HORSING AROUND

Have you ever wondered why, on some days, before even getting on our horse’s back, we get the feeling that our ride won’t meet our expectations? Chances are, you are speaking to your horse without even noticing exactly what message you are sending to them – whether you are doing it by shifts in your body posture, or even by showing a different facial expression. Understanding how intelligent your equine partner is may help you understand him/her more effectively, but it can also contribute to making your rides and training sessions more efficient. Best of all, it will make your time with them more enjoyable and ultimately safer.

HOW SMART ARE HORSES COMPARED TO OTHER ANIMALS? Compared to humans, some scientists have stated that horses possess the intelligence of a 3-year-old child. Also, that most horses can recognize themselves in the mirror, understand human emotion as well as learn complex tricks or commands. To answer the question of whether some horses are smarter than other animals is not a simple answer. The reality is that direct comparison of intelligence across species can’t work, because the standards to measure what is considered smart are not the same from one animal to another. For instance, if you measure intelligence by the ability to climb a tree, the monkey will score very high, whereas the elephant will score very low – therefore trying to measure intelligence across species doesn’t make much sense. So, there is no IQ score for animals as we can find for humans.

ARE HORSES SMARTER THAN DOGS? Horses’ intelligence is often compared to dogs and cats. Cats and dogs are predators and will have a very different set of skills compared to horses. According to Dr. Robert M. Miller, horses have the ability to learn faster, but dogs are better problem solvers. Additionally, many scientists believe that dogs have been bred to be more intelligent to help humans, more so than horses. One such example would be the sheepdog.

ARE SOME HORSES SMARTER THAN OTHERS? Literature review tends to demonstrate that some breeds of horses are smarter than others. Although experienced horse trainers believe that we must measure the intelligence of each horse differently. Thoroughbreds and Arabian horses are two breeds that seem to come on top of the list in terms of intelligence.

How smart are horses, really? By Dani Mc Neill

Some horses are even famous for their intelligence. A retired racehorse, Lukas, became one of the top liberty performers in United States and attracted international acclaim for his intelligence. He could identify letters, numbers, shapes and colours. He understood complicated concepts such as object permanence, spatial relationships, proportion, absentness, and so on. In 2010, Lukas received the Guinness World Record for the most numbers correctly identified by a horse in one minute – he identified 19 numbers. He has appeared on TV and in countless newspapers and magazines. Another story of a famous horse dates to the late 1800’s. Foaled in 1889, a famous horse named Beautiful Jim Key, who was part Arabian, part Standardbred, has become famous for his many tricks, but also for his ability to read, write and do arithmetic for numbers below 30. It was also claimed that Beautiful Jim Key was able to cite Bible passages in which horses were mentioned. Most interestingly, it has been emphasized that only patience and kindness were used to teach this horse.

HORSES AND COMPLEX COMMUNICATION Literature review indicates that horses are highly social creatures that have many abilities, such as recognizing human emotions, communicating with humans, learning via conditioning, matching voices to faces, recognizing short words and their meaning – although the tone in which the commands are given is also important, and should remain consistent with the word. Moreover, they can learn their daily routine such as feeding time. Horses can not only learn but also have the ability to work things out for themselves (opening stable doors, freeing themselves from a delicate situation, like when they get stuck somewhere, etc.). What we must keep in mind is that horses are fast learners, especially with correct and consistent training. Studies on equine intelligence discuss horses’ cognitive skills rather than their intelligence.

STUDIES ON COGNITIVE SKILLS IN HORSES Here are three interesting and relevant studies on horses’ observational skills, communicative skills and understanding skills.

CAN HORSES READ HUMAN BODY LANGUAGE? In 2017, a study conducted by the University of Sussex, illustrated that horses could read human body language and differentiate whether a person is displaying a dominant or submissive body posture, even when they are not familiar with that person. The study was interested in seeing if the 30 domestic horses they worked with were more likely to approach a person with a dominant body posture or a submissive one. The people displaying a dominant body posture were standing straight with extended arms, legs and chest. At the opposite, the people displaying a submissive body posture were slouching, with arms and legs close to the body and relaxed knees. Even though every person had given food rewards to the horses previously, while displaying a neutral position, the horses were significantly more likely to go towards the people with a submissive body posture. The results indicate that horses may communicate with body language and are not limited to their species. They also communicate in that way with humans. Horses will act upon what they perceive from your body language. This is something to keep in mind not only for trainers, but for anyone handling a horse. We should be more conscious of the signals we send to horses when we interact with them, to create a positive relationship.

CAN HORSES READ OUR FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND REMEMBER THEM? In 2018, the Universities of Sussex and Portsmouth, conducted a study demonstrating that horses can read facial expressions and remember a person’s previous emotional state, adapting their behaviour accordingly. In fact, during the study, photographs of people with different emotions (anger and happiness) were presented to 24 horses. The results showed that horses were responding differently according to the emotion observed; their heart rates increased when presented with a photograph of an angry person, therefore showing a negative reaction to the more aggressive emotions. Furthermore, the horses had met the people from the pictures a few hours after seeing the photographs – in contrast to the pictures presented, all the people from the photographs portrayed a neutral facial expression when meeting the horses. The results showed that the horses seemed to remember the people and their emotions from the picture, displaying an increased heart rate when presented with people with an angry expression on the pictures. It is surprising that horses remembered the people and their emotional expressions shortly after being presented the pictures. That said, the study has proven that horses have a memory for emotions. Every rider and horse owner should take this into consideration when manipulating or riding a horse, as it can have an effect on the long-term relationship between horse and rider. HORSES WILL ASK US FOR HELP WHEN FACING UNSOLVABLE PROBLEMS In 2016, Kobe University published papers stating that when horses are facing seemingly unsolvable problems, they will use visual and tactile signals to catch human attention and ask for help. It also suggests that horses will alter their communicative behaviour according to humans’ knowledge of the situation. To investigate horses’ social cognitive skills with humans in the context of problem-solving, food was hidden in a place only accessible to humans. The experiment was conducted with 8 horses and their student caretakers at the equestrian club of the Kobe University. In the first experiment, an assistant experimenter hid carrots in a bucket that couldn’t be reached by the horse. The goal was to observe how the horse sent signals to his caretaker when he arrived, unaware of the situation. It turns out that the horse would look at, touch and push the caretaker. The results show that when horses cannot solve a problem on their own, they will send visual signals (looking) as well as physical signals (touching and pushing) to humans. In the second experiment, the experimenter tested if the horses’ behaviour changed when the caretaker was aware of the hidden food. It turns out, the horses would send more signals when the caretaker didn’t have knowledge that the food was hidden, demonstrating that horses adapt their behaviours according to the humans’ knowledge levels. The study not only demonstrated some behaviours horses use to communicate their demands to humans, but it also displayed the high cognitive skills possessed by horses, enabling them to adapt their behaviour towards humans, according to humans’ knowledge of a situation. As a rider or a horse caretaker, we must remember not only to be more conscious of the signals we send to horses, but to also be aware of the signals that the horses are sending to us. Whether we wish to give the best care possible to our horse, or to improve our riding and training, we most definitely need to listen to what our horses have to tell us. WHAT DO THESE STUDIES SHOW ABOUT A HORSE’S INTELLIGENCE? To conclude, those studies revealed impressive cognitive skills in horses. I believe the answer to “how smart are horses?” is: “very smart”, and more so than we may think. Horses, as in the cases of other animals, have learned to communicate with other individuals to receive information about predators, for instance, which is a useful survival skill. It seems the domestication process, which started about 6000 years ago, has influenced those abilities. Keeping in mind that the contribution of horses to society has evolved from transport to companionship. Their high social cognitive skills towards humans may explain, in part, the fact that humans and horses have a collaborative relationship today. Therefore, understanding communication traits in horses can enable us to create stronger bonds between horses and ourselves, and ultimately, make us better caregivers, better riders and better trainers.