinaTiT, romelic iq cimcimebs, sadac napralidan wylis nakadi amoirfqveva.

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daskvna

amrigad, „Savi mbolavebi“ - Rrma hidroTermuli wyaroebi, rogorc wesi, mdebareoben Sua-okeanuri qedebis riftebis zonaSi. maTi yelebidan airebiT (wyalbadi naxSirmJavis airi) gazavebuli Rrublebi: wvril dispersul sulfidebiT, sulfatebiT da metalebis JangeuliT gajerebuli cxeli wylis nakadi amoifrqveva, romlebsac Cveulebriv Savi feri aqvT. sxva Semadgenlobis wyalqveSa

suraTi 3. “milisebri Wiebi” - riftiebi. (Riftia pachyptila)

Rrublebis mier gamoyofili SenaerTebis feri SeiZleba TeTri („TeTri mbolavebi“) iyos. sulfidebisa da sxva SenaerTebis naleqebis sisqe aTeul metrs aRwevs, rac Tanamed r o v e vulkanurnaleqovan madanwarmoqmnis TvalsaCino magaliTia. hidroTermebis garSemo gogirdwyalbadis didi koncentraciis Sedegad viTardebian baqteriebi, romlebic ufro maRalorganizebuli, maT Soris, mecnierebisaTvis adre ucnobi organizmebisaTvis sakveb produqtebs warmoadgenen.

globalizaciis gavlena socialur kapitalze

Abstract

TinaTin meZmariaSvili ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis ekonomikis specialobis meoTxe kursis studenti. aris prezidentis sti pendianti. gamoqveynebuli aqvs statia Jurnal „axal ekonomistSi“ saxelwodebiT „inkluziuri biznesis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi“. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli araerT konferenciaSi da xSirad organizebasac uwevs akademiuri saxis RonisZiebebs. gaxlavT Tsu-s studentTa 72-e sauniversiteto konferenciis gamarjvebuli.

Social capital is the expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups. The process of globalization makes social capital like some kind of resource which is essential for enhancing economic efﬁ ciency and sustainable development. Social capital refers to the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society’s social interactions. Increasing evidence shows that social cohesion is critical for societies to prosper economically and for development to be sustainable. Social capital is not just the sum of the institutions which underpin a society – it is the glue that holds them together. In global economy social capital serves as the most important factor for economic growth and reduction of transaction costs. The growth of social capital can provide stability of global economy.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi globalizacia uwyveti da Seuqcevadi procesia, romelic gavlenas axdens msoflios yvela qveyanaze. globalizaciis yovlismomcveli procesi aqrobs erovnuli kulturebis, ekonomikuri sistemebis, saxelmwifoebis gamyof sazRvrebs da uSualod zemoqmedebs ekonomikaSi adamianiseuli, fizikuri da socialuri kapitalis dagrovebaze. cneba – “socialuri kapitali” pirvelad lid djadson xanifanma 1916 wels soflis skolebze gamarTuli diskusiisas gamoiyena. xanifani am terminiT aRwerda iseT mniSvnelovan garemoebebs, romelic adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze axdenda gavlenas da mivida daskvnamde, rom aucilebeli iyo keTili nebis aRqma, urTierT simpatiis gamovlena da im adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis mowesrigeba, romlebic qmnian socialur erTeuls. socialuri kapitalis cneba mraval aspeqts moicavs da misi ganmartebebic sxvadasxvagvaria. burdies Tanaxmad, socialuri kapitali warmoadgens naTesaur da jgufur urTierTobebze dafuZnebul resursebs. koulmenis Tanaxmad, socialuri kapitali warmoadgens ndobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis potencials, romelic pirovnul urTierTobebSi formirdeba. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axali globaluri receptis, egreTwodebuli

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“post-vaSingtonis konsesusis” Ziebis procesSi, socialuri kapitaliT aqtiurad dainteresda msoflio banki. “socialuri kapitali niSnavs institutebs, urTierTobebsa da normebs, romlebic gansazRvraven sazogadoebis socialuri interaqciis xarisxsa da raodenobas. socialuri kapitali ar aris sazogadoebis mxardamWeri institutebis jami, aramed webo, romelic sazogadoebas kravs”, - ase gansazRvravs socialuri kapitalis cnebas “msoflio banki”. 1990-iani wlebis bolos msoflio bankSi Seiqmna “Tematuri jgufi socialur kapitalTan dakavSirebiT”, romelmac didi samuSaoebi Caatara aRniSnul sakiTxebze. Sedegad, 2001 wlidan socialuri kapitalis gazomvis ori meTodi gaCnda: “socialuri kapitalis Sefasebis instrumenti” (SOCAT) da “integrirebuli kiTxvari” (SOCAP IQ). yvelaze zogadi midgomiT socialuri kapitali SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc socialuri da politikuri faqtorebis erToblioba, romelic ayalibebs normebs da gansazRvravs socialur struqturas. socialuri kapitalis mraval gansazRvrebas sami umTavresi faqtori

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aerTianebs. pirveli, socialuri kapitali igeba normebze, Cvevebsa da ndobaze, romelic sazogadoebaSi ayalibebs mniSvnelovan qselebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyoben axali qselebis Seqmnas. meore, socialuri kapitalis ori gansaxvavebuli forma arsebobs: 1. gamaerTianebeli socialuri kapitali, romelic akavSirebs individebs aramxolod sakuTari ojaxisa da wris waromadgenlebTan, aramed sazogadoebis maTTvis ucxo wevrebTan. 2. Semakavebeli socialuri kapitali, romlis drosac iqmneba klanurnaTesauri kavSirebi. mesame, gamaerTianebeli socialuri kapitali gamoixateba saerTo Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli asociaciebis SeqmnaSi, radgan mniSvnelovani miznebis misaRwevad adamianTa gaerTianebas sWirdeba garkveuli institucionalizeba, rom imoqmedos grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad da moklevadiani problemebis gadawyvetaze ar iyos fokusirebuli. globalizaciis procesi socialur kapitals aqcevs erTgvar resursad, romelic aucilebelia ekonomikis funqcionirebis efeqtianobis asamaRleblad da mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis.

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globalur ekonomikaSi socialuri kapitali gamodis transaqciuli danaxarjebis Semcirebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis umniSvnelovanes faqtorad. swored socialuri kapitalis zrdas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos globaluri ekonomikis stabiluri funqcionireba. socialuri kapitali did rols TamaSobs bavSvebis aRzrdis garemos formirebaSi. socialuri kapitaliT mdidari raionebi sufTa da usafrTxoa. socialuri kapitali xels uwyobs ekonomikur ganviTarebas, sawarmoebs, muSakebs Soris kavSirebis gaRrmavebas informaciis xelmisawvdomobis amaRlebiT, koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebiTa da jgufuri moqmedebis efeqtianobis zrdiT. socialur kapitals Seswevs unari daexmaros qveyanas socioekonomikuri problemebis gadawyvetaSi. am faqtma ekonomistebis didi interesi gamoiwvia.

globalizaciis procesSi xdeba globaluri socialuri kapitalis formireba. globaluri socialuri kapitali ki Tavis mxriv pozitiurad zemoqmedebs ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. advildeba saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi monawileTa interesebis SeTanxmeba da saerTaSoriso masStabiT informaciis gacvla, maRldeba TanamSromlobis xarisxi da saerTaSoriso institutebis mimarT ndoba. aseve, mcirdeba msxvili saerTaSoriso sainvesticio proeqtebis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli riskebi da transaqciuli xarjebi. saqarTveloSi socialuri kapitalis Sesafaseblad kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centrma (CRRC) noemberi 2010 – ianvari 2013 periodSi Caatara kvleva saxelwodebiT “socialuri kapitalis Sefaseba saqarTveloSi”. kvlebis Sedegebi da rekomendaciebi 2010 wlis dekembris TveSi gamarTuli konferenciis mTavari sagani gaxda. konferenciis Semdgom damuSavda ideebi proeqtebisaTvis, romelic unda ganaxorcielos sarTaSoriso donorulma saagentoebma. interesis sferoebs warmoadgenda: sasoflo sameurneo asociaciebi; mezoblebis mier Seqmnili “amxanagobebi”; mSobelTa da maswavlebelTa asociaciebi; adgilobriv Temebs Soris TanamSromloba, adgilobrivi media da adgilobrivi xelisufleba; dainteresebuli pirebis mier bunebrivi resursebis erToblivi gamoyeneba; jandacvasTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva asociaciebi da mxardamWeri jgufebi. kvelevis Sedegad dadginda, rom saqarTvelos aqvs gamocdileba warmatebulad ganaxorcielos ZiriTadi reformebi saerTaSoriso partniorebis daxmarebiT. aseve, arsebobs didi potenciali qveyanaSi socialuri kapitalis gasafarToeblad. amrigad, socialuri kapitali mniSvnelovania nebismieri qveynisaTvis da gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri es sakiTxi Tanamedrove pirobebSi globalizaciis procesis gaaqtiurebisas gaxda. socialuri kapitalis Taviseburebebi gansxvavebulad ganixileba, Tumca sabolood mas qveynis ekonomikur warmatebamde mivyavarT.

umuSevrobis problema saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi Abstract

nato qorCilava ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tblisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis, ekonomikis mimarTulebis pirveli kursis studenti. 2012 wels daamTavra qalaq abaSis pirveli sajaro skola. Jurnal â&#x20AC;&#x153;Tsu studentur mecnierebaSiâ&#x20AC;? dabeWdili statia aris misTvis pirveli, magram apirebs rom Semdeg semestrebSic aqtiurad gaagrZelos statiebis wera sxvadasxva aqtualur, socialur-ekonomikur problemebTan dakavSirebiT. garda amisa, apirebs, rom aqtiurad CaerTos universitetis mier organizebul sxvadasxva aqtivobebSi.

Unemployment is one of the most important economic and social problems of many economies. Georgia as many other countries faces this problem as well. According to the national statistics the level of unemployment was 15.1% in 2011 which is lower than the figures in 2008-2010 but still higher than in 20052007. The main goal of the research is to define the reasons for unemployment, its consequences and ways to solve this problem. In order to reach this goal both primary and secondary data were used. Focus groups represent main source of the primary data and information from the Department of Statistics of Georgia as well as literature review represents the secondary data source. According to the results of the research the main reasons for unemployment are: economic crisis of 2008 leading to the problems in banking and construction sectors of the economy, war with Russia in August of 2008 followed by the displacement of many people who left their homes and jobs, introduction of new and advanced technologies that save labor and negative trade balance of Georgia. As to the consequences of unemployment, it has negative economic and social outcomes. Main economic outcomes are related to the worsening of quality of life and increasing migration. Increasing crime, suicide, divorces and conflicts in society are main social outcomes. In order to reduce unemployment production sector, tourism and agriculture should be developed. Increasing the quality of education and upgrading tax and labor codes will reduce unemployment as well. The problem of unemployment is severe but it is still possible to solve it.

umuSevroba da misi gamomwvevi mizezebi

umuSevroba globaluri xasiaTis problemaa. Tu ukanasknel statistikur da sociologiur gamokvlevebs gadavxedavT vnaxavT, rom msoflios yvela qveyanaSi umniSvnelovanes socialur problemebs Soris umuSevrobas wamyvani poziciebi ukavia. am mxriv, gamonaklisi arc saqarTveloa. ufro metic, Cvens qveyanaSi ukve ramdenime welia, rac es problema aqtualurobas ar kargavs da socialur problemebs Soris myarad ukavia pirveli adgili. saqarTvelos statis-

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diagrama # 1. (umuSevrobis done asaxulia procentebSi)

tikis erovnuli samsaxuris (saqstati) monacemebiT, bolo periodSi umuSevrobis amsaxveli suraTi gamoiyureba: (diagrama # N1) rogorc diagramidan Cans, saqarTveloSi 2008 wlidan umuSevrobis mkveTri zrda dafiqsirda. cxadia, ibadeba kiTxva Tu ram gamoiwvia yovelive es? amisaTvis odnavi dafiqrebac ki sakmarisia. cxadia, 2008 weli Cvens mexsierebaSi amotivtivdeba, rogorc periodi, rodesac mTels msoflioSi ekonomikuri krizisi mZvinvarebda. termin “ekonomikuri krizisis” xsenebac ki sakmarisia, rom warmovidginoT is mZime cvlilebebi, rac mas Sedegad mohyveba. magaliTad, gavixsenoT aSS-s istoriidan 1929 wels dawyebuli masobrivi ekonomikuri krizisi, romelic istoriaSi “didi depresiis” saxeliT Sevida. ekonomikur krizisebs mudam Tan sdevs umuSevrobis donis mateba, fasebis saerTo donis zrda da sxva ekonomikur-socialuri problemebi. gamonaklisi arc bolo ekonomikuri krizisi iyo. marTalia,

misi mware xeli saqarTvelom SedarebiT nakleb mtkivneulad iwvnia, saerTaSoriso ekonomikasa da vaWrobaSi Cveni qveynis SedarebiT mcire rolidan gamomdinare, magram misi kvali Cvens ekonomikas mainc daetyo. gansakuTrebiT mZime Sedegebi man sabanko da samSeneblo seqtors moutana. vinaidan, ekonomikuri cvlilebebisadmi sabanko seqtori yvelaze mgrZnobiarea, qvveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebas bankebma saprocento ganakveTebis gazrdiTa da kreditebis gaZvirebiT upasuxes. ramac, Sedegad moitana is, rom mcire biznesisaTvis faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli gaxda bankidan kreditebis miReba, Sedegad bevri maTgani daixura da uamravi adamiani darCa samsaxuris gareSe. ekonomikuri krizisi mtkivneulad aisaxa samSeneblo seqtorzec, romelic erT-erT warmatebul seqtorad iTvleboda. krizisis Sedegad SeCerda mSeneblobebi, Sewyda investiciebi, uamravi mSenebeli darCa samsaxuris gareSe. meore mxriv, amas mohyva socialuri dapirispirebebi. samSene-

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blo kompaniis klientebi nakisri valebulebebis Sesrulebas iTxovdnen, rac dapirispirebebis mizezi xdeboda. meore umTavresi mizezi, ramac 2008 wels umuSevrobis zrda gamoiwvia, 2008 wlis agvistos konfliqti iyo. samuSaodakargulTa didi nawili konfliqtis epicentrSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba iyo. bevri maTgani iZulebuli gaxda sakuTari saxlebi daetovebina, Sesabamisad, dakarges samuSao adgilebic. politikurma daZabulobam saqarTvelo naklebad mimzidveli gaxada ucxoeli investorebisTvisac, ramac xeli SeuSala axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas. saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis zrdis erTerT mizezad SeiZleba miviCnioT saqarTvelos mcire wili saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. Cveni qveynis sagareo vaWrobis saldo uaryofiTia, rac imas niSnavs, rom importirebuli saqonlis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad aWarbebs eqsportze gatanili saqonlis raodenobas. qvemoT moyvanili oficialuri monacemebic amis naTeli dadasturebaa. cxrilSi aRniSnulia is ZiriTadi mizezebi, ramac saqarTveloSi gamoiwvia umuSevrobis gansakuTrebuli gazrda. amavdroulad, yuradsaRebia faqtori, romelmac msoflios bevr qveyanaSi gazarda umuSevroba, Tanamedrove teqnologiebi viTardeba da gamoTavisuflebuli samuSao Zala ver saqmdeba sxvagan. Tanamedrove teqnologiebis danergva dadebiT gavlenas axdens ekonomikisa da qveynis ganviTarebaze, risi naTeli magaliTicaa iaponia, magram rodesac teqnologiebis danergvas Tan ar axlavs gamo-

mln, aSS dolari. (wyaro-saqstati)

Tavisuflebuli samuSao Zalis profesiul saswavleblebSi gadamzadeba, maTi kvalifikaciis amaRleba, amas mohyveba umuSevrobis zrda. mniSvnelovania isic, rom teqnologiebis ganviTareba moiTxovs Sesabamis codnas, Tu rogor gamoviyenoT isini. Sesabamisad, damqiraveblebis mier maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis gadamzadeba dakavSirebulia did finansur xarjebTan. swored amitom, isini amjobineben hyavdeT ufro cota, magram maRalkvalificiuri personali. amis Sedegad Sromis bazarze damqiraveblebisgan moTxovna mcirdeba, amavdroulad, yovelwliurad izrdeba Sromis miwodeba universitetis kursdamTavrebulebisa da srulwlovani mosaxleobis samuSao ZalaSi CarTvis Sedegad. samsaxuris moZebna gansakuTrebiT problemuri axalgazrdebisTvisaa. sabolood Sromis miwodeba aWarbebs masze moTxovnas, rasac umuSevrobamde mivyavarT .

umuSevrobis mZime socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, umuSevroba erTdroulad aris rogorc ekonomikuri, ise socialuri problema. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT umuSevrobis donis zrda iwvevs qveyanaSi cxovrebis donis gauaresebas, adamianebs ar gaaCniaT materialuri saSualeba cxovrebis minimaluri donis dasakmayofileblad. rac ufro naklebi adamiania dasaqmebuli, miT ufro naklebia qveynis

mTliani Sida produqti da qveyanac miT ufro naklebadaa CarTuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. amavdroulad, umuSevroba iwvevs qveynidan samuSao Zalis gadinebas. mosaxleobis didi nawili gamosavals emigraciaSi wasvliTa da TviTgadarCenisTvis ucxo qveynidan brZolaSi xedavs. maTi didi nawili ukan arc brundeba, rac qveynis demografiul mdgomareobasac auaresebs. kidev ufro mZimea socialuri Sedegebi. izrdeba daZabuloba ojaxur urTierTobasa da sazogadoebas Soris. umuSevari da socialurad daucveli adamiani Zalian saxifaToa sazogadoebisTvis, ramac SesaZloa Zalian cud Sedegebamde migviyvanos. umuSevroba xSirad gamxdara TviTmkvlelobis, ganqorwinebisa da krminaluri moqmedebis mizezi. sociologiur mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebaa, rom adamiani Tavs bevrad ufro kargad da bednierad grZnobs, rodesac mas aqvs samuSao da SeuZlia cxovrebiseuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. samuSao adgilebis Semcirebas SeuZlia gamoiwvios saprotesto talRa da masobrivi areulobebi qveyanaSi, rac sasurveli arcerTi qveynisTvis ar aris.

Tsu

umuSevrobis Semcirebis gzebi umuSevroba Zalian mwvave problemaa, rogorc qveynebisTvis, ise sazogadoebisTvis, cxadia Cndeba logikuri SekiTxva, Tu ra meTodebiT aris SesaZlebeli misi Semcireba. vfiqrob, am problemis mogvarebisken mniSvnelovani nabiji iqneba gadadgmuli Tu ganvaviTarebT warmoebis im dargebs, romlebSic Cvens qveyanas upiratesoba aqvs sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, magaliTad Tu gzas gavuxsniT qarTuli Rvinis produqtebs saerTaSoriso bazarze. saqarTvelos turistuli potencialidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania turistuli seqtoris ganviTareba. turistebis mozidva Zalian bevr adamians daasaqmebs momsaxurebis seqtorSi, rac mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs Cvens ekonomikur mdgomareobas. mniSvnelovani da aucilebelia soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, vinaidan, Zalian bevri sofeli carieldeba imitom, rom ar arsebobs dasaqmebis perspeqtiva da stabiluri Semosavlis wyaro. Sedegad mosaxleobis

studenturi mecniereba ivlisi 2013

didi nawili soflidan qalaqebisken moemarTeba, sadac bevri kvlav ver poulobs samuSaos. statistikuri monacemebic adasturebs, rom umuSevrobis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli dedaqalaqze modis. Tuki soflis mosaxleobas eqneba xelsayreli garemo imisaTvis, rom sofladve hqondeT stabiluri Semosavlis wyaro, Semcirdeba samsaxuris maZiebeli soflis mosaxleobis gadineba didi qalaqebisken. qveynis mwarmoeblurobisa da saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi misi rolis gasazrdelad mniSvnelovania ganaTlebis donis amaRlebac. maRali xarisxis ganaTleba mniSvnelovnad zrdis kargi samsaxuris moZiebis SesaZleblobas. cnobilia, rom saqarTvelo ganicdis specialistebis naklebobas iseT dargebSi rogoricaa qimia, fizika, maTematika, manqanaTmSenebloba da sxva. xSirad, rodesac damsaqmebeli ver poulobs saWiro kvalifikaciis TanamSromels, iZulebulia gamoiyenos ucxoeli specialistebis momsaxureba. ganaTlebis xarisxis gazrdis SemTxvevaSi ucxoeli specialistebi Canacvldeba adgilobrivebiT,

rac xels Seuwyobs umuSevrobis Semcirebas. umuSevrobis aRmofxvris procesSi Zalian mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs Tavad saxelmwifo. aucilebelia sagadasaxado sistemis mowesrigeba, rom gazrdilma gadasaxadebma damsaqmeblebs biznesis daxurvisken ar ubiZgos didi mniSvneloba aqvs efeqturi Sromis kodeqsis Seqmnasac, romelic Tanabar uflebebs mianiWebs damsaqmeblebsa da dasaqmebulebs. am mxriv, ukve daiwyo garkveuli cvlilebebis Setana Cveni qveynis Sromis kodeqsSic. rogor imoqmedebs es cvlilebebi umuSevrobis Semcirebaze, amas dro gviCvenebs. cxadia, umuSevrobis donis Semcireba SeuZlebelia mokle vadebSi, radgan efeqtiani politikis SemuSavebisTvis gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile da uamravi detalis gaTvaliswinebaa aucilebeli, magram TandaTanobiT SesaZloa marTla mivaRwioT sasurvel Sedegs. Tumca, isic faqtia, rom umuSevrobis mTlianad aRmofxvra SeuZlebelia. umuSevrobis bunebrivi done yovelTvis arsebobs mTavaria, rom misi dabal donemde dayvana da Semdgom SenarCuneba SevZloT.

dasaqmebis problema saqarTveloSi Abstract

eTer zviadauri ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis biznesis administrireba-turizmis mimarTulebis meore kursis studenti.

If the person wants to form herself as a member of the community, he should have a job. Unemployment is one of the most serious problem for Georgian people. It couse dissolution of the social basis: Abandoned viilages, Reduction in fertility, Migration of population, A large number of families which are under the poverty line - problem is very clear. People’s attitude about this isshues. There is some possibilities to create additional place, where people can work. If we develop tourism, agriculture, industry, it will contribute to make some new jobs. If we are interested in what’s happen in Georgian village, we can difinatly say that situation is very unwanted and dangerous. If we go to the depths of this problem we easily guess that everything is depend of womans and her Strength. There is some research of the ,,Caucasus Research Resourse Centre”. We can observe and disscus about the Statistical data. We can easily notice the different between people who have their own job and who hasn’t, also we can keep our eyes and discus about this rate In terms of gender, sex, settlement type, age and etc. What is the main steps to avoid such kind of situation, reduce a big number of unemployed people in Georgia?. First of all we must develop all kind of things that we can do in our region, Obtain all points especially as for food, because we have Potential to produce our products. Society should participate in to the Economic discussions, express their position and make some new stategy because it’s important that every citizen who has enough possibility must involve in this program.

miRwevebi: daamTavra skolaliceumi ,, lampari’’ warCinebiT, universitetSi Cairicxa saxelmwifo grantiT, monawileobs sxvadasxva aqtivobebSi, rac mis momaval profesias exeba. aris aqtiuri studenti, cdilobs metnaklebad yvela sferoSi iyos informirebuli.

damatebiTi informacia: warmoSobiT xevuria, am faqts yovelTvis aRniSnavs da amayobs. uyvars poezia, simRera, aseve-cekvavs. garda swavlisa, am mimarTulebiTac cdilobs ufro metad ganviTardes.

imisaTvis, rom adamiani pirovnulad Camoyalibdes da sazogadoebasTan mWidro kavSiri hqondes aucilebelia dasaqmebuli iyos. Tanamedrove saqarTvelos erT–erTi upirvelesi problema dausaqmebeli mosaxleobaa. es iwvevs adamianebis socialuri safuZvelis moSlas: dacarielebuli soflebi, migraciul procesebSia CarTuli mosaxleobis umravlesoba, Sobadobis Semcireba, siRatakis zRvars qvemoT mcxovrebi ojaxebis simravle, cxadad metyvelebs dasaqmebis problemis Temis aqtualurobaze. dasaqmebis problemis aRmofxvra SesaZlebelia samuSao adgilebis SeqmniT. Tuki soflis meurneoba, turizmi, mrewveloba ganviTardeba, es xels Seuwyobs adamianTa didi raodenobis dasaqmebas. dRevandeli monacemebiT Tu vimsjelebT, soflebSi cxovreba Camkvdaria, es ki gamowveulia ojaxis sayrdenis, qalis gadaxvewiT ucxoeTSi. Tu kavkasiis kvleviTi

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danarTi 1 resursebis cenrtis statistikuri kvlevis monacemebs gadavxedavT, zemoT Tqmulis dadasturebas da argumentebiT saubars aRaraferi SeuSlis xels. (ix. danarTi1) CRRC-is monacemebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, mocemuli kvlevis monacemebi ramdenime WrilSi ganvixiloT. saintereso da CvenTvis mniSvnelovan tendencias gviCvenebs am monacemebis genderis kuTxiT CaSla. (ix. danarTi2) aranakleb sainteresoa am konkretul kiTxvaze (gaqvT Tu ara samuSao?) adamianTa sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT msjeloba, rac realurad srul warmodgenas gviqmnis adamianTa dasaqmebis maCvenebelze soflad Tu qalaqad. (ix. danarTi3) vfiqrobT, aseve saintereso unda iyos am monacemis asakobriv jgufebSi dakvirvebaâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;ganxilva. (ix. danarTi 4). ucxoeTidan fuladi gzavnilebis imedze myofi mamakacebi ki CrdilSi sxedan da fsonebze TamaSoben. soflis meurneobis aRmSeneblobisTvis saxelmwifom mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi unda gaataros. aucilebelia bolomde aTvisebul iqnas yvela mniSvnelovani adgili Tu regioni, yvela is dawesebuleba, romelsac realurad didi potenciali aqvs daasaqmos adgilobrivi mosaxleoba. soflis meurneobis winsvlas aseve xels Seuwyobs turizmis ganviTareba. saqarTveloSi Camosuli milionobiT vizitori qarTuli produqtis momxmare-

beli unda gaxdes da ara mezobeli an Soreuli qveynebidan Semotanili uxarisxo produqciisa. qarTuli produqtis sagareo bazari TiTqmis ar arsebobs. Sida bazaric savsea importirebuli produqciiT. magaliTad Cinuri da Turquli niori, egvi pturi xaxvi saqarTveloSi moyvanil niorsa da xaxvze iafia da SedarebiT naklebi sagemovno Tvisebebis miuxedavad dabali fasiT izidavs myidvels. saxelmwifom xeli unda Seuwyos qarTvel mosaxleobas, raTa wyalSi ar Cauyaros mTeli wlis jafa da ucxoelebs dabalxarisxiani produqti ar gaasaRebinos. qveyanaSi amJamad arsebuli umuSevrobis, socialuri problemebis aRmofxvris, migraciis SeCerebis, demografiuli viTarebis gaumjobesebis tendenciebi, xels Seuwyobs ekonomikis ganviTarebas. qveynis mmarTvel organosTan erTad mosaxleobac unda cdilobdes popularizacia gauwios adgilobriv nawarms, Tumca dausaqmebel, gaWirvebul xalxs Znelad Tu gaac-

danarTi 2

nobierebineb, ratom unda mianiWos upiratesoba qarTul produqcias, maSin, roca importirebuls sanaxevro fasad SeiZens. erTaderTi gamosavalia, lozungad vaqcioT da momxmareblis gonebaSi davamkvidroT fraza : ,,qarTul ekonomikas axla gulSematkivroba sWirdeba!â&#x20AC;&#x153; sazogadoeba unda monawileobdes ekonomikuri proeqtebis ganxilvaSi. momavlis mimarT optimisturad unda ganvewyoT. sirTuleebis dasa-

danarTi 3

Zlevad saWiroa stereoti pebis darRveva, TiTqos, rac saukeTesoa da maRalxarisxiania sazRvargareT mzaddeba. saqarTvelos yvelanairi potenciali aqvs ganviTardebis. mTavaria problemebis daZlevisTvis swori mimarTulebis arCeva. saocaria, rom saqarTvelo, bunebrivi resursebiT mdidari qveyana, didi potencialis mqone, dacarielebulia qarTveli mosaxleobisgan,

samagierod maT ricxvs avseben sxva erovnebis, kulturisa da tradiciebis warmomadgenlebi. maSin, roca ori milioni qarTveli socialuri qselebisa da ,,skypeâ&#x20AC;?-s saSualebiT umklavdeba nostalgias, migrantebis ricxvis SemaSfoTebeli zrda bolo periodSi marTlac TvalSisacemia. saqarTveloSi arsebuli usaxsrobisa da umuSevrobis gamo, bevri aRarc fiqrobs dabrunebaze. aseTi kritikuli yofis atana samwuxarod problemis mogvarebas axangrZlivebs. am sirTulis daZlevas sazogadoebam unda Seuwyos xeli, gaaqtiurdes da pasiuri mayureblisa da gulSematkivris rolidan gamovides. saqarTvelos bunebrivi simdidre, marTlac, rom uflis wyalobaa. ulamazesi flora, mravalferovani fauna, miwa, wyali, haeri, sasargeblo wiaRiseuli. es im potencialis mokle CamonaTvalia, romlis gonivruli, gegmazomieri da racionaluri gamoyeneba axali sawarmoebis, obieqtebis, samuSao adgilebis, gaZlierebuli ojaxebisa da bolos, rac mTavaria, gazrdili saxelmwifo biujetis sawindari iqneba. dasaqmebis problemis aRmofxvra, swored am SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis xarjze moxerxdeba. Tuki es sirTule ar daiZleva da qarTvel xalxs cxovrebis ukeTesi pirobebi ar eqneba, savaraudod, mosaxleobis darCenili nawilic ucxoeTisaken aiRebs gezs, rac savalalo Sedegi iqneba am udidesi kulturisa da mravalsaukunovani warsulis mqone erisTvis.

danarTi 4

utilitarizmi sawyisebidan dRevandelobamde Abstract

giorgi CaxvaZe Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis saerTaSoriso samarTlis mimarTulebis meore kursis studenti. 2010 wels gaimarjva ai p ,,kavkasionis’’ mier organizebul saskolo inteleqtualur maraTonSi. flobs mwvane qamars taekvondoSi. q.baTumis #15 skolasTan arsebuli informatikis saswavlo centris mier miniWebuli aqvs kompiuteruli ofisis menejer-operatoris kvalifikacia. damTavrebuli aqvs baTumis samusiko skola gitaris specialobiT. konferenciebi: Tsu-is humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis filosofiis institutis mier, iuneskos programis farglebSi organizebuli, studentTa regionuli samecniero konferencia Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis mier organizebul konferencia. sakonferencio Tema: ,,utilitarizmi - sawyisebidan dRevandelobamde’’

Utilitarianism is a moral theory according to which a moral value of an behavior (action) is determined by its benefits. This term was first taken by English philosopher John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). His fundamental moral-philosophical work in which he systemized and proved basic tenets of Benthams teachings was called after him. Surely Mill has performed great services for the doctrine to be established as one of the parts of moral theory. This issue points out main concepts and aspects of Utilitarian theory. How was it explicated from Greek philosophy to 18th century classical Utilitarianism. How this theory was developed in Epicurus, Helvetius, Cicero’s works; what are their main opinions, what principles do these opinions rely on, and what is the difference between them. As Benhtam has said: ,,words may be, of different kind, but a principle is the same’’. According to Chernychevsky: ,,the difference between utility and kindness is depended on the quantitative quality. Utility is the “premium quality” of satisfaction and kindness is the “premium quality” of utility. In this paper is considered how classical Utilitarian theory as an ethical, philosophical, legal device was transformed in 19-20th century and how it prompted a foundation of much more important systems: Darwinism and Socialism. What changes did it face and how it was used in theories: “Maximum usage of Utility” and “primary demands”, and how it took its place in modern law, market economy and policy.

utilitarizmis sawyisebi

termini ,,utilitarizmi’’ (utilitassargebeli) ekuTvnis inglisel filosofoss jon stiuart mils (1806-1873). ase ewodeboda mis ZiriTad moralurfilosofiur nawarmoebs, romelSic man sistemaSi moiyvana da daasabuTa misi maswavleblis – ieremia bentamis (17481832) moZRvrebis ZiriTadi debulebebi. swored milis damsaxurebaa, rom es moZRvreba am saxeliT damkvidrda, rogorc moraluri Teoriis erT-erTi saxeoba. utilitarizmis sawyisebi moiZebneba Zveli berZeni filosofosis epikures naSromebSi. epikure aRwers siamovnebas, kmayofilebas rogorc Semdgari cxovrebis princi ps. amasTan, epikure mouwodebda wonasworobaSi moeyvanaT kmayofileba, romelsac adamiani ganicdis, SesaZlo SedegebTan. igive idea, Tumca ara gamokveTili saxiT gvxvdeba ciceronTan. sargeblianobis princi pis formulireba ar ekuTvnis bentams. es idea mTlianad ganWolavs me18 saukunes. f. hatCesonis formulirebiT ,,is qmedeba aris saukeTeso, romelic ganapirobebs yvelaze

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did bednirebas yvelaze meti adamianisaTvis’’. j.s.milis ganmartebiT mTavari princi pia meti sargeblobis motana rac SeiZleba meti adamianisaTvis. TviT bentami utilitarizmis mizans ayalibebs Semdegnairad: ,, sargeblianobis princi pis qveS moiazreba princi pi, romelic iwonebs an ar iwonebs nebismier moqmedebas, gamomdinare iqedan, adidebs Tu amcirebs es moqmedeba bednierebas im mxarisTvis, romlis interesebsac is Seexeba.’’ mohyavs ra cxra gansxvavebuli princi pi, romelic ganixileboda me-18 saukunis moralur filosofiaSi, bentami aRniSnavs: ,, frazebi gansxvavebulia, Tumca princi pi erTi da igivea’’. rogorc n.g.CerniSevskim ganacxada: ,, gansxvaveba sargeblianobasa da sikeTes Soris atarebs mxolod raodenobriv xasiaTs: sargeblianoba kmayofilebis umaRlesi xarisxia, xolo sikeTe sargeblianobis umaRlesi xarisxi’. bentamis damsaxureba aris ara Tavad koncefcia, aramed am koncefciis energiuli gamoyeneba sxvadasxva praqtikuli sakiTxis Seswavlisa. swored man misca sargeblianobas princi puli mniSvneloba moraluri Teoriis agebisaTvis, rogorc eTikuri sawyisis safuZvels.

utilitarizmis fuZemdeblebi

bentams yvelaze metad iurisprudencia ainteresebda da am sferoSi Tavis winamorbedebad Tvlida helveciuss da bekarias. `is rac iyo bekoni sabunebismetyvelo samyarosTvis, helveciusi iyo moraluri samyarosTvis. Sesabamisad, moralur samyaros hyavs Tavisi bekoni, Tumca, misi niutoni momavalSi unda movides’’. Tavisi filosofia bentamma daafuZna or princi pze: ,,asociaciis princi pze’’ da ,,udidesi bednierebis princi pze’’. bentami amtkicebda rom sikeTe aris siamovneba, bedniereba, xolo boroteba-gancda, tanjva. samoqalaqo samarTals, ambobda bentami, unda hqondes oTxi mizani: uzrunvelyofa, siuxve, usafrTxoeba da Tanasworoba. bentamisTvis, iseve rogorc epikuresTvis, ideali iyo usafrTxoeba da ara Tavisufleba. ,,omebze da Stormze ukeTesia waikiTxo, cxovreba ki ukeTesia mSvidobaSi da simSvideSi.’’

bentamis swavlebis aqtiuri mimdevari iyo jeims mili. iseve rogorc bentami, is ganixilavda siamovnebas, rogorc erTaderT sikeTes, xolo tanjvas rogorc erTaderT borotebas. epikures msgavsad yvelaze metad afasebda zomier siamovnebebs. ,,sityva ukiduresoba mis bageebSi JRerda zizRnarevi gansjiT.’’ – werda mamis Sesaxeb misi Svili jon stiuart mili. is miiCnevda, rom politika unda marTos gonebam da imedovnebda, rom adamianebis azri ganisazRvreba mtkicebulebis wonadobiT. utilitarizmis mTavari moraluri princi pi xSirad konkretdeba me-2 donis SedarebiT naklebad sazogado princi pebSi. es meoradi princi pebi aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre mTavari princi pi da yoveli maTganis aucilebloba iseTivea, rogorc mTavari princi pis. j.s. milis mixedviT princi pebis ierarqia Semdegnairia: mTavari princi pi ra Tqma unda unda sargeblianobis princi pia, xolo meoradi princi pebi is princi pebia, romliTac adamianebi xelmZRvaneloben konkretuli SemTxvevebis dros. magaliTad aseTi princi pebia: ,,samarTlianobis princi pi’’, ,,ar avno’’, ,,SeewinaaRmdege ubedurebas’’, ,,gaiTvaliswine axloblebis interesebi’’. praqtikul cxovrebaSi adamianebi umTavresad iyeneben meorad princi pebs da SeiZleba warmodgena ar hqondeT mTavar princi pze. magram meorad princi pebs Soris konfliqtis

jon stiuart mili

SemTxvevaSi konfliqtis gadasawyvetad gamoiyeneba mTavari princi pi. bentamis sistemaSi aris erTi aSkara uzustoba. Tu TiToeuli adamiani miiswrafvis sakuTari siamovnebisken, sad aris garantia, rom kanonmdebeli izrunebs kacobriobis siamovnebaze mTlianobaSi. Kkanonmdeblis moqmedebis Tavisuflebis farglebis dadgena sakmaod problemuria. igi SeiZleba ganisazRvros ara abstraqtulad, aramed konkretuli urTierTobebis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. filosofiuri radikalizmi iyo Sualeduri swavleba. man safuZveli Cauyara or, masze ufro mniSvnelovan, sistemas: darvinizms da socializms. socialistebis Sesaxeb j. mili werda: ,,maTi warmodgena sakuTrebis Sesaxeb gamoiyureba simaxinjed... rogorc Cans isini fiqroben, rom sakuTreba ar unda arsebobdes da sakuTrebis arseboba borotebaa”. da aqve amatebda: ,,es Sexedulebebi maTi gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi, iqneboda civilizebuli sazogadoebis dacema, uaresi vidre damRupveli Tavdasxmebi hunebis da TaTrebis’’. utilitarizms aqvs ori dadebiTi

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mxare: pirveli: utilitarizmTan mimarTebaSi mizani gasagebia bedniereba, keTildReoba. es aris swored is, riskenac miviswrafviT, rac gvinda CvenTvis da yvela Cveni axloblisaTvis. utilitarizmis meore dadebiTi mxarea misi mimarTeba moqmedebis SedegTan. igi moiTxovs, rom yovelTvis gaviTvaliswinoT: adamianis an adamianTa jgufis konkretul moqmedebas, ama Tu im zomas ganxorcielebuls saxelmwifos mier, moaqvs sargebloba Tu ziani.

Tanamedrove utilitarizmi me-20 saukuneSi utilitarizmi ganviTarda ramdenime mimarTulebiT. pirvel rigSi Catarda Sromebi TviT terminis ,,sargeblianoba’’ ufro zusti gansazRvrisaTvis. amJamad sargeblianobis raodenobrivi gansazRvrisaTvis kmayofilebis (siamovnebis) nacvlad gamoiyeneben garkveuli ,,upiratesi moTxovnebis’’ dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas, rac gamoricxavs sargeblianobis subieqtur-fsiqologiur korelaciebs. amasTan, zogierTi Tanamedrove utilitaristi cdilobs SeimuSavos am e.w. ,,upiratesi moTxovnebis’’ racionaluri SerCevis meqanizmi da ganusazRvros maT sargeblianobis garkveuli indeqsi. r. haaris SexedulebiT, gansxvaveba maT Soris ganpirobebulia mxolod azrovnebis ,,kritikuli’’ da ,,intuiciuri’’ doneebiT.

ivlisi 2013

utilitarizmi da samarTali

utilitarizmi exeba sazogadoebriv samarTalsac. sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba aris saSualeba moiyvanos pirovnebis interesebi sazogadoebriv interesebTan TanxvedraSi. adamiani unda daisajos imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli danaSauli da ara imitom, rom Cven gvZuls damnaSaveebi. umTavresia, rom sasjeli iyos gardauvali, vidre is iyos Zalze mkacri. bentamis droindel inglisSi xSirad umniSvnelo danaSaulisTvisac ki damnaSaveebs sikvdiliT sjidnen. aman gamoiwvia is, rom nafici msajulebi xSirad damnaSaves cnobdnen udanaSaulod, radgan Sesabamis sasjels Tvlidnen Seusabamod mkacrad.

utilitarizmi da sabazro ekonomika

utilitarizmi moicavs sabazro ekonomikasac. e.w. ,,rTuli utilitarizmi’’ ganapirobebs aramarto individis orientacias Tavisi sargeblianobis maqsimizaciaze, aramed kavSirzec miRebul sargeblianobasa da individis produqtiul saqmianobas Soris. maSasadame ,,rTuli utilitarizmi’’

gamoricxavs Seusabamobas moTxovnebis donesa da individis produqtiul saqmianobas Soris. aseTi Seusabamoba xSirad aris safuZveli ,,araadeqvaturi molodinebis revoluciebisa’’ im qveynebSi, sadac maRali momxmareblobiTi moTxovnebis fonze ar aris Sesatyvisi maRali sawarmoo potenciali da Sromis nayofierebis maRali done.

utilitarizmi da politika

utilitarizmi uyenebs garkveul zneobriv moTxovnebs politikosebsac. maT yovelTvis unda hqondeT mxedvelobaSi e.w. ,,qveda zRvari’’, sakuTari gadawyvtilebebis saboloo Sedegi; unda acnobierebdnen vin igebs da vin agebs maT mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT; unda gansazRvron, xom ar aris SesaZlebeli keTildReobis garkveuli donis miRweva ufro araradikaluri saSualebiT. ase rom, rogorc robert hudinma utilitarizms uwoda - ,,mTavrobis saSinao filosofia’’ dResac inarCunebs erTgvar unikalur rols.

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“susti” mxaris dacvis problema Sromis samarTalSi Abstract

ana SatakiSvili

iuridiuli fakulteti, mimarTuleba – samarTali. IV kursis studenti.

konferenciebi:

“saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba genderul rakursSi” 20 maisi, 2013 w. “eventualuri ganzraxviT danaSaulis mcdeloba” – 18 dekemberi, 2011 w.

proeqtebi:

“saqarTvelos parlamentis modelireba” – Tebervali, 2013 weli. “LAW EVENT” – 21-25 noemberi, 2011 weli.

Labour right belongs to the number of one of the fundamental rights of human. Effective regulation of labour relations is one of the main priorities for any states. Labour law belongs to that sphere of law that improvement and performing according to the international standard is necessary as for insurance of economic increase of country, as for preservation of social calm. Aim of the work is a definition as legal condition of weak side of the employee and showing of minimal standards creation problem of legal defense for him (or her). The work is divided thematically and concerns to such important problems, as regulation problems of discrimination and maternity leave in labour law. There are given the project systematic analyze of acting labour code and labour law code worked on January 28, 2013, on that base realizes putting in the forefront of problematic and actual issues in the work. Improvement of the project of labour law code is progressive step in Georgian legislative space, though there are issues that are remained without legal regulation. There are given some problems of guarantees creation and insurance of defense of labour rights of the employee and is offered the way of salvation it in article. Privately, it will be good if legislator regulate his private-law results together with legal regulation of discrimination as in preliminary contract as labour legal relations, also if he ensure to defense of such category of the employees, as pregnant and nursing mother and realize the regulation of equal compensation of maternity leave in private and public sector for employees, with what will be increased guarantees of legal defense of weak side and will be done the defense of the balance of interests in labour law.

serTifikatebi:

“advokatTa saserTifikacio gamocdebi (imitirebuli) – samoqalaqo samarTali” 2011w. “advokatTa saserTifikacio gamocdebi (imitirebuli) – konstituciuri samarTali” 2011w. “advokatTa saserTifikacio gamocdebi (imitirebuli) – samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis mimarTulebiT” – II adgili 2012w. saxelmwifo dafinansebis konkursSi gamarjvebuli, granti – 100% - 2010w. prezidentis sti pendianti.

Sesavali

SromiTi urTierTobebis efeqturi regulireba nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis erT-erT umTavres prioritets warmoadgens, radgan am sferos gamarTul funqcionirebaze mniSvnelovanwiladaa damokidebuli ekonomikuri winsvla da adamianTa keTildReoba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sromis samarTali rogorc damoukidebeli samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi dargi, SedarebiT axalia. Tumca aSkaraa, rom saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis (SemdgomSi – sSk) Seqmnam da misTvis organuli kanonis statusis miniWebam kidev erTxel gausva xazi saxelmwifos pilotikas, Seqmnas ufro metad daculi Sromis bazari. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasaqmebulis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gansazRvris problema, misTvis komfortuli samuSao garemosa da dacvis minimaluri standartebis Seqmna warmoadgens mudmivad ganviTarebadi Sromis samarTlis erT-erT centralur sakiTxs. am mxriv sainteresoa saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis proeqti (SemdgomSi sSkp), romelic 2013 wlis 28 ianvars iqna SemuSavebuli da erTi SexedviT “susti” mxaris samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebazea orientirebuli.

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naSromis mizania im problemebis warmoCena, romlebic aqtualur sakiTxad rCeba dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT. igi dayofilia Tematurad da moicavs erTi mxriv diskriminaciis akrZalvis da meore mxriv dekretuli Svebulebis regulirebis problemebs Sromis samarTalSi.

1.diskriminaciis dauSvebloba Sromis samarTalSi

1.1 diskriminaciis akrZalva, rogorc Tanasworobis konstituciuri princi pis gamovlineba Sromis samarTalSi

saqarTvelos konstitucia krZalavs diskriminaciis yovelgvar gamovlinebas, aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos konstituciis preambulac samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos damkvidrebisa da adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis uzrunvelyofis ideas RaRadebs. sityva “samarTlebrivi” sakmaod subieqturi, SefasebiTi kategoriaa, Tumca udavoa, rom masSi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvra igulisxmeba. mogexsenebaT, saqarTvelos uzenaes kanons konstitucia warmoadgens da gamomdinare aqedan, savaldebuloa saqarTveloSi moqmedi yvela sakanonmdeblo aqti da norma masTan SesabamisobaSi iyos. Tanasworobis sakiTxma asaxva hpova Sromis kodeqsSic.

sSk-is me-2 muxlis III nawilis Tanaxmad, “SromiT urTierTobaSi akrZalulia nebismieri saxis diskriminacia rasis, kanis feris, enis, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebis, erovnebis, warmoSobis, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobis, sacxovrebeli adgilis, asakis, sqesis, seqsualuri orientaciis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis, religiuri an raime gaerTienebisadmi kuTvnilebis, ojaxuri mdgomareobis, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebis gamo.” erTi SexedviT CamonaTvali sruli da mravlismomcvelia, Tumca saqarTvelos konstituciisagan gansxvavebiT igi ar aris amouwuravi. muxlSi naxsenebia “da sxva Sexedulebis gamo” da ara ”sxva niSnis gamo”, rac kodeqsis xarvezad unda CaiTvalos. amave muxlis meoTxe nawilSi kanonmdebeli gvaZlevs diskriminaciis definicias, romlis mizanic adamianis Rirsebis dacvaa da akonkretebs mesame punqts, Tumca Semdgom normebSi ar miuTiTebs im samarTlebriv Sedegebze, rac Tanasworobis princi pis darRveviT iqneba ganpirobebuli. vinaidan Sromis kodeqsi ar aregulirebs diskriminaciis kerZosamarTlebriv Sedegebs TiToeuli im pirisaTvis, vinc damsaqmeblis mxridan araTanaswori mopyrobis msxverpli gaxda, garTulebulia qveynis uzenaesi kanonisa da SromiTi urTierTobebis maregulirebeli kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanaswori mopyrobis uflebis dacva.

1.2 diskriminaciis dauSvebloba winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi

damsaqmeblis mxridan uTanasworo mopyroba SesaZlebelia jer kidev SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadebamde ganxorcieldes, magaliTad, vakanturi adgilis Sesaxeb ganacxadis gakeTebis da kandidatTan gasaubrebis dros. dRes moqmedi Sromis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, es kanoni awesrigebs saqarTvelos teritoriaze SromiT da mis Tanamdev urTierTobebs. garda amisa, winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi diskriminaciis akrZalva pirdapiraa gaTvaliswinebuli sSkp-Si, rac, ra Tqma unda, qarTul sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi erTerT progresul nabijad unda miviCnioT. Tumca, yuradRebagasamaxvilebelia is faqti, rom diskriminaciis kerZosamarTlebriv Sedegebs arc sSkp iTvaliswinebs. samarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmis arseboba gansakuTrebiT problematuria winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi, radgan diskriminaciis, rogorc faqtis mtkiceba am etapze sakmaod rTulia.

2.. orsulTa uflebebis dacva Sromis samarTalSi

orsulTa uflebebi sSk-Si Tematuradaa gabneuli. pirvelad igi gvxvdeba sSk-is me-4 muxlis me-5 nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, “akrZalulia arasrulwlovanTan, aseve orsul an meZuZur qalTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba mZime, mavne da saSiSpirobebiani samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad.” is faqti, rom kanonmdebeli orsul da meZuZur qals garkveulwilad arasrulwlovans uTanabrebs, swored kanonmdeblis nebaze migvaniSnebs - adamianTa es kategoria maqsimalurad unda iyos daculi. zemoaRniSnul sakiTxs mravali saerTaSoriso konvencia da rekomendacia aregulirebs, maT Sorisaa konvencia qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, miRebuli 1979 wels da konvencia dedobis dacvis Sesaxeb, gadasinjuli 1952 wels.

2.1 Svebuleba orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo

orsul da mSobiare qalTa uflebebs exeba “evropis socialuri qartia” da “saerTaSoriso paqti socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb”, romelTa normebisa da princi pebis safuZvelze daiwera Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvencia. (SemdgomSi – Sso). miuxedavad imisa, rom sSk srulad akmayofilebs

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Sso-s moTxovnebs, mainc aris garkveuli problemebi, rac qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis aqtualur sakiTxad gvevlineba. kerZod, qals eZleva dekretuli Svebuleba 477 dRis odenobiT, aqedan anazRaurebadia mxolod 126 dRe, Sesabamisad danarCeni 351 dRe aunazRaurebeli rCeba. Ggamodis rom Tu ojaxis erTaderTi marCenali dedaa, is samuSaos 4 Tvis Semdeg unda daubrundes, Sesabamisad reproduqciul asakSi myofi qalbatoni dgeba dilemis winaSe da xSirad uwevs arCevanis gakeTeba samsaxuris SenarCunebasa da Svilis yolas Soris. samwuxarod,dekretuli Svebulebis mimarT igive midgomas inarCunebs sSkp. aRsaniSnavia, rom proeqti iTvaliswinebs normas dekretuli Svebulebis dros xelSekrulebis moSlis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. am normis damatebis mizani sakmaod gaugebaria, radgan sSk-is arsebuli redaqciis 36-e muxlis Tanaxmad dekretuli Svebuleba SromiTi urTierTobis SeCerebis safuZvelia, xolo imave muxlis me-6 punqtis mixedviT “SromiTi urTierTobis SeCerebisas dauSvebelia SromiTi xelSekrulebis moSla.” Sesabamisad dekretuli Svebulebis dros xelSekrulebis moSlis akrZalvas arsebuli Sromis kodeqsic iTvaliswinebs. problematuri sakiTxia isic, saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris #231/n brZanebis Tanaxmad, sajaro da kerZo seqtorSi dekretuli Svebulebis anazRaureba araTanabaria, rac kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa diskriminacias iwvevs.

daskvna

Sromis samarTlis, rogorc dacviTi samarTlis Camoyalibeba ganpirobebulia dasaqmebulis uflebebis dacvis minimaluri standartis uzrunvelyofis interesiT. mniSvnelovania, rom dasaqmebulis, rogorc “susti” mxaris interesebi maqsimalurad iyos daculi. sSkp swored dasaqmebulis uflebebis dacvazea orientirebuli. Aamaze naTlad migvaniSnebs sSkp-is 1-li muxlis mesame nawili, romelic garkveul CarCoebSi aqcevs kerZo samarTalSi moqmed nebis avtonomiis princi ps, kerZod, “SromiTi xelSekrulebiT ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebulisagan gansxvavebuli normebi, romlebic auareseben dasaqmebulis mdgomareobas.” Mmiuxedavad sSkp-is mravali wingadadgmuli progresuli nabijisa, mainc rCeba garkveuli sakiTxebi, romlebic dazustebas saWiroebs da warmoadgens Sromis kanonmdeblobaSi arsebul xarvezs. upirvelesad aRsaniSnavia sSk-is me-2 muxlis III nawilis formulireba, romelic amomwuravi CamonaTvlis gakeTebiT garkveulwilad SeusabamobaSi modis saqarTvelos konstituciasTan. amitom kargi iqneba Tu aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT muxlis redaqciaSi sityva “Sexedule-

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ba” Seicvleba “garemoebiT”. Ggarda amisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom arc sSk-is arsebuli redaqcia da arc sSkp ar aregulirebs diskriminaciis kerZosamarTlebriv Sedegebs SromiT samarTlebriv da winasaxelsekrulebo urTierTobaSi. Uudavoa, rom samarTlebrivi dacvis berketis SemuSaveba xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos konstituciiT aRiarebuli Tanaswori mopyrobis uflebis dacvis efeqtur realizacias. rodesac “susti” mxaris interesebze vsaubrobT, aRsaniSnavia dasaqmebulTa iseTi kategoria, rogoricaa orsuli an meZuZuri qalbatoni. Aamitom aucilebelia SromiTi kanonmdeblobiT maqsimalurad moxdes maTi uflebebis dacva, maT Soris kerZo da sajaro seqtorSi dasaqmebulTaTvis dekretuli Svebulebis Tanabari anazRaurebis regulireba.

idealuri emisiebi da maTi dasabuTebis problematika amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT Abstract

giorgi nakaSiZe

iuridiuli fakultetis saerTaSoriso samarTlis mimarTulebis meore kursis studenti. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli 2013 wlis 13 ivnisis sisxlis samarTlis konferenciaSi. 2011 wels Caabara ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis fakultetze, 100%iani dafinansebiT. maRali akademiuri moswrebis Sedegad aris programis „saxelmwifo sti pendiebi studentebs“ sti pendianti. 2011 wels qalaq baRdaTis #1 sajaro skolaSi daamTavra „oqros medalze“. 2008-2009 wlebSi gaxda saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saminitros mier Catarebuli istoriis saswavlo olimpiadis priziori. 2009-2010 wlebSi orjer gaimarjva mediaproeqt „etalonSi“ da moi pova wlis saukeTeso moswavlis tituli. amJamad aris saqarTvelos axalgazrduli parlamentis janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialur sakiTxTa komitetis wevri.

The law tells us that a private nuisance is a substantial interference with the use and enjoyment of one’s land. It can be occurred by both physical and psychological invasion of owner’s interest. This article examines the questions raised by phenomenon of psychological (moral and aesthetic) private nuisance according to the United States’ Case Law. Its subjective and abstract character makes it difficult for law to determine whether an intangible interference constitutes a private nuisance. US courts have long practice of dealing with claims concerning psychological pressure and emotional discomfort caused by prostitution houses, anesthetically designed objects and buildings associated with death. Houses of ill fame are agreed to be a nuisance per se (regardless of time and place). They may constitute a moral nuisance by merely creating the emotional discomfort. Aesthetic objects are said to be insufficient to establish nuisance as “the law will not declare a thing a nuisance because it is unpleasant to eye”. This attitude is changing as “there is no physiological reason for treating visual perceptions any differently from noise or smell.” The unique harm from cemeteries and funeral homes involves emotional injury resulting from the constant reminder of death. By analyzing judgments of cases involving such claims, general criteria of determining psychological nuisance can be outlined. Social tolerance, cultural identity and moral portrait of neighborhood and people’s attitude to source of psychological nuisance are most frequently considered factors by US courts.

1. Sesavali

mesakuTreTa samezoblo urTierTqmedebis farglebis dadgena problematuri sakiTxia TiTqmis yvela qveynis sasamarTlo praqtikisaTvis. Mmezoblad miiCneva ara ubralod sivrcobrivad da fizikurad erTmaneTTan axlos myofi uZravi qoneba, aramed iseTi obieqtebic, saidanac SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes ormxrivi zemoqmedeba (emisia). Eemisiis cnebaSi igulisxmeba yvela is zemoqmedeba, rac miwis erTi nakveTidan meoreze vrceldeba da garkveuli azriT zians ayenebs mas. aseTi zemoqmedeba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos mezobel nakveTze arsebuli xmauriT, ryevebiT, suniT, kvamliT, WvartliT, orqliT, sinaTliT da sxv. amerikis SeeTebuli Statebis kanonmdeblobaSi samezoblo emisiebi (Private Nuisance) damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi regulirebis sagans warmoadgens saemisio samarTlis (Nuisance Law) saxiT.

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doqtrinasa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi sadavoa idealuri, kerZod, esTetikuri da zneobrivi xasiaTis zemoqmedebis sakiTxi, radgan, gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, mxolod fsiqologiuri zemoqmedeba ar aris sakmarisi arsebiTi emisiis sakvalifikaciod. sxva SemTxvevebSi zemoqmedeba ZiriTadad fizikur xasiaTs atarebs, xolo idealuri emisiebis dros zianis subieqturi da abstraqtuli xasiaTis gamo problematuria obieqturad davasabuToT, eqvemdebareba Tu ara fsiqologouri zemoqmedeba Tmenis valdebulebas mesakuTris mxridan. aSS-s sasamarTlo praqtikas dReisaTvis sakmaod didi gamocdileba aqvs idealur emisiebTan dakavSirebuli samezoblo davebis gadawyvetis mxriv, gansxvavebiT sxva qveynebisagan, sadac es sakiTxi jer kidev Seuswavlelia.

2. idealuri emisiebis saxeebi aSS-s sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT aSS-s sasamarTlos praqtikis analizisSedegad SeiZleba gamoiyos idealuri emisiebis sami ZiriTadi saxe: emisiebi, romlebic momdinareobs: 1) cudi reputaciis mqone dawesebulebebidan 2) araesTetikuri Sesaxedaobis obieqtebidan; 3) sasaflaoebidan da damkrZalavi biuroebidan.

2.1 cudi reputaciis mqone dawesebulebebidan momdinare idealuri emisiebi

cudi reputaciis mqone dawesebulebebidan (saroski poebi, meZavTa saxlebi)momdinare zemoqmedeba aSS-s sasamarTloebis mier imTaviTve (perse) miiCneodnen arsebiT zneobriv emisiebad miuxedavad droisa da adgilisa. am poziciis sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT portlendis saqalaqo

sasamarTlos mier ganxiluli saqme “bleigeni smitis winaaRmdeg: n. bleigenma aaSena oTxsarTuliani Senoba portlendis centrSi da miaqirava qsovilebis sawarmos. am Senobis pirdapir r. smitma aaSena ramdenime patara xis saxli, sadac dasaxldnen iaponeli qalebi. bleigenma Seitana sarCeli sasamarTloSi im safuZvliT, rom es qalebi eweodnen prostitucias, rac amoralur zegavlenas axdenda sawarmoSi momuSave persanalze. garda amisa, daeca sawarmos sabazro Rirebuleba. oregonis uzenaesma sasamarTlom es SemTxveva CaTvala arsebiT zneobriv emisiad. aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad daudo ara qonebis Rirebulebis Semcirebis faqti, aramed esTetikuri da zneobrivi kriteriumebi - umsgavsi sanaxaoba da bilwsityvaoba, rac arsebiTad xelyofda bleigenis sakuTrebis uflebiT sargeblobas (right of enjoyment of land). aseTi saxis sarCelebi xSirad kmayofildeboda sasamarTloebis mier iseTi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa amoraluri moqmedebebi meZavTa mxridan, umsgavsi xmebi, mezobelTa uZiloba da sxv. arsebobs gamonaklisebi, rodesac mesakuTre ganicdida mxolodfsiqologiuri diskomforts, roca fanjridan xedavda meZavebs. sasamarTlom es SemTxveva CaTvala arsebiT emisiad im garemoebaze miTiTebiT, rom yvelas aqvs ufleba “datkbes xediT, romelic misi fanjridan moCans”.

2.2.araesTetikuri Sesaxedaobis obieqtebidan momdinare idealuri emisiebi

2.3. sasaflaoebidan da damkrZalavi biuroebidan momdinare emisiebi

tradiciulad, sasamarTloebis mier miiCneoda, rom esTetikuri zemoqmedeba sakmariss safuZvels ar iZleoda arsebiT emisiad misaCnevad, radgan “kanoni ver CaTvlis ukanonod imas, rac usiamovnoa TvalisTvis” (nagviTa da jarTiT savse ezo, uSnod aSenebuli Robeebi da msgavsi obieqtebi). sasamarTloebi ver axerxebdnen daesabuTebinaT dazaralebuli mesakuTris esTetikuri zianis dakmayofilebis samarTlebrivi SesaZlebloba . dResdReisobiT aseTi midgoma Seicvala. mecnierebi miuTiTeben, rom Tu sasamarTloebi akmayofileben xmaurisgan da sunisgan gamowveul zemoqmedebas, maSin ratomaa SeuZlebeli esTetikuri (mxedvelobaze moqmedi) emisiebis dakmayofileba? ar arsebobs gansxvavebuli fiziologiuri safuZlveli, movaxdinoT vizualuri percefciebisa da sunis an xmaurisgan gamowveuli emisiebis diferencireba. aseTma midgomam Secvla sasamarTlo praqtikis tendencia da gaizarda vizualuri emisiebis dakmayofilebi Sansi. magaliTad, mesakuTrem, romlis mezobelmac Tavis nakveTze Tavi mouyara manqanis nawilebsa da gafuWebul eleqtroteqnikas, Tavi igrZno uxerxulad da veRar SeZlo megobrebis dapatiJeba wveulebaze. sasamarTlom es SemTxveva CaTvala arsebiT zemoqmedebad. Tumca vizualur emisiebze mainc arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba.

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aSS-is sasamarTlo praqtika icnobs sasaflaoebidan da damkrZalavi biuroebidan momdinare wminda fsiqologiuri saxis zemoqmedebasac, romelic ZiriTadad gamoixateba imaSi, rom mesakuTreebi grZnoben emociur diskomforts, radgan “mudmivad axsendebaT sikvdilis arseboba.” samxreT karolinas uzenaesma sasamarTlom msgavsi fsiqologiuri zemoqmedeba miiCnia arsebiT emisiad, radgan mas Sedegad mohyva materialuri Sedegebic: mesakuTris depresia, nevrozi, uZiloba, misma ojaxis wevrebma Secvales saZinebeli oTaxebis ganlageba,isini aseve veRar sargeblobdnen saxlis aivniT, romelic damkrZalavi biuros pirdapir mdebareobda. erT-erTma kalifornielma wyvilma moiTxova maT saxlTan axlos mdebare damkrZalavi biuros daxurva, radgan maTi megobrebi Tavs ikavebdnen maTTan stumrobisgan. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom es iyo safuZvliani moTxovna. sasamarTloebis damokidebuleba amgvar obieqtebTan dakavSirebiT mainc araerTgvarovania – gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, gardacvalebasTan asocirebuli obieqtebi imTaviTve ar miiCnevian arsebiTi zemoqmedebis gamomwvevebad. saWiroa konkretuli SemTxvevis indivudualuri maxasiaTeblebis analizi da samarTlebrivi Sefaseba.

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3. daskvna

idealuri emisiebis zemoqmedebis dasabuTebis problematika gamowveulia misi subieqturi da abstraqtuli xasiaTiT. Tumca, zemoT moyvanili SemTxvevebis analizis Sedegad SesaZlebelia im saerTo niSnebis gamoyofa, romlebsac iTvaliswineben aSS-s sasamarTloebi. pirvel rigSi, yovel zneobriv da esTetikur fsiqologiur zemoqmdebas unda axasiaTebdes iseTi intensivoba,rom scdebodes socialuri tolerantobis zRvars da aRar emorCilebodes Tmenis valdebulebas. rogorc aSS-s sasamarTlo praqtikaSi arsebuli tendeciidan Cans, sasamarTloebi umravles SemTxvevaSi idealur emisiebs arsebiTad miiCneven, Tu fsiqologiur zemoqmedebas Sedegad mohyveba obieqturad gamoxatuli uaryofiTi Sedegi. swored amitom axasiaTebs arasTetikuri obieqtebidan gamowveul vizualur emisiebTan dakavSirebeul sarCelebs dakmayofilebis yvelaze dabali maCvenebeli, radgan rTulia mxolod arasasiamovno Sexedulebis obieqtma realuri danaklisi (da ara marto fsiqologiuri diskomforti) gamoiwvios. aseve mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis an konkretuli socialuri jgufis damokidebuleba idealuri emisiis gamomwvev obieqtTan. swored sazogadoebis uaryofiTi

damokidebileba ganapirobebs im faqts, rom aSS-s sasamarTloebi cudi reputaciis mqone dawesebulebebidan momdinare emisiebs imTaviTve (perse) arsebiTad miiCneven (maSinac ki, roca mxolod emociuri diskomfortis garda sxva uaryofoTi Sedegi ar damdgara). erT-erTi mniSvnelovani garemoebaa sazogadoebrivi (sajaro) da kerZo interesebis Sedareba. sasaflaoebisa da damkrZalavi biuroebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTloebs swored maTi sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisa da kerZo interesebis Sepirispirebis safuZvelze gamoaqvT gadawyvetileba. saboloo jamSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom idealuri emisiebis moqmedebis farglebis dadgenisas sasamarTlo unda daeyrdnos rogorc obiqtur (zemoqmdebis adgili, xangrZlivoba, konkretuli uaryofiTi Sedegi, romelmac obieqturad xelyo sakuTrebis ufleba da a.S.), ise subiqtur garemoebebs (im socialuri jgufisa Tu samezoblos moraluri da znoebrivi saxe da kulturuli identoba, dazaralebulis subieqturi damokidebuleba fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebisadmi da sxv.). mxolod am garemoebaTa kompleqsuri da sistemuri analiziTaa SesaZlebeli idealuri emisiis moqmedebis farglebis dadgena.

iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris definicia gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebisa da qarTuli kanonmdeblobis SedarebiTi analizi Abstract

giorgi baRdavaZe

i u r i d i u l i fakultetis saerTaSoriso samarTlis mimarTulebis meore kursis studenti. warCinebiT daamTavra Tbilisis 161-e sajaro skola. 2010 wels gamarjva Tbilisis inteleqtualur CempionatSi. 2010 wels dajildovda I xarisxis di plomiT 64-e saswavlo-SemoqmedebiTi konferenciis Semoqmed moswavleTa seqciaSi mopovebuli gamarjvebisTvis. 2011 wels miiRo monawileoba konkursSi “vcxovrob demokratiul sazogadoebaSi”. 2011 wels dajildovda I xarisxis di plomiT 65-e saswavlo-SemoqmedebiTi konferenciis Semoqmed moswavleTa seqciaSi mopovebuli gamarjvebisTvis; 2013 wels miiRo monawileoba ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiul fakultetis mier gamarTul studentur konferenciaSi - sisxlis samarTlis sakiTxebze.

This article concerns about legal issues of internally displaced persons in Georgian legislation and International law. There are many instances in contemporary international practice, when people become victims of internal conflicts, external aggression or natural disasters and they are forced to leave their places of residence and move to another location within the state. Because of this element they can’t be granted the status of refugee, which deprives such persons an opportunity to be treated with the international law. Unfortunately there is no international convention or other legally binding document, which would protect the rights of such persons. The presence of internally displaced persons within national territory means that their own government bears primary responsibility for meeting their protection and assistance needs. Because of it this issue is governed by a domestic law. On the other hand there are UN “Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement”, whit is not a legal document but imposes a moral framework on states. Unfortunately Georgian legislation doesn’t fully accepts UN’s Guiding Principles. Incompletely refers the definition of internally displaced person. In this article we will discuss about it one by one and we will compare Georgian legislation with International norms.

1.iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris - devnilis definicia qarTuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad da Sesabamisoba gaeros principebTan

saqarTvelos kanoni „saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa - devnilTa Sesaxeb“ praqtikulad or sxvadasxva cnebas (iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli da devnili) erT sibrtyeSi ganixilavs. amavdroulad iZleva Semdeg definicias, romlis Tanaxmadac, saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirad - devnilad CaiTvleba saqarTvelos moqalaqe an saqarTveloSi statusis mqone moqalaqeobis armqone piri, romelic iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina Tavisi mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili im mizeziT, rom safrTxe Seeqmna mis an masTan mcxovrebi ojaxis wevris sicocxles, janmrTelobas an Tavisuflebas ucxo qveynis mier teritoriis okupaciis, agresiisa da adamianis uflebebis masobrivi darRvevis gamo, amavdroulad, bavSvi uflebamosilia mieniWos devnilis statusi mSoblis (mSoblebis) an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmobis safuZvelze, Tu orive an erT-erT mSobels aqvs an/da hqonda devnilis statusi.

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2.„iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli - devnili“

qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mier problemis amgvari gadawyveta arsobrivad ewinaaRmdegeba gaeros saxelmZRvanelo princi pebs, romlis miznebidan gamomdinare iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebad iTvlebian is pirebi an pirTa jgufebi, romlebic gamoZevebul iqnen an iZulebulni gaxdnen daetovebinaT TavianTi saxli an mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili, raTa gaqceodnen SeiaraRebul konfliqts, sayovelTao Zaladobas, adamianis uflebaTa xelyofasa da stiqiur an adamianis mier Seqmnil katastrofebs da amasTan, ar gadaukveTavT saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli saxelmwifo sazRvari. amrigad, qarTvelma kanonmdebelma iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris samarTlebriv definiciaSi dauSva ori arsebiTi Secdoma: 1) man ratomRac iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri a prior miiCnia devnilad da 2) man ugulebelyo iseTi fundamenturi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa a) sayovelTao Zaladoba da adamianis uflebaTa xelyofa, romelic sulac araa aucilebeli ganxorcieldes ucxo qveynis jarebis mier da b) stiqiuri an adamianis mier Seqmnili katastrofebis Sedegad gadaadgilebuli pirebis - ekomigrantebis sakiTxi.

qarTveli kanonmdebeli, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirisa da devnilis cnebebs erT samarTlebriv sibrtyeSi ganixilavs da identur cnebebad miiCnevs. amavdroulad erTaderT amosaval winapirobad miiCnevs ucxo qveynis mier teritoriis okupacias, agresias da adamianis uflebebis masobriv darRvevas. „devnili“, rogorc etimologiuri, ise sityvasityviTi ganmartebiT aris piri, romelic ganicdis devnas. „devnis“ amomwurav definicias iZleva Jenevis 1951 wlis konvencia „ltolvilis statusis Sesaxeb“, romelic devnas ukavSirebs safuZvliani SiSis arsebobas da CamoTvlis devnis safuZvlebs: rasa, religia, aRmsarebloba, erovneba, garkveuli socialuri jgufisadmi kuTvnileba, politikuri mrwamsi. amasTanave araa aucilebeli, rom devna ukve gvqondes saxeze da ukve iyos ganxorcielebuli, mTavaria saxeze iyos amis ganxorcielebis safuZvliani SiSi (subieqturi elementi) da faqtobrivi garemoebebiT gamyarebuli safuZvliani varaudi

(obieqturi elementi). amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTaSoriso konfliqtis arseboba TavisTavad ar niSnavs imas, rom devna (persecution) gvaqvs saxeze, metic, SesaZloa visaubroT eTnikur wmendaze an adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul sxva Zaladobriv aqtebze, Tumca es mainc ar iZleva devnis, rogorc „persecution“ Semadgenlobas. aqedan gamomdinare sruliad alogikuria kanonmdeblis mier sakiTxis amgvari gadawyveta da ucnauria Tu ratom dasWirda mas iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis devnilebad, anu devnis msxverplad gamocxadeba. erTi mxriv gasagebia kanonmdeblis „keTili mizani“, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi gauTanabros devnilebs, Tumca meore mxriv, aRniSnuli srulad cdeba realobasa da pragmatul xedvas.

3.SeiaraRebuli konfliqti, sayovelTao Zaladoba da adamianis uflebaTa xelyofa

gaeros saxelmZRvanelo princi pebis Tanaxmad, piris iZulebiT gadaadgilebulad miCnevisaTvis erT-erTi winapirobaa mis mier sacxovrebeli adgilis datoveba, romelic ganpirobebulia SeiaraRebuli konfliqtiT, sayovelTao ZaladobiT, adamianis uflebaTa

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xelyofiT. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali icnobs ori saxis SeiaraRebul konfliqts: 1) saerTaSoriso da 2) arasaerTaSoriso xasiaTis. SeiaraRebuli konfliqti saerTaSorisod CaiTvleba Tu masSi monawileobs ori an ramdenime saxelmwifo, an xalxebi, romlebic ibrZvian koloniuri Cagvris, ucxoelTa okupaciisa da rasistuli reJimis batonobis winaaRmdeg TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizaciis mizniT (Jenevis 1977 wlis oqmi N1). rac Seexeba arasaerTaSoriso xasiaTis SeiaraRebul konfliqts, am kategorias miekuTvneba yvela is konfliqti, romelic mimdinareobs saxelmwifos SigniT mis SeiaraRebul Zalebsa da sxva organizebul jgufebs Soris. gansxvavebiT gaeros saxelmZRvanelo princi pebisagan, qarTuli kanonmdebloba piris iZulebiT gadaadgilebulad aRiarebis winapirobad miiCnevs mxolod saerTaSoriso xasiaTis SeiaraRebul konfliqts, razec naTlad metyvelebs sityvebi: „ucxo qveynis mier teritoriis okupaciis, agresiis...“ msgavsi xedva aqvs qarTvel kanonmdebels sayovelTao Zaladobasa da adamianis uflebaTa xelyofis SemTxvevaSic. aqac, gansxvavebiT gaeros saxelmZRvanelo princi pebisgan, am qmedebebSi moiazreba, ucxo qveynis mier teritoriis okupaciisa da agresiis Sedegi, romelic SeiZleba gamoixatos magaliTad, eTnikur wmendaSi.

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4.ekomigrantebi

gaeros saxelmZRvanelo princi pebis Tanaxmad, piris iZulebiT gadaadgilebulad aRiarebis kidev erT winapirobas warmoadgens stiqiuri da adamianis mier Seqmnili katastrofebi. piri, romelic iZulebulia datovos Tavisi mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili, ise, rom ar gadakveTos saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli saxelmwifo sazRvari iwodeba ekomigrantad. gaeros saxelmZRvanelo princi pebis Tanaxmad, erovnul xelisuflebebs ekisrebaT upiratesi valdebuleba da pasuxismgebloba raTa TavianTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi uzrunvelyon Sesabamisi dacviTa da humanitaruli daxmarebiT (princi pi 25). iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs ufleba aqvT moiTxovon da miiRon dacva da humanitaruli daxmareba sakuTari xelisuflebisagan. isini ar SeiZleba devnilni an dasjilni iyvnen msgavsi moTxovnebisTvis. qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi arsad aris aRniSnuli bunebrivi Tu adamianis mier gamowveuli katastrofebis Sedegad iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa sakiTxi, rac qmnis imis STabeWdilebas, rom saxelmwifos aRniSnuli kategoriis pirebze moxsnili aqvs pasuxismgebloba, radgan maTze ar vrceldeba aranairi statusi da am kategoriis pirebi

ver sargebloben kanoniT garantirebuli samarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmiT. marTalia „saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa gansaxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministros debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebaSi, aseve „adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organul kanonSi gvxvdeba termini „ekomigranti“ da kanoni iTvaliswinebs garkveul SeRavaTebs am kategoriis pirTaTvis, Tumca problema imaSia, rom ar arsebobs sakanonmdeblo norma, romelSic mocemulia ekomigrantis definicia da pirTa wre, romelzec v r c e l d e b a a R n i S n u l i samarTlebrivi statusi.

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5.iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa uflebebi da garantiebi

gaeros saxelmZRvanelo princi pebi xuTi karisagan Sedgeba. esenia: zogadi princi pebi; princi pebi gadaadgilebisgan dacvis Sesaxeb; princi pebi gadaadgilebis dacvis Sesaxeb; princi pebi humanitaruli daxmarebis Sesaxeb; princi pebi dabrunebis, gansaxlebis da reintegraciis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom gaeros saxelmZRvanelo princi pebTan erTad, iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa dacvis sakiTxSi, Zalzed did rols TamaSobs saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali da adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTaod aRiarebuli deklaracia. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania princi pebi, romlebic ukrZalaven saxelmwifos aseT pirTa TviTnebur gadaadgilebas (princi pi 6), Tumca cxadia maT aqvT ufleba TavianTi nebiT airCion sacxovrebeli adgili, datovon qveyana, eZebon TavSesafari rogorc qveynis sxva nawilSi, ise sazRvargareT (princi pebi: 14; 15), upirobo da absolutur uflebadaa aRiarebuli sicocxlis ufleba (princi pi 10), pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufleba (prin- c i p i 12), ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba (princi pi 17) da a. S. amavdroulad, xelisuflebebs akisriaT upiratesi valdebuleba da

pasuxismgebloba, raTa iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi uzrunveyon humanitaruli daxmarebiT (princi pi 25). samwuxarod, qarTuli kanonmdebloba aRniSnul sakiTxsac sakmaod mSralad awesrigebs. igi ZiriTadad Semoifargleba sxvadasxva socialuri SeRavaTebiTa da SemweobebiT. marTalia qarTuli kanonmdebloba aRiarebs TavSesafris uflebas (muxlebi: 3; 5; 54; 7). gvxvdeba agreTve ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis princi pis garkveuli gamovlinebac (magaliTad, me-2 muxlis me-11 nawili), aseve zogadadaa aRniSnuli iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa absoluturi uflebebis dacvazec (1-eli muxlis me-2 nawili). Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom ZiriTad nawilSi qarTuli kanonmdebloba ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas gaeros saxelmZRvanelo princi pebis mier ganmtkicebul zemoTnaxseneb sakiTxebze, rac udavod saWiroebs gamosworebas.

Tanamedrove qarTuli beWdviTi da onlain media religiuri problematikis Sesaxeb Abstract

salome gorgoZe sacialur da politikur mecnerebaTa fakultetis, Jurnalistikisa da masobrivi komunikaciis mimarTulebis mesame kursis studenti

konferenciebi: studenturi safakulteto samecniero konferencia: bavSvTa Zaladobis Temis gaSuqeba mediaSi da Jurnalisturi eTika, gamarjveba, 2012. studenturi samecniero konferencia: Tanamedrove qarTuli beWdviTi da onlain media religiuri problematikis Sesaxeb, 2013 w. mexuTe regionTaSorisi studenturi konferencia: bavSvTa jandacvisa da socialuri dacvis gaSuqeba Tanamedrove qarTul mediaSi, 2013.

sxva miRwevebi: Tsu-is socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis Jurnalistikisa da masobrivi komunikaciis mimarTulebis saswavlo studenturi Jurnalis “koqteilis” Npirveli nomris redaqtori. amave fakultetis, regionuli Jurnalis “gzavnilis” meore nomris redaqtori.

Georgia is a multi-ethnic and multi - confessional country, thus proper coverage of religious issues has to be one of the most actual objectives of the Georgian media. Given the specificities of the subject, the study of this issue is important in the following directions: whether the coverage of religious issues in Georgian printed and online media is consistent in the context of fundamental human rights and whether the professional standards in the publications are observed. The research aims to reveal current trends of the covering religious issues in Georgian printed and online Medias and to show what problems exist in terms of professional and ethical norms. As a method of the research the content - analysis was used. Under qualitative monitoring the articles were analyzed in the context of professional standards and ethical norms. Research findings: • Less attention to religious issues; • Politicization of religious issues; • Superficial materials; • Sensational titles; • Mixing of fact and comment. The study showed that in Georgian printed and online medias insufficient attention is given to the coverage of religious issues, and frequently, violation of professional standards and of ethical norms is observed. During the reporting period, only 13 entries about the religious problems were analyzed, in which no analytical publication was encountered. There were sensational headlines, mixing fact and comment, as well as politicized religious themes. Accordingly, the recommendations are as follows: • More attention should be paid to proper coverage of religious issues; • Professional standards have to be observed by the journalists; • Ethical standards have be observed in the journalistic texts; • Constitutional norms, such as respect of fundamental human rights have to be observed in journalistic activity.

saqarTvelo mravaleTnikuri da mravalkonfesiuri qveyanaa. amdenad, religiuri sakiTxebis marTebulad gaSuqeba ganekuTvneba im aqtualur Tematikas, romelsac Tanamedrove qarTuli media uyuradRebod ar unda tovebdes. Temis specifikidan gamomdinare, uTuod mniSvnelovania am sakiTxis kvleva Semdegi mimarTulebiT: aSuqebs Tu ara Tanamedrove qarTuli beWduri da onlain media Tanmimdevrulad da kvalificiurad religiur Temebs adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis konteqstSi, icavs Tu ara igi publikaciebSi, religiis Temebze, profesiuli standartis moTxovnebs? kvlevis mizania, qarTul beWdur da onlain mediaSi religiuri Temebis gaSuqebis sadReisod arsebuli tendenciis

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gamovlineba da Cveneba imisa, Tu ra problemebi arsebobs profesiuli da eTikuri normebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT. kvlevis hi poTezaa: Tanamedrove qarTuli beWdviTi da onlain media jerovan yuradRebas ar uTmobs religiuri problematikis warmoCenas da arcTu iSviaTad arRvevs profesiuli standartis normebs. sakvlev masalad SeirCa presis sami gamocemis (gazeTebi „alia“, „kviris palitra“, „asaval-dasavali“) da onlaingamocemis („ambebi.ge”, “presa.ge”) mocemul eqvsTvian periodSi aRniSnel Temaze dabeWdili publikaciebi. kvlevis meTods warmoadgens kontent analizi. Tvisebrivi monitoringis Sedegad gaanalizda statiebi profesiuli standartebisa da eTikuri normebis WrilSi. bolo dros saqarTveloSi ramdenime konfliqti, swored religiur niadagze aRmocenda. 2012 wlis oqtomber-noembrSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi, kerZod, nigvziansa da winwyaroSi momxdari dapirispireba adgilobriv muslim da marTlmadidebel mrevls Soris, qarTuli sazogadoebis gansjis sagnad iqca. Temis aqtualobidan gamomdinare, sakvlev periodad arCeul iqna 2012 wlis oqtomberi-2013 wlis marti, uSualod is dro, roca konfliqti arsebobda da Semdgomi periodi. amiT saSualeba mogveca davkvirvebodiT Tanamedrove qarTul beWdur da onlain mediaSi religiuri Tematikis gaSuqebis dinamikas da dagvedgina, media am Temis mimarT movlenurad reagirebs Tu Tvlis mas strategiulad da yovelTvis iCens interess. sakvlev periodSi religiuri problematikis Temaze gamoqveynda mxolod 13 masala. aqedan arc erTi analizuri. xSiria sensaciuri saTaurebi, Jurnalistis mxridan faqtisa da ko-

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mentaris aRreva, aseve religiuri Temebis politizirebul WrilSi warmoCena. Tvisebrivi monitoringis Sedegad gamoikveTa darRvevaTa Semdegi ti pebi: gazeTi : „alia“ daibeWda statia saTauriT: „Tuki aTonis wminda mTa qarTveli aTonelebis madliTa da SaravandediT saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi brwyinavda, dRes am gasaocar savanes saakaSvilis kud-isa Tu kudianebis ufrosis moadgilis wyalobiT Sebilwva da wawymeda emuqreba“ saTauri aris ara romelime wyaros citata, aramed masSi gacxadebulia Jurnalistis pozicia, riTac uxeSad irRveva profesiuli standarti. aq unda gavixsenoT maiamis universitetis profesoris pol stenlis Semdegi mosazreba: „movlenebis yovelmxriv gawonasworebuli asaxva ufro metad fasobs, vidre efeqturad gamoCena.“ Jurnalisti exmaureba presaSi gavrcelebul ambavs, kud-is ufrosis moadgilis soso TofuriZis aTonis mTaze yofnis Sesaxeb. „gigi ugulava, mamuka axvlediani, koba subeliani... suyvelani sasuliero seminariisa Tu akademiis kursdamTavrebulebi arian. es jgufi, romlis sulieri lideri, ra Tqma unda, Cveni stri ptizmeri ugulavaa, ieRovelebis cnobil mociqulTangiga bokeriasTan erTad, saqarTvelos wminda samociqulo eklesiaSi gegmavda ganxeTqilebis Setanas.“ Jurnalisti konkretuli argumentebis gareSe adanaSaulebs politikur pirebs „sapatriarqos taxtis gadatrialebaSi“, garda amisa, „ieRovas mociquli“ uaryofiT konteqstSia naxsenebi. eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebis gaSuqebasTan dakavSirebiT mocemul rekomendaciebSi vkiTxulobT: „Tavidan aicilon iseTi masalis gamoqveyneba, romelic SesaZloa Seuracxmyofeli aRmoCndes romelime eTnikuri an religiuri umciresobisTvis, aRvivebdes siZulvils, Seuwynareblobas maT mimarT, Tesavdes SuRls eTnikur/religiur umravlesobasa da umciresobas Soris, iyos diskriminaciuli eTnikuri an/da religiuri niSniT“ garda amisa „Tavi Seikavon piris eTnikur da religiur kuTvnilebasa da uaryofiT movlenebs Soris dausabuTebeli paralelebis gavlebisgan.“ onlain gamocema „ambebi.ge”, statia gamoqveynda saTauriT: „winwyaroSi religiur niadagze dapirispireba SesaZloa sisxlisRvramde mivides“. msgavsma saTaurebma SesaZloa provocireba gamoiwvios da mkiTxvelSi agresia warmoSvas. profesiuli standarti aseTia: „Tavi Seikavon iseTi gamonaTqvamebis tiraJirebisagan, romlebic aRvivebs siZulvils, adamianTa Soris

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SuRls...“ gazeTi „alia“, statia saTauriT: „meufe kalistrate axal skandalSi exveva“ statiis avtori quTaisSi gazeTis korespondents ukavSirdeba da iqaur ambebze esaubreba, sakiTxi exeba mitropolit kalistrates, romlis Sesaxebac Jurnalisti wers, rom mas bagratis taZridan spilenZis qurdobas abraleben. „eg ki arada bagratis taZris saxuravi unda yofiliyo kramitis, magram moismina vinmem? amitom miviReT is, rac miviReT. rogorc miTxres, dasavleTis karis spilenZi mTlianad kalistrates wauRia warmoidgineT, ras akeTebs es araqarTveli mitropoliti?“ statiaSi vxvdebiT profesiuli standartis erT-erT yvelaze uxeS darRvevas, faqtisa da komentaris aRrevas. garda amisa, Jurnalisti ar erideba subieqturi azris demonstrirebas. konkretuli argumentebis gareSe saubrobs mitropolitis danaSaulze. statia mkveTrad politizirebulia, mitropolitis Sesaxeb saubari politikur konteqstSia warmodgenili. gazeT „asaval-dasavalSi“ daibeWda statia saTauriT „oSkis da xaxulis gadarCena imad ar gviRirs, rom aq Turquli eqspansia ganxorcieldes“ es aris interviu mama daviT isakaZesTan,romelic azizies meCeTis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb saubrobs. statiis lidSive vkiTxulobT: „mama daviT isakaZe Tavis sulier ZmebTan erTad ibrZoda saakaSvilis reJimis winaaRmdeg, raTa CaeSala aWaraSi (da ara mxolod aWaraSi) meCeTis mSeneblobis boroti ganzraxva.“ „boroti ganzraxva“ Jurnalistis Sefasebaa, romelmac SeZleba gavlena moaxdinos moqalaqeebze, xeli Seuwyos stereoti pebis Camoyalibebas da zizRis gaCenas gansxvavebuli religiis samlocveloTa mimarT. profesiuli standarti ki Jurnalistisagan moiTxovs: „ar moaxdinon raime problemis xelovnuri asocireba romelime eTnikur an religiur umciresobasTan da amiT xeli ar Seuwyon stereoti pebis Camoyalibebas an arsebuli stereoti pebis gamyarebas.“ iqve Jurnalisti respondents ekiTxeba: „mamao daviT, rogor unda SevaCeroT Tanamedrove muslimanuri eqspansia?“

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aq vxvdebiT faqtis araobieqturad gaazrebas da Jurnalistis mier konkretuli movlenis xelovnurad ganzogadebas, rac mis siRrmiseulad gaSuqebas ar isaxavs miznad da erTob hi perbolizebulia, anu mkiTxvelis emociuri grZnobebzea gaTvlili. msgavsi terminebis gamoyeneba, cxadia, mxolod Jurnalistis xedvas ar unda emyarebodes, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu mas sazogadoebriv azrze zemoqmedeba SeuZlia da xels uwyobs siZulvilis gaRvivebasa an usafuZvlo stereoti pebis Seqmnas. amdenad, profesiuli standartebisa da eTikis normebis mixedviT gaanalizebulma masalebma cxadyo, rom marTebulia hi poTeza: Temis aqtualobis miuxedavad Tanamedrove qarTuli media saTanado yuradRebas ar uTmobs religiuri problematikis gaSuqebas da arcTu iSviaTad arRvevs profesiul standartebs da eTikur normebs. kvlevis mignebebi: • religiuri problematikis mimarT naklebi yuradReba-maSinac ki, roca qveyanaSi iseTi religiuri konfliqti iyo, rogoric oqtomberinoembris TveSi, nigvziansa da winwyaroSi, gaanalizebuli presis arc erTma gamocemam („alia“, „kviris palitra“, „asaval-dasavali“) ar gaaSuqa es movlenebi. • religiuri problemebis politizireba-ganxilul statiebSi SeimCneva tendencia, rom yvela religiuri Tema politikur WrilSia warmodgenili. • zedapirulobawarmodgenil sakvlev masalaSi ar vxvdebiT analizur statiebs, sadac problemis safuZvliani ganxilva iqneboda mkiTxvelisaTvis SeTavazebuli.

•

sensaciuri saTaurebi. saTauri ar aris gamyarebuli statiis saerTo SinaarsiT. • faqtisa da komentaris aRreva-gamovlinda tendencia, rom xSirad religiuri problematikis gaSuqebisas, ganxiluli masalebis mixedviT, Jurnalistebi ar eridebian Riad gamoxaton subieqturi azri, romelic argumentebiT araa gamyarebuli. warmodgenilma darRvevebma cxadyo, rom arsebuli mcire raodenobis masalebSic ki vxvdebiT profesiuli standartebisa da eTikuri normebis uxeSad darRvevis faqtebs. Sesabamisad, rekomendaciebi Semdegia: • iseT mravalkonfesiur qveyanaSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, masmediam meti yuradReba unda dauTmos religiuri problematikis profesiuli standartebis dacviT gaSuqebas. • yvela Jurnalistis movaleobaa profesiuli standartis dacva. • Jurnalistur teqstebSi saWiroa eTikuri normebis gaTvaliswineba. • Jurnalistis saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovania konstituciuri normebis dacva.

baqo-axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigzis ekonomikuri Sefaseba Abstract

MAriam jafariZe socialur da politikur mecnerebaTa fakultetis, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mimarTulebis meore kursis studenti. konferenciebi: Global society builder group - is mier organizebuli “Savi zRvis axalgazrda di plomatTa skola” Tsu-is mier organizebuli, baton revaz gaCeCilaZis 70 wlis iubilesadmi miZRvnili konferencia.

This article represents the economic estimation of Baqu-Axalqalaqi-Karsi Railway, which has a big meaning for deepening the relations between Georgia, Azerbaijan and Turkey and on the other hand, for developing geoeconomic and geopolitical meaning of this region. This railway is possible to create a new alternative transit way to communicate Europe with Asia, without using Russia’s territories. Everyone knows the importance and the positive aspects of this railway, when discussing geopolitical meaning of it. But there’s too little information about economic benefits of railway to Georgia. The motive of the article is to determinate economic aspects of railway for Georgia, is the construction of railway good or not for Georgia’s future, does it really have such benefits as it seems to have? First of all, it is important to mark that this railway can be harmful to the ports and the old, traditional railway of Georgia. Also, the loan, what Georgia has taken is too high, and many experts doubt that the new railway can not take out this sum. It depends on the long-lasting goals, what seems very doubtful. On the other hand, other experts establish big hopes on this railway and they prove that this railway can not only be a transit way for many states, also it can be propitious for the development of Tourism in Georgia. By discussion and analysis of the given issues, I will try to prove that, despite the profit of a new transit railway, the economic benefit of this construction will not be an efficient as it seems, though to stop it could be a worse step as to continue building a new trans-mainline corridor.

seminarebi: “diskusia ruseTis federaciaSi - qarTvelebis viziti Crdilo kavkasiasa da moskovSi”, saqarTvelos politikuri mecnierebis asociacia. oqsfordis ti pis debatebi sdasusa da regionaluri ganviTarebis axalgazrduli organizaciis erToblivi proeqti - “Ria auditoria” saswavlo universiteti MASKI -saswavlo kursi “Sesavali evropismcodneobaSi”.

Sesavali

ukve ramdenime weliwadia, rac saqarTvelo seriozuli gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. erT-erTi maTgani geostrategiulad da geoekonomikurad sakmaod mniSvnelovani baqo-axalqalaqiyarsis rkinigzis mSenebloba gaxlavT. sarkinigzo magistralis proeqti iTvaliswinebs axali satranzito da samgzavro funqciis mqone rkinigzis mSeneblobas, romelic, ekonomikurad erTi mxriv azerbaijans, saqarTvelos da TurqeTs daaxloebs xolo meore mxriv, daakavSirebs evropasa da azias, Seiqmneba alternatiuli satranzito magistrali maT dasakavSireblad. bevri, tranzitis mxriv ruseTze damokidebuli saxelmwifosTvis zustad meore faqtori aniWebs am rkinigzas gansakuTrebul xibls. dRes es gamowveva sakmaod aqtualuria, rogorc saqarTvelosTvis, romelic sakmaod did geopolitikur figurad gamova saerTaSoriso asparezze, aseve bevri am transkavkasiur axal magistralze imeddamyarebuli qveynisTvis. rkinigza saqarTvelosTvis geopolitikurad Zalian momgebiani iqneba, Tumca politikur faqtorTan erTad saWiroa ekonomikuri faqtorebis ganxilvac, romelic SesaZloa sulac ar iZleodes ekonomikur zrdas qveynisTvis. statiis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens, davadginoT Tu ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT ramdenad sasargebloa amgvari proeqtis ganxorcieleba saqarTvelosTvis,.

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1. rkinigzis ekonomikuri sisusteebi

pirvelad, 2007 wels daisva SekiTxva, Tu ekonomikurad ra Sedegs moutanda mSenebloba saqarTvelos. premier-ministris biZina ivaniSvilis bolodroindeli gancxadebebis mixedviT, es rkinigza aranakleb zians miayenebs saqarTvelos portebsa da Sida tradiciul rkinigzas. igi miiCnevs rom axali rkinigzis gaxsnis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos Zvel tradiciul rkinigzas, romelic 2-3-jer ufro grZelia, tvirTbrunva Seumcirdeba. es ki pirdapir aisaxeba foTisa da baTumis portebze. portebze tvirTbrunvis Semcirebis Taobaze, aucileblad unda gavixsenoT am saqmeSi aqtiurad Cabmuli rkinigzelebis gancxadebebi, romlebic zust informaciasa da statistikas gvawvdian axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigzasTan dakavSirebiT. zviad mumlaZe (memanqane) sakmaod zustad gadmogvcems axali rkinigzis araefeqtianobas Zvel rkinigzasTan SedarebiT. axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigza dResve Tu gaixsneboda, maSin SesaZlebeli iqneboda Tbilisidan marabdamde 1900 tona tvirTis gadatana, axalqalaqis mimarTulebiT ki mxolod 650 tona. foTisken mimavali tvirTis raodenobasTan SedarebiT es raodenoba sakmaod mcirea. magaliTad, gardabnidan foTamde erT elmavals SeuZlia 3700 tonis gadatana. saerTo jamSi axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinig-

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za weliwadSi 17 mln tonis gadatanas SeZlebs, roca moqmed rkinigzas 20 mln tona gadaaqvs centraluri aziidan foTisa da baTumis portebamde. axalma rkinigzam igive raodenobis tvirTbrunva rom awarmoos gaormagebuli resursebi unda gamoiyenos, amavdroulad unda Seferxdes Savi zRvis mimarTulebiT moZraoba. varaudi, rom tvirTis gayofa moxdeba orive mimarTulebiT, cota iluziuria. kompania, romelsac surs tvirTis gatana evropaSi, ra Tqma unda, mokle gzas airCevs, meti xarjebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. Mmokle gza ki am SemTxvevaSi baqo- axalqalaqi-yarsia. bevri eqsperti miiCnevs, rom tvirTbrunvis gayofa ver moxerxdeba orive rkinigzis datvriTvis TvalsazrisiT, da varaudoben, rom axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigza metad daitvirTeba, gamomdinare iqidan, rom SedarebiT mokle iqneba da bevr ucxour kompanias zustad am axali mokle rkinigziT transportireba moutans met sargebels. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo nakleb fuls gaakeTebs, Tan met resurss daxarjavs. am yvelaferTan erTad cnobilia, rom amJamad Zveli rkinigza datvirTuli ar aris, muSaoben ra misi simZlavris gazrdaze, amaSi ki ixarjeba Tanxebi (mag, gvirabi xaSurTan). Tu axali rkinigza tvirTbrunvas Seumcirebs Zvels, maSin risTvisRa ixarjeba Tanxebi saqarTvelos biujetidan Zveli rkinigzis simZlavris gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT.

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meore arguments, Tu ratomaa ekonomikurad usargeblo axali rkinigzis mSenebloba, warmoadgens is vali, romelic rkinigzis mSeneblobisTvis aiRo saqarTvelom. igi 775 mln dolars aRwevs. krediti 2 nawiladaa gayofili. 2007 wels azerbaijanma 20-wliani vadiT 200 mln dolaris odenobis sesxi gamouyo, wliuri 1% ganakveTiT, 2011 wels ki 575 mln, 25-wliani vadiT da 5%-iani wliuri ganakveTiT. es imxela Tanxaa, Tu proeqtma mogeba maleve ver naxa, saqarTvelos ekonomikas seriozul zians miayenebs. amJamad daxarjulia Tanxis naxevarze meti da mxolod samuSaoebis meoTxedia Sesrulebuli. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom rkinigzis dasrulebisTvis saqarTvelos damatebiT valis aReba mouwevs. es ki seriozulad SeuSlis xels im winaswar varaudebs, axali rkinigzis saSualebiT am valis amoRebasTan dakavSirebiT.

2. ekonomikuri mogebis ZiebaSi

miuxedavad CamoTvlili problemebisa, aucileblad unda ganixilos meore mxaris Sexedulebebic. eqspertTa umetesoba miiCnevs, rom imis SiSi, TiTqos saqarTvelos portebs tvirTi moakldeba, safuZvelmoklebulia. daTo goCava (profesiul rkinigzelTa klubi) acxadebs, rom „Tu evropidan aziaSi da piriqiT, gadasazidi tvirTebis naxevari avtosagzao transportidan sarkinigzo da wylis transportze unda gadavides, vinaidan evropa seriozulad udgeba saTburis airis gamoyofis Semcirebisa da klimatis cvlilebis gamowvevebis gadawyvetas, maSin orive mimarTuleba – TurqeTisa da Savi zRvis portebisa – sakmarisad datvirTuli gaxdeba“ . yvelam icis, rom axali rkinigza Zviri fufunebaa da Tavidanve did mogebas qveyanas ver hpirdeba, Tumca dawyebuli saqme dasrulebas saWiroebs, radgan axali rkinigza tvirTbrunvas Tu ver gaaumjobesebs, saqarTvelosTvis axal SesaZleblobebs mainc gaxsnis turizmis ganviTarebis mxriv. rkinigza TurqeTSi mgzavrebis gadayvanasa da mimosvlas Seuwyobs xels.Ees ki kargi winsvla iqneba saqarTvelosTvis, rogorc turistuli qveynisTvis. arsebobs sxva mosazrebac, saqarTvelom, Tavisi momgebiani adgilmdebareobis gamo, unda daisaxos savaWro-satransporto centris rolis Sesruleba. mas axali rkinigza aucileblad esaWiroeba. eqspertTa azriT, amis gamo orive rkinigzaze datvriTva gaizrdeba da tvirTvis gayofaze saubari aRarc iqneba. isini miiCneven rom moqmedi da axali rkinigza erTmaneTis konkurentebi ar iqnebian da piriqiT, xelsac ki Seuwyoben erTmaneTs. bevri miiCnevs, rom ar SeiZleba dawyebuli saqmis SeCereba. am proeqtSi uamravi fulia Cadebuli, misi Sewyveta ki aSkara wagebaSi waiyvans saqarTvelos, romelsac uamravi valis amoReba dasWirdeba da mis gastumrebas am rkinigzis amuSavebaze amyarebs.

daskvna

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom proeqti did TanxebTan da sakmaod grZelvadian miznebTanaa dakavSirebuli.FamJamad ekonomikurad did SezRudvebs vawydebiT da ver davikvexniT, TiTqos msgavsi proeqtis ganxorcieleba maleve mogvcems Sedegs. saWiroa, mSeneblobis dasruleba da Semdgom lodini, radgan ukan daxevis gza saqarTvelos aRar aqvs.

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“momavlis regioni” – erTiani da stabiluri samxreT kavkasia Abstract

ekaterine maxaTaZe socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mimarTulebis meore kursis studenti. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli baton revaz gaCeCilaZis 70 wlis iubilisadmi miZRvnil konferenciaSi. studentTa samecniero konferencia grigol robaqiZis universitetSi. aqvs dabeWdili statia studentur samecniero JurnalSi IR TODAY. statia “politikuri omi VS ideologiaTa Widili” internetsaitze intermedia.ge.

It’s a long time that the idea of the united and stable Caucasus exists. The idea is like a viable myth and it has many Caucasian followers. Unfortunately, the situation is still tense and there is a confrontation between the Caucasus countries. The importance of this topic is conditioned by the fact that there is discussed the main problems of Caucasus and also, the main aim of this article is to determine some ways of solving problems. Also, there are some facts from the newest and current history. First of all, Russia and Turkey are huge political and economic factors in the region and the Caucasus countries aren’t able to escape from their influence. Because of its strategic position, the Caucasus was regularly the object of territorial conflicts between the Russian and Turkish Empires. Also, the conflicts between the South Caucasus countries significantly hinder the stability of the region. The fourth problem is that members of the region are afraid of losing their sovereignty. The most important issue is to determine the ways of solving problems. One of them is to eliminate conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Also the countries have to unify political, economic and social recourses for their development and stability. In conclusion, I am trying to prove my position that despite the strong desire of united Caucasus, the idea is still the myth and the stability in the region is just a long-term perspective.

Sesavali

erTiani da stabiluri kavkasiis idea Soreuli warsulidan sicocxlisunarian miTad aRiqmeba. kavkasiel xalxTa xangrZlivi Tanacxovreba dResac stimuls aZlevs sazogadoebas, isaubros gaerTianebuli kavkasiis perspeqtivasa Tu mniSvnelobaze. regionSi myari ideologiuri safuZvlidan gamomdinare kavakasiis gaerTianebis mcdeloba XI-XII,XIV-XV,XVII saukuneebSic realurad arsebobda. Tumca, amierkavkasiis qveynebi dResac dapirispirebaSi arian da regionSi garantirebuli stabiluroba miuRwevelia. erTiani kavkasia wlebis ganmavlobaSi „momavlis regionad“ aRiqmeba, idea ki bevri kavkasieli moqalaqisTvis momxiblavia. statiaSi ganxilulia uaxlesi istoriuli movlenebi, arsebuli problemebi da stabilurobis miRwvis saSualebebi.

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1. uaxlesi istoriis mimoxilva 1.1 saqarTvelos prezidentTa iniciativa

gaerTianebuli da stabiluri kavkasiis ideaze iyo orientirebuli saqarTvelos prezidentis eduard SevardnaZis iniciativa „mSvidobiani kavkasia“. misi mizani regionSi dapirispirebis aRmofxvra, mSvidobisa da stabilurobis damkvidreba iyo. prezidentma iniciativis farglebSi sazogadoebas SesTavaza qcevis kodeqsi, romelic garkveul princi pebs efuZneboda, mag: - adamianis uflebebis dacva, satransporto da sxva komunikaciebis dacva, eTnikuri da konfesiuri Semwynarebloba da sxv. 2010 wels saqarTvelos prezidentma gaerTianebuli erebis generalur asambleaze msoflios erTiani kavkasiis Seqmnis idea gaacno. man saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis regionis mSvidobian ganviTarebaze, globaluri gamowvevebis pirispir saerTo xedvebis Camoyalibebasa da regionuli aqtoris mniSvnelobaze isaubra.

amierkavkasiias respublikebis erTianobasa da stabilurobaze naklebad saubrobs azerbaijani. oficialur azerbaijans mTiani yarabaRisa da mimdinare konfliqtis gamo es ideac ki miuReblad miaCnia. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom is regionSi yvelaze Zlieri ekonomikuri aqtoria.

2. erTianobisa da garantirebuli stabilurobis miRwevis problema

1.2. somxeTisa da azebaijanis pozicia

somxeTSi aqtualuria „kavkasiis SeerTebuli Statebis“ idea (somxuri partia „axali droebis“ lideris, aram karapetianis azri). maTi ZiriTadi motivi konfliqtebis mogvareba, regionSi strategiul partniorebTan TanamSromloba da ekonomikuri ganviTarebaa.

2.1. ruseTis geopolitikuri interesebi kavkasiaSi

samxreT kavkasia dResac didi regionaluri saxelmwifoebis interesebis sagania. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ruseTi kvlav cdilobs gavlenis Zveli sferoebis SenarCunebas. formalurad dakargul, mis samxreTiT mdebare

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teritoriebze ruseTi kvlav akontrolebs ekonomikur, politikur Tu socialur sferoebs. ruseTs strategiuli intersebidan erTerTi TurqeTis gavlenis SeCerebaa. TurqeTis eqspansia ewinaaRmdegeba ruseTis hegemonur miznebs amierkavkasiaSi, romelic ruseTisTvis wina aziaSi kontrolis SenarCunebis saSualebadac unda miviCnioT. samxreT kavkasia dominanturi miswrafebebis mqone ruseTisTvis pirveladi riskis regionia. kavkasiaze Zalauflebis mopoveba CrdiloeT mezobeli aqtorisTvis xelsayrelia iran-indoeTis mimarTulebiT kapitalis naklebi dabrkolebebiT moZraobisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mizniTac. ruseTis mier okupirebuli saqarTvelos teritoriebis 20% da mis mier provocirebuli konfliqtebi kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom is gaerTianebuli kavkasiis mZlavri mowinaaRmdege iqneba.

2.2. TurqeTis faqtori samxreT kavkasiis geopolitikaSi

saerTaSoriso arenaze gamodis Zlieri da miznebze orientirebuli mahmadianuri TurqeTi. cnobili di plomatis unal Ceviqozis gansazRvrebis Tnaxmad 2000 wlidan TurqeTisTvis „axali SesaZleblobebis etapi daiwyo“. mis hegemonur miswraafebebs xazs usvams baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadeni, baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumis gazsadeni da baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis sarkinigzo magistrali. azerbaijanis pro-Turquli mimarTuleba cxadia saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvis. saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs Sorisac mimdinareobs mWidro TanamSromloba. mixeil sakaSvilma 2011 wlis 12 Tebervals erTiani kavkasiis idea

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TbilisSi vizitad myof TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrTan – axmed davidoRlusTanac ganixila. man yuradReba „gaxsnili sazRvrebis“ mniSvnelobasa da strategiuli partniorTan TanamSromlobaze gaamaxvila. sapasuxod man ganacxada, rom TurqeTisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTveloSi mSvidobasa da stabilurobas. TurqeTis imperialisturi miswrafebebi gansaxorcileblad mniSvnelovania samxreT kavkasiaze politikuri da ekonomikuri gavlenis qona. swored amitom, cxadia, rom TurqeTi erTiani, stabiluri kavkasiis aqtiuri mowinaaRmdege iqneba.

2.3. suverenitetis dakargvis SiSi samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebisTvis mniSvnelovania suverenitetis, Seuvalobis SenarCunebac. uzenaesi Zalaufleba saxelmwifos SigniT da damoukidebel aqtorad moqmedeba imdenad momxiblavia TiToeuli maTganisTvis, rom realuri safrTxe emuqreba maT erTian da stabilur qmdebas, „momavlis regionis“ arsebobas. cxadia, ideas mis mniSvnelobasTan erTad Tan sdevs garkveuli riskebic. marTalia erTiani kavkasia sazRvrebis Secvlas ar gulisxmobs, magram is kiTxvis niSnis qveS tovebs rig saSinao da sagareo politikis sakiTxebs.

2.4. samxreT kavkasiis konfliqtebi

samxreT kavkasiis konfliqtebi regionis mTeli istoriis manZilze urTules problemas warmoadgens. konfliqtebi sxvadasxva saxisaa, Tumca ZiriTadad politikuri, idelogiuri, ekonomikuri da teritoriuli xasiaTi aqvT.

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somxur-azerbaijanuli dapirispireba mTiani yarabaRis gamo, saqarTvelos konfliqtebi afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlis CrdiloeT nawilSi naTeli magaliTia, rom regionSi stabilurobis miRweva Soreuli perspeqtivaa.

3. stabilurobis miRwevisa da problemis gadawyvetis gzebi.

SeiZleba miviCnioT ekonomikuri erTianobisa da â&#x20AC;&#x17E;momavlis regionisâ&#x20AC;&#x153; ganviTarebis gzad. Tumca, garkveuli problemebi aqac iqmneba, radgan azerbaijani saqarTvelos teritoriazec iTxovs rkinigzis mflobelobas. socialuri TanamSromlobis TvalsazrisiT, saWiroa moqalaqeebs Soris meti interaqcia, romelic sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTSorisi proeqtebis ganxorcielebiT miiRweva. integraciis procesSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis rolic aranakleb mniSvnelovania. sasurvelia, regionSi stabilurobisa da erTianobis miRweva TiToeuli kavkasielis mizans warmoadgendes.

3.1. konfliqtebis mogvareba daskvna

rTulia, davsaxoT mravalwliani konfliqtebis mogvarebis gzebi, Tumca maTi aRmofxvra stabilurobis miRwevisTvis mniSvnelovania. samxreT kavkasiis konfliqtebi usfrTxoebis, mSvidobis da TanamSromlobis ZiriTad xelisSemSlel faqtorebs warmoadgenen. swored amitom problemis gadawyveta erTianobisa da stabilurobis miRwevis ZiriTadi faqtoria.

3.2. resursebis gaziareba

stabilurobisa da erTianobis miRwevisTvis samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebisTvis, mizanSewonilia politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu socialuri resursebis mobilizeba da TavianT sasikeTod gamoyeneba. es gamoricxavs konfliqtebis arsebobas da maTi SesaZleblobebis erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg mimarTvas. politikuri Sexedulebebis pativiscemam da winaaRmdegobis naklebobam unda gamoiwvios TanamSromlobis survili, ris Semdegac saxelmwifoebs Soris aRdgenili iqneba ndoba. saerTo interesebis gacnobierebis safuZvelze ekonomikuri TanamSromloba xelsayreli iqneba samxreT kavkasiis damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebisTvis. yarsi-axalqalaqis magistralis mSenebloba

gaerTianebuli da stabiluri kavkasiis idea miuxedavad mravali damabrkolebeli faqtorisa aqtualobas ar kargavs. 21-e saukuneSi ruseTisa da TurqeTis safrTxis, samxreTkavkasiuli konfliqtebisa da TiToeuli saxelmwifos miswrafebebis arsebobis fonze, realurad safuZvels moklebulia, gaerTienebuli regionis perspeqtivebze saubari. arc suverenitetisa da imunitetis Selaxvis SiSi aZlevs saSualebas regionis aqtorebs meti enTuziazmiT ilaparakon erTiani da stabiluri kavkasiis ideaze. miuxedavad amisa, idea mravali kavkasielisTvis sicocxlisunarian miTad aRiqmeba, saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebic politikuri, ekonmikuri Tu socialuri resursebis gaziarebiT aqtiurad cdiloben interaqciis gaRrmavebas. Tumca mTavar problematur sakiTxad konfliqtebi rCeba, romelTa mogvareba jer kidev Soreuli perspeqtivaa. Tanamedrove msoflioSi Tavisufali, stabiluri da erTiani kavkasia mxolod iniciativad rCeba.

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demokratizaciis procesis dadebiTi gavlena postsabWoTa qveynebis ekonomikur globalizaciaze Abstract

In this article discuss the interaction between the process of democratization and economic globalization in post soviet countries on example of Georgia. I review history of Georgia from the Soviet Union till today and the process of economical globalization in the various phases of post soviet democratization. Through this article I will try to confirm, that process of democratization causes the process of economical globalization and economical development in post soviet countries.

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mimarTulebis mesame kursis studenti.

seminarebi da konferenciebi:

“religia da politika” 2011. “language Teaching Skills and approaches” 2011 . “arabuli gazafxuli” 2011. “ruseT-saqarTvelos omi da saqarTvelos ekonomika” 2011. “Conversational English Language Development Training Course” 2012 „Leadership and SelfDevelopment Training Course” 2012. “Georgian International Forum Of Students Union”. 2012. “Black Sea Young Diplomats School” 2012. saerTaSoriso konferencia: portugaliis kaTolikuri universitetis iuridiuli fakultetisa da globaluri samarTlis skola: „samarTali saerTaSoriso da globalur aspeqtSi“ 2012 w.

statiis Temaa ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesi postsabWoTa qveynebSi demokratizaciis sxvadasxva fazebisas. ekonomikuri globalizacia postsabWoTa qveynebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg am qveynebis ekonomika praqtikulad axlidan daibada. Cemi azriT, es sakiTxi dRemde aqtualuria radgan jer kidev bevri postsabWoTa qveyana ver daikvexnis sakuTari resursebis adekvaturad gamoyenebiTa da msoflio ekonomikaSi aqtiurad CarTulobiT. ekonomikuri globalizacia msoflios masStabiT yvela adamianis cxovrebaze did gavlenas axdens. igi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania postsabWoTa qveynebisTvis, radgan sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomika mTlianad kontroldeboda e.w. mkacri xelis mier, ssrk-is wevri qveynebi damokidebuli iyvnen sabWoTa xelisuflebaze da masSi Semaval saxelmwifoebs ar SeeZloT damoukideblad gadawyvetilebis miReba, sakuTari ekonomikis sasurveli gziT wayvana . sxva qveynebis msgavsad, saqarTveloSic iwarmoeboda mxolod is produqcia rac sabWoTa Caketil sivrces esaWiroeboda, ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli erovnuli interesebi. komunisturi reJimebis kolafsis Semdeg, 1989 wlidan centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma Secvales ekonomikuri princi pebi,isini Seudgnen integraciis gzas globaluri ekonomikisken, sazRvrebis gaxsnis meSveobiT, Tumca tranziciis periodi zogierT qveyanaSi 10

mari oTiaSvili

statiebi: gamoqveynebuli sxvadasxva sauniversiteto Jurnal-gazeTebSi.

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weliwadsac ki gagrZelda . 1970 wlidan daiwyo e.w. „demokratizaciis mesame talRa“ , aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis situacia seriozulad icvleba „1989 wlis revoluciebis“, „komunizmis kolafsisa“ Tu „naciebis Semodgomis“ saxeliT cnobili movlenebis Sedegad. mravalma qveyanam ganicada tranzicia politikuri da ekonomikuri wyobidan demokratiisa da Tavisufali bazris sasargeblod. saqarTveloSi es procesi sakmaod gaWianurda qveynis SigniT arsebuli rTuli situaciis gamo, rac gamoixata samoqalaqo, afxazeTisa da oseTis avtonomiur olqSi mimdinare omebiT, omebis dasrulebis Semdegac saqarTvelos ekonomika ver daikvexnida swrafi winsvliT. saerTo mosazrebiT am periodSi

iwyeba qveynis demokratizacia, Tumca aq daveTanxmebi daviT ciciSvilis mosazrebas, rom realurad mxolod Teoriulad moxda saqarTveloSi demokratizaciis dawyeba 1989 wlis Semdeg praqtikulad ki es iyo gardamavali periodi, romelzec jer kidev SemorCenili iyo sabWoTa gavlena. meoce saukunis dasasrulisTvis mxolod oTxi (litva, moldova, ruseTi da ukraina) Sediodnen demokratiis gzaze myof postsabWoTa qveynebis kategoriaSi, eqvsi (azerbaijani, belarusia, yazaxeTi, tajikeTi, TurqmeneTi da uzbekeTi) iyvnen avtokratiebi, sami (somxeTi, saqarTvelo da yirgizeTi) miiCneodnen oligarqiebad, sadac seleqtorati iyo biurokratebis farTo jgufi. saqarTveloSi 2003 wlis masiuri saprotesto aqciebi, romelmac Semdeg revolucia gamoiwvia, swored arademokratiulobis gamovlinebis - arCevnebis gayalbebis winaaaRmdeg iyo wamowyebuli. daveTanxmebi mkvlevari taras kuzios mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac demokratiulma afeTqebebma da revoluciebma 1998-2004 wlebSi postkomunistur slovakeTSi, xorvatiaSi, serbeTSi, saqarTveloSi da ukrainaSi daiwyo transformaciis meore faza. xuTive qveyanam gamoscada sxvadasxva nacionaluri revoluciebi romlebmac gza gauxsna saxelmwifos Senebas da realur demokratizacias . 2003 wlidan qveynis demokratiulobis mxriv situacia pozitiurad icvleba da amis paralelurad imatebs misi ekonomikuri

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winsvlac. robert uotkinsis mosazrebiT, 2003 wlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi reformebis gatarebiT moxda qveynis keTildReobis amaRleba da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis gaumjobeseba. gaZlierda kerZo seqtori, Semcirda korufcia, gamartivda kanonebi da biznesis registraciis, licenziebisa da nebarTvebis miRebis procedurebi, ufro liberaluri gaxda mezobel qveynebTan vaWroba. saqarTvelom Seamcira savaWro barierebi da xeli moawera mraval saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebas. „doing Business“- is 2006 wlis monacemebiT saqarTvelo 112 adgilze iyo, 2010 wliT ki 11-e adgilze, „Sida pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis ganxorcielebis indeqsi“-T 1995 wlis 119-e adgilidan 2009 wels 30-e adgilze gadainacvla. “saqarTvelos ekonomikuri winsvla, investiciebis raodenobis zrda, turizmis ganviTareba da ekonomikis globalizeba im saxiT rogorc

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Teoriulad igi ganvmarteT, upirvelesad gamoiwvia demokratiuli xelisuflebis mxridan turistuli da sainvesticio nakadebisTvis usafrTxo garemos Seqmnam rac ver moxerxda im arademokratiuli xelisuflebis pirobebSi romelic iyo 2003 wlamde.” demokratizacias saqarTveloSi mohyva mTeli rigi pozitiuri Sedegebi: politikuri da liberaluri reformebi, usafrTxo garemo qveynis SigniT, konkurentuli savaWro wesebi, gamartivebuli biznesis keTebis saSualebebi, korufciis aRmofxvra, msofliosTvis saqarTvelos gacnoba da imis xazgasma, rom igi uZvelesi kulturisa da tradiciebis mqone qveyanaa; qveynis gapiarebam da turizmis seqtoris ganviTarebam gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi turistebis raodenobis zrda, biznesis keTebis gamartivebam ki investiciebis Semodineba. demokratiuli talRis Semdeg saqarTvelo gaxda msoflio ekonomikis nawili, moxda misi ekonomikis globalizacia.

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stigmatizacia: uaryofiTi Sedegebi da daZlevis gzebi Abstract

Stigma is an illuminating excursion into the situation of persons who are unable to conform to standards that society calls normal. Disqualified from normal full social acceptance, they are stigmatized individuals. A social stigma is a potentially stressful life event. Stigmatized person is discredited by society because of certain signs; his social identity is devalued and as a result his mental and physical health frequently threatened. Human discrimination and isolation are results of stigmatization. In summary, results of stigma on individuals include: emotional stress and anxiety, depression, increased psychological and psychiatric morbidity, lack of motivation and etc. People cope with and adapt to being stigmatized. A central premise of a coping perspective is that there is not a simple direct relationship between exposure to stressors and adaptation outcomes. Thus, although those who possess a stigma may experience more stress, this does not necessarily translate into poorer outcomes, such as poor mental health. Stigmatized people often use various strategies to overcome stigma: diversion, attempts to educate others, public discussion of problems related to stigma, isolation from society. Although stigmas differ in a variety of important ways that are likely to affect coping strategies, there are also similarities across stigmas in how people cope with them. Coping responses may focus on the problems associated with stigma or on the emotions these problems cause.

nino TvaloqroSvili

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis fsiqologiis mimarTulebis meore kursis studenti. 2007 wels daamTavra d. andRulaZis saxelobis #14 xelovnebis skola fortepianos specialobiT. 2008 wels miiRo serTifikati pilotirebuli swavlebisas specialuri saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebis mqone bavSvebTan moxalised momuSave organizatorobisTis. miRebuli aqvs monawileoba sxvadasxva konferenciebSi sxvadasxva Temebze (socialuri mediis gavlena sazogadoebaze; saqarTvelo da genderuli uTanasworoba; stigmatizaciis problema saqarTveloSi; genderi da seqsizmi da a.S.).

interesebis sfero

sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi, kerZod fsiqologia. samomavlod swavlis gagrZelebas gegmavs fsiqologiuri Sefaseba/ diagnostireba da konsultirebis mimarTulebiT.

stigmis cnebis kompleqsuroba misi ganmartebis mravalferovnebas ganapirobebs. stigmis uamravi gansazRvreba arsebobs. qroqeri aRniSnavs, rom stigmatizirebuli pirovneba flobs (an darwmunebulia, rom flobs) garkveul maxasiaTeblebs da atributebs, romelsac garkveul socialur konteqstSi gaufasurebul socialur identobamde mivyavarT. stigma aris maxasiaTebeli, romelic adamians gansxvavebuls da naklebad sasurvels xdis. stigmatizaciis process SeiZleba hqondes Rrma Sedegi stigmatizirebuli individebisTvis. maTi socialuri urTierTobebi SeiZleba gaxdes uxeSi, ZirgamoTxrili, rasac mivyavarT mRelvarebamde da depresiamde, damaxinjebul self-xatamde da dabal TviTSefasebamde. stigmis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevarebi miuTiTeben, rom stigmatizirebuli individebi floben

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2013

ra gaufasurebul identobas, mudmivad ganicdian diskriminacias, negatiuri winarwmenebis gavlenas da naklebad Rebuloben daxmarebas sazogadoebis mxridan. stigmatizirebuli pirovnebebi iyeneben garkveul strategiebs, raTa gaumklavdnen stigmisgan gamowveul stress. am strategiebis marTvaze araerTi faqtori axdens gavlenas, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnia Tu ra xarisxiT ukavSirdeba stigma jgufur identobas, ramdenad dafarvadia stigma, ramdenad axerxebs stigmatizirebuli pirovneba stigmaze kontrols da rogor pasuxobs mas.

stigmis uaryofiToba

stigmatizirebis procesis umTavresi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom xdeba devianturi statusis aRmniSvneli markis, niSnis mikuTvneba da „markirebis“ am process, rogorc wesi, emociebis, fiqrebis da qcevisTvis gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi moaqvs. stigmatizirebuli adamianebi ganicdian izolacias an damcirebas. sasjeli SeiZleba SedarebiT rbili iyos – zogjer adamianebi ubralod gulgril damokidebulebas gamoxataven stigmatizirebuli individis mimarT, magram is SeiZleba iyos mkacric – fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi an cixeSi moTavseba. stigmis sxva saxeebi exeba fizikuri defeqtebis mqone adamianebs - mag. brmebi da koWlebi ar ganicdian dasjis Cveulebrivi saxeebis zemoqmedebas, magram maT ar eqcevian ise, rogorc normalur adamianebs. xeibari, calfex dakarguli gogona igonebs, rom adamianebi mudam exmarebodnen mas rogorc ki daecemoda gorgolaWebiani cigurebiT srialisas: „isini ar meqceodnen ise, rogorc Cveulebriv adamians, romelic gorgolaWebiani cigurebiT seirnobisas ecema. isini darwmunebulebi iyvnen imaSi, rom me vecemodi mxolod imitom, rom miusafari, xeibari var“. diskriminaciis gamocdileba, gaufasurebuli identoba, fsiqikuri daavadebebis maRali riski stigmatizaciis Sedegebia.

stigmatizirebul pirovnebas sazogadoeba ganacalkevebs, arasasurvel maxasiaTeblebs miawers, rac safrTxes uqmnis pirovnebis fsiqikur janmrTelobas. individs umaRldeba stresis da SfoTvis done, Cndeba safrTxis SegrZneba, safrTxe emuqreba mis identobasac. stigmis uaxlesi Teoriebis Tanaxmad, stigmatizirebuli jgufis wevrobas individi avtomaturad miyavs TviTstigmatizaciamde, risi Sedegic dabali TviT-Sefaseba da dabali TviT-efeqturobaa. identobasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri cvlileba individis emociur janmrTelobaze aisaxeba. fsiqiatrebis mier Catarebuli epidemiologiuri kvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom Tu kvebiTi aSlilobis mqone adamiani cdilobs damalos sakuTari statusi, mas gacilebiT maRali SfoTva aqvs, vidre im adamians, romelic ar cdilobs sakuTari statusis damalvas.

2.stigmatizaciis daZlevis gzebi 2.1 jgufuri identoba

zogierTi stigma, romelic rasaze da religiaze aris dafuZnebuli asocirdeba jgufur identifikaciasTan. adamianebi, romlebsac gaaCniaT Zlieri jgufuri identobis grZnoba, ukeTesad acnobiereben stigmatizaciis Sedegebs. isini Sedegs ufro metad ukavSireben crurwmenebs, vidre isini, romlebic naklebad identificirdebian jgufTan. individebma, romlebsac gaaCniaT maRali jgufuri identoba, SesaZloa Tavi Seadaron jgufis sxva wevrebs, dauaxlovdnen maT da imoqmedon Sida jgufis sasargeblod.

2.2 faruli da aSkara stigma

stigmis erT-erTi ganzomileba misi dafaruloba-siaSkaravea, rac stigmis vizualizaciis xarisxss ukavSirdeba. sociumi gansxvavebulad reagirebs aSkara da dafarul stigmaze. rac ufro mkafiodaa gamoxatuli stigma, rogorc vizualuri niSani, miT ufro myisierad aRiqmeba individis mier da pirveladi STabeWdilebis nawili xdeba. es procesi stigmis gaZlierebas uwyobs xels. faruli stigma gansxvavebulad moqmedebs: misi gamovlena droSi mimdinare procesia da garkveul pirobebs, garemos ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad sazogadoebis reaqciac farul stigmaze ufro metad piro-

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biTia, vidre aSkara stigmaze. erT-erTi kvlevis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom faruli (yofili patimrebi) da aSkara (gansakuTrebuli fizikuri SesaZleblobis mqone individebi) stigmis mqone individebi gansxvavdebian stigmis daZlevis strategiebis arCevis mixedviT. kerZod, gansakuTrebuli fizikuri SesaZleblobis mqone individebi ufro xSirad mimarTaven ganridebis strategias, vidre yofili patimrebi. rac ufro maRalia stigmis vizualizaciis xarisxi, miT ufro Zlieradaa individi gariyuli sazogadoebis mier. agreTve aRmoCnda, rom gansakuTrebuli fizikuri SesaZleblobis mqone adamianebi, ufro metad arian mzad stigmasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gansaxilvelad, vidre yofili patimrebi. es Sedegi miuTiTebs, rom adamianebi gaurbian Riad saubars imaze, rac sazogadoebis TvalSi maT diskreditirebuls xdis. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca misi damalva SeuZlebelia (vizualurad gamoxatuli niSani) isini saubroben, ganixilaven da msjeloben stigmasTan dakavSirebul problemebze.

2.3 gacnobierebuli kontroli

gacnobierebuli kontroli mTavari determinantia imisa, stigmasTan gamklavebis mcdeloba uSualod problemaze iqneba fokusirebuli, Tu emociaze. is stigmatizirebuli adamianebi, romlebic fiqroben, rom floben kontrols stigmasTan dakavSirebul problemebze, problemaze orientirebul midgomas arCeven, xolo is stigmatizirebuli adamianebi, romlebic ase ar fiqroben, emociis regulaciaze fokusirdebian. gacnobierebuli kontroli moicavs warmodgenebs crurwmenebis kontrolirebadobasa da crurwmenebze damyarebuli reaqciebis Sesaxeb. stigmatizirebuli individebi, romlebsac sjeraT, rom SesaZlebelia sxvisi crurwmenebis reducireba, cdiloben daarwmunon sxvebi an miawodon informacia crurwmenebis Sesaxeb. individebi, romlebic fiqroben, rom crurwmenebis gamoxatulebis kontroli SesaZlebelia, cdiloben SeimuSaon normebi, romlebic Seasustebs am gamoxatulebebs.

Tsu studenturi mecniereba

2.4 brZolis safasuri stigmasTan brZolis TiToeuli nabiji adamians garkveul fasad ujdeba. brZolis es fasi unda gaizomos imasTan dapirispirebiT, Tu ramdenad Rirs stigmisgan gamowveuli stresis Semcireba am fasad. Tu stigmatizirebuli mdgomareobis Secvlis mcdeloba uSedegod damTavrdeba, SesaZloa stigmis matarebelma pirovnebam Secvlis uunaroba sakuTar pirovnul naklad aRiqvas da stresi miiRos. stigmis matarebelni, romlebic cdiloben dafaron TavianTi mdgomareoba, ganuwyvetliv dganan mxilebis riskis winaSe. aman SesaZloa gamoiwvios stigmasTan dakavSirebuli usiamovno fiqrebi, fizikuri avadmyofobebisadmi gamZleobis Sesusteba, socialuri identobis problemebi, maT dakargon socialuri Sedarebis saSualeba da socialuri mxardaWera.

daskvna sazogadoeba individebs negatiuri niSniT ganasxvavebs, rac diskriminaciis da stigmatizaciis winapirobad gvevlineba. rodesac adamians iarliys miaweren, ganacalkeveben da arasasurvel maxasiaTebels ukavSireben bunebrivia, rom is gaufasurebuli, uaryofili da gariyuli iqneba. stigmis qona potenciurad stresuli cxovrebis gamocdilebaa. stigmis matarebelTa adaptacia damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor Seafaseben da gaumklavdebian isini TavianT mdgomareobas. araferia paTologiuri da nevrotuli im midgomebSi, romlebsac stigmis matarebeli adamianebi irCeven stigmisgan gamowveuli stresis dasaZlevad. xalxi mravalgvar strategias iyenebs stigmasTan da crurwmenebTan sabrZolvelad. Tumca stigmatizirebuli individebi did Zalisxmevas ar iyeneben interaqciis misaRwevad manam, sanam ar gauCndebaT garSemomyofTa crurwmenebis Secvlis imedi ar gauCndebaT. Tu socialuri sistema tolerantuli iqneba Ria da faruli diskriminaciebisadmi, es SezRudavs stigmatizirebulTa SesaZleblobebs marTon TavianTi garemo. am uunarobam SesaZloa gaaZlieros brZolis strategiebi, romlebic fokusirdeba ara situaciis Secvlaze stresis Sesamcireblad, aramed emociebis marTvasa da TviTSefasebis muqaraze, romelsac stigma qmnis.

ivlisi 2013

Tsu studenturi mecniereba

ivlisi 2013

„qalTa emansipaciis sakiTxi gazeT „droebaSi“

Women’ emancipation is one of the most problematic and important issues in Georgia. From the scope of the consequence of this subject, it is very significant to analyze the fundamental steps taken forward for women engagement in civil society and activism in Georgia. Hence, the importance of this evaluation has become the main reason for holding a research about the XIX century Georgian press, actually, about the newspaper “Droeba”. Following a line of investigation, the research group considered and analyzed all the publications and archive materials concerned the problematic issue. The content of the revised materials were diverse and concerned several challenging subject matters, such as: the problem of women education, Women in literature, Women engagement in civil activism, Female role in the family, the problems of Georgian women written in the foreign materials, Women articles about the women rights and other articles about problematic issues concerning women. As the summary of the research, the materials that were revised (339 articles) showed up that very important and essential steps were taken for the protection of women’ rights at the second half of the XIX century. The majority of these articles consist of the following genres: narrative nonfiction, editorial, sketch, feuilleton and as mentioned above, an usual feature story. In addition, there must be mentioned that the newspaper “Droeba” was on of the first publications, paying attention about the female rights and taking part in women’ emancipation process. From this point of view, “Droeba” was one of the most essential publications on the way of defending women’ rights and hence, it has remained its vital character nowadays as well.

eka tabataZe

warmodgenili Tema me-19 saukunis meore naxevris saqarTveloSi qalTa uflebebisaTvis brZolis peri petiebs asaxavs. moniSnuli periodi Cveni qveynisTvis socialuri moZraobis gamococxlebis droa, rac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela i postazSi igrZnoboda. gazeT „droebis“ furclebze aRbeWdilia ara erTi faqti, romelic amas adasturebs. mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi arsebobis manZilze sergei mesxis gamocema xSirad aSuqebda qalTa

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis, fsiqologiis mimarTulebis meoTxe kursis stdenti. studentur samecniero konferenciaSi TemiT: “qalTa emansi pacia me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi”, moi pova pirveli adgili, 2012 w. dajildovda jimSer bednianaSvilis saxelobis premiiT, 2010w. politikur debatebSi gaxda topspikeri, 2009 w. 2008, 2009 da 2010 wlebSi dajildovda saswavlo-SemoqmedebiTi konferenciebis xelovnebaTmcodneobis seqciaSi mopovebuli gamarjvebisTvis. erovnul da saerTaSoriso olimpiadaze gundur-integrirebuli proeqtebis konkursSi moi pova me-2 da me-3 xarisxi, proeqtebiT “vizrunoT erTmaneTis momavalze” da “arCevani Sen”, 2008 w.

problemebs da saTanado reagirebisken mouwodebda sazogadoebas. faqtobrivad, „droeba“ da misi mesveurebi qmnidnen mniSvnelovan kontents qarTuli sazogadoebis sekularizaciis procesis xelSesawyobad {6. gv., 442 -451}. saanalizo masalidan naTlad Cans imdroindeli qarTuli sazogadoebis mzaoba progresisa da transformaciisaTvis, rac Temis aqtualobas erTiorad zrdis. naSromSi ganixileba cnobil JurnalistTa, sazogado moRvaweTa (ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, sergei mesxi, daria mamacaSvili, barbare jorjaZe da sxva..) mediateqstebi, romlebic qalTa uflebebisaTvis brZolas asaxavs. problema mravalplaniania da ara erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs moicavs. maT Soris yvelaze sagulisxmoni calke gamoiyofa, saTiTaod ganixileba da dadasturdeba publicisturi nimuSebiT. kerZod, sakiTxebi amgvarad davajgufeT: 1. qalTa ganaTlebis problema; 2. qalTa Temaze Seqmnili mxatvruli literatura; 3. qalis sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi CarTulobis problema; 4. qalis roli ojaxSi; 5. ucxouri masala, romelic asociaciurad mianiSnebs qarTveli qalebis problemebze; 6. qalebi qalebis Sesaxeb; 7. narevi. 1866 - 1885 wlebis gazeT „droebis“ nomrebze dakvirvebam aCvena, rom XIX saukunis II naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis qalTa emansi paciis Tema aqtualuria. amas mowmobs publikaciaTa simravlec. gazeTis xangrZlivi arsebobis manZilze am Tematikis Semcveli 339 statia daistamba. „droebis“ avtorTa umetesoba qalTa ganaTlebis Temas aniWebs upiratesobas. am Temaze gvxvdeba 85 publikacia. avtorebi gaxlavan cnobili qarTveli publicistebi da sazogado moRvaweebi: s. mesxi, a. wereTeli da sxva, aseve mravladaa xelmouwereli an fsevdonimiani werilebi. ganaTlebis Temaze dawerilma statiebma publikaciaTa saerTo raodenobis 26 % Seadgina (TiToeuli monacemi naSromSi gamoyvanilia raodenobrivi analiziT da gamosaxulia grafikulad). mxatvruli literatura, romelSic qali da misi saWiroebebia wina planze wamoweuli moicavs 86 publikacias. esec mTeli masalis 26% Seadgens. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Tema, romlis aqtualizebasac cdilobs “droeba“, sazogado saqmianobaSi qalis CarTulobis problemaa. am sakiTxze warmodgenilia 58 publikacia, romelic saerTo raodenobis 17%-s Seadgens. TemaTa gansakuTrebuli mravalgvarobiT gamoirCeva ucxouri masala. maTi ricxvi Seadgens 19-s da es aris saerTodan - 6% -ia. werilebis momdevno jgufs aerTianebs publikaciebi, romlebSic ojaxSi qalis rolia warmoCenili. am Tematikaze 15 publikaciaa gamoqveynebuli, rac statiaTa saerTo odenobis 5%-s Seadgens. Semdegi mniSvnelovani Tema, romelsac „droeba“ Seexo, qalTa TvaliT danaxuli maTive problemebia. am ti pis masala gavaerTianeT saTauriT: „qalebi qalebis Sesaxeb“. aRsaniSnavia, rom gazeTi gvTavazobs rubrikas „deda-kacis azri deda-kacebzed“ {1. 1866, 5, gv. 3}, romelsac uZRveba sergei mesxis meuRle, keke (ekaterine) meliqiSvili-mesxisa. mas qalTa emansi paciis procesSi didi wvlili miuZRvis. am Sinaarsis statiaTa ricxvi 26-s aRwevs. kidev erT jgufs

aerTianebs gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis, magram qalTa TematikiT Sekruli werilebi, romelTac saTaurad movuZebneT „narevi“, radganac aq Sinaarsobrivad sruliad gansxvavebuli publikaciebia warmodgenili, - kerZo SemTxvevebi, romlebsac didi rezonansi SeuZenia. am publikaciaTa raodenobaa 50-s aRwevs, rac masalaTa saerTo raodenobis 15%-ia. ganxiluli werilebidan Janrobrivi TvalsazrisiT yvelaze xSirad vxvdebiT informaciul SeniSvnas, editorials,

narkvevs, feletonsa da rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, wminda mxatvruli nawarmoebebsac. sabolood, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gazeTi „droeba“ pirveli qarTuli gamocemaa, romelic intensiurad aSuqebs qalTa problemebs, aqtiurad iRebs monawileobas qalTa uuflebobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da xels uwyobs maTi emansi paciis process. am TvalsazrisiT, „droeba“ Tavisi Tanadrouli sazogadoebis winamZRolad, mediaflagmanad gvevlineba da arc sadReisod kargavs interess.

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, gamoSveba 2013