Maritime Archaeology Newsletter from Roskilde 20, 2003

No. 20

•

SUMMER 2003

CENTRE FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY, 1993-2003

The new challenge

Contents:

On 1st September, after ten golden years under the auspices of the Danish National Research Foundation, the party is coming to an end for the National Museum’s Centre for Maritime Archaeology. As will appear from the contents of this last Newsletter edited from the Centre, it is with mixed feelings for all that we mark its closing. Should we be pleased at the results we have achieved or rather sorrowful at the unsettled prospects for maritime archaeology in Denmark in the future?

We who were given the opportunity to pursue our research in almost ideal circumstances can see from the independent evaluations and other assessments to which we have been subjected that the Centre must have lived up to the expectations of the Research Foundation, whose funds are

Editorial: The new challenge . . . . . . . 2 Ten golden years for maritime archaeology in Denmark, 1993-2003

by Ole Crumlin-Pedersen . . . . 4 The International Advisory Council’s observations, conclusions, and recommendations

by Horst Nowacki . . . . . . . . . .44 Maritime Archaeology in Roskilde -- a glimpse into the future

by Tinna Damgård-Sørensen & Jan Bill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Some personal impressions, 1993-2003: Björn Varenius: Some personal reflections on the Centre for Maritime Archaeology . . . . . . 52 Fred Hocker: Maritime archaeology or maritime cultural research? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 David Gregory: The optimal result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Søren H. Andersen: From university to centre . . . . . . . . 64 Overview: Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ph.D. students at NMF . . . . . .

Guest researchers at NMF . . .

Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70 71 71 72

Indices of Maritime Archaeology Newsletter from Roskilde, Denmark, nos 1-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Friends of the Viking Ship Museum . 96

The two Skuldelev 3 reconstructions, Roar Ege (right) and Sif Ege (left), under sail in Roskilde Fjord. Photo: W. Karrasch.

intended to promote research so that prominent international positions could be achieved within selected fields.

On the other hand, we have not achieved all our aims. First and foremost we have not succeeded in engaging Danish universities in this aspect of cultural research in a sufficiently binding way to ensure a permanent anchorage for it in the university world.

In Denmark, it is thus still the museums who are left with the responsibility for this field.

Our relationship with the Centre’s parents has had its problems at times. The National Museum as ‘father institution,’ actually preferred the idea of having ‘a new baby,’ such as a ‘wetlands centre,’ than looking properly after the future welfare of the ‘firstborn,’ the Centre for Maritime Archaeology. Our ‘mother institution,’ on he other hand, the Viking Ship Museum, was

steadfast in its will to ensure that maritime archaeology would survive in Roskilde. The ‘family’ is now once more united around a new plan for the future, which, it would seem, will be in Roskilde with the main stress laid on the Viking Ship Museum under single leadership and in a constructive collaboration with the National Museum.

The new economic basis will be much weaker than hitherto after the cessation of funding from the Research Foundation and the drastic reductions in staff that have been necessary at the National Museum. Nevertheless, I share the optimism that is expressed in this Newsletter by the director of the Viking Ship Museum, Tinna DamgårdSørensen, and its new head of research, Jan Bill, and I am convinced that the future of maritime archaeological research is assured in the hands of this new generation.

Ole Crumlin-Pedersen editor

Ten golden years for maritime archaeology in Denmark, 1993-2003 a brief history of the Centre for Maritime Archaeology in Roskilde

by Ole Crumlin-Pedersen, curator, M.Sc., dr.phil.h.c., Director of the Centre 1993-2000, Coordinator 1998-2003

In 1991, the Danish parliament put at the disposition of the Danish National Research Foundation (DG), which had been established specifically for the purpose, a considerable sum of money that had resulted from the privatisation of the State Life Assurance Institute. The interest of the funds was designed to ensure that a number of Danish research environments selected by the DG could rise to the very top of their fields in the international scholarly world as independent centres.

The aim was described clearly in the foundation’s charter: the money was to be used for “exceptional research on an international level,” carried out by groups of scholars who were active in Denmark but international in origin and interdisciplinary in background. The directors of the individual centres would be given much freedom within the framework of the research plan and full responsibility for the scholarly return that was supplied by the finances.

After consultations with the entire Danish scholarly environment, almost 350 applications were submitted for five-year programmes. From among these, DG selected 23 different programmes and the resulting centres were established in 1993-94. Twenty of them were affiliated to universities and three to research institutions outside the universities.

The Centre for Maritime Archaeology under the National Museum was in this last group, the only archaeology centre selected to receive a grant.

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Establishing the Centre for Maritime Archaeology (NMF) in 1993 The centre was established in 1993. The basis on which this was done was a proposal1 compiled in 1991-92 in close cooperation between the National Museum’s Institute of Maritime Archaeology2 and the Viking Ship Museum,3 both of which were situated in Roskilde. Generally, the aim behind the proposal was to “give a salt-water infusion to Danish archaeology” by focussing on the maritime approach to cultural history, particularly with respect to the Iron Age and the medieval period and this aim was to be achieved by means of projects carried out by an international, interdisciplinary group of researchers.

The proposal consisted of two culturalhistorical research topics: Seafaring & society and Ship & boat, as well as a more technically oriented one: Development of tools and processes, for working on maritime archaeological finds. The three topics contained both new subjects which suggested themselves as well suited for research with potentials that had not earlier been exploited, and projects that were already underway at the two museums or for which material had already been assembled but not yet processed.

After an international panel examined this proposal, in competition with six other archaeological proposals, the centre’s plan was accepted on 3rd May 1993 by the Danish National Research Foundation, which

promised an annual grant of 8 million kroner for five years. The proposal was then immediately initiated as an operative research programme4 within this financial framework and the centre was scheduled to open on 1st September, 1993. This came to pass in spite of the very short preparation time.

The author of this article was given leave of absence from his post as director of the Institute of Maritime Archaeology in order to act as director of the Centre for Maritime Archaeology for the five-year period. It had been decided in advance that a real “centre with walls” was to be established, which would function as an independent unit, linked to the National Museum for practical reasons. In this way, the National Museum’s research and administration potentials would be available for the centre and the museum would expect to receive the benefits of the centre’s activities.

In accordance with the principles at that time of the Danish National Research Foundation to keep the administrative burdens on the centre to a minimum, only one administrative member of staff, Else Snitker, was appointed to look after the accounts and other administrative functions in cooperation with the host institution. Suitable premises in the neighbourhood of the Viking Ship Museum had been found in advance and a lease was ready to be signed. The idea was to assemble a multi-disciplinary group of researchers to realise the plans that had been made for the centre.

The group of researchers The grant made it possible to offer employment to researchers from both home and abroad on projects of longer or shorter duration within the five-year-plan. This meant that the long-felt desires frequently expressed by Danish archaeologists could be fulfilled, namely to be given the opportunity to improve their scholarly qualifications, for an increase in mobility among archaeologists and a promotion of the internationalisation of their research.

There was, however, a problem with this. Many archaeologists considered Roskilde to be such a specialised ship-archaeological research environment that working here would not likely promote the career of a generally-oriented archaeologist. It was difficult for this reason, among others, to persuade archaeologists in regular employment to apply for temporary employment at a newly-established centre that was not even formally linked to one of the Danish universities. This was in spite of the fact that ‘Roskilde’ was known among international researchers to be a trademark of serious research embracing the maritime cultural landscape,5 maritime defence,6 sacrificial offerings in bogs7 and burial customs,8 as well as the core subjects of research: shiparchaeology and experimental archaeology.

The archaeologists who joined the team came because they had the necessary crusading spirit in combination with a strong desire to conduct research, or because it gave them

1. Forslag til etablering af “Marinarkæologisk Forskningscenter i Roskilde,” The National Museum November 1991; Research Plan for a Centre for Maritime Archaeology, Roskilde, Denmark, NMU Report 7/92. November 1992.

2. Established in 1962 as Skibshistorisk Laboratorium (Institute of Maritime Archaeology). From 1996 its Danish name was changed to Nationalmuseets Marinarkæologiske Undersøgelser (NMU).

3. Established 1963, the exhibition building officially opened 1969.

4. Research plan 1993-1998 for the National Museum’s Centre for Maritime Archaeology, August 1993.

5. Including Søvejen til Roskilde (The sea route to Roskilde), published 1978, Aspects of Maritime Scandinavia AD 2001200, published 1991, and Atlas over Fyns kyst i jernalder, vikingetid og middelalder (Atlas of the coast of Fyn in the Iron Age, Viking Age and the medieval period), an interdisciplinary project which was started in 1986, although the results were not published until 1996.

6. Examinations of barriers in Roskilde Fjord, in Haderslev Fjord, near Helnæs, etc., had been carried out since the 1960s.

7. Excavations in Hjortspring bog in 1987 and in Nydam bog since 1989.

8. The boat-graves from the Slusegård burial place were published in 1991.

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the opportunity to complete a Ph.D. thesis under guaranteed financial circumstances, or because they were in process of changing jobs and a detour through the centre offered itself as a new possibility.

There was considerable interest in the centre on the part of foreign researchers, but again the short notice of its establishment posed a problem, as well as linguistic difficulties and the great expense involved in moving to Denmark with uncertain regulations for income tax, residence permits, career advancement, etc. And who was to know whether anything good would come out of the centre’s work?

The research programme was designed for a mixed international band of researchers with backgrounds in archaeology, conservation, engineering, and practical skills, who were to cooperate with each other to solve research questions (Fig. 1). The team that was assembled in the course of the first six months, however, did not include foreigners.

Numerically it was dominated by archaeologists: two post-doctoral researchers, Anne Nørgård Jørgensen, who was to work on coastal defences, and Ole Grøn, who was to work on the development of reconnaissance techniques; Claus Malmros, who was carrying out wood-identification studies; and four Ph.D.-students: Jens Ulriksen, Per Orla Thomsen, Anne Christina Sørensen and Jan Bill, who were to work on landing places in Roskilde Fjord, the Lundeborg beach market, boat-graves, and medieval shipfinds, respectively. In addition there was an editorial member of staff, Birgitte Thye, whose background was in history and theology.

Later the team was joined by Flemming Kaul as guest researcher for several lengthy periods to study Bronze-Age ship iconography.

As mentioned above, it was not only archaeologists and historians that were necessary to carry out the centre’s ambitious research program. There was a need for basic research in the field of conservation in order to increase our understanding of the processes that were needed for preserving for post6

erity antiquities found in wet environments.

In this case, the centre welcomed Poul Jensen from the Conservation Department at the National Museum, who had the opportunity to prepare a Ph.D. thesis on the subject. As an element in our work with the ship-finds, there was a need for ship-technical calculations and analyses. Two young engineers, Kenn Jensen and Roy Redanz were therefore affiliated with the centre for some months, and Kenn Jensen subsequently continued at the centre as a Ph.D. student.

The formal, scholarly education of the six Ph.D. students was conducted in cooperation with the universities in Copenhagen and Århus, as well as the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University of Denmark and Denmark’s Technical University. All six of these students completed their Ph.D. courses within the scheduled time frame, except for two cases, in which studies were interrupted by one or more periods of maternityand paternity-leave. All of these students subsequently obtained employment within their respective fields.

In addition to these academics, there were a number of people with practical skills and knowledge who formed an integral part of the research group. This was the case, for example, with Ole Magnus, who carried out a systematic examination of Danish archaeological finds of rope and of the techniques of rope-making, and Erik Andersen of the Viking Ship Museum, who took part in work on the analysis and drawing of the Skuldelev ships together with the draughtsmen Sune Villum-Nielsen and Jette Elkjær.

In addition to the regular staff, the archaeologists Flemming Rieck and Erik Jørgensen were affiliated to the centre for several periods by their work on the Nydam find (Fig. 2), while the historian Inge Skovgaard-Petersen held courses in historical source criticism for the younger scholars.

External relations The desire to anchor the activities of the Centre for Maritime Archaeology clearly in

Fig. 1 The staff of the Centre for Maritime Archaeology, together with project participants and students in March 1994. Photo: Werner Karrasch

1 Sune Villum-Nielsen 2 Poul Jensen 3 Flemming Rieck 4 Anne Nørgård Jørgensen 5 Ole Crumlin Pedersen 6 Jan Skamby Madsen

7 Christer Westerdahl 6 Kenn Jensen 9 Erik Andersen 10 Claus Malmros 11 Roy Redanz 12 Anne C. Sørensen 13 Ole Grøn

14 Line Dokkedal 15 Else Snitker 16 Jens Ulriksen 17 Leif Hjetting 18 Birgitte Thye 19 Jan Bill

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the general archaeological, conservationtechnical and ship-technical environment led to the establishment from the very beginning of a consultative body, the Danish Council, with representatives from the National Museum, the Viking Ship Museum, the University of Copenhagen, and Denmark’s Technical University, with the director of the centre as chair.9 The meetings of the council were very fertile as a forum for discussing the activities of the centre and fixing an order of their priorities; these meetings’ results were of great assistance to me as the director, being in a new and hitherto untried situation with great potentials but also clear research obligations on the part of the centre. It was a frequently reiterated comment by members of the council that here, for once, there was a forum whose time was spent discussing the actual scholarly content of the research instead of general practical and economic matters, which were the concern of the director alone.

It was, however, felt to be a problem that it had not been initially possible to affiliate foreign scholars more closely to the centre, in spite of the efforts that had been made to do so. In compensation, lengthy study visits were arranged for two English professors in 1994, John Coles and Sean McGrail from the Universities of Exeter and Southampton, respectively. On the basis of their experience from the university world and of largescale investigations in the fields of wetlandand ship-archaeology, both of these professors could enter into a dialogue with the staff of the centre on aims and methods in their research projects.

As the Viking Ship Museum, with its many public-oriented activities, such as experimental archaeological projects, and the National Museum’s Institute of Maritime Archaeology, which was responsible for most of the underwater antiquarian investigations in Danish waters, were located nearby, the centre’s staff had the possibility of making contact with other maritime archa8

Fig. 2. Already in 1993 it was possible for the Centre for Maritime Archaeology to finance the resumption of the excavations in the sacrificial bog Nydam. Among the finds of the year was this man's head, which once decorated the great oak boat. Drawing by Eva Koch. eological activities everyday. This distribution of roles, however, meant that the centre itself and its fundamental research activities were little known outside the closest scholarly circles. This is perhaps a general problem for institutions concerned with basic research but not a desirable one in our case.

The aim of the centre’s activities was in fact to convey to scholars outside the core area of maritime archaeology the significance that the interplay between mankind and the sea has had in Denmark’s history, thereby demonstrating the relevance of maritime archaeology for the study of broader areas of cultural history.

Taking inspiration from the design of the Danish National Research Foundation’s small-format publications, it was decided to produce a bi-annual newsletter that presented information about research at the three maritime-archaeological units in Roskilde: the Centre for Maritime Archaeology, the National Museum’s Institute of Maritime Archaeology, and the Viking Ship Museum (Fig. 3). The graphic designer Jens Lorentzen, who has for many years left his mark on publications from Roskilde in the form of a fine, classical layout, undertook to design the layout of the newsletter and was responsible for the production of many of the first issues until Ewa Britt Nielsen, under his training and guidance, took over this work, as well as assisted in the editing of the newsletter.

The first issue of the Maritime Archaeology Newsletter appeared in December 1993, only three months after the establishment of the centre. In accordance with the international aim for the centre, the Newsletter was from the very beginning produced in both

Danish and English versions, and the approximately 1,500 copies were distributed to museums and universities specialising in archaeology as well as to interested persons in Denmark and abroad. This medium disseminated concise, factual information about the investigations and research projects of the three units quickly and effectively to most colleagues and institutions who were working on similar topics or were interested in such. At the same time, brochures for new publications from the Roskilde environment could be sent out and hence ensure a first, goal-directed campaign for their sale.

The first five-year period’s accomplishments Once the group of researchers had been assembled and begun their projects, an effort was made to find a common rhythm for our daily work and to ensure that reports on progress were made at house-meetings or over informal coffee breaks. After the initial scepticism over being a group with such a varied scholarly background, a cautious curiosity developed about each other’s projects. All of these were individual projects but some of them could be combined to a certain extent, such as those testing the techniques for archaeological reconnaissance or methods of documentation related to research on sea defences and the Nydam excavation (Fig. 4).

Fig. 3. The front cover of an English edition of the Newsletter; here the first issue from December 1993 with an excavation photograph of the Gislinge boat, taken in October of the same year. Photo: Werner Karrasch.

9. The first members of the council were State Antiquary Olaf Olsen, museum superintendent Niels-Knud Liebgott, Head of Conservation Jørgen Nordqvist and Keeper Flemming Rieck, all from the National Museum, Director Jan Skamby Madsen from the Viking Ship Museum, lecturer Christer Westerdahl from the Institute of Archaeology, University of Copenhagen, and reader Jørgen Juncher Jensen from the Institute of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Denmark’s Technical University.

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As the only senior researcher on the staff at that time,10 I had to act as supervisor for all the Ph.D. students in cooperation with their main supervisors at the universities. There was no previous experience to draw on and the great variation in the topics involved was one of the reasons why no shared tutorials or lectures were held for this first group, as was done later on. In compensation, seminars and guest lectures were arranged with a large number of visiting scholars from Denmark and abroad and several students of archaeology with interest in the activities at the centre were allowed to work on their own topics or participate in projects or as assistants at the larger seminars.

In January-February 1995, Jan Bill and I visited the Institute for Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University in the U.S.A. to learn from the experience of this institute, which had been developed under the leadership of George Bass and had become one of the world’s leading maritime archaeological centres, with a focus on underwater archaeology, primarily in the USA and Mediterranean. The then director of the institute, Fred Hocker, afterwards came to Roskilde on two study visits and subsequently Jan Bill was given an opportunity to spend six months studying in Texas.

Continuing this exchange, George Indruszewski came to the centre in May 1997 from Texas as a new guest-scholar and later as a Ph.D.-student, investigating Slav navigation in the western Baltic area (Fig. 5).

This visit was an element in the changing of the guard that took place in the course of 1996 and 1997. Three years had gone by since the centre had been established, and the first brood of Ph.D. students were concluding their studies, defending their theses and continuing their careers elsewhere. At the same time, Ole Grøn’s period of research expired and Anne Nørgård Jørgensen assumed a post at the State Antiquary’s secretariat. In the meantime, the centre in Roskilde had achieved such notoriety abroad that it was now possible to fill all the staff 10

Fig. 4. Illustrations of artefacts from Nydam, prepared with the PhotoDraw-technique by Jørgen Holm.

Fig. 5. Trial sailing near the mouth of the Oder River in 1998 with a copy of a tenthcentury boat from Ralswiek on Rügen. The trial was an element in the Centre for Maritime Archaeology’s project on Slav seafaring. Photo: David Gregory.

vacancies; the new staff was deeply engaged in the possibilities and challenges that could be offered by maritime archaeology.

In the field of conservation, David Gregory from the University of Leicester in England was appointed in November 1996 as a post-doctorate fellow, while Vibeke Bischoff joined the ship-archaeological field in October 1996 to work on reconstruction models. In January 1997, Anton Englert from the University of Kiel, began as a Ph.D. student and in September 1997, Aleydis Van de Moortel from the University of Washington, Seattle, began a six-month post-doctoral fellowship. With the many new foreigners in the team, Else Snitker was very busy dealing with the immigration authorities, landlords and income-tax authorities, in addition to her work with the administration and accounting of the centre.

To prepare a possible future campaign of research into submerged Stone-Age habitation sites, Søren H. Andersen, a senior lecturer from the University of Aarhus, was appointed for a period of one year beginning in August 1997. At the same time, the archaeologist Jøgen Holm was from the same date affiliated to the centre for six months, with a view to the development of methods of documentation. The ethnographer Birthe L. Clausen replaced Birgitte Thye in the editorial position, later to be supplemented by Athena Trakadas in the publication group.

Contact with the Danish National Research Foundation was maintained with biannual meetings with the external members of the foundation’s contact group, Gisela Sjøgaard and Ulrik V. Lassen, who displayed great interest in the work of the centre, and by regular direct contact between the centre and Peder Olesen Larsen, the director and chairman of the foundation, who could

impart useful information about the experiences of DG’s other centres and offer other wise counsel.

The many projects that had been incorporated into the original research plan were, as mentioned above, divided into three main research groups. We succeeded in getting the great majority of these projects off the ground in the first period of the centre, and many of them could be brought to a conclusion within the funded time while others continued into the second period to be concluded at a later date. In addition, there were a number of new projects, which proved necessarily relevant to adopt as we went along. In practice it could be difficult to be quite sure as to which group the individual projects belonged, since all the cultural-historical finds, including ships, were also analysed in a broader social context and this analysis often entailed the use of techniques and tools developed at the centre. Here, however, the projects will be described briefly in the group to which they were originally assigned.

Seafaring and society In May 1994, the centre held its first large international research seminar with the theme ‘The ship as symbol in prehistoric and medieval Scandinavia.’ As with subsequent large seminars, the National Museum in Copenhagen hosted the event, which was attended by 115 scholars and students from seven countries, representing the disciplines of archaeology and the history of religion.

The 21 lectures at the seminar were published the following year as the first volume in the series, Publications of the National Museum, Studies in Archaeology & History (PNM)11 (Fig. 6). Flemming Kaul was given the possibility of working at the centre on a

10. The hierarchical structure for academic staff at the National Museum with its division into researcher, senior-researcher etc. was not introduced until after the establishment of the centre. I had therefore not been subjected to the stipulated evaluation but following an evaluation in 1998 I was appointed external professor at the University of Aarhus.

11. Crumlin-Pedersen & Thye (eds) 1995.

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Fig. 6. The research seminar The Ship as Symbol in May 1994 was the centre's first large interdisciplinary arrangement; the lectures were published the following year as the first volume in the National Museum's new PNM-series. It was followed by a seminar organised by Anne Nørgård Jørgensen on military history, which was published as the second volume in the series. systematic analysis of the numerous Danish Bronze-Age finds of ship images on bronze objects, particularly razors. This world of images forms an independent and securelydated contribution to the iconography of the period and brings to light new ideas on its cosmology, as revealed by Kaul’s analysis, which was published as a two-volume monograph in the PNM-series in 1998.12 In May 1996, two years after ‘The ship as symbol,’ followed the next research seminar, this time dealing with ‘Military aspects of Scandinavian society, 1-1300 AD.’ There were 149 participants, archaeologists and historians from six countries. The 27 lectures were published in 1997, also in the PNMseries.13 This initiative was inspired by Anne Nørgård Jørgensen’s earlier analysis of the Iron-Age weapon-graves and the work at the centre on a systematic analysis of sailing bar12

riers and other structures in Denmark which were very likely relevant to the navigation of the period, such as the Kanhave canal in Samsø.

It was as early as 1986 that the present author initiated a systematic analysis of the Danish coastal zone, designed to iden-tify the localities which could reveal prehistoric and medieval activities. An interdisciplinary group of scholars with backgrounds in archaeology, history, place-name studies and geography had since then worked on identifying in the coastal zone around the island of Fyn traces of activity in the Iron Age, Viking Age and the medieval period, as reflected in finds of landing places and the like. It was not until the establishment of the centre, however, that it became possible to bring this task to a conclusion in the form of a detailed publication in 199614 (Fig. 7).

Fig. 7. Hindsholm on Fyn, with localities from the Iron Age, Viking Age and medieval period in the coastal zone. Key: black, archaeological finds; red, historical reports; blue, place-names of maritime relevance. The terrain is shown with elevations and soundings, areas of reclaimed land and the direction of transport of materials along the coasts.

After Crumlin-Pedersen, et al. (eds) 1996.

12. Kaul: Ships on Bronzes, 1998a.

13. Jørgensen & Clausen (eds) 1997.

14. Crumlin-Pedersen, Porsmose & Thrane (red.) 1996.

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A significant source of inspiration during the work on the Fyns Atlas had been Per Orla Thomsen’s excavations in 1986-92 of the hitherto oldest Scandinavian find of a landing place. Localised on the coast at Lundeborg in front of the sacral centre of the period at Gudme in Fyn, the site revealed traces of trade and handicrafts from the period 300-700 AD. This investigation formed part of a large Gudme-Lundeborg archaeological project that had been financed from a different source, but since there was a shortage of funding for analysing the finds, the centre made it possible in 1993 for Per Orla Thomsen to be released from his regular work for a period in order to complete this task. This made it possible for the work to be concluded and defended as a Ph.D. thesis in 1997. The centre has subsequently financed the revision of the thesis with a view to further publication of this important find-material in the series on the GudmeLundeborg project but so far without result.

It has also been possible to locate early landing places elsewhere in the country, and Jens Ulriksen was affiliated to the centre as a Ph.D. student in 1994 in order to examine these traces. Work was concentrated around Roskilde Fjord, where extensive reconnaissance and excavations took place for a couple of years until the investigation was completed and the results published in 1998.15 The evidence for this research were slight traces of coastally-linked activities until about 1100 AD. After this date, it seems obvious that such activities were mostly assembled in the new towns that were growing up at places where the topographical and social conditions were favourable.

In preparation for a large-scale project aimed at the analysis of the topography of Danish towns from a maritime perspective, Jan Bill organised on behalf of the centre the fifth international conference on ‘Waterfront Archaeology’ to take place in Copenhagen in May 1998. The theme was the maritime topography of the medieval town and there were 160 participants from 13 different coun14

Fig. 8. The international Waterfront Archaeology conference in 1998 was organised by Jan Bill from the centre and published in the PNM-series. tries. Twenty-five lectures were given, which examined the relationship between the waterfront and the development of towns in Northern Europe in the medieval period. The conference proceedings were published the following year in the PNM-series16 (Fig. 8).

As mentioned above, George Indruszewski, from 1st May 1997, was appointed to study settlement and navigation in the area around the mouth of the Oder River in the southern Baltic from 400 to 1400 AD. Søren H. Andersen, from August 1997, was also appointed to prepare a project examining Stone-Age activities, in the hope that the centre would be granted another fiveyear period of funding. This latter project was necessary to plan ahead of time in order to exploit such a period to the best advantage, even though there was no certainty that we should be able to realise the plans.

Ships and boats The primary aim of this research focus was to prepare for publication the vast material of ship-finds from the activities of the Institute of Maritime Archaeology since the 1960s. Since the excavation of the Skuldelev ships in 1962, several medieval ships had been discovered, excavated and provisionally published but the pressure of daily work had left little time for exploiting the great potentials of these finds in illuminating the general history of the period. With the establishment of the centre, the time had come for this to be done. A monograph series Ships & Boats of the North (SBN), published by the Viking Ship Museum, already existed as a medium for primary publications of ship-archaeological and ship-ethnological investigations and finds in context.

Initiated in 1986, the first volume was on Greenland skin boats.17 It was, however, not only the ship-finds of recent decades that awaited analysis. In 1989, Flemming Rieck had begun new excavations at the classical find-site of Nydam Mose after there had, with the exception of a few test probings, been a pause of a century in work since the Danish and German excavations in 1859-63 and the 1880s. The new excavations showed that it was possible to reveal details on the size and nature of the sacrifices that had taken place there in the period 200-500 AD, with the deposition of large amounts of weapons and several vessels. The centre therefore decided to invest in the study of this site, providing funds to excavate the area around the site from where the two large boats were excavated in 1863. During the excavations in 1993-96, many individual parts were

found from both these vessels (Fig. 9) as well as fragments of planks from the third, broken vessel, and a very considerable amount of weapons and tools (see Fig. 4)18 The new finds from Nydam can make a significant contribution to the interpretation of this classical weapon-offering site and in addition to weapons, tools, and timbers, the excavations have also resulted in a considerable increase in the number of early runic inscriptions, with nine newly-found examples. The unusually rich find material from the bog will now be an important body of material for the interpretation of the political and military situation in the western part of the Baltic area during this period. The excavations have also revealed new information on various features of the oak boat that was excavated in 1863, and of the two other boats in the find. The investigations have also shown, however, that although there are still many more finds to be made in the bog, their preservation are threatened in different ways. The conservation of the extant finds will be very expensive, and efforts must be made to find a way of protecting the remaining finds at the site. As will appear from the description of the in situ preservation project, this is also a challenge that has been taken up by the centre.

The publication of the large monograph on the ship-finds from Hedeby and Schleswig appeared in 1997 as the second volume in the SBN-series.19 This work, published in cooperation with Arch채ologisches Landesmuseum in Schleswig, marked the culmination of a long-term Danish-German cooperation in the investigation of the many shipfinds from the period 800-1150 that had been discovered during the systematic

15. Ulriksen 1998.

16. Bill & Clausen (eds) 1999 17. Petersen, H. C., 1986: Skinboats of Greenland. SBN 1. Roskilde. Published in cooperation with the Greenland Museum, A version in Greenlandic was also published.

18. See, for example, Rieck 1998, in Der Opferplatz and Rieck et al., 1999. The results of the investigations are expected to receive their final publication in two volumes of the SBN-series in the near future.

19. Crumlin-Pedersen: Viking-Age Ships, 1997

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Fig. 9. A side rudder from the pine boat from Nydam, which was excavated in 1863 and lost during the war in 1864. The loose rudder and parts of the side of the vessel were found during the excavations in 1993-1996.

Photo: Per Poulsen.

Fig. 10. The Dano-German cooperation on the investigation of ships and the harbour in Hedeby was crowned in 1997 by the publication of the second volume in the SBNseries with the presentation of the ship-finds from Hedeby and Schleswig.

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excavations at the two town-centres since 1953 (Fig. 10).

In 1998, Anne C. Sørensen completed her Ph.D. thesis at the centre. The study was a comprehensive revision of the work done on the Ladby ship-grave on Fyn, which was originally excavated in 1935-36. The thesis was based on a thorough analysis made in 1993-98 of all the find-material from this wealthy Viking-Age grave and its context in the Danish environment in the tenth century. The results of this study were combined with Kenn Jensen’s and Vibeke Bischoff’s work on the reconstruction of the original shape of the buried ship (Fig. 11) and the building of a 1:10 scale model of the ship for the Ladby Museum at Kerteminde.20 When the work was published in the SBN-series in 2001, a chapter was included by Peter Henrichsen of the National Museum’s Conservation Department dealing with the difficult conservation problems in the built-over grave-mound and the conservation-technical solutions that were employed.

The publication of the five ships from the eleventh-century Skuldelev find was a formidable task that had been handed down from earlier years. It now became possible to prepare thoroughly final drawings and working models in the first period of the

centre’s existence. Work on the reconstruction of the ships and the explanation of their function and historic background, however, took so much time that it was necessary to postpone the conclusion of the research until after the first five-year period of the centre. However, a thorough documentation of the building and sea trials of Roar Ege, a copy of Skuldelev 3, was published by the Viking Ship Museum in 1997.21 Other ship-finds from the 1970s and 1980s proved, like the Ladby find, to be well suited subjects of study for Ph.D. students.

This was due to the fact that the finds were able to reveal new information to central questions about society in the medieval period, when the ships after the conclusion of the technical analysis were studied in relation to other ships of the period and to contemporary social conditions. Jan Bill, for example, could conclude his Ph.D. course with a thesis on small-scale seafaring in Denmark in the medieval period.22 Before this he had treated a number of finds of smaller cargo vessels from the period and had excavated the Bredfjed ship (Fig. 12) from around 1600, in order to reveal as much information as possible on the con-

Fig. 11. Vibeke Bischoff with the spline working model of the Viking ship from Ladby; this model made it possible to recreate the shape of the ship from its impression in the grave mound. Photo: Werner Karrasch. temporary history. Due to a desire to work further on the project, however, the thesis’ publication was postponed.

The larger cargo ships from the period 1000-1250 were also studied. The startingpoint for this project was the ship-find from Lynæs, excavated in 1975, but other larger vessels from the period were drawn into the discussion by Anton Englert, who from January 1997 began his Ph.D. studies at the University of Kiel, but based at the centre. In the course of this work, both Anton Englert and Jan Bill became involved in the excavation by the Institute of Maritime Archaeology of the nine shipwrecks from Roskilde. Dating from the eleventh-fourteenth centuries, the wrecks were discovered just outside the cen-

20. Bischoff 1998, 1999; Sørensen 2001 21. E. Andersen et al., 1997 22. Bill: Seafaring Farmers, 1998

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tre’s doorstep, during excavations conducted during the construction of a harbour for the many traditional Nordic vessels and reconstructions of Viking ships possessed by the Viking Ship Museum.23 This quite unbelievable situation shows clearly the great maritime archaeological potential that lies in the harbour areas of our older towns. At the same time, it makes clear the heavy burden that such tasks have placed upon the comparatively small number of staff and limited resources that are at the disposition of the Institute of Maritime Archaeology, even with support from the centre.

For example, at the same time it was necessary for the institute to carry out another large excavation of ship-finds at the former B&W shipyard site at Christianshavn in Copenhagen, in this case containing eight ships from the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries (see below).

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Fig. 12. The Bredfjed ship from ca 1600, excavated by Jan Bill in 1993 near Rødby Fjord. Photo: Per Poulsen.

It was not only on the home front that the centre’s researchers were active in shiparchaeological analyses. Reference has already been made to George Indruszewski’s field-work in connection with Slav seafaring in the German-Polish border area near the mouth of the Oder River, which also involved thorough analyses of the ship-finds in the area and sea trials with a reconstruction of local type of vessel. In 1997, the National Museum was also contacted by Centraal Museum in Utrecht, Holland, which required assistance in the renovation of the Utrecht ship (Fig. 13), a large river-vessel from the eleven century with features of significance for the understanding of the char-

Fig. 13. A new drawing of the Utrecht boat, a large riverine vessel from the eleventh century, built out from a very large expanded bottom plank. Drawing 1998 by Christian Lemée.

acter of the large medieval ship-type, the hulk. With support from the EU’s Raphael Program, a ‘MARES’- working-group of conservators and archaeologists was appointed for this task, which was combined with a corresponding ‘revitalisation’ of the Nydam boat in Gottorp Schloss in Schleswig.24 From the centre, the post-doctoral scholar Aleydis Van de Moortel took part in the work in Utrecht from September 1997 and this led to the discovery that the vessel’s very large bottom element had been made as an expanded logboat.25 In order to make the most significant ship-finds from pre-history to 1100 AD in Europe available to the public and to promote international cooperation among scholars on documentation and analysis in this field, a cooperative project was initiated in 1997 with financial support from the EU. The project, Navis, involves eight institutions involved in maritime-archaeological research in England, Germany, Holland, Italy, Spain, Greece and Denmark. The Museum für Antike Schiffarht in Mainz is acting as host for the project and, with the centre in Roskilde as one of the major contributors, a database was created on the Internet describing in text and pictures (Fig. 14) about 50 of the best preserved and documented shipfinds in these and some other countries.26

This has since been expanded to include ship-iconography as well.27 Rope and sailcloth were very important prerequisites for navigation in the age of sailing ships but they are perishable materials which have seldom survived or been studied in connection with older ship-finds. This is exactly why it was felt as a challenge to subject these materials to analysis. In the case of the production of sailcloth, it was primarily the need of the Viking Ship Museum to acquire well-functioning sails of original materials, such as wool, which influenced the museum’s far-reaching research,28 and the centre contributed by supporting the German textile-researcher Susanne MöllerWiering’s analysis of some medieval Norwegian textile finds which were assumed to have come from ships.29 The greatest contribution within this special field of analysis of the materials and methods of production of antiquity has been made by the ropemaker

23. Bill et al., 1998 24. Bill: MARES 2000, with a survey of the reports compiled.

25. Van de Moortel 2000 26. http://www2.rgzm.de/navis/home/frames.htm 27. http://www2.rgzm.de/navis2/home/frames.htm 28. E. Andersen 1995 29. Möller-Wiering 2002

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Fig. 14. Screen capture of Skuldelev 3 data from the Navis database of significant shipfinds, established in cooperation between seven European nations: http://www2.rgzm.de/navis/home/frames.htm Ole Magnus, who carried out for the centre a systematic registration of Danish finds of rope from antiquity and the medieval period and of the techniques employed for the production of linden-bast ropes, nets, etc. As part of this process, it was necessary for him to develop new methods of analysis for determining the species of the bast employed in the finds.30

Technology and auxiliary sciences In order to exploit the full range of sources that can illuminate the maritime sector of our cultural history, it is necessary to master a wide register of disciplines and techniques, and traditional university training as an archaeologist is not fully adequate. This realisation has from the very beginning lain behind the planning of the topics to be promoted at the Centre for Maritime Archaeology. A group of projects were initiated that were designed to exploit some ‘auxiliary disciplines’ and to develop further necessary aids for the centre’s projects.

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In connection with Jens Ulriksen’s excavations around the shores of Roskilde Fjord, the zoologist Inge Bødker Enghoff undertook a study to determine the identity of the fish bones that had been found and hence was able to demonstrate that semi-industrial fishing had been carried on at Selsø as early as the twelfth century31 (Fig. 15). In continuation of this research, she made on behalf of the centre a complete investigation of all available information about finds of fish bones during excavations of habitation-sites and towns from the Iron Age and medieval period within the Baltic and North Sea area.

Her results were published in two major survey articles.32 There was also need for work to be done in engineering technology. Computer programs have long been in use for the calculation of the relative strengths of ships as well as their hydrostatic and hydrodynamic qualities but it was necessary to develop these programs further with a program that could take into consideration the more unusual stem-shapes of prehistoric ships and would make it possible to compare these ships directly with each other. This problem was solved by Kenn Jensen as part of his Ph.D. project at the centre in cooperation with the Department of Naval Architecture and Offshore Engineering at Denmark’s Technical University. Jensen developed a ship database, NMF-ship, with standard definitions for the measurements of the ships in accordance with the methods of construction employed. At the same time he identified experimental data for the strength and elasticity of oak from various parts of the trunk from

30. The results of Ole Magnus’ analyses will be published in connection with the publication of ship-finds in the SBN-series, particularly in connection with Jan Bill’s book about the Gedesby ship, the find with the greatest abundance of surviving rope.

31. Bødker Enghoff 1996 32. Bødker Enghoff 1999, 2000 33. Jensen 1999 34. Jørgensen 1997, PNM 2

Fig. 15 Sediment specimen from the early medieval site Selsø-Vestby with gill-arch bones from thousands of herring, after 'gilling.' Photo: G. Brovad. root to top and from core to bark as an element in his work on a structural analysis of the Skuldelev 5 warship33 (Fig. 16).

In the course of archaeological fieldwork and the subsequent analyses, it is im-

portant to employ the correct tools. This is particularly necessary when a find is to be localised under water, where a systematic searching technique similar to that of fieldwalking on dry land is impossible because of currents, very low visibility, etc. Here it is necessary to resort to the seismic techniques that were originally developed for other purposes. Side-scan sonar and echo-sounding equipment open great possibilities for localising not only objects that are quite free of the seabed but also those which are completely buried in bottom sediments. In the centre’s first three years, Ole Grøn worked on this problem and achieved some significant results in cooperation with Anne Nørgård Jørgensen in the localisation of a number of underwater barriers.34 The documentation of archaeological finds by hand drawings has always been a very time-consuming process because of the high demands traditionally made to ensure that a reliable and adequate reproduction can be produced that can be used for the analysis of the finds. In connection with the Nydam project, therefore, Jørgen Holm was affiliated with the centre to work on the Photo-

Fig. 16. Example of the distribution of tension in the hull of the Skuldelev 5 warship when sailing in waves, calculated by the FE-method. After Jensen 1999.

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Draw technique that he had developed, by which photographic exposures are employed as the starting-point for a graphical representation of an object that resembles the very best hand-drawn illustrations but can be produced much more quickly than these (see Fig. 4). The technique has subsequently been used in several of the publications from the centre. After this project, Jørgen Holm began work on the possibility of replacing earlier methods of full-scale documentation of ship’s timbers with digitised methods that can produce a three-dimensional measurement of all the points required for further manipulation in the computer.36 Conservation is another one of the very labour-intensive and expensive tasks that naturally result from work on the water-logged finds from bogs and the seabed. In this field, the National Museum has long been in the forefront of scientific development. The many assignments in connection with the conservation of large amounts of untreated wood from ship excavations in the 1970s and 1980s and the new acquisitions of objects from the Nydam bog urgently called for an extra effort in this field.

Initially, Poul Jensen of the Conservation Department of the National Museum was funded to work on a Ph.D. course involving studies in diffusion and sorption in water-

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logged wood at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University.37 After this, David Gregory was employed as a post-doctoral researcher from November 1996 in order to concentrate specifically on mapping the possibilities for preserving objects found in situ, where they are found or in a suitable buried long-term depot. As an element in this project, specimens of wood were placed in shallow water at Lynæs and elements from this deposit removed at fixed intervals for analysis of the progressive biological and chemical degradation of the wood (Fig. 17).

At the same time, the conditions in Nydam bog were studied. They presented great challenges which were met in cooperation with the Conservation Department of the National Museum and a number of Danish and foreign research institutes.

Two evaluations Already one year after the centre began operations, it was subjected to an international evaluation. This took place in December 1994 as part of a collective assessment of all the research activities at the National Mus-

Fig. 17: X-ray of a pinewood pole attacked by shipworm after spending 16 weeks in seawater. Photo: B. Gottlieb.

eum, implemented on conditions stipulated in the Ministry of Cultural Affairs’ contract with the museum. The ten evaluators under the chairmanship of Prof. H. T. Waterbolk were to consider whether the research done by the museum within the nine primary research areas was of international standards, whether it was relevant for the work of the museum and whether it was well organised and provided with the necessary resources.

As far as the maritime archaeological area was concerned, this evaluation built primarily on the results of research at the Institute of Maritime Archaeology up to the time of the establishment of the centre but it could also take into account the bright perspectives for the coming years with the grant from DG. The evaluation was very positive and concluded with an earnest request that the publication of the many important finds and analyses should be made available to the international research world, “In this way the scale and variety of maritime archaeological research, unparalleled elsewhere, will secure Denmark’s recognition as a world leader.”38 The next international evaluation took place in the spring of 1997 as part of DG’s evaluation of the 23 centres that were initiated in 1993-94 and which were now seeking five-year extensions of the grants. This time the centre was evaluated together with two other humanities centres by a panel of five international researchers under the chairmanship of Professor Detlev Ellmers. This complimentary evaluation of the centre’s research and leadership, described the centre as being at the forefront of the international development of maritime archaeology as a very significant tool for cultural-historical studies and as a determining factor for the

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

understanding of Denmark’s identity in both prehistoric and historical periods.

The panel considered that the centre had systematised a large body of material in new ways and had established new and innovative agenda for the formulation of questions to be studied. With the considerable weight placed on the construction of a firm empirical base from the finds and on the development of tools for the analysis of this, the panel considered that it would be advantageous to include to an even greater degree than earlier, new theoretical and cultural perspectives in the analyses. As to whether the research group at the centre was one of the foremost in its field, the answer was: “The centre is already the most outstanding centre of its kind in the field. It is not ‘one of the leading groups,’ it is THE leading group. … Given adequate funding grants over the long term, we are certain that the present excellence will become even greater.”39 When we look back from a distance at the first period of the centre, we are tempted to look slightly sceptically at the very laudatory comments in these two evaluations.

They must naturally be considered in the light of the fact that maritime archaeology is a young branch of cultural-historical research, that basic research is only conducted in a few places, and that scholarly discussions of the formation of theories and syntheses are comparatively rare in this field.

The generous grant from DG to the centre was thus in itself ground-breaking for a number of projects that on the whole functioned well together across subject boundaries. The very broad interpretation of the scope of maritime archaeology that has been a hallmark of Roskilde represented a new departure in comparison with other maritime archaeological research environments

Holm: New recording methods, 1995 Holm 1998 Jensen 1994, 1997a and b The National Museum of Denmark, International Evaluation of the Research Activities 1995: 46-49. Copenhagen Hvordan er det gået? 1: 24-26, 2: 16-21. The Danish National Research Foundation 1997.

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and the same applies to the broad interdisciplinary spread of the research group. In addition, we succeeded in building up a very comprehensive list of publications, not least because of the two large international research seminars, both of which were published within a year of the gatherings, as well as the larger publications, particularly the Fyns Atlas and the Hedeby book, that were primarily based on work done before the centre was established.

As mentioned above, it was not until towards the end of the first period that we succeeded in attracting scholars from abroad to Roskilde as regular members of staff. This meant that the international element of the centre was primarily made up of the many guest scholars who had visited Roskilde for longer or shorter periods at our invitation or on their own initiative. The intention to promote both internationalisation and interdisciplinary cooperation was, however, clearly expressed in the proposal for a new five-year programme that had been laid before the evaluation panel and it also indicated the need for the establishment of an International Advisory Council for the centre.

All in all, the first five-year period had provided a solid basis of experience with this form of centre formation and given us many ideas about consolidation and further development of the research and the training of researchers. The work involved in directing this development and at the same time keeping up with personal research had altogether gone well but it had resulted in a very heavy burden of work for me as the director. Therefore the proposal for the second period suggested that the work involved in coordinating the projects within each main group should be assigned to four coordinators, since the new group of Stoneand Bronze-Age projects was to have its own coordinator, while the three previously existing groups should each have a coordinator with the coordinator for the shiparchaeological group as director and chairman for the group of coordinators.

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The 1997 evaluation panel pointed out that a possible weaknesses in the proposal for the second period was the fact that it did not seem likely that there was any prospect of being able to secure long-term financial backing for the centre. The critical question as to the possibilities of finding a future permanent home for the centre’s expertise in an already existing institution could not be answered immediately. At an early date, Peder Olesen Larsen, the director of DG, had been asked whether it might be possible for the centre to continue under the auspices of the DG after the first two periods. The reply had been that DG could not tie up its funds in permanent centres but that renewals beyond the first two periods were not inconceivable.

A new five-year period begins After the positive evaluation of the centre’s first period, we received notification that DG had, on 22nd January 1998, decided to make funds available for a second five-year period so that work could continue according to the new research programme.40 This was then tuned to fit the new grant framework of 10 million kroner per annum. The new research plan was expanded in respect to the first plan, since projects dealing with mankind and the sea in the Stone Age and Bronze Age (Fig. 18) had been incorporated as an independent group in addition to the three original subject groups, and a number of new projects had also been incorporated into these three groups. A considerable part of our efforts were intended to be employed on continuing and publishing a number of significant projects from the first period, since much work needed to be done to prepare the large monographs for publication.

With the new appointments at the centre, it became possible to make a more university-like targeted effort to help the centre’s Ph.D. students, and monthly meetings were arranged (with access for the other Ph.D. students from the National Museum), so that they could present and discuss their research results and lectures of general interest could

Fig. 18. The publication in 1998 of Flemming Kaul's two-volume study of ship images on Bronze-Age bronze artefacts as sources of information about the cosmology of the period, formed a striking beginning to the centre's second period of projects from the Stone Age and Bronze Age.

be held by external scholars. In addition, the centre continued to be host to a large number of foreign researchers on study visits or just passing through Roskilde, and many of these also seized the opportunity to present their own research at these meetings.

The four posts as coordinator and other regular tasks could now be assigned. Søren H. Andersen took over the subject group Mankind and the sea in the Stone Age and Bronze Age as well as the Ph.D. training

programme; Jan Bill took over Seafaring and society in the Iron Age, Viking Age and medieval period, as well as responsibility for the library; I remained as the coordinator of Ships and boats in antiquity, the medieval period and the Renaissance and continued as director of the centre and editor of the Maritime Archaeology Newsletter and the SBN-series; while Fred Hocker coordinated Maritime-archaeological technology and auxiliary disciplines. The leadership of the centre could now take the form of a dialogue in the meetings of the group of coordinators, in which the directors of the Institute of Maritime Archaeology and the Viking Ship Museum also took part, and with support in meetings with the Danish Advisory Council and the consultations with DG’s new director Ole Fejerskov and chairman Henrik Tvarnø, as well as Birgit Løgstrup from the board of the foundation.

It soon became clear that in the second period, the meetings with the newlyestablished International Advisory Council, whose six members were prominent archaeologists and historians from Germany, England, France, Norway and Denmark,41 would be of even greater significance than those with the external Danish Advisory Council. The International Council met with the centre’s researchers for the first time in Roskilde in February 1999 (Fig. 19) and after that once a year, each time for a penetrating discussion of the situation at the centre. The broad basis of international experience that was represented by the panel meant that the statements it made in favour of the development of the centre and its possible continuation after the second five-year period had great scholarly weight. The last of these statements, made in January 2002, is reproduced in this Newsletter.

40. Research Plan for 1998-2003. In Reports and notes for the Evaluation 1997: 85-94. Roskilde, January 1997.

41. The historian Knut Helle from Bergen, the historian of science Horst Nowacki from Berlin, the archaeologists Michael Müller-Wille from Kiel, Patrice Pomey from Aix-en-Provence, and Peter Rowley-Conwy from Durham, as well as Ulla Lund Hansen, Copenhagen.

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Fig. 19. In February 1999, the International Advisory Council was assembled for the first time together with the Danish Council at the centre for a presentation of the research activities.

Here Christian Lemée demonstrates his project on shipbuilding in the Renaissance for some of the council members. Photo: Werner Karrasch.

Mankind and the sea in the Stone Age and Bronze Age Within this subject-group, Søren H. Andersen has worked on the preparation for publication of the great underwater excavations of the Ertebølle-culture habitation sites Tybrind Vig and Ronæs in Lillebælt (Fig. 20).

The preparations have taken the whole of the period and are expected to be completed with the publication of a two-volume monograph by the end of the centre’s period.42 Concurrently, Andersen has been working on the treatment and analysis of the material from Stone-Age coastal settlements around Norsminde Fjord and the interdisciplinary, international analysis of the Norsminde kitchen-midden, planned for publication after 2003.43 In addition, as an element in the current research program on coastal settlements of the Stone Age, he has undertaken excavations at the kitchen-middens of Krabbesholm and Visborg, which offer good 26

possibilities for analysing the transition from the hunter-and-gatherer society of the Palaeolithic to the agricultural-based society of the Neolithic.44 The centre has also supported the compilation of reports on earlier excavations at Agernæs of a presumed Ertebølleculture period boat-building site.

In continuation of Flemming Kaul’s comprehensive work during the first period on the analysis of Bronze-Age ship images on bronze objects, the centre supported in the second period Kaul’s and Gerhard Milstreu’s work on the new registration and analysis of ship-images on rocks in Denmark. The project forms part of a EU-subsidised project Rock Art in Northern Europe, under the direction of the county administration in Gothenburg, Sweden. In contrast to the project Ships on Bronzes, which was published as a twovolume monograph,45 the new project will initially be presented to the public mainly via electronic media.

more commonly employed agrarian or sacral perspectives, and it is anticipated that this will be able to instigate a more wellbalanced view of the occupational structure and social conditions in this period than has hitherto been possible.46

Fig. 20. A good example of the preservation potential of the underwater Stone-Age habitation sites is demonstrated by these 6,000year-old textile fragments knitted of bast yarn in a special knitting technique. After Andersen 2000.

As a new element in this subject-group, Anders Berntsson started a Ph.D. course in 2001 on the theme Mankind and the Sea in the Bronze Age, which is expected to be concluded by the end of 2003, with the submission of a thesis to the University of Aarhus. In this study, the Bronze-Age communities around the western part of the Baltic area will be analysed from a general maritime perspective as a supplement to the

Seafaring and society in the Iron Age, Viking Age and the medieval period This subject-group embraces a large number of topics that can reveal new aspects of familiar themes, such as settlement archaeology, trade, fishing, the formation of towns, and military conditions in the period in question. By studying these subjects from a maritime-oriented perspective it is often possible to achieve a clearer understanding of society in the past. This starting-point has, among other things, made Roskilde a much sought-after partner for archaeologists who want to conduct research on these ‘traditional’ archaeological topics from this perspective. Several externally-financed Ph.D.-students have become affiliated to the centre to receive guidance, and take part in Ph.D. meetings, among other things.

From among the centre’s own projects in the first period, Anne Nørgård Jørgensen’s project on maritime defences had been further developed with the international seminar Maritime Warfare in Northern Europe; Technology, organisation, logistics and administration 500 BC – 1500 AD, which was held at the National Museum in Copenhagen in May 2000 in cooperation with Lars Jørgensen’s SHF-project: War, Defence and Aristocracy (Fig. 21). One-hundred twenty-five scholars from 12 countries attended the seminar and of the 26 lectures held, many in the nature of a synthesis, 23 were published in a volume in the PNM-series in 2002.47

42. Andersen: The Stone-Age coast, 1998 43. Andersen: Proceedings 66, 2002 44. Andersen: The Transition, 2002 45. Kaul: Ships on Bronzes, 1998 46. Berntsson 2001 47. Jørgensen et al., 2002

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Fig. 21. This wall painting from Skamstrup church of a fourteenth-century warship manned with warriors came to serve as the logo for the symposium on maritime warfare in the Iron Age, Viking Age and the medieval period, which was held at the National Museum in May 2000.

George Indruszweski’s project on navigation and settlement in the area around the mouth of the Oder River, which started in 1997, continued in the second period of the centre and concluded preliminarily with its submission as a Ph.D.-thesis to the University of Copenhagen, where it was approved in 2001. This comprehensive thesis has since been adapted for publication in the PNMseries and is expected to be published in 2003. Although employed as project director at the Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum Ost- und Mitteleuropa (GWZO) in Leipzig in 2001-2003, George Indruszewski has kept in contact with the centre regarding DaniaSlavica, a Dano-German cooperation on research into the relations between the Danes and the Wends in the Viking Age and medieval period.

The Dania-Slavica project has mainly focused around Anna-Elisabeth Jensen’s recording of Slav settlement traces from the period 800-1200 in south-eastern Denmark, carried out in cooperation with GWZO and local Danish museums in Storstrøm County.

The result of this work is anticipated to be published in 2003-04.

The maritime topography of medieval towns has been Jan Bill’s main research focus 28

since 1998. Although it is a topic which is of great significance for our understanding of the placing of Danish towns in the landscape and of the internal topography in the individual towns, little attention has been previously paid by Danish archaeologists to the subject. Elsewhere in Northern Europe much attention has been focused on the topic under the term ‘Waterfront Archaeology,’ and over a number of years this has led to such striking finds as those in Hedeby/Schleswig, Bergen and London. As noted above, Jan Bill, as an introduction to this project, arranged the fifth international Waterfront Archaeology Conference at the National Museum in Copenhagen in May 1998. Besides, he has initiated a cooperative Dano-Swedish fieldwork in Lomma in Skåne to examine the harbour conditions in this medieval town.

As an element in Jan Bill’s research project, the data from maps drawn for the Royal Danish Academy in the 1760s and other old maps of medieval Denmark have been transferred to a GIS-platform, which has been linked to the network Historical Maps Information Service (Fig. 22).

As a natural continuation of the focus on the history of fishing that was initiated in the first period of the centre by Inge Bødker Enghoff, the archaeologist Jochen Meyer began a Ph.D. project from ChristianAlbrechts-Universität in Kiel, with financial support from the centre, with a view to examining traces of medieval fishing in the coastal zone around the western Baltic. Extensive reconnaissance had already been done at a number of localities in southern Zealand, on Falster and on Bornholm48 when Jochen Meyer’s course of study was tempor-

arily interrupted in 2001 by his appointment as director of the Freshwater Museum in Ry. Fishing in the medieval period also played an important role in the Ph.D. project Coastal landscape, fishing and transport 10501700, which was begun by the medieval archaeologist Mette Busch in September 2002 as a combined initiative of the centre, the National Museum and the research school MARINERS at the Centre for Regional and Maritime History at the University of Southern Denmark. The research focuses on two areas: the coasts around the Sound and the south-west Jutland coastal mud-flats. This investigation will attempt to build a bridge between the archaeological and historical sources with respect to these two maritime cultural landscapes. This project will extend

Fig. 22. Urbanisation and settlement concentration in medieval Denmark. The map illustrates the relationship between settlement density, measured by the frequency of parish churches, and the gradual urbanisation of the country. The pre-1200 towns (dark blue dots) are preferably placed in the most densely populated areas while the towns established in 1200-1350 (light blue dots) and in 1400-1550 (yellow dots) tend to be situated more in areas with large, lessdensely populated parishes. IDW-analysis in MapInfo, based on data from the surveys

by Videnskabernes Selskab, SkĂĽnska Rekognosceringskartan, Generalstabskartan and AndrĂŠn 1985: Den urbana scenen.

48. Meyer 2000, 2001, Newsletter 14 & 17

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beyond the lifetime of the centre but it serves, among other things, to show that there is much relevant archaeological material to be found along the Danish coastal areas.

One type of ancient monument with which we are familiar but which is practically unknown in Denmark is the structures that served to protect larger vessels when they were drawn up on land. Experience from the Viking Ship Museum’s experiments with the use of reconstructions of eleventhcentury ships has shown that these need to be kept under cover when they are not at sea. On the coast of Norway, the walls of the large timber-built boathouses were protected from the wind by external walls of turf or stone but only one clear example of such long-lasting supporting walls has been identified and examined in Denmark (Fig. 23). A new investigation of this locality on the Limfjord is an element in Oliver Grimm’s Ph.D. thesis with the title: Boathouses in Northern Europe 300 -1500. The thesis will be submitted to the Philips-Universität Marburg and Jan Bill from the centre serves as joint supervisor.

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Among other external Ph.D. students who have sought guidance at the centre within this sector is Laurent Mazet-Harhoff, whose studies on The Vikings in Normandy 8401020 at the Universities of Rouen and Århus were interrupted in 2001 when he was appointed director of the archaeological park Normannia in Normandy. Two research students at the University of Gothenburg, Andreas Olsson and Henrik Jonasson, who are working on studies of coastal settlement in western Sweden and the Göta Elv as a thoroughfare have also sought guidance in Roskilde. In the case of Andreas Olsson, however, his studies have also been interrupted due to a professionally relevant period of employment that will probably not allow him enough time for the completion of the concrete program of study and the compilation of his thesis.

Fig. 23. A view over the ‘boathouses’ at Harre Vig with the traces of the two structures in the foreground, August 2000. Photo: J. Simonsen.

There is in fact a marked difference between the proportion of internal Ph.D. students at the centre who have completed their course and that of the external students who seek guidance here. Within the tenyear period of the centre, ten fully-financed internal students have completed their courses and been awarded the degree, two are still in progress within the prescribed time, while only one course has been broken off with an unsure future. External Ph.D. students who have come to Roskilde without a basic grant from the centre and with less reliable financial support from elsewhere have more frequently stopped their studies.

Ship and boat The Danish finds of cogs have provided definitive new evidence about the first phases in the development of this medieval ship-type, and so far the only finds that can be dated to before 1200 have all been found in Denmark and seem to have been built in the south Jutland area.49 One of these ships, the Kolding cog, was subject to an archaeologi-

cal investigation by divers as early as in 1943, and this wreck was re-located and excavated in 2001 by an international team from the centre under the leadership of Fred Hocker.50 The wreck has subsequently been documented in 3D with a view to analysis and publication (Fig. 24), and its parts have been transferred to the Museum at Koldinghus for conservation and future exhibition.

In 2002, the history of this find formed an exhibition at the Museum at Koldinghus.

In the period 1998-2003 the main stress in this area has been placed on making a number of important ship-finds, older finds as well as newly-excavated ones, ready for publication in a broader context in the series Ships and Boats of the North (SBN). It is the aim with these monographs to present the vessels as valuable primary sources for the study of many aspects of society in earlier times and at the same time as the startingpoint for concrete historical case studies around the individual vessel.

In May 2002, the first part of the Skuldelev publication appeared as Volume 4.1 in

Fig. 24. The Kolding cog as found, shown in a perspective reconstruction on the basis of the digital documentation of the individual timbers. Graphics by Fred Hocker.

49. Crumlin-Pedersen: To be or not to be, 2000 50. Hocker & Dokkedal 2000

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Fig. 25. With the large monographs on the Skuldelev ships (2002) and the Hjortspring boat (2003), two of Denmark's great ship excavations from the beginning and middle of the twentieth century have been analysed in detail following the most current research and presented for an international audience . the SBN-series, with contributions by Erling Bondesen, Poul Jensen, Olaf Olsen, Anette Hjelm Petersen, and Kristiane StrĂŚtkvern, and with the major portion of the text written by myself51 (Fig. 25). This volume contained the complete story of the find of the five ships, their topographical context, excavation, conservation, restoration and the historical background in the eleventh century for each individual ship, as well as for the phases of the barrier they formed. The original appearance and function of the ships will be discussed and tenatively reconstructed in drawings and as models in Volume 4.2, based on the surviving parts of the ships and on other archaeological evidence. Volume 4.3 of the series will consist of a description of the construction of the copies of the ships and their sea trials, to be published after the reconstruction of the largest of the five ships, the longship Skuldelev 2, has been launched in 2004 and fully tested in sailing trials.

The next in the series of larger monographs in the SBN-series is the fifth volume, 32

Hjortspring, a Pre-Roman Iron-Age warship in context, published in August 2003 with a total of 12 authors from the National Museum, the Viking Ship Museum, and the building group52 (see Fig. 25). This volume treats the oldest known plank-built vessel from Scandinavia yet found, from its excavation in 1921-22, to its problematic conservation and the restoration of the boat in the 1930s and 1980s. An important element of this publication is the description of the experience of building the full-scale reconstruction, Tilia Alsie, by the Guild of the Hjortspring Boat on Als, and sea trial with a group of elite paddlers as crew among others. There is also a description of the weapons which formed part of the findcomplex in a wider context and an account of the relationship of the boat to rock carvings from the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age and to other early boat-finds from Scandinavia and the British Isles. The book is accompanied by a CD-Rom of photos and video clips of Tilia Alsie’s sea trials.

Well on their way in the production process are two further volumes in the SBNseries, The building of large ships in the 16th and 17th century, based on Christian Lemée’s Ph.D. thesis,53 and Large cargo-ships in Danish waters, 1000-1250, based on Anton Englert’s thesis.54 Both these volumes are expected to be published in 2003-04, followed

by Jan Bill’s thesis on Small-scale seafaring in Denmark in the medieval period, discussing the role of the ships in contemporary society, as well as the volume Danish finds of the medieval ship-type the cog, edited by Fred Hocker. Many resources have been expended on these four books for the preparation of illustrations as well as revision and editing of the texts, but they have not been able to be completed within the centre’s life and it will be necessary to apply for external support for their publication.

The great Nydam find has continued to be supported by the centre in the form of aid to document the numerous individual finds, partly with the use of the centre’s PhotoDraw method,55 and to identify comprehensively the species of wood in the finds, carried out in cooperation with Archäologisches Landesmuseum, Schleswig. Flemming Rieck has been granted two-year’s research leave from the National Museum to prepare for publication the many new finds from the bog find so that a two-volume monograph on the results of this large excavation can appear in 2005-06.

Finally it should be mentioned that an attempt will be made to find external funds for the publication of yet another three volumes in the SBN-series, one volume by Morten Gøthche et al. on the Roskilde ships, the nine shipwrecks from the eleventh-fourteenth centuries found during the construction in 1996-97 of the Viking Ship Museum’s dock, one on the Fribrødre-shipyard site on Falster by Jan Skamby Madsen, and one on the early-medieval Utrecht boat by Aleydis Van de Moortel. Hopefully, this large body of primary source material can be published at the rate of a couple of volumes a year. The

potential for this series, whose two first volumes have already been reprinted, extend beyond the topics mentioned here and the series will probably also in future be able to produce primary publications of important new finds in their broader contexts.

Technology and auxiliary sciences In the second period of the centre’s existence, David Gregory’s work on in situ-preservation of various archaeological find-materials has continued with the development of methods of measuring the effects of the exposure of wood to the marine environment.

This research also focuses on the finds from Nydam bog and on long-term preservation conditions for as yet unexcavated or re-buried find-materials56 (Fig. 26). Brian Jordan from the University of Minnesota has completed an external Ph.D. project on this topic in 2003, with work focusing on the wood from the Kolding cog excavation. In addition David Gregory, in cooperation with Ph.D.student Stephanie Arnott from the University of Southampton, has worked on the development of using acoustic reconnaissance methods to describe the condition of archaeological structures and finds on the seabed.57 Under the supervision of Fred Hocker, a number of practical results have been achieved from work conducted on the development and employment of advanced methods of archaeological documentation. For example, methods of documentation of the shape and surface contours of ships and ships’ timbers have been developed with the FaroArm which makes it possible direct three-dimensional electronic documentation in the computer.58 This equipment has

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

Crumlin-Pedersen & Olsen (eds) 2002 Crumlin-Pedersen & Trakadas (eds) 2003 Lemée: Klamper, 2002 Englert: Large Cargo Vessels, 2001 See Newsletter 17: 21 See Newsletter 17: 18 See Newsletter 17: 19 Hocker: New Tools, 2000

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A

B

C

D

thus been employed in the measurement of the reconstruction of the Hjortspring boat, Tilia Alsie59 (Fig. 27), and for the measurement and subsequent fitting together digitally all the recorded parts of the Kolding cog.60 In the period 2000-2002, a cooperative project was carried out with the commercial firm Maridan A/S involving trials with an AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) developed by the firm. The AUV is a small autonomous submarine that can be equipped with various forms of electronic equipment for surveying the seabed in a predetermined search-pattern61 (Fig. 28). A major grant towards the experiments was made by the Danish Commerce and Industry Authority and good results were achieved, as described in 2001.62 The cooperation had to be broken off, however, in 2002, when Maridan A/S went bankrupt, causing a financial loss for the centre.

Preparations for the future In 1999, the Danish National Research Foundation made the decision to not continue to support under any circumstances, the centres they had established once the second five-year period of funding had expired, no matter the results achieved or positive evaluations and irrespective of whether or not there were any possibilities for the continuation of the activities under other auspices.

As a consequence of this, the directors of the centre, the Institute of Maritime Archaeology and the Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde

59. Crumlin-Pedersen & Trakadas (eds) 2003: 84-89 60. See Newsletter 17: 21 61. Gregory: Underwater reconnaissance, 2000 62. Gregory & Hocker: Marine Archaeological Reconnaissance, Report to Erhversfremmestyrelsen, 2001

Fig. 26. The destruction of materials such as textiles in seawater depends to a high degree on the deposition conditions. Here are shown a control specimen of linen (A) together with the remains of similar specimens of material stored under water. Specimen B has lain freely in the water for 32 weeks, specimen C has lain buried just beneath the seabed for 52 weeks, and specimen D has been buried 50 cm down in the sandy bottom for 52 weeks. After Gregory 1999.

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Fig. 27. Documentation of the copy of the Hjortspring boat, Tilia Alsie, with the FaroArm equipment (above) and the resulting threedimensional reconstruction with incorporated surface character (below).

After Crumlin-Pedersen & Trakadas (eds) 2003.

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compiled a proposal for a ‘Maritime-Archaeological Centre in Roskilde’ as a framework for future maritime-archaeological activities including research, antiquarian duties, presentation of results to the public and education.63 By keeping Roskilde as the central location of activities, it would be possible to retain the clear focus on broad-spectred maritime-archaeological research and presentation according to the ‘Roskilde model,’ which from previous activities had become an internationally respected trade-mark.

When the contract of cooperation between the National Museum and the Viking Ship Museum had to be renewed for technical reasons, the National Museum appointed a ‘Roskilde committee’ in August 1999.

The committee originally took its startingpoint in this plan for continuing maritimearchaeological activity in Roskilde with the two museums sharing responsibility but the

Fig. 28. AUV Martin has carried out archaeological reconnaissance for the Centre for Maritime Archaeology, such as in Kolding Fjord. Photo: Fred Hocker. focus was soon shifted to a proposal to move the National Museum’s personnel from Roskilde to vacant premises in the Museum’s buildings in Brede north of Copenhagen. This would save some expenditure on rent and it would be possible to try to establish a new centre for wetland archaeology in Brede in compensation for the Centre for Maritime Archaeology.64 At the same time the National Museum announced to the Danish National Research Foundation that it was prepared to incorporate the Centre for Maritime Archaeology into the museum by absorbing three or four researchers of the staff of the centre. Some of these persons, however, were already employ-

63. Marinarkæologisk Center i Roskilde – en skitse til en vision og et arbejdsgrundlag. Roskilde, 16th June 1999 64. Proposal from the Roskilde committee to the board of the Viking Ship Museum and the board of directors of the National Museum about maritime archaeology in Roskilde. The National Museum, September 2000.

65. Statements from meetings of the council in March 2000, May 2001 and January 2003

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ed by the National Museum, and they were to be transferred to work in various sections of the Museum, which would make it very difficult to maintain a coherent maritimearchaeological research core. This attitude expressed by the centre’s host-institution made it very difficult for its partner in cooperation, the Viking Ship Museum, to apply for financial support from elsewhere for the realisation of the plans for a ‘Maritime-Archaeological Centre Roskilde’ as an alternative or supplement to the plans for relocating to Brede.

The proposal by the director of the National Museum was therefore met with considerable concern in Roskilde because such a ‘divorce’ from the Viking Ship Museum would make it impossible for Roskilde to retain its position as an international centre in a symbiotic collaboration between museums. Resistance to the proposed development was massive not only among the members of the International Advisory Council65 and the board of directors of the Viking Ship

Museum but also among the citizens of Roskilde, who spontaneously organised a petition in support of a continuing engagement by the National Museum in Roskilde.

At the same time, the Viking Ship Museum was having difficulty sustaining its normal budget, paradoxically due to the extension of the museum built in 1997 with the harbour (Fig. 29) as the centre for many of the activities with particular appeal to the public, including activities such as boatbuilding, sailing trips, education and arrangements of various kinds. These activities had turned the museum into a main attraction in Roskilde but it was not possible to take entrance fees from all the visitors, since the area according to the plan for the district was scheduled to be open to the public. This resulted in a severe drop in the number of visitors who entered the original exhibition hall and paid an entrance fee. This new turn of events had a serious effect on the economy of the Viking Ship Museum, since 50% of this is based mainly on entrance fees.

Fig. 29. An aerial photograph of the Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde with the Museum Island and harbour. This will be the future centre for research in and presentation of the Danish maritime cultural resources from prehisotry and the medieval period after the closure of the Centre for Maritime Archaeology in summer 2003. Photo: Werner Karrasch.

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In 2001, the directorship at the National Museum changed and soon afterwards the mutual understanding between the two institutions was restored. The Viking Ship Museum passed an amendment to its regulations with a view to emphasizing more clearly that the museum was Denmark’s museum for the study of Nordic maritime culture, in particular ship- and boat-building culture in the prehistoric and medieval periods. The board, on which the National Museum is represented, stood by its vision of allowing maritime archaeological research to continue in Roskilde as a necessary element in the ‘foodchain’ which was to supply scholars and topics for the serious work of presentation that was the main aim of the Viking Ship Museum.

As it proved possible to provide some space in the new office building of the Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde for the maritime archaeologists from the National Museum, an effort was made to try to find a common solution that would enable maritime archaeology to remain in Roskilde after 2003.

In the course of this difficult period from 1999 to 2002, there was also a change in the directorship of the centre. In March 1999, I was granted ten months leave as director in order to complete my work on the large Skuldelev monograph and Jan Bill was appointed acting director for the interim. In taking this leave, it was also one of my motives to prepare a new generation to take over, a change which would at any rate have to occur when the DG grant expired in 2003. For personal reasons, however, I found it necessary to resign from the post of director in December 1999, but I continued as coordinator of the ship-archaeological projects and editor of the SBN-series and the Maritime Archaeology Newsletter. In this situation, the Danish National Research Foundation, after consultation with the National Museum, appointed Søren H. Andersen as director of the centre from February 2000 for the remainder of the period. In August 2001, Søren H. Andersen was also appointed to the post of Head of 38

Research at the National Museum and hence became a member of the board of the museum as well.

In the discussions about the activities at the centre and not least about the future of maritime archaeology, the meetings with the International Advisory Council had great significance, for the members of the council with their great experience as scholars and teachers could give us well-qualified advice free from special local bias. The council was seriously concerned about the difficulties that had arisen for the efforts to ensure a continuation of the maritime archaeological research in Roskilde, and it attempted with its clear statements to influence the situation in a positive direction.

A problem which also occupied the International Advisory Council was the need for a stronger link with the university world than there had been. In the first period of the centre’s existence, Christer Westerdahl, who was lecturer in maritime archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the University of Copenhagen, had participated in the planning of the centre as a member of the Danish Council. His post, however, was abolished in 2000, leaving no one in a Danish university to focus their teaching on maritime aspects of archaeology. Some individual lectures were, however, held at the Institute in Copenhagen by members of staff of the centre, while at the Department for Medieval Archaeology at the University of Aarhus, interest was also shown in having firmer teaching links with the topic. At the suggestion of Prof. Else Roesdahl, therefore, I was appointed external professor at the department for the period 1998-2002 and held a series of lectures there on current topics within the broad maritime archaeological field. A proper teaching plan for this field was subsequently compiled by Jan Bill, when he was employed as external lecturer in the same department in Aarhus in 2001, but on a temporary basis.

None of these initiatives, however, resulted in a formalised, firm anchoring of the

Centre of Maritime Archaeology at a university. The many Ph.D. students at the centre reflected the wide contact between research at Roskilde and the university world but this was with the Universities in Copenhagen, Aarhus and Kiel as well as Denmark’s Technical University, the School of Architecture at the Academy of the Fine Arts and the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University of Denmark. The range of topics was so wide that no individual university in Denmark could offer a home to them all. The Viking Ship Museum also had active contacts with other various universities at home and abroad so with a combined effort from Roskilde then, there was a good basis for seeking a more formalised university link. In spite of contacts with the leadership of several universities there was no success in our efforts to form a framework for a link, partly because the plans of the National Museum at that time were to leave Roskilde.

In the course of autumn 2002, the activities of the centre were once again evaluated by an international panel, this time on the basis of a self-evaluation report composed by the staff of the centre and arranged according to guidelines supplied by the Danish National Research Foundation, as well as a limited selection of the publications from the centre. The four scholars who undertook this peer-evaluation could, on the basis of the material submitted, conclude that after its ten-year period of existence, the centre would leave behind it a general improvement in the international field of maritime archaeology, significant future contributions to the field by the scholars who have worked at the centre, as well as its legacy of excellent and useful publications. In conclusion, the panel stated that it is certain that the Centre for Maritime Archaeology had most certainly improved Denmark’s international position by promoting exceptional research on an international level, as desired by the Danish National Research Foundation.

At the final meeting of the International Advisory Council in January 2003, this eva-

luation was discussed by the Council and at the following joint meeting with the Danish Council. The reactions to the discussion were, as revealed by Professor Horst Nowacki’s summary published in this Newsletter, wide support for the conclusions of the evaluation committee but at the same time an underlining of the national obligation to find a solution so that the research work could continue in Roskilde. The work of the centre so far had been pioneering in its expansion of the maritime archaeological sphere to embrace the wider circle of themes associated with maritime cultural history, illuminated by a broad spectrum of subjects that are necessary for illustrating fully the life of mankind in the past, in which archaeology is part.

The possibilities that the National Museum had for entering into commitments were, however, greatly hampered by reductions in the annual grants for the day-to-day expenditures of the museum, and for 2002, the announced reductions meant that about 70 posts would have to be cut in order to meet financial demands, thereby leaving a narrow margin for restructuring. This had resulted, among other adjustments, in integrating the Institute of Maritime Archaeology of the museum into the newly-established Research and Presentation Department with a reduced staff and without an independent leadership.

At the Centre for Maritime Archaeology, the dismantling of activities began in the early summer of 2003 with Jan Bill’s appointment to a newly-established post as head of research at the Viking Ship Museum and Fred Hocker’s transference to a post as head of research at the Vasa Museum in Stockholm, both from 1st June 2003. After having been granted an honorary degree by the University of Copenhagen in November 2001, I retired from the National Museum at the age of 67 in February 2002, but continued working as coordinator of the shiparchaeological projects at the centre and editor of the SBN-series and the Maritime Archaeology Newsletter until the end of the 39

period. David Gregory will be taking up a post as senior researcher in the National Museum’s Conservation Department from October 2003, and on the basis of a special research grant, Søren H. Andersen and Flemming Rieck could be guaranteed research leave under the auspices of the National Museum to prepare for publication of their fieldwork on Stone-Age habitation sites and the sacrificial bog at Nydam respectively. Anton Englert had already been appointed to a post at the Viking Ship Museum from March 2002 and from September 2003 he will be joined by Vibeke Bischoff. In addition, the Viking Ship Museum has guaranteed temporary employment for Christian Lemée and George Indruszewski until they have completed the work that remains to be done before the publication of their theses.

The publication of the large SBN-series monograph on the Hjortspring find in August 2003 will be presented at a reception at the exhibition ‘The Triumph of Victory’ at the National Museum among the boats from Hjortspring and Nydam, and will mark in a suitable way the closing of the centre. The work on both these vessels has been among the high points in the activities of the Centre for Maritime Archaeology in the period 1998-2003. Important fellow players have been colleagues from several sections of the National Museum, from the Viking Ship Museum, from other museums and specialist circles, who are represented in the panel of authors of the Hjortspring book, while the two collaborative museums supported the publication of the book with the Viking Ship Museum as publisher. This example points forward to a promising future for the research for which the Centre for Maritime Archaeology has been at the forefront for ten

66.

67.

68.

69.

years and which the two museums will try to support to the best of their ability within the changed financial framework.

Bringing the harvest home – and sowing again With the closing of the centre on 31st August 2003, the economic possibilities for a continuation of the work on research and publications will naturally be radically changed.

In the future, support will have to be applied for from several different channels for the activities we wish to promote. This is, however, a familiar situation in Roskilde, where the Viking Ship Museum throughout the years has received large grants for a considerable number of projects, most recently 10 million kroner for the building of the reconstruction of the Skuldelev longship.

A pressing need is to ensure the continuation of the great publication programme for the series Ships and Boats of the North, of which four volumes have appeared in the centre’s lifetime,66 and where the publication of another two volumes is imminent,67 while three volumes will be ready for publication in 2004-05.68 Six other volumes are expected to appear later.69 In order to ensure the continuity of this series, I have agreed to continue to function as editor for the present, with an office in the Viking Ship Museum, but funds for the graphical work and for printing will have to be sought from elsewhere.

This issue of the Newsletter concludes the series in its present form (Fig. 30) but the Viking Ship Museum will attempt to continue to present some form of news coverage but in a different format and with a different editor beginning in 2004. There is bound to be more than enough to report on from Roskilde, for the Viking Ship Museum has

Hedeby 1997 (reprinted 2003), Ladby 2001, Skuldelev I 2002, Hjortspring 2003 The B & W ships and the large cargo ships 1000-1250 Small-scale seafaring in the medieval period, Danish cog-finds and Skuldelev II Skuldelev III, Nydam (two volumes), the Roskilde ships, the Fribrødre find, the Utrecht ship

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Fig 30. The Maritime Archaeology Newsletter has, in the period 19932003, presented more that 700 pages of information in Danish and English editions about the activities in Roskilde of the centre, the National Museum and the Viking Ship Museum.

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already engaged itself in several large meetings and research seminars that will follow in the footsteps of the earlier joint arrangements.

In May 2003, for example, the Viking Ship Museum organised an international seminar focused around the account given to King Alfred the Great of England by a powerful merchant from northern Norway called Ohthere of his travels at the end of the ninth century. The contributions to the seminar will form part of a much revised and expanded edition of the book about Ohthere’s and Wulfstan’s travels which was published by the Viking Ship Museum in 1984,70 and the museum has already begun to organise funds for a continuation of this initiative with a seminar in 2004-05 focusing on Wulfstan’s journey in the same period along the Slav coast from Hedeby in Schleswig to Truso in the former eastern Prussia. These conferences provide material for a widereaching interdisciplinary survey of new research into sources of social conditions in the Viking Age and the scholars taking part in them from Europe and the USA have expressed considerable satisfaction at the way these meetings are arranged.

As a clear demonstration of the fact that Roskilde intends to continue to make a highprofiled contribution to the field of maritime archaeology, the Viking Ship Museum, the Centre for Maritime Archaeology and University of Southampton have agreed to host jointly the Tenth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology (ISBSA 10), in Roskilde in September 2003 – after the expiration of the centre’s period of existence (Fig. 31). Roskilde was also the host for ISBSA 6 in 1991,71 and this will be the first time that this international congress will be held twice at the same location. Great interest has been shown in the meeting and

Fig. 31. The Tenth International Symposium on Ship and Boat Archaeology (ISBSA), to be held in Roskilde in September 2003, is a demonstration of the desire to keep Roskilde as an important international centre for maritime archaeological research and for the presentation of the maritime heritage to the public. it has been necessary to close the registration after more than 200 participants from 28 different countries have enrolled.

Among the as yet unsolved problems, it remains to find a suitable formula for a firmer link to the university world as a guarantee that postgraduate education in the field of maritime archaeology can continue. The chairman of the Danish Research Council for the Humanities, Poul Holm, has expressed his frustration over this by saying that “it

70. Lund (red.): Ottar og Wulfstan, Roskilde 1984, English ed. 1985: Two voyagers at the Court of King Alfred, York.

71. Westerdahl, C. (ed.) 1994 72. The periodical Humaniora 2, 2003: 38-39, Copenhagen

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is not good to have such a large research project that is without cooperative partners in universities. The universities must on the other hand accustom themselves to the fact that it is simply a part of their contact with society to embrace new subjects and new researchers. … The fate of maritime archaeology is an example of national spearhead research that comes to grief because the great institutions refuse to accept their responsibility.”72 Among other remaining problems to be solved is to decide on the final division of roles between the National Museum and the Viking Ship Museum, with

respect to the antiquarian duties on the seabed, preservation work on the National Museum’s ships, documentation of ship-finds, scheduled future exhibition of other finds of vessels from antiquity, etc. – all tasks that must be taken care of in spite of the decreasing amounts of public money available.

What is to be done about this depends to a high degree on the results of the negotiations going on at the moment between the two museums. What we hope will be the outcome of these negotiations is presented in this Newsletter by Tinna Damgård-Sørensen and Jan Bill (see p. 48).

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The International Advisory Council’s observations, conclusions and recommendations presented at the Project Review Meeting on January 27, 2003, at the Centre for Maritime Archaeology (CMA) in Roskilde summarised by Horst Nowacki, professor, Dr.-ing., Dr.h.c., Technische Universität, Berlin, 29 January, 2003

The International Advisory Council and some of the members of the Danish Council in front of the Skuldlev 1 reconstruction at the Viking Ship Museum in 2001: 1. Knut Helle 2. Flemming Rieck 3. Michael Müller-Wille 4. Jan Bill 5. Birgitte Possing 44

6. Fred Hocker 7. Horst Nowacki 8. Ulla Lund Hansen 9. Steen Hvass 10. Crister Westerdal

11. Tinna Damgård-Sørensen 12. Søren H. Andersen 13. Patrice Pomey 14. Ole Crumlin-Pedersen

These notes give an overview of the remarks made and the thoughts expressed by me at the Project Review meeting in presenting, on behalf of the International Advisory Council (IAC), a summary of the observations, conclusions and recommendations regarding the results achieved by the Centre for Maritime Archaeology in Roskilde during its ten-year project. These comments were intended to summarise the opinions developed jointly during the discussions of the project on the 26th of January under IAC Chairperson Ulla Lund Hansen, who regrettably had to be absent on the 27th. The comments were later supplemented during the discussions at the meeting.

Those present included: The International Council (IAC): Knut Helle (U Bergen), Patrice Pomey (U Provence), Peter Rowley-Conwy (U Durham), Horst Nowacki (TU Berlin).

The Danish Council (DAC): Carsten U. Larsen (NatMus), Per Kristian Madsen (NatMus), Flemming Rieck (NatMus), Poul Holm (U Southern Denmark), Jørgen J. Jensen (TU of Denmark), Tinna Damgård-Sørensen (Viking Ship Museum) Centre for Maritime Archaeology (CMA): Søren H. Andersen, Jan Bill, Ole Crumlin-Pedersen, Fred Hocker, Else Snitker

IAC Summary Preface The IAC welcomes the opportunity for giving its opinions at this crucial time when the project is about to expire and the definitive plans for the future of maritime archaeology in Denmark beyond the activities of the centre are to be made and firmed up.

The IAC refers to its recommendations given after its previous meeting in May 2001, whose essential substance still holds and is hereby re-endorsed.

New evaluation The IAC has had a chance to study and discuss the Self-Evaluation Report prepared by the CMA in June 2002. It has also just received and looked at the four External Peer Evaluation Reports recently submitted to the Danish Research Foundation. A site visit by the IAC on the premises of the CMA and the Viking Ship Museum also took place on Sunday, 26 January. All of this was the basis for the following statements.

Self-Evaluation Report This report gives a concise overview of the chief results of the research project at CMA

in its ten- year time span. It is written in very terse language so that it is difficult for those who are not insiders to appreciate the full value and scope of the results of this comprehensive effort. Nevertheless the IAC was able to assess the achievements from the general viewpoint of a significant scientific development and to recognize the remarkable and unique contributions of the project.

The IAC shares the views expressed in the Self-Evaluation Report and endorses its conclusions.

Peer reviews The four peer reviews are valuable as a comprehensive assessment and thematic report on the overall results and impacts of the ten year project. The reviewers are unanimous in expressing their recognition, respect and praise for the project results. Together they form a good yardstick for measuring the success of the specific contributions made by the project. They again unanimously attest to the international recognition and high reputation that the CMA and its research activities in maritime archaeology have 45

attained in the last ten years. This recognition is also evident from many side remarks and references to the international prestige of the project team in Roskilde. The reports are thoughtful, constructive and are written with a feeling of concern about the future of the research team representing the human resources and knowledge carriers of the project results. There may be some misunderstandings on the part of some reviewers regarding the scenario in Denmark and the past and future constraints of the project activities. These statements should not remain without some response by the CMA team.

However in summary the IAC endorses the principal conclusions from these reports and appreciates their value. Yet the IAC will make a few supplementary remarks in the following.

Supplementary comments The IAC feels that the peer reviews because of the assigned evaluation tasks are perhaps a bit too strictly disciplinary and too focused on the project time span of the last ten years alone. Thus the following observations may be useful from a broader viewpoint: The disciplinary scope of the project went well beyond the traditional, more specialized understanding of “maritime archaeology”. The results are not merely a new chapter on a subtopic of archaeology. In fact, during the project the activities in Roskilde have created a new identity for a wider spectrum of topics, which may here be briefly dubbed as “Roskilde Maritime Archaeology”. This is a new trade mark recognized by the international science community. It encompasses within the theme of “maritime cultural history” a spectrum of scientific disciplines including not only history and archaeology, but also segments of the social sciences and natural and engineering sciences. There are achievements in the project in all these areas. Not the least valuable result is the new awareness that these topics belong together under the theme of a “maritime culture.”

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The yardstick applied in the reviews, as was requested from the reviewers, of only ten years is too short to assess the long-range impact of the project activities. The magnitude of the events surrounding the findings and evaluations of the Skuldelev and Roskilde ships is comparable to those of the Gokstad and Oseberg ships in Norway about a century ago. These historical objects are still in the public consciousness today and in the cultural awareness of a whole era of human history and of a lasting Scandinavian heritage. The Roskilde findings and activities likewise promise to create lasting effects on public cultural perceptions and to retain a high degree of public visibility, not only in Denmark, but internationally, because of their cultural substance. These conclusions could not have resulted from the peer review focusing on the archaeological research achievements primarily.

Unique achievements The IAC recognizes a unique scope and substance in the results of the Roskilde Maritime Archaeology Project. The project at the CMA has created a new special brand of historical reconstruction of life and knowledge in a maritime society. In Denmark, which is ideally placed for this topic geographically and historically, the “maritime society” forms a deeply integrated ensemble of ocean borne and shore based facets of society life. The project has been able to do justice to the complex network of questions resulting from this.

A new trademark was established at CMA for these interwoven themes and the required methods and tools were created for such research.

A new identity or profile were created for “Maritime Archaeology” in Roskilde.

This will have lasting effects well beyond the project itself.

Recommendations The IAC summarizes its recommendations for plans/actions to be taken in the near future:

- Maintain continuity and cohesion in Danish Maritime Archaeology, Roskilde brand, by deliberate steps towards new infrastructure or a cooperative network with distributed roles. Do not drop important activities or endanger important assets.

- Encourage actions and decisions, mainly by the National Museum and Viking Ship Museum, confirming their willingness to share responsibilities in a new scenario. The IAC gratefully acknowledges the decisions and steps already taken in this direction.

These initial acts have be reconfirmed and supplemented. The plans and responsibilities have to be made more specific in the near future.

- Keep Roskilde in the centre of activities for maritime archaeology so that forces can converge here. Rely on the Viking Ship Museum both as a platform and as a catalyst. The thematic mandate of this museum and its research activities should be extended beyond the mere Viking Age and ought to include topics in other and later maritime cultures, not only in Denmark. The Viking Ship Museum must be enabled to perform such research.

- Seek a firm anchor point at Danish university level. Provide a university climate in which the subject can be handled in a good balance of teaching and research so that the climate for providing scientific human re-

sources for the future of this field can be maintained. A single responsible lead university should be identified who would commit themselves to this task. But the system should remain an open system promoting cooperation with other Danish and international partner universities in this field.

Curriculum development and critical mass staffing are major milestones on this road.

- Seek continuing Ph.D.-level scholarship funding for a critical mass of young scientists from the appropriate sources.

- Secure the material assets of the CMA (archaeological equipment, boat-making capabilities, library resources), and hence in the property of the National Museum, providing continuity of availability and cohesion of access.

- Harvest the crop of ten years of intensive research and major research investment by securing funds and assets for publication drives and for initiating new proposals.

- Maintain and reinforce future ties in this field with the international scientific community in this field.

These recommendations were discussed and generally well received by the representatives of the National Museum, the Viking Ship Museum and the universities who were present.

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Maritime Archaeology in Roskilde – a glimpse into the future

by Tinna Damgård-Sørensen & Jan Bill, the Viking Ship Museum

The National Museum’s Centre for Maritime Archaeology has given maritime-archaeological research a priceless boost – both nationally and internationally. At the same time, the centre has contributed to a local development which has driven home the fact that Roskilde is the fulcrum around which Danish maritime archaeology rotates. When the centre was established, the existing cooperation between the National Museum and the Viking Ship Museum was extended and an inspirational collaboration arose between the three institutions: the National Museum’s Institute of Maritime Archaeology, the National Museum’s Centre for Maritime Archaeology and the Viking Ship Museum. Because of this, it was possible for the three institutions to concentrate their efforts within their own focal areas: antiquarian duties, research, and presentation/education. In the lifetime

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of the centre, the Viking Ship Museum has extended its premises greatly and this has created a much better framework both for the public and for the museum’s own activities and collections. At the same time, the museum has continued to promote development within experimental archaeology and several projects involving the building of reconstructions have been carried out at the museum’s boat-building yard (Fig. 1).

The cessation of the grant to the Centre for Maritime Archaeology and the economics that have been forced upon the permanent activities of the National Museum have resulted in a considerable reduction of the maritime-archaeological environment in Roskilde. This does not mean, however, that the environment will cease to exist. Thanks to a positive collaboration between the National Museum and the Viking Ship Mus-

eum, the possibility has been opened for uniting the efforts employed on antiquarian work, research and presentation within one institution. In this way the Viking Ship Museum will become the new platform for the continued development of maritime archaeology in Roskilde.

A number of the staff of the centre have been offered employment at the Viking Ship Museum and talks are currently ongoing about transferring the maritime-archaeological activities of the National Museum here as well. After the transference, it will be the task of the Viking Ship Museum to fulfil the National Museum’s legal and contractual obligations with respect to the cultural resources on the seabed. For the performance of these duties, personnel, equipment and money will also be transferred. Seen in an aggregate perspective, the changes at Ros-

Fig. 1. A ‘fish-eye’ view of the longship Skuldelev 2, during its construction in the summer of 2003. In the background is the Viking Ship Museum hall, where the five wrecks from the Skuldelev find are displayed. Photo: Werner Karrasch.

kilde will indeed mean a reduction of the workforce and the funds available but also a streamlining of leadership and an increased synergic effect between the fields of work that were formerly covered by three different institutions. It is our intention here to sketch briefly the perspectives and visions for maritime archaeology in Roskilde as we see them today.

Reaping the fruits The financing of the Centre for Maritime Archaeology for ten years by the Danish National Research Foundation was a tremendous and absolutely exceptional stake to place on a field that had otherwise been peripheral in respect to cultural-historical research. In the course of the lifetime of the centre, a vast amount of knowledge has been produced and the Viking Ship Museum sees it as its task partly to develop further some of this work, and partly to reap the fruits of the large-scale contribution to knowledge. This will be done by employing ‘good brains’ – two of the students who qualified as Ph.D.s from the centre have been appointed to posts at the museum as a

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stage in the generational change that is beginning, and by the incorporation of new methods that have been developed at the centre in the daily work of the museum. An example of this is digital 3D-documentation of ships’ timbers, a method that was developed in connection with the centre’s excavation of the Kolding cog in 2000, and which is now employed as a standard method at the maritime-archaeological documentation workshop on the Museum Island in Roskilde (Fig. 2). Attention must also be paid to the publication of the many manuscripts which were completed within the framework of the centre but which did not reach publication before the grant expired. Finally, and not least, the new knowledge gained from the centre’s research results will be incorporated into the permanent and temporary exhibitions at the Viking Ship Museum.

Antiquarian duties As already mentioned, talks are currently taking place with the National Museum about a transfer of the responsibility of the maritime-archaeological work in Denmark to the Viking Ship Museum. Such a transfer will involve the running of the nationwide ‘Maritime Archive,’ which contains documentation of finds and investigations in territorial waters, and the maintenance of a maritime-archaeological emergency force that provides advice to the Cultural Heritage Administration and other institutions and carries out preliminary investigations and emergency excavations alone or in cooperation with local museums with maritimearchaeological responsibilities. The transferral will also include the specialised library, which is the national archive for maritimearchaeological literature.

Since the responsibility of the National Museum for this field is statutory, the Viking Ship Museum will carry out the various tasks on behalf of the National Museum. Even though the responsibility itself is not transferred, it will nevertheless represent a clear strengthening of the museum’s position to be 50

directly engaged in antiquarian work. Not least because the basis for new research results is often created through emergency excavations.

Research Ships and seafaring were in prehistoric times and the medieval period not merely phenomena whose significance was limited to a narrow coastal strip in a landscape like that which is formed by present-day Denmark. In the very earliest times, the coasts and freshwater regions formed valuable areas that were rich in resources, where the basis for food stuffs and the possibilities for communFig. 2. The timbers recovered from the Roskilde ships are currently being documented three-dimensionally on the Museum Island.

Photo: Werner Karrasch.

ication were much better than they were on land. In the prehistoric period, the coastal resources still played a considerable role as supplier of nutrition, just as it was by waterroutes that many of the impulses from the Continent made their way to the North. In the Late Iron Age, it was probably the seaways and seafaring itself that determined Denmark to be one kingdom, and in the Viking Age and the medieval period, most of the communications with the rest of the world took place by sea. Ships and seafaring cannot therefore be studied in isolation from the rest of society and it is the ambition of the Viking Ship Museum to apply a broad research perspective to the past. The museum would like to develop into being THE museum that can offer a collected narrative about the history of Denmark seen from a maritime perspective. The road towards achieving this goal is a long one, however, and the research resources are not yet sufficient to reveal thoroughly all aspects of this theme equally.

From the research perspective, a beginning will be made by placing the main stress on the Viking Age and the medieval period.

Reconstruction, analysis and experimental trials of vessels and shipbuilding techniques will continue to play a prominent role. The broad perspective which research into the Viking Age has already had for many years, for example in the form of investigations into Viking-Age settlements in Shetland, will also be employed for the medieval period. Here research will be focused on maritime urban settlements, on fishing and other coastalbased means of nutrition and on the links between transport by land and by sea. The museum will also contribute to research into the earlier periods against the background of the investigations into which the forthcoming antiquarian work might result.

Maritime archaeology in Roskilde and the world around it The Viking Ship Museum hopes that it will be able to keep up the good relationships

that have been established between the Roskilde environment and the world around it, both at home and abroad. A step in this direction has been made by arranging the Tenth International Symposium on Ship and Boat Archaeology (ISBSA 10), which is being arranged in collaboration with the Institute of Maritime Archaeology and the Centre for Maritime Archaeology and is being held in Roskilde from 22-26 September, 2003. In addition we should like to increase cooperation with the universities. This year the museum has held a one-week and very successful seminar with theoretical and practical instruction for masters-level students of an international course in maritime archaeology from the University of Southampton.

This is the kind of activity we should like to continue. With respect to the Danish universities, our cooperation at the moment is limited to an external lectureship at the Department for Medieval Archaeology at the University of Aarhus and a visiting Ph.D. at the museum in cooperation with the National Museum and the University of Southern Denmark.

Rounding off Maritime Archaeology in Roskilde is by no means dead, or even dying. Quite the contrary. What we are designing at is a consolidation, in which we have succeeded in holding on to much – but unfortunately not all – of the competence within the environment and gathering it together under singular leadership. The maritime-archaeological environment in Roskilde will still be marked by the qualities that have characterised it through the years both nationally and internationally: interdisciplinary cooperation, technical innovation, close synergy between craftsmanship and academic knowledge, high professional quality, close links between research and presentation, and a broad perspective on maritime archaeology and the relationship between seafaring and the development of society in the prehistoric and medieval periods.

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Some personal reflections on the Centre for Maritime Archaeology

by Björn Varenius, Statens Sjöhistoriska Museer, Stockholm

Some background In February 1997, I was asked by the Danish National Research Foundation to participate in an international panel of researchers. Our job was to evaluate three research centres sponsored by the Foundation: the Søren Kirkegaard Research Centre, the Copenhagen Polis Centre and the Centre for Maritime Archaeology. We were six scholars altogether, two specialists for each centre, but all of us should look into the three centres. It was a most rewarding task, because it gave a more generalised view of the humanities than if we had been focusing on a single centre. In early June of the same year, five of us went to Denmark to visit the centres and to meet with their respective staff. I was struck by the fact that, although the centres quite naturally were very different in terms of size, organisation and the structure of their everyday work, they also had some basic features in common. One may mention the charismatic leadership of the centre leaders, the magnitude of the tasks, the enthusiasm and self-confidence of Ph Dstudents and the professionalism of the staffs.

The evaluation panel did not hesitate to recommend a prolonged financing for all three centres, and eventually, it was decided by the Research Foundation to do so. However, it was my impression that while the Polis Centre (to some degree) and the SK Centre (more definite) had a quite defined and absolute agenda, with something of a working schedule to be fulfilled, things were different for the Centre for Maritime Archaeology (CMA). Since that may take some space to explain, I will return to that point later on.

Admittedly, I was surprised when I was contacted once again by the Danish Na52

The 2002 evaluation report was based on statements from four foriegn scholars who were provided with the centre’s own report and some of its major publications. tional Research Foundation in June 2002.

The mission was more or less the same as before, to participate in an evaluation panel and make a statement. But this time, it was a final evaluation, spanning the whole 10-year period with a focus on the last five years.

Perhaps I may be totally wrong, but I could not help wondering if I had been chosen as a member of this second evaluation panel as the “memory” of CMA, in that I represented the continuation from the former panel of 1997. But on the other hand, it is not a par-

ticularly important question, and regardless of what the answer might be, I would have accepted the job. Beside the honour, it also was a welcome opportunity to take a brake from my normal duties.

Why was the Centre of Maritime Archaeology a success?

I was thinking about explaining what CMA is, but I decided to skip that question. It is not as easy to answer it as it may seem, and to give a lengthy description of all the undertakings by the CMA would certainly be a long story. Besides, I am not sure it would be the best way to explain what the centre is like.

But perhaps an analysis of why the CMA has worked out so well would be easier to come to terms with. An answer can tentatively be divided in an intra-institutional part and an extra-institutional part. Let us start with the latter aspect. I think investing money in the CMA was, to a certain extent, a matter of taking advantage of a momentum. In the early 1990s, Danish maritime archaeology was already a dynamic, although not very big, branch of the research society. One must not believe that it was a new invention or something that has been set up by the Research Foundation. I think it is fair to say that maritime archaeology in Denmark has been successful in building a pool of resources and competence in the field for 40 years. Most of it has been concentrated to Roskilde. It has evolved during a long period of time, changed organisational structure and dealt with a large number of questions over the years. By 1992/ 1993, Danish maritime archaeology was well organised and had a particularly suitable agenda for further development.

Perhaps you can infer something of what was expected by the first 23 centres sponsored by the Research Foundation by the title of the research programme prepared for the first evaluation round in 1997: “How to Be Better Than Good.� Outstanding research was what the Research Foundation wanted to finance and it also incorporated a clear

The outcome of the evaluation of the first 23 centres funded by the Danish National Research Foundation was published under a title that signalled the aim of the foundation -- to promote outstanding research. vision of the status Danish research should have in the international community, and nothing mediocre was accepted. Denmark was scanned for top research potential, obviously with an intention to elevate the country in the scientific and humanistic research society. So the fact that maritime archaeology was accepted as one of the chosen areas was, in my opinion, just as much a calculated judgement of its quality and potential to contribute to the overall goal as an interest in ancient seafaring. And I think that is a positive thing, being measured not with another project of the same kind, but with the whole spectre of contemporary research.

As far as intra-institutional aspects are concerned, we can look more directly at what the Centre wanted to do and how it did it. It is clear that from the beginning, something more that the sum of the individual actions was expected. There were three original research areas, and four from 1998 onwards: Society and seafaring in prehistory 53

(later divided into the Stone/Bronze and Iron Age), Ships and boats before ca 1600 and Techniques and auxiliary sciences in maritime archaeology.

As I pointed out in my evaluation report to the Research Foundation in October 2002, the width of activities within the Centre, and a very large portion of its success, must be attributed to Ole CrumlinPedersen. He withdrew as the Centre leader in 1999, and Søren H Andersen took over as director in 2000, but it is Crumlin-Pedersen’s research agenda we see mirrored in the CMA. Since the 1960s, he has not only established himself as a leading authority in ancient Nordic shipbuilding, he also demonstrated the value of a societal interpretations of prehistory and he has constantly been encouraging methodological and technical renewal and development. Not very surprising, these are also the main research tenants in the CMA. As a centre leader, he was also the driving force in all these research themes in the first five-year period.

From 1998 onwards, the scientific responsibility for the research themes was decentralised to four co-ordinators, instead of being supervised by a single director. This was a wise decision, both from a human point of view (the enormous workload), and from a strict rational perspective. It has meant that Søren H. Andersen, Jan Bill, Ole Crumlin-Pedersen and Fred Hocker shared an overall responsibility for the quality of the research, but they also answered for their specific theme. Together with the fact that, during the second period, a lot has been harvested which was sewn in the first period.

This has resulted in an even higher pace in research and publication activities.

The centre in an international comparison In the instructions for the final evaluation, the Research Foundation among other things asked for “an assessment of the centre’s contribution to cutting-edge international research within the field.” Of course, this is a crucial issue, since the whole idea with 54

these 23 chosen centres was to put Denmark on the international map of top-class research. Hopefully, I will be excused if I quote myself in this part, since I have already expressed my thoughts about it in public, and see no good reasons to change my words: “Already at the time of its creation in 1993, it was clear that the CMA represented an extraordinary concentration of financial and scholarly resources. Nowhere else in Europe was there anything like it at the time; and even today, nine years after it was created, few parallels in the world can be found. By the five-year evaluation in 1997, the CMA had established itself as the leading centre for maritime archaeology in the world, and since then the CMA has developed its agenda even further. Needless to say, a lot of very important and competent work is also being done at other institutions, like Texas A&M University in the United States, the Western Australian Maritime Museum and the Netherlands Institute of Nautical Archaeology, and one must of course realise that these and other institutions host experts that are superior in certain fields. However, I believe that the CMA holds its leading position not only thanks to the high degree of individual competence among the personnel, but also to the high quality of research integration.

Quite unique, I believe, is the multitude of professional aspects that are applied to ships’ timbers, such as documentation techniques, deterioration processes and preservation techniques, reburial, dating and wood analysis connected with structural functioning within a ship’s construction, craftsmanship in felling and fashioning timber, symbolism, museum display, etc. This is even more apparent in view of the fact that all these efforts are directed towards the explicit goal of writing a comprehensive and largely unknown history of ancient maritime society. Another aspect well in line with the frontier of research is the exploration of the maritime perspective, a search for ways to understand the interaction among land-

scape, settlements, shore-bound activities and seafaring.� (extracted from the evaluation report delivered to the Danish National Research Foundation in October 2002) Of course, this judgement does not mean that there are not things that could have been done otherwise in other places and which would have been of equal value.

For example, I think a Swedish centre (although such a thing seems very remote) would probably have been partly differently organised, with a stronger emphasis on theoretical and interpretative moments. However, I cannot see that that in any way diminishes the quality of the CMA. There are traditions in most research milieus, and in the CMA, these traditions constitute a great part of the success. There would have been no CMA without the strong traditions that have evolved within the Viking ships museum and the Institute for Maritime Archaeology over the years.

The future Already in 1997, it was pointed out that it was in 2003 the real test for the Danish academic society would come. Planning for the

future after the second five-year period was mentioned as a crucial question by the first evaluation in 1997. Those of us who are interested in the field have been able to follow the discussion over the last few years, where suggestions of quite mixed quality have been put forward of how to take care of the heritage of the CMA. Hopefully, these considerations have come to a happy or at least a good end by now, which allows the tradition to live on and develop in new directions, although perhaps not with the same resources as before.

During 1993-2003, Danish maritime archaeology has built a unique net-work of scholars, museum staff, naval architects, historians, archaeologists, art historians and other specialists from all over the world, and the outcome of the investment has just begun.

Thanks to the CMA, Danish archaeological society has gained so much goodwill and enjoys such a reputation that it will benefit from it for a long time. And in the future, nobody with the ambition to write a comprehensible and credible history of the North can omit the maritime past of Denmark, Scandinavia, and Northern Europe.

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Maritime archaeology or maritime cultural research?

by Fred Hocker, Ph.D., coordinator 1999-2003

We call what we do in Roskilde maritime archaeology, but this term is in fact too small and limiting. It is a convenient handle by which to grasp a wide range of activities, but not an accurate description. To be sure, we dig in the earth (or sea bottom) for material remains of the past, and archaeology in the traditional sense has provided a starting point for many of our research projects, but the material remains have led us down many other paths to explore different research strategies and different research questions. I would argue that what distinguishes Roskilde from other institutions engaged in maritime or nautical archaeology is a conscious emphasis on the integration of the maritime realm with culture as a whole and the integration of a range of archaeological methodologies with research techniques often far removed from traditional methods of analysis of material culture. Partly this is a result of the wide range of skills offered by researchers at the centre, the Institute of Maritime Archaeology and the Viking Ship Museum. In addition to formal education in academic archaeology, researchers here come with formal backgrounds in history, ethnography, cultural anthropology, chemistry, marine engineering, philosophy, and a host of other disciplines.

We are multi-disciplinary people, so it is no surprise that our research flows in so many streams. Roskilde also makes researchers out of non-academics in an important way. The wide range of craftsmen employed at the Viking Ship Museum are not simply boatbuilders completing a commission for a customer, but researchers in their own right, with a level of expertise rarely found in experimental archaeology. Through long prac56

tice on multiple projects, they have developed skills and insight that cannot be gained in a single project, and the observations they make are every bit as valid as those made by academics. Formal researchers here also have practical backgrounds that help us make the most of the work done by the craftsmen-researchers. Several of us have served apprenticeships in boatyards (Vibeke Bischoff, boatbuilder, modelmaker and draftsman, calls us �the failed boatbuilders�), and others have worked in other craft fields long enough to gain an appreciation of the practical aspects of the maritime past. I firmly believe that it is impossible to write cogently about the history of seafaring if you have no idea of how to sail a boat, or to write on the history of shipbuilding if you do not know which end of the hammer to hold.

This practical emphasis is re-enforced by the active maritime environment in Roskilde. The reconstructions of ancient ships built in the boatyard of the Viking Ship Museum are regularly sailed on shorter and longer voyages, providing a readily accessible place to keep in contact with the reality of the sea. Many of the researchers at the centre are members of the boat guilds at the museum, helping to maintain the boats and sail them.

The breadth in research disciplines is complemented by breadth in research interest. Maritime archaeology has traditionally been ship archaeology, the investigation of individual ship finds with analysis of their technical features claiming a dominant place in the research program. In Roskilde, we have tried to approach the maritime past as broadly as possible. Only about half of our projects have been directly concerned

Fred Hocker measuring the flexibility of the reconstruction of the Hjortspring boat, Tilia Alsie, in 2001. Photo: Werner Karrasch. with ship finds. Others have looked at the maritime cultural landscape, from market towns to prehistoric coastal settlements to conditions of navigation on the Baltic coast.

Maritime endeavour does not exist in a vacuum, but is an integrated part of culture as a whole. Seafaring does not affect the coastal zone alone, but has far-reaching effects inland. Trade networks in medieval central Europe developed in concert with East-West trade between the Baltic and North Seas, grain grown on inland farms might be headed for a foreign market by ship. In return, seafaring is directly affected by non-maritime developments, and so the history of navigation or shipbuilding or maritime commercial networks cannot be understood without reference to broader cultural developments. Shipbuilding is at the mercy of timber resources, which are themselves affected by many other trades. The structure of trade itself is ultimately based on demographic change.

Thus in order to understand the maritime past, we must relate it to culture as a whole.

Integration on a small scale has been attempted in many ways, but integration on a grand scale has been resisted, as much by maritime archaeologists afraid of losing a distinct identity as by ”terrestrial” scholars unconvinced of the relevance of maritime material. In Roskilde, the question always asked of any scholar with a new revelation about shipbuilding or trade is ”so what?”

What is the relevance of that new item to the bigger picture? Does it make a difference whether the planks in a ship were radially or tangentially split? Above all, why? By looking beyond the ships themselves at the people and culture who produced them, we want to explore not just the maritime past, but its relationship to the non-maritime past, and to show that there is no border between them.

The key to whether all this multi-disciplinary research actually works is integration. If the relationship between different pro57

jects is not clear, then researchers are not inclined to cooperate, share data and reach synergistic conclusions. It is all very fine to have talented craftsmen available to provide unique insights into boatbuilding, but it is of no practical value if you do not listen to them. New whiz-bang technology looks good on a TV sound bite, but if it is not developed in cooperation with the eventual users and with their needs in mind, it is no better than expensive toys. Although we often gripe among ourselves that the level of exchange and cooperation is not as great as it should be, in fact it is much higher than someone coming from outside of Roskilde would expect, and it does pay off. I can provide an example that I hope will demonstrate the benefits of the integrated environment in Roskilde.

In 2001, the centre excavated the remains of a medieval ship in Kolding Fjord.

This was part of a larger project to look at the remains of cogs (a prominent ship type of High Middle Ages) and put them into a broader technical, economic and social context. Several new technologies developed at the centre were used in surveying and documenting the ship, and it was intended to rebury the remains after documentation as a test of research into the relationship between environment and the deterioration of organic materials. Conventional natural science analysis was used on the recovered material, to date and provenience the timber, to identify food remains on board, and to determine the time of year when the ship sank.

While the timbers were being documented, we invited the boatbuilders from the Viking Ship Museum to look them over and offer any opinions they might have. We knew by then that the ship had been built in 1189 in south-western Denmark, and eventually were able to determine that the trees had been felled near Haderslev, near the modern German border. The boatbuilders were impressed by the size of the timber, as well as its relatively low quality and the roughness of the surface finish. Henus Jensen, 58

from the Faroe Islands, commented that ”this ship was built by foreigners,” which got a good laugh from those present. It could have been easily dismissed as a joke, effectively ”it’s not good enough to be a Viking ship,” but what Henus was really saying, on the basis of over two decades of experience of building traditional Nordic boats and reconstructions of Viking ships, was that the wood usage and the tool techniques were distinctly different from what he knew from the Nordic tradition. Because analysis of the timber showed that it came from Denmark, it had been proposed that this vessel, as well as two other twelfh-century cog finds, were evidence that Danish shipwrights had been influential in development of the cog from a coastal type to a seagoing ship.

But the more I thought about Henus’s comments and as I looked at the timbers myself, the more I wondered. I talked to the boatbuilders over the succeeding months, and they confirmed that while some of the techniques seen in the Kolding timbers were ”Nordic,” others were not. As the dendrochronological analysis became more precise and the origin of the timbers better defined, I started looking at the region, which had long been the border zone between Denmark and Germany. I talked to Jan Bill, who was engaged in a large-scale project looking at the development of market towns in Denmark and the surrounding region. His project meshed particularly well with the cog project and provided a useful way of testing hypotheses suggested by the ship remains. It became increasingly apparent that the region where the ship was built was one of the most prominent economically in the period before the emergence of the Hanse, and the centre of economic gravity for the region was Slesvig/Schleswig, the trading centre that had succeeded Hedeby/ Haithabu on the Sli/Schlei. This area was neither clearly Danish or German in cultural terms, but was frequented by all sorts of merchants and travellers. It made perfect sense that an active and growing commer-

cial town (the waterfront was expanded and redeveloped at the same time that the Kolding ship was built) would support shipbuilders constructing large, heavy vessels, and the Haderslev forest provided a nearby source of timber. Recent finds in the area also suggest that Slesvig boatbuilders were constructing flat-bottomed lighters for a more sophisticated, vertically integrated network of maritime trade. The picture is much more complex than simple ethnic affiliation.

A seemingly offhand comment by a craftsman in another environment might have been dismissed, but I have learned to pay

attention to such things. It might still have been no more than a footnote, had there not been other projects addressing other aspects of the region’s maritime past, providing further connections to research in other countries. The integration that characterizes the Roskilde research milieu at its best, from project design through data analysis, makes it an unusually exciting and productive place to work. My horizons have certainly been broadened, and I now approach new projects with a very different set of basic assumptions than I did when I arrived in Roskilde in 1999.

The Master Boatbuilder Søren Nielsen, an active researcher in Viking-Age wood technology, discussing various features of the Skuldelev 2 longship with member’s of the centre’s staff--while museum visitors listen in.

Photo: Werner Karrasch.

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The optimal result: A personal view of six years of research into in situ preservation at the Centre for Maritime Archaeology

by David Gregory, Ph.D., post-doctoral researcher at the centre

“David, I expect the optimal result!” I flushed red as Ole Crumlin-Pedersen banged his hands on his desk and fixed me with that tight lipped and steely gaze over the top of his half moon glasses, that those of us who haven’t provided the optimal result know so well.

In December 1996, four weeks into my position at the centre as a post-doctoral guest researcher, I had gone to Ole asking for 10,000 kroner to start a programme to monitor the conditions of the burial environment in Nydam Mose. Having come from the British university system where the funding 60

for equipment and general research for my doctoral research had been the equivalent of 60,000 kroner over three years, this was, to me, a lot of money. I was not yet used to the Danish Research Foundation’s concept of a research centre. The recipe for our centre’s success has been significant funding over what has been 10 years, allowing researchers to focus on the task in hand rather than continually applying for grants and funding.

Managed semi-autonomously from a mother institution and filled with a healthy mix of Danish and international researchers, students, technical and administrative staff, to provide the optimal result all that needed to be added was, in our case, water. Needless to say, I got the money! On the 28th of October, 1996, and fresh from my doctoral graduation, I started at the centre. The summer of 1996 had seen the beginning of research into in situ preservation of archaeological sites at the National Museum with Poul Jensen and Birgit Sørensen from the Conservation Department, who were beginning to investigate the feasibility of preserving the site of Nydam Mose, an Iron-Age weapons-offering site, in situ. This need came about due to the cost of excavation and the cost of conservation of the 15,000 metal and wooden artefacts that had been excavated from the site in the 1990s. The problem of a lack of resources is not exclusive to Nydam Mose, or Denmark. It is the everincreasing discovery of archaeological sites on land and underwater that has led to an international need to develop in situ preservation. New and alternative methods of sta-

bilising and preserving the archaeological resource are needed until such times when resources, or more effective methods of excavation, conservation and curation are available.

In the seven years since 1996, the National Museum has developed an “In situ Group.” This consists of a small group of researchers: myself at the centre, and Henning Matthiesen, Poul Jensen, Birgit Sørensen, Anne Christine Helms and Tanja Alstrøm from the Conservation Department.

The primary aim of the group is to understand the deterioration processes of wooden and metal artefacts in archaeological environments. Through this understanding, successful strategies for preserving archaeological sites both on land and underwater in situ can be developed. The aim of this article is not to summarise the various projects, which have been carried out over the last six years, for this the reader is referred to previous issues of the Newsletter, in particular Nos. 10, 12, 13, and 17. Instead, this is a personal account of how the centre and National Museum have provided the dynamic environment in which it has been possible to achieve goals which I had never thought possible almost seven years ago.

One of the subjects of David Gregory’s research at the Centre for Maritime Archaeology in Roskilde: teredo navalis, or shipworm.

Towards the end of my doctoral studies my supervisor asked me, “Have you thought about what are you going to do when you are finished?” Including my Master’s thesis, I had spent the best part of six years studying the chemical and biological formation processes affecting marine archaeological sites.

At that time, in situ preservation and cultural resource management in general were gathering momentum and I had seen the potential for applying the results of my research to this field. I knew then, as I still do, what I wanted to do. But where? At the time there was limited scope in Britain. The best places for this type of research were undoubtedly Australia, Canada, and by no means last, Denmark. From the nineteenth century, Denmark has shown great vision towards the protection of its cultural heritage. In terms of marine archaeology, the Danish National Museum were amongst the pioneers in terms of re-burial and in situ stabilisation of marine finds: the Kollerup and Vejby cogs, Stindesminde wreck, Kyholm wreck and Lille Kregme cog, amongst others.

As an undergraduate student in archaeology, I had relied heavily on the numerous seminal texts researchers at the National Museum and Mosegård had published in connection with marine and prehistoric archaeology for my studies.

Finally, I got to see things first-hand when I visited Denmark and the Viking Ship Museum for the first time in 1989. I followed with great interest the subsequent evolution of the centre in 1993. In 1995, I was in the process of applying for an EU grant for 12 months of funding under the ‘training and mobility of young researchers’ programme. I contacted Poul Jensen, a conservation scientist at the National Museum who at the time was conducting research for his Ph.D. at the centre, enquiring about the possibility of the centre being interested to host post-doctoral research into the study of deterioration of archaeological artefacts.

It was with great elation that I received an invitation, at the expense of the centre, to present my research. I remember being warmly greeted by Else Snitker, the head of administration, and mother hen to the “Foreign Legion” at the centre. Then I met Ole Crumlin-Pedersen, recognising him from the film in the Viking Ship Museum.

My introduction to the Centre for Maritime 61

Archaeology, Institute for Maritime Archaeology and Viking Ship Museum was an eye opener. Until then I had been unaware of the explicit nature of the three institutions in Roskilde. Prior to that day it had just been the notion that maritime archaeology per se was carried out in Roskilde. My meeting with Poul Jensen and Ole and the enthusiasm which they and the other staff showed during my first visit to the centre and the National Museum’s conservation department instilled in me that my goal was to be part of the team - by hook or by crook.

After my presentation and during dinner with Poul and Ole, I broached the subject of the EU funding and the consequences if it didn’t come through. Would it still be possible to work at the centre? Ole simply looked at me and gave the slightest of nods.

Returning home it was a relief that my girlfriend could see my excitement and listened enthusiastically as I regaled her with the account of my trip. Unfortunately, the EU grant was unsuccessful but Ole was as good as his word. Needless to say we sold the house and my girlfriend (now wife) gave up her job and we moved to Denmark, albeit on the basis of a one-year contract.

Having started at the centre, primarily to address the question of Nydam Mose, I was keen to pursue research issues which had arisen from my doctoral research. Having formulated two research proposals, investigating the stabilization of metal artefacts and the re-burial of timbers underwater, Ole, Poul Jensen and Birgit Sørensen reviewed my proposals. I did not hold out much hope that I would be able to start these projects - I only had one year after all! It was with trepidation that I went into Ole’s office shortly afterwards.

“These seem very interesting ideas, but do you not think your schedule will be a little tight?” Admittedly it was. “How would you like to stay for an extra year?” Thus one year lead to two and with the prolongation of the centre’s funding for a further five years in 1998, my contract was extended until September 2003; the closing date of the centre.

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Apart from providing the optimal result, Ole’s remit for my research was simple; to create a network of research collaboration at a national and international level and publish as many of the results as possible. Certainly developing contacts was made easier with the finances available to attend and present papers at international conferences and other institutions and travel to meet other researchers. Personally, it was also an opportunity to develop links with researchers and institutions, which to me as a young postdoctoral researcher were Gods in their fields. The fact that I had the reputation of the National Museum and the centre behind me undoubtedly helped me get a foot in the door in certain cases.

However, the effectiveness of these collaborations has been in no small part due to the happiness at home in Roskilde. During his leadership, Ole ran the centre very much like a father trying to control his adoptive children on pocket-money day in a sweetshop. Strictly, with care, concern, and compassion yet allowing enough freedom to make one’s own decisions. This could not have been easy for him bearing in mind the children were young researchers from places such as England, France, Germany, Romania, America and of course Denmark.

The benefits of working in such an environment have been incalculable. Learning to work with the foibles and idiosyncrasies of people with different cultural backgrounds has been very rewarding. The different personalities, opinions and approaches to conducting research and tackling problems, which come with them. There have been some very interesting discussions over the years and, as with any group of people passionate about their research, arguments; most of them healthy. Yet through this, projects have been carried out extremely effectively, thanks due in part, to this mixture of people. Hopefully Danes at the centre and National Museum have found working with the Foreign Legion as beneficial as, if I may say, we have found working with them.

Because of the nature of research into in situ preservation, my extended family has in a big way included the conservation department in Brede. Without the support (and patience!) of the staff, and the use of facilities in the metals and organic materials sections and the laboratory, almost none of the work completed over the past seven years would have been possible. However, it is not only in practical terms that the conservation department has played such an important role. It has been extremely important to be able to be with maritime archaeologists in Roskilde and hear and discuss the needs of the “end user.” Likewise it has been essential to be physically with conservators and conservation scientists to brainstorm and simply have sparring partners to discuss new ideas, develop methods and interpret results.

Over the seven years, close links and collaborative projects into in situ preservation have been made with institutions in Denmark (Danish Technical University; Danish Technical Institute; Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (KVL)), Sweden (Swedish University of Agricultural Science; Bohusläns Museum; Swedish School of Conservation), Great Britain (University of Southampton; St. Andrews University; The Mary Rose Trust; Portsmouth University; English Heritage), Canada (Parks Canada), USA (University of Minnesota), Australia (Western Australian Maritime Museum; Queensland’s Museum), Finland (Maritime Museum of Finland; EWTEK School of Conservation), the Netherlands (The Netherlands Institute for Ship Archaeology), and Germany (The Archaeological State Museum of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern).

The success of re-search into in situ preservation, as with all other projects at the centre, has not only been due to the preferable financial situation. Success in this case has also been through the dedication, hard work, passion and vision of the coordinators and staff at the centre and the National Museum’s conservation department.

I hope to be able continue research in this field in Denmark following the closure of

the centre in September, being instead based at the Conservation Department in Brede.

Yet close collaboration with the marine archaeologists responsible for protection of the submerged cultural resource is essential.

In a way I feel as if I have been the child of a marriage between the centre in Roskilde and the National Museum in Brede. I think that there are many people in Roskilde who have a similar relation with the National Museum in general. With the ongoing negotiations between the National Museum and the Viking Ship Museum, I hope that the outcome means the special relationship between Roskilde and the National Museum is kept intact. Divorce wouldn’t be to anyone’s advantage; think of the future children.

Whatever the future brings I will be eternally grateful for Ole’s surreptitious nod. It made it possible to work with some wonderful people and make headway into providing the optimal result for the successful in situ preservation of archaeological sites.

David Gregory

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From university to centre

by Søren H. Andersen, M.A., coordinator 1998-2003, Director of the Centre 2000-2003

When I first came to the Centre for Maritime Archaeology towards the end of its first period of funding in 1997, it was with great expectations and an open mind. From my then place of work at the University of Aarhus, I had naturally taken a keen interest in the establishment of the centre but I knew nothing about the details of its structure and the scholarly work that had been set in motion there. At the university in Aarhus, I had for many years been deeply interested in – and occupied with – the relations between mankind and the sea in the Stone Age; not just in theory but to a high degree also in practice. I had been responsible for a large number of excavations and interdisciplinary analyses within this field, including the pioneer project involving the most extensive excavation of a submerged Stone-Age settlement site at Tybrind Vig on the west coast of Fyn. It was here that Stone-Age research in Denmark first grappled in earnest with a completely new field of activity. It was also here that the necessary technology for the underwater excavation of Stone-Age habitation sites was developed and a vast amount of useful know-how accumulated. At the same time, we recognised here for the first time the great scientific potential of such sites – particularly because of the excellent conditions for preservation that they provide for organic materials.

For these obvious reasons, the research carried out at the centre was of great interest to me but I felt that the chronological limits employed there were too narrow, since they excluded the Stone Age and the Bronze Age. As far as the Stone Age was concerned, it was very obvious that the sea had been of exceptionally great significance for the exis64

tence of human beings for long periods. It is even possible to talk of a ‘maritime culture’ in the Stone Age, although such a concept was of less certain relevance for the Bronze Age. The question had, however, never been thoroughly investigated. For some aspects, for example with respect to religion, it was clear that the sea had played a very essential role. For most other aspects of society in the Bronze Age, however, the influence of the sea was more uncertain and for that very reason offered a greater scholarly challenge.

From time to time, therefore, I had both in letters and at meetings drawn the attention of Ole Crumlin-Pedersen to the fact that the chronological limits imposed by the centre only embraced the end of the prehistoric period and the medieval period, ignoring the early parts of the prehistoric period. My point of view was that the Early Stone Age in particular deserved, more than any other period, to be accorded a place in the applied research of the Centre for Maritime Archaeology. It was therefore a very pleasant surprise for me when I was contacted by Ole in the summer of 1997 with an invitation to come to Roskilde to join the team of researchers – in the first instance for a period of one year.

In addition to the scholarly motives already mentioned for moving to Roskilde, I also felt a strong personal need to confront new challenges. After spending 30 years as a university lecturer, I realised that if I was ever to try anything new and not put down roots in the university world, this was the right time to do it. I had never previously been linked to a research centre but in this situation I saw partly a great personal challenge, partly a unique opportunity for realising

Members of the staff of the Centre for Maritime Archaeology and the Institute of Maritime Archaeology (NMU) at the beginning of the second period in 1998. Photo: Werner Karrasch.

1. Thorkild Thomasen (NMU) 2. John Hansen (NMU) 3. Lone G. Thomsen 4. Flamming Rieck (MNU) 5. Otto Uldum 6. Jan Bill 7. Annette Rørdam (NMU) 8. Kenn Jensen

9. David Gregory 10. Morten Gøtche (NMU) 11. Anne Marie Nielsen 12. Leif Hjetting 13. Søren H. Andersen 14. Ewa Britt Nielsen 15. Ole Crumlin-Pedersen 16. Else Snitker

some of my own research aims. It did not therefore take long for me to make up my mind and at the beginning of August 1997, I took up my place behind a desk in a new environment that was very different from the one that I was accustomed.

17. Jørgen Holm 18. Claus Malmros 19. Anne C. Sørensen 20. Aleydis Van de Moortel 21. Vibeke Bischoff 22. Anton Englert 23. Nadia Haupt

What was it that characterised the Centre for Maritime Archaeology as compared with my earlier position at the university? It soon became clear that: - the scholarly work at the centre was subordinated to a strategic research plan, 65

- it was possible to concentrate on one’s research in peace and quiet for a longer period in order to improve one’s qualifications as a researcher, - the environment and the available equipment there offered the opportunity for multidisciplinary research and development, preservation and presentation, - there was a requirement for research and advanced teaching at the very highest level and subject to international evaluation.

My first impressions of the centre were exclusively positive. The centre proved itself to be a small but very homogeneous research environment with a group of ambitious, resourceful, very dynamic and purposeful scholars, who were working together towards a common, scholarly goal, on which it was the aim to illuminate from many different angles. Several Ph.D. students had already completed their projects, others were well on their way, and yet others were just beginning. Maritime archaeology was a central theme in the first period of the centre’s existence but other broader cultural-historical aspects and the development of new techniques for calculation and reconstruction were important elements in the daily research. Last but not least was the fact that the centre had much greater resources at its disposition than I had been used to from other research institutions. This factor alone made daily life much simpler and much time was saved by not having to compile applications for support from various foundations and authorities. This was the kind of environment I had always dreamed about but which I had not hitherto had the privilege of being an active participant.

As an outsider and one who was considerably older than the other members of staff, with the exception of Ole, and with my long previous experience of the university world, it was inevitable that I should begin with different qualifications and attitudes to those of the other members of staff with respect to which of the strategic aims of the centre were to be given highest priority.

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From the very beginning, I considered it to be an important task for me to give the centre an even wider chronological and cultural-historical scope in which all relations between mankind and the sea in the widest sense were the primary research aim of the centre. I considered that it would be an advantage from a scholarly point of view if our aims were to became more all-embracing, for example by the promotion of research into the coastal landscape and that we should at the same time take steps towards an expansion of our multidisciplinary contacts, not only in Denmark but also abroad.

Considering my background it is hardly surprising that I was something of an odd man out in an environment characterised by ships but instead of this being a problem, it turned out actually to offer important scholarly possibilities that could be exploited to the advantage of all the members of the staff.

My comments and suggestions must obviously have been heard because from the beginning of the centre’s second period of research (1998-2003), the chronological limits were expanded to include not only the Stone Age and Bronze Age but also the Renaissance. As one of the scholarly coordinators it was thereafter my duty to build up the foundations for the research theme that was to concern itself with the relations between mankind and the sea in the Stone Age and Bronze Age. When I was appointed director of the centre in 2000, I had to devote much more time than I would have wished to administration but on the other hand my position gave me much greater insight into the many-facetted activities and more influence on these than I had had before.

From the beginning of the second period of existence of the centre, a fixed and well organised structure was established for the Ph.D. programme and in retrospect this must be characterised as being a tremendous success. At the same time the scholarly work at the centre was organised around four main themes, each of which was entrusted to the direction of a responsible senior

researcher. Decision-taking now had a ‘flatter’ structure with more decisions being left to the individual coordinator and the more important decisions of general significance being dealt with at regular meetings of the coordinators. This structure resulted in a convenient division of labour between the senior researchers and formed a satisfactory basis for the work of the centre throughout the whole of the second period.

Conclusions and the lessons learned My general conclusion is positive and marked by pleasure. My time at the centre has been unusually fruitful and rewarding, offering me the opportunity of working undisturbed, the possibility of developing interdisci-

plinary cooperation and of improving my scholarly qualifications. I am very grateful for having been given the chance to form one of the group of very pampered/privileged scholars whose work has been supported by the Danish National Research Foundation. I have always found the daily work at the centre extremely stimulating and inspirational and, finally, the existence of the centre has given me the opportunity to experience the mobility which is regrettably rare in the scholarly environment in Denmark.

My six years in Roskilde have been of great significance for my own personal scholarly development. My focus has become wider and – if that is possible – even more multidisciplinary than it was before.

Excavations have taken place at the submerged Ertebølleculture habitation site of Ronæs Skov. Photo: Hans Dal.

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A personal and scholarly point of view Thanks to the research grants enjoyed by the centre, it has been possible for me to conclude the very comprehensive, natural science groundwork that has been an absolute precondition for the preparation of the large monographs that will appear in the near future. The manuscript of the first of these, dealing with the underwater excavations of the Stone-Age habitation site at Tybrind Vig, is now complete and the final chapter is at present being translated into English with a view to the publication of the work in two volumes in the course of the next six months to a year. The situation is similar for the investigations of the kitchen midden at Norsminde in eastern Jutland, where it is not only the find and the find-site that will be published but also an study of the surrounding natural environment. In the course of the Norsminde excavation, which has to a very high degree been an interdisciplinary project involving the cooperation of archaeologists with a large number of Danish and foreign specialists in the natural sciences, it has for the first time been possible to prove that the extension and intensity of Stone-Age coastal settlements have varied in a rhythm determined by the amounts of nutritious matter in the surrounding sea. This has only been able to be done as a result of close and detailed multidisciplinary cooperation.

An institutional point of view My six years at the Centre for Maritime Archaeology in Roskilde have convinced me that the centre structure ‘with walls’ is the ideal way to organise systematic and strategic research. The physical grouping together of a number of scholars who share an interest in and enthusiasm for a particular field of research, combined with peace and quiet and sufficient resources will – almost automatically – yield a dynamic and fruitful form of cooperation leading to significant results of a very high quality. As far as the Roskilde centre is concerned, we have also gained the experience that a group consisting of 1068

12 scholars is ideal. The number is large enough for it to achieve a fruitful synergism but at the same time not so large that it has a tendency to split up into destructive fractions.

The broad spectrum of research and development of methods pioneered at the centre have already left their significant mark on Danish research and will continue to do so in the future, both in the form of concrete results published in books or articles but also as a result of the scholarly manpower that we have been able to train.

Our Ph.D. structure has been very successful. Of the 12 enrolled candidates, only one did not complete the degree and it has been a great pleasure to note that they have all acquired positions in museums or research institutions.

Other contributors to this issue of the Newsletter will present surveys of the results achieved by the centre in the form of scholarly publications, lectures, teaching, exhibitions, reconstructions and preservation.

Here I shall merely point to a general result of the activities of the centre in the ten years of its existence, namely that it has succeeded in drawing the attention of archaeologists and historians to the significance of the sea as a substantial – even essential – element in the understanding of the cultural history of Denmark. In the future it will be impossible to write about the history of Denmark merely from the point of view of the land. It will be necessary to take the sea and the coastal zone into account if the presentation is to be well-balanced and reflect the actual conditions of life and sequence of events in the past! Our visions have to a very large extent been brought to fulfilment: · An internationally prominent centre for research into maritime cultural history has been developed, · strongly interdisciplinary cooperation has been developed with a view to research, methodology, preservation and presentation, · further education at post-graduate and post-doctoral levels has been developed in

cooperation with universities at home and abroad, · a considerable part of the new learning acquired has already been published in a number of impressive monographs and many more will follow in the years to come As far as the results from the first research column are concerned, examples from the Stone Age have been presented earlier in this paper. There is also, however, reason to mention the direct focusing on the significance of the sea for Bronze-Age society, not only in the religious sphere, where we have followed on from the project “Ships on Bronzes” with a new one: “Ships on Rocks,” but also with respect to settlement, food and communications. At the end of 2003, a Ph.D. project on this difficult but also important complex of problems will be brought to a successful conclusion. There is no doubt in my mind that the results of this will lead to a basic reorientation of future research into the Bronze Age in southern Scandinavia.

Naturally there have also been disappointments: first and foremost the lack of proper backing from the direction of the National Museum for long periods. It was not without lengthy negotiations on the museum that it agreed to absorb some sections of the centre but unfortunately this was not to be done in a way that would enable the highly competent scholars within the field of maritime archaeology to continue their research and develop it even further.

On the contrary, the scholars who have been absorbed into the museum have now found themselves spread over different

departments without any possibility for continuing to enjoy the synergism that has had such a great effect on this dynamic research field. Our placing in Roskilde also has had disadvantages as well, primarily in the limited dialogue with the students because of the lack of a clear link to a university. Another disappointment was that it was not possible to associate a Ph.D. student in Stone-Age archaeology to the centre. Finally, it is regretable that the contact with the staff of the National Museum’s Institute of Maritime Archaeology has been at a low level. In spite of the fact that we have been near neighbours and staff from the two institutions have to a large extent been occupied with the same topics, the scholarly exchanges and dialogue within the field of Stone Age and Bronze Age research have been limited.

As far as ‘my own’ research column is concerned, it has only existed for five years, while the other three columns have existed for ten years. This has meant that the seeding period of the other columns has been twice as long as ours. The three other columns have been able to harvest in the second period many fruits of the seeding in the first period. This has naturally led to a more rapid tempo and more numerous completed projects than is the case with the most recent addition to the research fields. This factor must not be forgotten when the collected scholarly results and activities of the centre are being assessed. It has nevertheless been a tremendous step forward that much of the groundwork is now out of the way so that we can begin in earnest to harvest the fruits of our work.

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Overview: The Centre for Maritime Archaeology, 1993-2003 Personnel Erik Andersen, registrar 1993-1998 Søren H. Andersen, M.A., senior researcher 1997-2000, Director of Centre 2000-2003 Jan Bill, Ph.D., 1993-1998, acting Director of the Centre 1999-2000, senior researcher 2000-03 Vibeke Bischoff, model-maker/draughtsman 1996-2003 Helle Borlund, clerk, 2001-2003 Lennart Carlsson, service functionary, 20002003 Kjeld Christensen, cand.mag. 2000-2002 Gunvor Christiansen, student assistant 19972000 Birthe L. Clausen, M.Sc., assistant editor 1993-2003 Ole Crumlin-Pedersen, dr.phil.h.c., M.Sc. (Naval Architecture), Director of the Centre 1993-2000, senior researcher 20002003 John Cushion, service functionary 19961999 Line Dokkedal, cand.mag., student assistant/ academic assistant 1993-2003 Mette Felbo, cand.phil., student assistant/ academic assistant 1993-2001 Mette V. Frost, office assistant 1997-1998 David Gregory, Ph.D., project researcher 1997-2003 Ole Grøn, Ph.D., project researcher 19931996 Bo Gyldenkærne, student assistant 19992000 Nadia Haupt, student assistant 1996-2003 Leif Hjetting, IT-consultant 1993-2003 Fred Hocker, Ph.D., senior researcher 19992003

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Jørgen Holm, cand.phil., project researcher 1997-2000 Lisbeth M. Imer, student assistant 19982002 Morten Sylvester Jensen, student assistant 1993-1999 Sine Blaaberg Jensen, student assistant 1993-1997 Anne Nørgård Jørgensen, Ph.D., project researcher 1993-1997 Anne Marie Nielsen, clerk 1998-2001 Ewa Britt Nielsen, graphic assistant, 19942003 Sune Villum-Nielsen, draughtsman 19931997 Mette B. Ohlsen, student assistant 2000-2002 Claus Pedersen, technical assistant 19952003 Christina Rasmussen, apprentice/office assistant 2000-2002 Iben M. Rasmussen, student assistant 19961997 Christina Seehusen, student assistant 20002003 Ulla Wagner Smitt, student assistant 19941997 Else Snitker, head clerk, 1993-2003 Marie Thomasen, student assistant 19992000 Lone G. Thomsen, student assistant 19982003 Athena Trakadas, M.A., academic graphic designer, assistant editor 2000-2003 Otto Uldum, cand.mag., student/academic assistant 1993-2001 Stefan Wessman, student assistant 20012002

Ph.D. students

Guest researchers

Anders Berntsson, since 2001, Ph.D. degree expected 2004 (Aarhus University) Mette Busch, cand.mag., since 2002, Ph.D. degree expected 2005 (University of Southern Denmark) Jan Bill, 1993-2003. Ph.D. 1998 (Copenhagen University) Anton Englert, 1997-2002. Ph.D. 2001 (Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel) George Indruszewski, 1997-2003. Ph.D. 2000 (Copenhagen University) Kenn Jensen, 1994-1999. Ph.D. 1999 (Denmark’s Technical University) Poul Jensen, 1994-1997. Ph.D. 1997 (Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University of Denmark & Denmark’s Technical University) Christian Lemée, 1999-2003. Ph.D. 2003 (Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture) Jochen Meyer, 1999-2001. Ph.D. (in pro cess) 1999-2001(Christian-AlbrechtsUniversität, Kiel) Anne C. Sørensen, 1993-1998. Ph.D. 1998 (Aarhus University) Per Orla Thomsen, 1993-1995, 2002, Ph.D. 1998 (Aarhus University) Jens Ulriksen, 1993-1997. Ph.D. 1997 (Aarhus University)

John Coles, professor, England, 1994 Carlo Beltrame, M.A., Italy, 2001 Swarup Bhattacharya, M.Sc., India, 20012003 Giulia Boetto, M.A., Italy, 1997 Inge Bødker Enghoff, Ph.D., Denmark, 1995-96 Dario Gaddio, M.A., Italy, 2001 Matthew Harpster, M.A., USA, 2001 Anna-Elisabeth Jensen, keeper, mag.art., Denmark, 2001-2002 Erik Jørgensen, mag.art., Denmark, 1999 Flemming Kaul, mag.art., Denmark, 19941995 Ole Magnus, ropemaker, Denmark, 19932003 Claus Malmros, mag.art., Denmark, 19931998 Sean McGrail, professor, England, 1994 Aleydis Van de Moortel, Ph.D., USA, 19972000 Valdemar Ossowski, M.A., Poland, 19971998 Erik Petersen, architect, Borneo, 2000-2003 Iwona Pomian, M.A., Poland, 1995 Flemming Rieck, cand.phil., Denmark, 1999 Antón Pais Rodríguez, Licenciado, Spain, 1998 Jeff Royal, Ph.D., USA, 2001 Artur Szymczak, M.A., Poland, 1996 Wayne Smith, Ph.D., USA, 1997 Leif Wagner Smitt, M.Sc. (Engineering), Denmark, 1996-97 Birgitte Munch Thye, cand.mag.& theol., Denmark, 1993-94 Lotika Varadarajan, professor, India, 19992000 Gareth Williams, M.A., England, 1999-2000

External Ph.D. students Stephanie Arnott, University of Southampton Alexandra Grille, Université de Strasbourg Oliver Grimm, Philipps-Universität zu Marburg Henrik Jonasson,Gothenburg University Brian Jordan, University of Minnesota Laurent Mazet-Harhoff, Université de Rouen and Aarhus University Susan Möller-Wiering, Universität zu Hamburg Andreas Olsson, Gothenburg University Almut Schülke, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel

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Publications from members and associates of the Centre for Maritime Archaeology, 1993-2003: Classification: M: Monographs based on primary research, over 150 pages A: Anthologies published by the centre, over 150 pages S: Papers and reviews in internationally peer-reviewed journals O: Other scholarly papers, including conference papers, containing primary information and/or analyses P: Professional notes, newsletter articles and popular papers Abbreviations: MAR: Maritime Archaeology Newsletter from Roskilde, Denmark / Marinarkæologisk Nyhedsbrev fra Roskilde. Nos 1-20, Roskilde 1993-2003.

PNM Studies: Publications from the National Museum. Studies in Archaeology & History, Vols 1-6, Copenhagen 1995-2002.

Andersen, E., 1995: Square Sails of Wool. In O. Olsen, J. S. Madsen & F. Rieck (eds) Shipshape. Essays for Ole Crumlin-Pedersen. 249270. Roskilde. (O) Andersen, E., 2001: The wollen sail. Research in long lengths./ Uldsejlet – forskning i lange baner. MAR 16: 22-29. (O) Andersen, E., & Malmros, C., 1993: Ship’s parts found in the Viking settlements in Greenland. Preliminary assessment and wooddiagnoses. In B.L. Clausen (ed.) Viking Voyages to North America, 118-122. Roskilde.

(O) Andersen, E., et al. 1997: Roar Ege - Skuldelev 3 skibet som arkæologisk eksperiment. Roskilde.

(M) Andersen, S. H., 1997: Tybrind Vig. A Submerged Ertebølle Site and Aspects of the Late Mesolitic Coastal Exploration. In D. Krol (ed.): The Built Environment of Coast Areas during the Stone Age, 80-82. Gdansk. (S) - 1998: Limfjordsprojektet. Status og erfaringer. Bebyggelseshistoriske projekter. Rapport fra et bebyggelseshistorisk seminar på Hollufgård den 9. april 1997, 67-72. (O) - 1998: En mønstret pragtøkse fra ældre Ertebølletid. Kuml 1997-98: 9-28. (O) - 1998: Erhvervsspecialisering og ressourceudnyttelse i Limfjordsområdet i forhistorisk tid. Limfjordsprojektet, rapport 8: 97-139. (O)

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1998: Ringkloster. Ertebølle trappers and wild boar hunters in eastern Jutland. A survey. Journal of Danish Archaeology 12: 13-59. (S) 1998: Holocene Hunter-Gatherer Land Use in Denmark, Data and Trends. Abstracts of the 63rd Annual meeting, Society for American Archaeology, 33. Seattle. (O) 1998: The Stone Age Coast./ Kystens stenalder. MAR 11: 11-13/19-12. (P) 1999: Fjorden i oldtiden I: Geologi. Nr. 4. GEUS. Copenhagen. (P) 1999: Køkkenmøddinger. Rigsantikvaren 3.

Copenhagen. (P) 1999: Now we are off./ Så er vi i gang. MAR 12: 3-4. (P) 1999: The Lillebælt investigation./ Lillebæltundersøgelsen. MAR 12: 5-6. (P) 1999: Ronæs Skov – a painted wooden shaft./ Ronæs Skov - et bemalet træskaft. MAR 12: 7-8.(P) 2000: Fisker og bonde ved Visborg. I: S. Hvass (red.) Vor skjulte kulturarv. Arkæologien under overfladen. Festskrift til Dronning Margrethe II, 42-43. (P) 2000: Betragtninger over 40 år med forhistorisk arkæologi i Århus. Århus arkæologi. 50 år med forhistorisk arkæologi ved Aarhus Universitet, 53-11. Århus. (P) 2000: ”Køkkenmøddinger” (Shell Middens) in Denmark: a survey. Proceeding of the Prehistoric Society 66: 361-384. (S)

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2000: Undersøisk stenalder – en oversigt.

SDA-Nyt. Arkæologi for alle. 10: 4-7. (P) 2000: Kaskelottens tand. Skalk 2000/3: 12-14. (P) 2000: Dänemarks Steinzeit am Meeresgrund.

Archäologische Nachrichten aus SchleswigHolstein 11: 117-124. (O) 2000: De forhistoriske tider på Aggersborgegnen. Han Herred Bogen 2001: 95–119. (P) 2000: The Stone Age underwater./ Undersøisk stenalder. MAR 13: 7-8. (P) 2000: The scientific potential of underwater structures./ Submarine stenalderpopladsers videnskabelige potentiale. MAR 13: 9-15. (P) 2000: A new Ertebølle boat./ En ny Ertebøllebåd. MAR 13: 16-17. (P) 2000: Visborg./ Visborg. MAR 13: 36-37. (P) 2000: Krabbesholm. Excavation in a protected shell-midden./ Krabbesholm – udgravning i en fredet køkkenmødding. MAR 16: 8-10.

(P) 2000: Visborg. Arkæologiske Udgravninger i Danmark 1999, 166. (P) 2001: Jægerstenalderen. Oldtiden i Danmark.

Sesam. (M) 2001: „Køkkenmøddinger“ – ældre stenalders kystbopladser. I: A.N. Jørgensen & J. Pind (red.): Før landskabets erindring slukkes – status og fremtid for dansk arkæologi. Det arkæologiske Nævn, 25-40. (P) 2001: Visborg 2001./ Visborg 2001. MAR 17: 23-27. (P) 2001: Stenalderbopladser på havbunden – status og fremtid. Det arkæologiske Nævn, 611. København. (P) 2001: Danske køkkenmøddinger anno 2000.

In: O.L. Jensen, S.A. Sørensen & K.M. Hansen (red.): Danmarks jægerstenalder – status og perspektiver, 21-42. (O) 2001: Forskning i køkkenmøddinger. Humaniora 16/1: 7-12. (P) 2001: På sporet af mennesket. Dawn of the human spirit, 5. Århus. (P) 2001: Undersøiske stenalderbopladser ved de danske kyster. Rigsantikvaren 11. København.

(P) 2002: Mankind and the Sea in the Stone Age and Bronze Age./ Hav og menneske i sten- og bronzealder. MAR 18: 4 (P)

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2002: The Transition from the Early to the Late Stone Age. In A. Fischer and K. Kristiansen (eds): The Neolithisation of Denmark, 219-230.

Sheffield. (O) - 2002: „Krabbesholm“ - udgravning i en fredet køkkenmødding. Nyt 97: 15. Nationalmuseet.

(P) - 2002: Stone-Age investigations./Stenalderundersøgelser. MAR 19: 33. (P) Andersen, S. H. & Dencker, J., 1998: The Mejlø investigation, 1998./ Mejlø-undersøgelsen 1998.

MAR 10: 37-39/35-36 (P) Bartholin, T., 1998: Viking Ships from Norway./ Vikingeskibe fra Norge. MAR 10: 36-37/34-35.

(P) Bartholin, T. & Englert, A., 2000: Dendro-dating of the “Big Ship” from Bergen, Bryggen./Dendrokronologisk datering af ‘Det store skib’ fra Bergen. MAR 13: 48. (P) Berntsson, A., 2001: People and the Sea in the Bronze Age (1800-500 BC) – a new PhDprojekt./ Nyt ph.d.-projekt. MAR 16: 30. (P) - 2002: Mankind and the Sea in the Bronze Age./ Mennesket og havet i bronzealderen.

MAR 18: 10. (P) Bill, J., 1994: Ship Construction: Tools and Techniques. In R. Unger (ed.) Cogs, Caravels and Galleons. The Sailing Ship 1000-1650, 151-159.

Conway’s History of the Ship. London. (O) - 1994: Review: Gillian Hutchinson: Medieval Ships and Shipping. The Archaeology of Medieval Britain, 3. Series, (ed.) Helen Clarke.

Leichester University Press, London. In: International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 23: 331-332. (S) - 1995: Editorial./ En mærkedag. MAR 4: 1-2 (P) - 1995: A new History of Danish Seafaring./ En ny Dansk Søfarts Historie. MAR 4: 10-11. (P) - 1995: Fund og fortolkning: Nogle problem stillinger i dansk skibsarkæologi. Marinarkeologi. Kunskapsbehov. Rapport fra seminar 22.25. september 1993, Korshavn ved Lindesnes, 7-18. Norges Forskningsråd. (P) - 1995: Getting into business - Reflections of a market economy in medieval Scandinavian shipbuilding. In O. Olsen, J. S. Madsen & F. Rieck (eds) Shipshape. Essays for Ole CrumlinPedersen. 195-202. Roskilde. (O)

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1996: Maritime aspekter af middelalderens landbebyggelse (Maritime aspects of the rural settlements of the Middle Ages). Hikuin 21: 163-174. Moesgård. (O) 1996: Impressions from Texas./ Indtryk fra Texas.

MAR 7: 22-24. (P) 1996: A medieval ship in Roskilde harbour./ Middelalderskib I Roskilde havn. MAR 7: 25.

(P) 1996: Skibe og søfart. Margrethe 1 - Nordens Frue. Udstillingskatalog, red. P. Grinder-Hansen.

Nationalmuseet, København. (P) 1996: Review: Werner Lahn: Die Kogge von Bremen. Band I: Bauteile und Bauablauf.

Schriften des Deutschen Schiffahrtsmuseums, Band 30. Hamburg, 1993. In: International Journal of Maritime History, 1995. 218-219.

(S) 1996: Review: A Spirit of Enquiry. Essays for Ted Wright, edited by J. Coles, V. Fenwick & G. Hutchinson. (Occasional paper, Wetland Archaeology Research). Exeter. In: International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 25. (S) 1997: Ships and Seamanship. In P. Saywer (ed.) Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings.

Oxford University Press, Oxford. (O) 1997: Tracking Professionalism in Sixteenth Century Scandinavian Boat building. In: The INA Quaterly 1997. Institute of Nautical Archaeology. College Station, Texas. (O) 1998: Skuldelev ships, Gedesby ship, Experimental Archaeology, Centre for Maritime Archaeology Roskilde. Articles in: Underwater and Maritime Archaeology, an Encyclopedia. (P) 1998: The MARES project. A new cooperative international project with the Utrecht and Nydam ships in focus./ MARES-projektet. Nyt internationalt samarbejdsprojekt med Utrecht og Nydam skibene i focus. MAR 10: 39-40/ 36-38 (P) 1998: Seafaring farmers in the Middle Ages?/ Bondesøfart i middelalderen? MAR 11: 4-10.

(P) 1998: Ships on the Internet./ Skibe på Internettet. MAR 11: 50/47. (P) 1999: NAVIS I takes off in May./ NAVIS I går i luften i maj. MAR 12: 44-45. (P)

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1999: Review: Ian Friel. The Good Ship. Ships, Shipbuilding and Technology in England 1200-1500. In: International Journal of Maritime History 1999, 211-212. (S) 1999: Fra vikingeskib til bondeskude. Middelalderens almuesøfart under lup. Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1999, 171-185. (O) 1999: Shallow-water craft from medieval Denmark: the identification of a specialized regional ship type. In P. Pomey & É. Rieth (eds): Construction navale maritime et fluviale.

Approches archéologique, historique et ethnologique. Actes du Septième Colloque international d’archéologie navale. Île Tatihou 1994. Archaeonautica 14: 87-102. (O) 1999: Port topography in medieval Denmark.

In J. Bill & B. L. Clausen (eds): Maritime Topography and the Medieval Town, PNM Studies 4: 251-261. (O) 2000: Replica of Bredfjed ship under construction./ Kopi af Bredfjedskibet bygges på Middelaldercentret. MAR 13: 49/34. (P) 2000: The Bredfjed Ship recreated (1)./ Bredfjedskibet genskabes (1). MAR 14: 14-19/1720. (P) 2000: The MARES project completed./ MARES projektet afsluttet. MAR 15: 50. (P) 2000: Investigation of Scottish boat-graves./ Undersøgelse af skotske bådgrave. MAR 15: 55-56/54-55. (P) 2001: Investigations./ Undersøgelser i Lomma, Skåne. MAR 17: 38-39/39. (P) 2002: Seafaring and Culture in the Iron Age, Viking Period and Middle Ages./ Søfart og samfund i jernalder, vikingetid og middelalder. MAR 18: 13-24. (P) 2002: Castles at sea - The warship of the High Middle Ages. In A. N. Jørgensen et al. (eds): Maritime Warfare in Northern Europe. Technology, organisation, logistics and administration 500 BC-1500 AD, PNM Studies 6: 47-56.

(O) 2002: Falsterbobåtens datering. Marinarkeologisk Tidskrift 2002/3: 12-15. (O) 2002: Mare Balticum - Via Baltica. Nyt 96, 26-29. Nationalmuseet. (P) 2002: The Cargo Vessels. In L. Berggren et al. (eds): Cogs, Cargoes, and Commerce. Mari-

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92-112. Toronto. (O) - 2003: Review: Judith Jesch: Ship and Men in the Late Viking Age. The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse. Historie 2002/1: 249-251. (O) - 2003: Scandinavian Warships and Naval Power in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. In J.B. Hattendorf. & R.W. Unger (eds): War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

35-52. Suffolk. (O) Bill, J. & Vinner, M., 1995: The Gedesby ship under sail./ Gedesbyskibet under sejl. MAR 5: 3-8. (P) Bill, J., et al., 1997: Dansk Søfarts Historie 1. Kapitlerne: Sejlet, 49-52, Vikingetiden, 53-81, Vender og Vendersnekker, 105-109, Skib, skude, havn, 118-125, Den store handels skibe, 155-165, Den store kravel, 208-217. København. (O) Bill, J. & Clausen, B. L., (eds) 1999: Maritime Topography and the Medieval Town. PNM Studies 4. 264 pp. Copenhagen. (A) Bill, J., Gøthche, M., & Myrhøj, H. M., 1998: Nordeuropas største skibsfund. Ni vrag fra vikingetid og middelalder under museumsøen i Roskilde. Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1998, 136-158. (O) - 2000: Roskildeskibene. I T. Christensen, & M. Andersen (red.) Civitas Roscald - fra byens begyndelse, 211-260. Roskilde. (O) Bill, J., & Grimm, O., 2001: 343 Harrevig. Arkæologiske Udgravninger i Danmark 2000, 192. (P) - 2002a: New information concerning the ‘boat houses’ at Harre Vig./ Nyt om skibsstaderne ved Harre Vig. MAR 18: 37-41. (P) - 2002b: Skibsstaderne ved Harre Vig. Nye undersøgelser. Kuml 2002, 197-220. (O) Bischoff, V., 1999: The Ladby model./ Ladbymodel. MAR 12: 41-42. (P) - 2000: Atlantic Challenge 2000./ Atlantic Challenge 2000. MAR 15: 52-53/51-52. (P) Bischoff, V., & Jensen, K., 2001: The ship. In: A.C. Sørensen: Ladby. A Danish Ship-Grave from the Viking Age. Ships & Boats of the North 3: 181-248, Roskilde. (O) Crumlin-Pedersen, O., 1993: Stato attuale della nave punica. Fenici e vichinghi: le navi. 9-21.

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MAR 2: 1-2. (P) 1994: All in the same boat./ Alle I same båd.

MAR 3: 1-3. (P) 1994: Original and replica./ Original og kopi.

MAR 3: 4-7. (P) 1994: Atlas over Fyns kyst i jernalder, vikingetid og middelalder. Havets landskaber. Nordisk Bygd 1994/8: 16-19. Esbjerg. (P) 1994: Marinarkæologisk Forskningscenter i Roskilde - en aktuel orientering. Fortid og Nutid, marts 1994, 24-52. (O) 1994: Fotevikens fem skeppsvrak har nära släktingar i Danmark. Populär Arkeologi, september 1994, 30-33. Stockholm. (P) 1994: Marin arkæologi. Den Store Danske Encyclopædi 1. København. (P) 1994: Foteviken - en tidligmiddelalderlig naturhavn, slagmark og markedsplads i Skåne.

Maritim Arkeologi. Sjöhistorisk årsbok 1994, 89-110. Stockholm. (O) 1995: Boat-burials at Slusegaard and the Interpretation of the Boat-grave Custom. In O. Crumlin-Pedersen & B. Thye (eds): The Ship as Symbol, PNM Studies 1: 86-99. (O) 1995: Publications 1958-1994. In Olsen, O., Madsen, J.S., & Rieck, F., (eds): Shipshape, Essays for Ole Crumlin-Pedersen, 13-17. Roskilde. (P) 1995: Achievements in the first two years./ Centrets første to år. MAR 5: 1-2. (P) 1995: Maritim arkæologi - et ideologisk særtilfælde? META, Medeltidsarkeologisk tidskrift 1995, Nr. 4. Lund. (O) 1995: Båd. Den Store Danske Encyklopædi 3: 573-574. København. (P) 1996: Experimental archaeology and ships bridging the arts and the sciences. The Inter-

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Amsterdam. (O) 1996: Problems of Reconstruction and the Estimation of Performance. The Earliest Ships. Conway’s History of Ships, 110-119. London. (O) 1996: A busy summer./ En travl sommer. MAR 7: 3-4. (P) 1996: Skyggen i sandet. Slusegårdbådene og jernalderens bådtyper på Bornholm. Strejftog i Aakirkebys historie. Bornholmske Samlinger 1996, 187-196. Rønne. (P) 1997: Viking-Age ships and shipbuilding in Hedeby/Haithabu and Schleswig. Ships and Boats of the North 2. (328 pp.) Schleswig & Roskilde. (M) 1997: Large and small warships. In A.N. Jørgensen & B.L. Clausen (eds): Military aspects of Scandinavian society in a European perspec tive, AD 1-1300. PNM Studies 2: 184-194.

(O) 1997: Indledning. I E. Andersen et al: Roar Ege - Skuldelev 3 skibet som arkæologisk eksperiment. Roskilde. (P) 1998: Skibsfundene fra Hedeby. Kuml 199798, 161-184. (O) 1998: Das Grabschiff und der Brander. Zwei königliche Schiffe in Haithabu/Hedeby. Im A. Wesse (Hg.): Studien zur Archäologie des Ostseeraumes von der Eisenzeit zum Mittelalter.

Festschrift für Michael Müller-Wille. 137-150.

Neumünster. (O) 1998: Ready for another spell./ Klar til en ny tørn. MAR 10: 3. (P) 1998: Kirsten Lautrup-Knudsen 28.2.1926 10.1.1998. MAR 10: 4 (P) 1998: The Next Round./ Næste runde. MAR 11: 3 (P) 1999: A new Centre for Maritime Archaeology in Denmark. In P. Pomey & E. Rieth (eds): Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Ile Tatihou 1994. Archeonautica 14, 1998, 327332. Paris. (O)

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1999: Experimental Ship Archaeology in Denmark. In A. F. Harding (ed.): Experiment and Design. Archaeological Studies in Honour of John Coles, 139-147. Oxbow Books, Oxford. (O) 1999: The sporting element in Viking ships and other early boats. In G. Sjøgaard (ed.): Sailing and Science - in an Interdisciplinary Perspective, 18-33. Copenhagen. (O) 1999: Ships as indicators of trade in Northern Europe 600-1200. In: Maritime topography and the Medieval Town. PNM Studies vol. 4: 11-20. (O) 2000: Hand-over day./ Skiftedag. MAR 13: 56. (P) 2000: The Irish longship reincarnated./ Det irske langskib genopstår. MAR 13: 33-34. (P) 2000: The Hedeby Ships. In J. Litwin (ed.): Down the River to the Sea. Eighth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Gdansk 1997: 213-18. Polish Maritime Museum, Gdansk. (O) 2000: To be or not to be a cog. The Bremen cog in perspective. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 29.2: 230-246. (S) 2001: General Editor’s foreword. In: A.C. Sørensen: Ladby. A Danish Ship-Grave from the Viking Age. Ships & Boats of the North 3, 710. Roskilde. (O) 2001: Review of S. McGrail: Ancient Boats in North-West Europe. The Archaeology of Water Transport to AD 1500. Early Medieval Europe 2001, 10: 140-141. (S) 2001: Worth a journey./ - en rejse værd. MAR 16: 2-3. (P) 2001: The Slusegård boat recreated./ Slusegårdbåden genskabt. MAR 16: 31-34. (P) 2001: Status en route./ Status undervejs. MAR 17: 3. (P) 2001: Ship-archaeological projects at the Centre for Maritime Archaeology in Roskilde./ Skibsarkæologiske projekter ved Marinarkæologisk Forskningscenter i Roskilde. MAR 17: 5-15. (P) 2002: Pram ferry in Hedeby./ Færgepram i Hedeby. MAR 18: 49. (P) 2002: Schiffahrt im frühen Mittelalter und die Herausbildung früher Städte im westlichen

Ostseeraum. Haithabu und die frühe Stadtentwicklung im nördlichen Europa. Schriften des Archäologischen Landesmuseums 8: 67-81.

Neumünster. (O) - 2002: De store skibe – og porten til Østersøen i middelalderen. Mare Balticum, Østersøen – myte, historie og kunst i 1000 år. København.

58-66. (P) - 2002: Splendour versus duty. 11th-century warships in the light of history and technology. In A. N. Jørgensen, J. Pind, L. Jørgensen & B. Clausen (eds): Maritime Warfare in Northern Europe. Technology, organisation, logistics and administration 500 BC-1500 AD. PNM Studies 6: 257-270. (O) - 2002: La rivitalizzazione del patrimonio marittimo danese: l’esperienza di Roskilde. Quaderni. Documenti sulla manutenzione urbana di Venezia. 4-11: 15-20. Venedig. (P) - 2003: Die Bremer Kogge – ein Schlüssel zur Geschichte des Schiffbaus im Mittelalter. In G. Hoffmann & U. Schnall (Hrsg.): Die Kogge.

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Schriften des Deutschen Schiffahrtsmuseums 60: 256-271. Bremerhaven. (O) - 2003: Foreword, 8-9. Initial analysis and reconstruction of the boat, 23-36. The Hjortspring boat in a ship-archaeological context, 209232, & Resumé, 249-261. In O. CrumlinPedersen & A. Trakadas (eds): Hjortspring. A Pre-Roman Iron Age Warship in Context. Ships and Boats of the North 5. Roskilde. (M) - 2003: Hjortspringbådens dramatiske historie.

Nyt 98: 31-33. Nationalmuseet. (P) - 2003: Marinarkæologisk Forskningscenter forgår – men Roskilde består! Nyt 100. Nationalmuseet. (P) - 2003: The New Challenge./ Den nye udfordring. MAR 20: 2-3 . (P) - 2003: Ten golden years./ Ti gyldne år for dansk marinarkæologi, 1993-2003. MAR 20: 4-43. (O) Crumlin-Pedersen, O., & Thye, B., 1995: (eds) The Ship as Symbol in Prehistoric and Medieval Scandinavia. PNM Studies 1. (196 pp.)

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Dokkedal, L., 1996: ‘Molehovedet’ i den indre spærring ved Vordingborg. Kulturhistoriske studier 1996. Sydsjællands Museum. Vordingborg (P) - 2000: Vendernes skibe, Anno Domini 6: 1126. Moesgård. (O) - 2001: Kolding-Koggen. Skalk 2001/5: 9-12.

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MAR 15: 57-58/56-57. (P) - 2001: Large Cargo Vessels in Danish Waters AD 1000-1250. Dissertation, Universität Kiel.

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absolviert Jungfernfahrt. Aktuelles aus der Landesarchäologie Mecklenburg Vorpommern.

Archäologie in Deutschland, 1999/2: 46 (P) 1999: Die Versuchsfahrt Ralswiek-Wollin mit dem Ralswiek 2-Bootsnachbau Bialy Kon Ein archäologisches Experiment in dänischdeutsch-polnischer Zusammenarbeit. Nachrichtenblatt Arbeitskreis Unterwasserarchäologi, 5: 43-44. (P) Englert, A., Indruszewski, G., Jensen, H., & Gülland, T., 1999: Bialy Kons Jungfernreise von Ralswiek nach Wollin - Ein marinarchäologisches Experiment mit dem Nachbau des slawischen Bootsfundes Ralswiek 2. Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Jahrbuch 1998, 46: 171-200. (O) Englert, A., Kühn, H. J., Hartz, S., Nakoinz, O., & Fischer, J., 2000: Ein Wrack des 12. Jahrhunderts aus der Schlei bei Karschau. Nachrichtenblatt Arbeitskreis Unterwasserarchäologie 7: 42-45. (P) Englert, A., & Daly, A. 2000: Dendro-dating of the Lynæs-ship./ Dendrokronologisk datering af Lynæssikbet. MAR 13: 48/47. (P) Englert, A., Daly, A., & Hylleberg Eriksen, O., 2000: New dendro dates for Danish medieval ships from Eltang and Kollerup./ Nye dendrodateringer af danske middelalderskibe fra Eltang og Kollerup. MAR 14: 61/58-59. (P) Englert, A., Fischer, J., Hartz, S., Kühn, H.J., & Nakoinz, O., 2000: Ein nordisches Frachtschiff des 12. Jahrhunderts in der Schlei vor Karschau, Kreis Schleswig-Flensburg. Ein Vorbericht. Archäologische Nachrichten aus Schleswig-Holstein, 11: 34-57. (O) - 2001: Ein nordisches Frachtschiff des 12.

Jahrhunderts in Schleswig-Holstein. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 31: 141-154. (O) Englert, A., Fischer, J., Kühn H.J., & Nakoinz, O., 2001: Die Ausgrabung des nordischen Lastschiffs aus dem 12. Jahrhundert bei Karschau.

NAU Nachrichtenblatt Arbeitskreis Unterwasserarchäologie 8: 55-58. (P) Felbo, M., 2000: Ship representations in Scandinavia, 800-1400 AD./ Skibsafbildninger i Skandinavien, 800-1400 e.Kr. MAR 15: 37-41. (P) - 2000: Two ship-depictions in Ørsted church./ To skibsbilleder i Ørsted kirke. MAR 15: 42-43. (P) -

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2000: The Navis project supplemented with a picture database./ Navis-projektet udbygges med billed-database. MAR 15: 51/53. (P) Gregory, D. J., 1997: Biological deterioration of organic artifacts in seawater./ Biologisk nedbrydning af organiske genstande i havvand.

MAR 8: 21-23. (P) - 1998: Presentation of preservation of wrecks of Basque whalers at Red Bay, Canada./ Bevaring af vrag af baskiske hvalfangerskibe ved Red Bay, Canada. MAR 11: 47-50/39-41. (P) - 1999: Re-burial of timbers in the marine environment./ Opbevaring af tømmer i havet.

MAR 12: 25-29. Roskilde. (P) - 1999: Re-burial of timbers in the marine environment as a means of their long term storage: Experimental studies in Lynæs Sands, Denmark. In: The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 27/4: 343-358. (S) - 1999: Monitoring the effects of sacrificial anodes on the large iron artefacts on the Duart Point wreck, 1997. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 28/2: 164-173. (S) - 1999: Re-burial of ship timbers in the marine environment as a method of in situ preservation. In: Proceedings of the 7th ICIMM-CC Working Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference. ARC-Nucleart, Grenoble. (O) - 2000: In situ corrosion on the submarine Resurgam: A preliminary assessment of her state of preservation. Conservation and Management of Archaeological sites, James and James (Science Publishers Ltd). (O) - 2000: Deterioration of wood in Nydam Mose./ Nedbrydning af træ i Nydam Mose.

MAR 13: 23-27. (P) - 2000: Underwater Reconnaissance./ En undervandsrobot – marinarkæologisk rekognoscering. MAR 14: 20-22. (P) - 2001: Biological factors affecting the deterioration of wooden artifacts in Danish Waters. I B.E. Thomsen og M. Sylvester (red.): Historiske vrag og søforter – status og fremtid. Nationalmuseets Marinarkæologiske Undersøgelser, Roskilde. (P) - 2001: The Danish Experience. In S. Rippon (ed.): Proceedings of the Severn Estuary Levels

Committee 11th Annual conference, The Severn and Beyond. Exeter University Press (O) - 2002: In situ preservation./ In situ bevaring.

MAR 17: 18.

- 2002: Seismics./ Seismik. MAR 17: 19.

- 2002: AUV Project./ Undervandsrobot. MAR 17: 20.

Gregory, D.J., Kaye, B., & Oxley, I., 1998: Down to the sea site. Nautical Archaeology Societies Newletter. (P) Gregory, D.J., Aaby, B., Jensen, P., & SmithSørensen, T., 1999: In situ bevaring af oldsager i Nydam Mose. Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark. København. (O) Gregory, D. J., Jensen, P., Sørensen, B., & Smith Sørensen, T., 1999: In situ bevaring af arkæologiske fund. Nyt 82: 20-23. Nationalmuseet.

(P) Gregory, D.J, Hocker, F.M., & Pedersen, C., 2000: Marine Archaeological Reconnaissance and site mapping using an AUV. In D. Groom and I. Oxley (eds): Marine Data for Scotland; Acquisition, availability and application, University of St. Andrews, Scotland. St. Andrews. (O) Gregory, D., Dix, J.K., Arnott, S., & Best, A.I., 2001: The acoustic characteristics of marine archaeological wood. In: Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics 23/2: 299-306. Southampton. (O) Gregory, D., Arnott, S., Dix, J.K., & Best, A., 2001: The Acoustic Characteristics of Archaeological Wood. In M. Corfield, T. Nixon and M. Pollard (eds): Proceedings of the 2nd Preservation of Archaeological Remains in situ conference. Museum of London. (O) Gregory, D., Matthiesen, H., Sørensen, B., Alstrøm, T., & Jensen, P. 2001: Monitoring methods in mires and meadows: five years of studies at Nydam Mose, Denmark. In M. Corfield, T. Nixon and M. Pollard (eds): Proceedings of the 2nd Preservation of Archaeological Remains in situ conference. Museum of London.

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P.Hoffman, T.Grant, J.Spriggs (eds): Proceedings of the 8th ICOM group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Stockholm. 213-223. Bremerhaven (O) Gregory, D. J., & Oxley, I., 2002: Site Management. In C. Ruppe & J. Barstad (eds): International Handbook on Underwater Archaeology. The Plenum Series in Underwater Archaeology. Kluwer Press, 715-725. (O) Gregory, D., Arnott, S., Best, A.I. & Dix, J.K., 2002: Acoustic propagation in waterlogged wood, Acta Acustica united with Acustica.

Volume 88: 699-702. (S) Gregory, D., Matthiesen, H., Jensen, P., and Sørensen, B., (2002): Bevaringsundersøgelser i Nydam 1997-2002. Bevaringsafdelingen og Nationalmuseets Marinarkæologisk Forskningscenter. (O) Grøn, O., 1994: The Sløj Channel - the Limfjord’s outlet to the north. MAR 3: 11-14. (P) - 1995: Use of sediment echo-sounding for location of archaeological sites under water./ Anvendelse af sediment-ekkolod til lokalisering af vanddækkede fortidsminder. MAR 4: 13-15. (P) - 1995: Undervandsarkæologiske undersøgelser ved Lundeborg. I M.B. Henriksen & K. K. Michaelsen (red.): Gudme-Lundeborg metodisk set. Rapport fra et symposium på Hollufgård den 28/2, 1995. Skrifter fra Institut for Historie, Kultur og Samfundsbeskrivelse, Odense Universitet, nr. 40. (O) - 1995: Research in Stone Age Sites at Submerged Shore Zones. Strategies and Experiences. In A. Fischer (ed.): MAN and Sea, Copenhagen. (O) Grøn, O., & Andreasen, F., 1995: Sløjkanalen.

Skalk 2/1995. (P) Grøn, O., & Hoffmann, G., 1998: The use of acoustic high resolution sub-bottom profilers for geo-archaeological survey. In A. Wesse (ed.): Studien zur Archäologie des Ostseeraumes von der Eisenzeit zum Mittelalter. 151-160.

Neumünster. (O) Haupt, N., 2000: Jernalderbåd i høj sø. Testroning med Hjortspringbåden 31. august til 3. september 2000. Kano & Kajak. 2000/4. Dansk Kano og Kajak forbund. (P)

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Iron-Age Warship in Context. Ships and Boats of the North 5: 119-127. Roskilde. (O) Haupt, N. & Max Vinner, 2000: The Hjortspring boat: full speed ahead./ Hjortspringbåden i sprint. MAR 15: 11-17. (P) Hocker, F., 1998: Bozburun Byzantine Shipwreck Excavation: The Final Campaign 1998. INA Quarterly 25/4: 3-13. (O) - 1999: Entries for “Medieval Archaeology,” “Nautical Archaeology,” and “Underwater Archaeology” in Archaeological Method and Theory: An Encyclopedia. Garland Press. (P) - 1999: Review of James Masschaele, Peasants, Merchants, and Markets: Inland Trade in Medieval England, 1150-1350. In Medieval Review, Institute of Medieval Studies, 1999. (S) - 1999: Technological and organisational development in European shipyards 1400-1600.

In J. Bill and B.L. Clausen (eds): Maritime Topo½ graphy and the Medieval Town. PNM Studies 4: 21-32. (O) - 2000: Cargo stowage, jettison and wreck formation processes: Information on Middle Byzantine commerce from the ninth-century Bozburun shipwreck. Archeologia della Acque 2. (S) - 2000: Selimiye Shipwreck Excavation: Final season report. Toplantisi Kazilar ve Aratimalari 1999. Istanbul. (O) - 2000: Review of M.-A. Bernier & R. Grenier, Les archéologues aux pieds palmés, in The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 29/1: 173-174. (S) - 2000: Review of K. Mclaughlin-Neyland & R. Neyland: Two Prams Wrecked on the Zuider Zee in the Late Eighteenth Century & A LateSixteenth-Century Freighter from the Workumer Nieuwland Polder in Workum, Friesland, in The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 29/2: 310-311. (S) - 2000: New tools for maritime archaeology./ Nye redskaber i marinarkæologien. MAR 14: 27-30/48-51. (P) - 2000: Relocating the Kolding cog./ Kolding koggen – fundet og genfundet. MAR 14: 5055/42-47. (P)

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2001: Projects involving technical and natural scientific investigations at the Centre for Maritime Archaeology in Roskilde./ Projekter ved rørende teknik og hjælpevidenskaber. MAR 17: 16-22. (P) - 2002: Roskilde hosts ISBSA10./ Roskilde er vært for ISBSA 10. Det tiende Internationale Skibsarkæologiske Symposium, 22.-26. september 2003. MAR 18: 42-43. (P) - 2002: The Kolding cog returns to Kolding./ Kolding koggen vender tilbage til Kolding.

MAR 18: 50. (P) - 2002: The Kolding cog returns to Kolding./ Kolding koggen vender tilbage til Kolding.

MAR 18: 50. (P) - 2003: Documentation of the form and structure of the hull. In O. Crumlin-Pedersen & A. Trakadas (eds): Hjortspring. A Pre-Roman IronAge Warship in Context. Ships and Boats of the North 5: 84-89. Roskilde. (O) Hocker, F., & Dokkedal, L., 2000: News from the Kolding cog./ Nyt om Kolding koggen. MAR 16: 16-17. (P) Holm, J., 1998: New recording methods for shipfinds./ Nye opmålingsmetoder til skibsfund.

MAR 10: 30-31/29-30. (P) - 1998: PhotoDraw-manual. MAR 11: 51/47 (P) Indruszewski, G., 1997: Poland - Maritime Archaeology, in J. Delgado (ed.): Encyclopaedia of Maritime Archaeology, British Museum Press, 314.

(P) - 1997: Historyczne znaczenie lodzi znalezio ne pod Orunia, in H. Paner ed., Gdansk sred niowieczny w swietle najnowszych badan archeologicznych i historycznych, Gdansk, 64-72.

(P) - 1998: Marine seismic survey in the Oder estuary, 1998./ Seismiske undersøgelser ved Oderflodens munding 1998. MAR 11: 28-31/2629. (P) - 1998: Underwater archaeology in the Oder mouth area. Nachrichtenblatt Arbeitskreis Unterwasserarchäologie 5: 40-42. (P) - 1998: Kompleksowe badania sejsmiczne u ujscia Odry,” Materialy Zachodnio-Pomorskie XLIV, Szczecin 1998, 193-203. (O) - 1999: Underwater Survey in the Oder Mouth Area. Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-

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(O) 1999: Usedom and Wolin - Acculturation processes in early medieval shipbuilding at the mouth of the Oder river,” Schutz des Kulturerbes unter Wasser – Veränderungen europäischer Lebenskultur durch Fluss- und Seehandel - Beiträge zu internationalen Kongress für Unterwasserarchäologie ikuwa ’99 Sassnitz aus Rügen 1999, 389-392. (O) 1999: Research visit at the Arizona Research Institute in Tempe, Arizona./ Forskningsophold i Tempe, Arizona, USA. MAR 12: 47-48. (P) 1999: Geomorphology and seismic measurements - A methodological approach based on the 1998-survey experience in the Oder mouth area, Quaternary Studies in Poland, Special Issue 1999, 115-123. (O) 1999: Aerial reconnaissance as an Aid to Reconstruct Coastal Geomorphological Processes.

Archaeological Prospection. Arbeitsheft 108, Landesamt für Bodendenkmalpflege in Bayern, München, 45. (O) 1999: Geophysical prospection in the Oder mouth area - Contributions to Archaeological Target Verification, Archaeological Prospection. Arbeitsheft 108, Landesamt für Bodendenkmalpflege in Bayern, München, 45. (O) 2000: From Lyndby to Wolin: sailing across the Baltic./ Fra Lyndby til Wolin. MAR 13: 4647/42-43. (P) 2000: Ship-planks with treenails fastenings from Lund, Scania/Skåne./ Skibsplanker med slaviske træk fra Lund, Sverige. MAR 14: 6263/56-57. (P) 2000: Technical Aspects of Early Medieval Shipfinds from the Southern Baltic region, in J. Litwin (ed.), Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium of Boat and Ship Archaeology, 45-51. Gdansk. (O) 2000: Portus Rufus’ oraz problematyka rekonstrukcji wczesnosredniowiecznej linii brzego wej w okolicy Wzgórza Wisielców w swietle bada? podwodnych z 1997-1998 r., Materialy Zachodnio-Pomorskie 2000, 177-193. (O) 2001: Reconstructing the seascape at the mouth of the Oder – Elaboration of a DBMmodel based on 1912-soundings. Computer

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Applications in Archaeology – Conference Proceedings, Visby, Gotland, 2001, British Archaeological Reports, 63-70. (O) - 2001: Technical aspects of sail representations on Gotland’s runic stones: a nonparametric approach, in B. Wilgocki, et al. (eds): Instantia est mater doctrinae, Szczecin, 261269. (O) - 2002: Vendisk søfart og skibsbygningskunst.

In A.-E. Jensen (red.): Venner og Fjender. Danskvendiske forbindelser i vikingetid og tidlig middelalder. Næstved Museum. 51-58. (O) Indruszewski, G., et al., 1997: The Oder mouth Project - A Danish-Polish exercise in Maritime Archaeology. The Marine Archaeology of the Baltic Sea Area 1: 65-74. (O) - 1998: Bialy Kons Jungfernreise von Ralswiek nach Wollin – Ein marinarchäologisches Experiment mit dem Nachbau des slawischen Bootsfundes Ralswiek 2, Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Jahrbuch 1998, 46: 171-201. (O) - 2000: Nya undersökningar av skeppsplankor från Lund kyrkgård, Marinarkäologisk Tidskrift 23/1: 14-15. (P) Indruszewski, G., Englert, A., Jensen, H., & Gülland, T., 1999: “Bialy Kon” - rejs próbny pierwszej repliki wraku Ralswiek 2. Materialy Zachodnio pomorskie, Szczecin 44: 171-192.

(O) Jensen, A.-E., 2002: Venner og fjender – Vikingetid og tidlig middelalder inden for Storstrøms Amt. I A.-E. Jensen (red.): Venner og Fjender.

Dansk-vendiske forbindelser i vikingetid og tidlig middelalder. 93-104. Næstved Museum.

(O) Jensen, K., 1994: A ship-database./ Skibsdatabase.

MAR 3: 8-10. (P) - 1995: PAFEC EDM assists Viking Ships. PAFEC POST 1995. (P) - 1997: Ship-technical calculations of the Hedeby 1 and 3 ships. In O. Crumlin-Pedersen. Viking-Age Ships and Shipbuilding in Hedeby/Haithabu and Schleswig, 306-315.

Schleswig & Roskilde. (O) - 1999: Documentation and Analysis of Ancient Ships. Centre for Maritime Archaeology and Department of Naval Architecture and Off-

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shore Engineering. Technical University of Denmark. Lyngby. (M) Jensen, P., 1994: Wood conservation in the National Museum./ Trækonservering på Nationalmuseet. MAR 2: 13-15. (P) -

1997: Diffusion in waterlogged wood. Computer programs. Proceedings of the 6th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference. York 1996. (O) - 1997: Sorption of water and water soluble agents in the waterlogged wooden cell wall.

Proceedings of the 6th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference. York 1996. (O) Jørgensen, A.N., 1994: Coastal Defence./ Søforsvaret. MAR 2: 8-10. (P) - 1995: New investigations of the Kanhave Canal./ Nye undersøgelser af Kanhavekanalen på Samsø. MAR 5: 9-15. (P) - 1996: Kriger og hird i germansk jernalder. Nationalmuseets arbejdsmark, 84-98. København. (O) - 1996: Søforsvaret i det sydøstlige Danmark. I B. Gärtner et al. (red.): Under Storstrøms himmel. Næstved. (P) - 1996: Homindespærringen. Lolland-Falsters Historiske Samfunds årbog 1996, 19-36. (O) - 1996: The Hominde barrage on Lolland - new investigations./ Homindespærringen på Lolland – nye undersøgelser. MAR 7: 7-11. (P) - 1997: Introduction. In A. N. Jørgensen & B. Clausen (eds): Military Aspects of Scandinavian Society in a European Perspective AD 1-1300. PNM Studies 2: 7-9. Roskilde. (O) - 1997: Sea defence in Denmark A.D. 2001300. In A. N. Jørgensen & B. Clausen (eds): Military Aspects of Scandinavian Society in a European Perspective AD 1-1300. PNM Studies 2: 200-209. Roskilde. (O) - 1998: Off-shore defence works in Denmark.

19th Chateau Gaillard Conference 1996. (P) - 1998: The Kanhave Canal. 19th Chateau Gaillard Conference 1996. (P) - 1998: Military organisation and sea-defence in Denmark AD 200-1200. Medieval Europe Conference Brugge 1997. (P) - 1998: Military organisation and sea defence in Denmark AD 200-1200. 47th Sachsensymposium York 1996. (P)

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2003: Befæstning og kontrol af færdsel til lands og til vands i førromersk og romersk jernalder. I L. Jørgensen, B. Storgaard & L.G. Thomsen (red.): Sejrens Triumf. Norden i skyggen af det romerske Imperium. Nationalmuseet. 194-210. (O) Jørgensen, A.N., Crumlin-Pedersen, O., & Holmberg B., 1996: Kystforsvaret. I O. CrumlinPedersen et al. (red.): Atlas over Fyns kyst. 182193. Odense. (O) Jørgensen, A.N., & Clausen, B.L., (eds), 1997: Military Aspects of Scandinavian Society in a European Perspective AD 1-1300. PNM Series 2. 267 pp. (A) Jørgensen, A. N., Pind, J., Jørgensen, L., & Clausen, B., (eds) 2002: Maritime Warfare in Northern Europe. Technology, organisation, logistics and administration 500 BC-1500 AD. PNM Series 6. (335 pp.). (A) Kaul, F., 1995: Ships on Bronzes. The ship as Symbol in Prehistoric and Medieval Scandinavia. PNM Studies 1: 59-70. Copenhagen. (O) - 1997: Er skibet en ragekniv, er ragekniven et skib? Adoranten, Årsskrift for Scandinavian Society for Prehistoric Art 1996. (O) - 1997: Skibet og solhesten. Nye fund af bronzealderens religiøse kunst, Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1997. (O) - 1998: Ships on Bronzes. A Study in Bronze Age Religion and Iconography. PNM Studies 3/1 + 3/2. 296+169 pp. Copenhagen. (M) - 1998: Hesten i Bronzealderens Kunst. SPOR 1998/1: 18-21, Trondheim. (O) - 1998: Bronze Age boats - depictions on bronzes and stones./ Bronzealderens både – billeder på bronzer og sten. MAR 10: 15-18/14-17. (P) - 1998: New books: The ship as the key to Bronze-Age cosmology./ Nye bøger. Skibet som nøgle til bronzealderens kosmologi. MAR 11: 32-33/30-31. (P) - 2000: Ships on stone./ Skibe på sten. MAR 15: 8-10. (P) - 2001: News from the rock-carving front./ Nyt fra helleristningsfronten. MAR 17:35-36/ 34. (P) - 2002: Nyt om helleristninger. Nyt 97: 4-11.

Nationalmuseet. (P) - 2002: Ships on bronzes./ Skibe på bronzer

MAR 18: 11. (P)

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2002: Stone carvings on Bornholm./ Helleristninger på Bornholm. MAR 18: 48. (P) - 2002: Ships on stone./ Skibe på sten. MAR 18: 12. (P) - 2003: The Hjortspring find, The Hjortspring boat and ship iconography of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. In O. Crumlin-Pedersen & A. Trakadas (eds): Hjortspring. A Pre-Roman Iron-Age Warship in Context. Ships and Boats of the North 5: 141-208. Roskilde. (O) Lemée, C., 1996: Ships and shipyards in Copenhagen./ Skib og værft i København. MAR 7: 16-18. (P) - 1997: A ship-cemetery on the B&W site in Copenhagen./ Skibskirkegård i København.

MAR 8: 10-14.(P) - 1997: A Ship Cemetery on the B&W site in Christianshavn./ Skibskirkegård på Christianshavn. MAR 9: 29-34/28-33. (P) - 1997: Renæssanceskibe på Christianshavn.

Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1997, 11-29. (O) - 1999: Adskillige Store Skibe, Skalk 2/99: 510. (P) - 1999: Epaves du 16ème et 17ème siècle découvertes à Copenhague, Chasse-Marée 123: 62.

(P) - 1999, Découverte de neuf épaves à Roskilde, Chasse-Marée 124: 64. (P) - 1999, Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Ships Discovered in Copenhagen, Maritime Life and Tradition 73. (P) - 2000: “Elefanten på Christianshavn”, Festskrift til Dronning Margrethe den II: 192-193.

(P) - 2000: A Ship-Cemetery on the B&W-site in Copenhagen, Down the river to the sea, Eighth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Polish Maritime Museum, Gdansk 1997. (O) - 2000: “Le port-musée de Roskilde”, ChasseMarée 137: 28-36. (P) - 2000: The Bredfjed ship reconstructed (2), Principles and measurements./ Bredfjedskibet genskabes (2). MAR 15: 25-30. (P) - 2001: The Bredfjed ship reconstructed (3)./ Bredfjedskibet genskabes (3). MAR 16: 18-21. (P) - 2001: Roskilde´s Port Museum, Maritime Life and Tradition 11: 28-36. (P)

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2001: Reconstruction d´un Skude au Danemark. Chasse-Marée 145: 66. (P) - 2002: Grønnegaard, byens gamle havn, Festskrift til Anders Monrad Møller, 149-163. København. (O) - 2002: L’évolution du bateau en Scandinavie: de l´âge de pierre aux Vikings. In E. Ridel (ed.): L´héritage maritime des Vikings en Europe de l´Ouest, actes du colloque international de la Hague, 173-198. Office universitaire d´études normandes, Université de Caen. (O) Lemée, C., & Støttrup Jensen, K., 2002: Total station recording of large structures, CAA proceedings, Barcelona 1998. (O) Malmros, C., 1994: Exploitation of local, drifted and imported wood by the Vikings on the Faroe Islands. Botanical Journal of Scotland 46/4: 552-558. (O) Meyer, J., 1999: Eine Nacht auf der Schlei mit Duggi und Addelei: Auf Tuchfühlung mit der Arbeit Schleswiger Fischer. In: H. Mehl & D. Tillmann (eds.): Fischer, Boote, Netze: Geschichte der Fischerei in Schleswig-Holstein.

Heide, 203-212. (O) - 2000: Zwei neue Wrackfunde aus der Schlei.

I: T.R. Kristensen, S. Eisenschmidt, L. Christensen (red.): Archäologie in Schleswig. Arkæologi i Slesvig. 6/1998. Symposium Wohlde 30/1-31/1 1998: 50-67. Haderslev. (O) - 2000: Baltic fishermen in the Middle Ages./ Østersøens fiskere i middelalderen. MAR 14: 44-49/21-25. (P) - 2001: Bølshavn Friheden – news about the fishery project./ Bølshavn Friheden – Nyt fra Fiskeriprojektet. MAR 17: 37-38/40-41. (P) - 2002: Fisch an der slawischen Küste. I A.-E. Jensen (red.): Venner og Fjender. Dansk-vendiske forbindelser i vikingetid og tidlig middelalder. Næstved Museum. 39-50. (O) - 2002: The Bjedstrup boat. An expanded log boat from Søhøjland in central Jutland./ Bjedstrup-båden. En udspændt stammebåd fra det midtjyske Søhøjland. MAR 18: 34-36.

(O) Möller-Wiering, S., 1997: Fibre analyses of caulking materials found at Hedeby and Schleswig.

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Schleswig & Roskilde. (O) - 1998: Textiles from Trondenes Church – a woollen sail cloth?/ Tekstiler fra Trondenes kirke – dele af et uldsejl? MAR 11: 34-37/32-34. (O) - 2002: Segeltuch und Emballage. Textilien im mittelalterlichen Warentransport auf Nordund Ostsee. Internationale Archäologie 70.

Rahden/Westf. (229 pp.) (M) Rieck, F., 1993: The man from Nydam Mose./ Manden i Nydam Mose. MAR 1: 3-4. (P) - 1994: The MAN from Nydam Mose. NewsWARP 15. The newsletter of the Wetland Archaeology Project. 9-10. Exeter. (P) - 1994: The Iron Age Boats from Hjortspring and Nydam - New Investigations. Crossroads in Ancient Shipbuilding. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Roskilde 1991. Oxbow Monograph 40: 45-54. Oxford. (O) - 1994: Håbet om det overordentlige. Skalk 1994/1: 7-12. Århus. (P) - 1994: Jernalderkrigernes Skibe. Nye og gamle udgravninger i Nydam Mose. Vikingeskibshallen. 72 s. Roskilde. (O) - 1994: The Nydam investigation in 1994./ Nydam-undersøgelsen i 1994. MAR 3: 17-18.

(P) - 1994: Nyt fra Nydam Mose. Nyt fra Nationalmuseet 64: 3. Copenhagen. (P) - 1995: Institute of Maritime Archaeology - the beginning of maritime research in Denmark.

Shipshape. Essays for Ole Crumlin-Pedersen.

19-36. Roskilde. (P) - 1995: Ships and Boats in the Bog Finds of Scandinavia. The Ship as Symbol in Prehistoric and Medieval Scandinavia. PNM Studies 1: 125-129. (O) - 1995: The development of Danish ship archaeology. From archaeological material to reborn ship. Medieval Ship Archaeology. SMAR Stockholm Marine Archaeology Reports 1.

University of Stockholm. 29-38. (P) - 1996: Ll. Kregme-koggen. Et middelalderligt skibsforlis i Roskilde Fjord. Søfart, politik, identitet. Festskrift til Ole Feldbæk. Handelsog Søfartsmuseet på Kronborg, Søhistoriske Skrifter 19: 17-25. (O)

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1996: Nydam - a wealth of finds in a dangerous environment./ Nydam – rige fund i farligt miljø. MAR 7: 5-6. (P) - 1996: Både og bevaringsforhold i Nydam Mose. Glimt fra forskningen - Oldtid og Middelalder. Nationalmuseets Årsberetning 1995, 46-47. (P) - 1997: Ca. 70 siders bidrag til Dansk Søfartshistorie 1. Gyldendal. (O) - 1998: Ship Archaeology in Nydam Mose, Denmark. Studien zur Sachsenforschung 11: 167-175. Oldenburg. (O) - 1998: Die Schiffsfunde aus der Nydammoor.

Alte Funde und neue Untersuchungen. In G. & J. Bemmann: Der Opferplatz von Nydam.

Die Funde aus den ältern Grabungen: Nydam-I und Nydam-II. 267-292. Wachholtz Verlag.

Neumünster. (O) - 1998: Seminar on Nydam Mose./ Seminar om Nydam Mose. MAR 10: 35-36/33-34 (P) - 2003: Fieldwork. In O. Crumlin-Pedersen & A. Trakadas (eds): Hjortspring. A Pre-Roman Iron-Age Warship in Context. Ships and Boats of the North 5: 11-21. Roskilde. (O) - 2003: Skibene fra Nydam mose. I L. Jørgensen, B. Storgaard & L.G. Thomsen (red.): Sejrens Triumf. Norden i skyggen af det romerske Imperium. Nationalmuseet. 296-309. (O) Rieck, F., & Jørgensen, E., 1997: Non-military equipment from Nydam. Military Aspects of Scandinavian Society in a European Perspective, AD 1-1300. PNM. Studies 2: 220-225.

(O) Rieck, F., et al., 1999: ..som samlede Ofre fra en talrig Krigerflok...; Status over Nationalmuseets Nydamprojeck, 1989-97. Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1999: 11-34.

Rieck, F., & Gøthche, M., 2002: The National Museum’s Nydam Project./ Nationalmuseets Nydamprojekt. MAR 19: 14-15. (P) Sørensen, A.C., 1999: The ship-grave from Ladby./ Skibsgraven fra Ladby. MAR 12: 9-13. (P) - 2000: Ladby: Ship, Cemetery and Settlement.

In K. Høilund Nielsen, & C. K. Jensen (eds): Burial and Society. (O) - 2001: Ladby. A Danish Ship-Grave from the Viking Age. Ships and Boats of the North 3.

Roskilde. (293 pp.) (M)

Sørensen, A.C., Bischoff, V., Jensen, K., Henriksen, P., & Sørensen, B.H., 2001: Skibsgraven fra Ladby. Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 2001, 14-35. (O) Sørensen, A. C., Jensen, K., & Bishoff, V., 1998: The Ladby ship - a ‘Phantom Ship’ recreated using computers and Perspex./ Ladbyskibet – en “dødssejler” genopstår i computer og plexiglas. MAR 10: 19-25/18-24. (P) Thomsen, P.O., 1993: Lundeborg - en handelsplads fra jernalderen. Skrifter fra Svendborg og Omegns Museum 32. (O) - 1993: Fynsk guldalder. Skalk 1993/6: 3-9.

(P) - 1994: Kultur og natur i Lundeborg fra sidste istid til Kristi fødsel. Årbog for Svendborg og Omegns Museum 1993, 8-15. (P) - 1994: Lundeborg - an Early Port of Trade in South-East Funen. In P. O. Nielsen, K. Randsborg, H. Thrane (eds): The Archaeology of Gudme and Lundeborg. Arkæologiske Studier 10: 23-29. Copenhagen. (O) - 1995: Mønter fra 8. og 9. århundrede i Gudme. Årbog for Svendborg og Omegns Museum 1992, 22-26. (O) - 1995: Strategien bag Lundeborgundersøgelserne 1986-93. Gudme-Lundeborg metodisk set. Rapport fra et symposium på Hollufgård den 28/2/1995. (O) - 1995: The question of bead making in the late Roman Iron Age at Lundeborg. Denmark. Glass Beads Cultural History, Technology, Experiment and Analogy. Proceedings of the Nordic glass bead seminar 16.-18. October 1992 at the Historical-Archaeological Experimental Centre in Lejre, Denmark. Studies in Technology and Culture 2: 19-24. (O) Trakadas, A., 2002: Maritime Archaeology: Perspectives from Denmark. ENALIA 6: 130135. (P) Uldum, O.C., 1999: Ebeltoft Fishing Harbour – rescue excavation of a carvel-built ship from around 1640./ Ebeltoft Fiskerihavn – kravel bygget skib fra ca. 1640. MAR 12: 37-38/3638. (P) - 2000: Early carvel-built ships in the Baltic./ Tidlig kravel i Østersøen. MAR 14: 40-43/3841. (O)

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Ulriksen, J., 1994: Harbours and landing places in Roskilde Fjord./ Havne og landingspladser ved Roskilde Fjord. MAR 2: 5-7. (P) - 1994: Danish sites and settlements with a maritime context, AD 200-1200. Antiquity 68, No. 261: 797-811. (S) - 1995: Gershøj./ Gershøj. MAR 5: 23-25. (P) - 1998: Anløbspladser. Besejling og bebyggelse i Danmark mellem 200 og 1100 e.Kr. Vikingeskibshallen i Roskilde. (282 s.) (M)

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Ulriksen, J., & Sørensen, S.A., 1995: Selsø-Vestby.

Vikingernes anløbsplads ved Selsø. Museet Færgegården. (O) Van de Moortel, A., 1998: Viking ship remains from Antwerp, Belgium./ Vikingeskibsfund fra Antwerpen, Belgien. MAR 10: 5-6. (P) - 2000: Date of Antwerp ship uncertain./ Ny datering af Antwerpen-skibet. MAR 13: 40/43. (P) - 2000: The Utrecht ship – was the log boat base expanded?/ Utrechtskibet – er bunden en udspændt stammebåd? MAR 14: 36-39/34-37. (P)

Author Index Maritime Archaeology Newsletter from Roskilde, Denmark Nos 1-20, 1993-2003

Andersen, E.: - The Sutton Hoo ship recreated, 8: 18-20 - The woollen sail, 16: 22-29 Andersen, M.: - The ship on the signet from Roskilde, 4: 8-9 Andersen, S.H.: - A new Ertebølle boat, 13: 16-17 - Editorial, 13: 3-4 - From university to centre, 20: 64-69 - Krabbesholm, 16: 8-10 - Mankind and the Sea in the Stone Age and Bronze Age, 18: 4-9 - Now we are off! 12: 3-4 - People and the Sea in the Stone Age, 15: 16-17 - People and the Sea in the Stone Age, 9: 16-17 - Ronæs Skov, 12: 7-8 - Stone-Age Investigations, 19: 33 - The Lillebælt investigation, 12: 5-6 - The Mejlø investigation 1998, 10: 37-39 - The scientific potential of underwater structures, 13: 9-15 - The Stone Age Coast, 11: 11-13 - The Stone Age underwater, 13: 7-8 - Visborg 2001, 17: 23-27 - Visborg, 13: 36-37 Andreasen, F., & Grøn, O.: - The Sløj channel, 3: 11-14 Bartholin, T.: - Viking Ships from Norway, 10: 36-37 Bartholin, T., & Englert, A.: - Dendro-dating of the “Big Ship” from Bergen, 13: 48 Berntsson, A.: - Mankind and the Sea in the Bronze Age, 18: 10 - People and the Sea in the Bronze Age (1800500 BD), 16, 30 Bill, J.: - 5th Int. Conf. on Waterfront Archaeology, 10: 43; 11: 51-52 - A medieval ship in Roskilde harbour, 7: 25

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A new History of Danish Seafaring, 4: 10-11 Archaeological investigation of boat-houses at Harrevig, 15: 53 - Coastal market towns, 18: 21 - Editorial, 4: 1-2 - Impressions from Texas, 7: 22-24 - Investigation of Scottish boat-graves, 15: 55-56 - Investigations in Lomma, Skåne, 17: 38-39 - NAVIS 1 takes off in May, 12: 44-45 - NAVIS 1, 8: 15-17 - Replica of the Bredfjed ship at the Medieval Center, 13: 49 - Seafaring and Culture in the Iron Age, Viking Period and Middle Ages, 18: 13-14 - Sea-faring farmers in the Middle Ages?, 11: 4-10 - Ships and harbours in the Middle Ages, 1: 7-9 - Ships on the Internet, 11: 50 - Small-scale seafaring in Danish waters 10001600, 17: 12 - The Bredfjed Ship recreated (1), 14: 14-19 - The MARES project completed, 15: 50 - The MARES project, 10: 39-40 - The Utrecht ship, 17: 13 Bill, J., & Grimm, O.: - New information concerning the ‘boathouses’ at Harre Vig, 18: 37-41 Bill, J., & Vinner, M.: - The Gedesby ship under sail, 5: 3-8 Bischoff, V.: - Atlantic Challenge 2000, 15: 52-53 - Out at sea on Kraka Fyr, 11: 43-44 - The Ladby model, 12: 41-42 Christensen, A.E.: - Treenails, 7: 20-21 Crumlin-Pedersen, O.: - - worth a journey, 16: 2-3 - A busy summer, 7: 3-4 - A Challenge, 8: 1-2 - A flying start, 9: 3-4 - A salt-water injection, 1: 1-2 - Achievements in the first two years, 5: 1-2

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Address delivered at the launching of the replica of the Hjortspring boat, 13: 22 - All in the same boat, 3: 1-3 - Atlas of the coast of Funen/Fyn, 18: 15 - Editor’s column, 14: 3-4; 15: 2-3 - Hand-over day, 13: 5-6 - Hedeby, 17: 9 - Kirsten Lautrup-Knudsen, 10: 4 - Off to a good start, 2: 1-2 - Original and replica, 3: 4-7 - Pram ferry in Hedeby, 18: 49 - Ship-archaeological projects, 17: 5 - Skuldelev, 17: 10 - Status en route, 17: 2-3 - Ten golden years for maritime archaeology in Denmark, 20: 4-43 - The Irish longship reincarnated, 13: 33-34 - The Irish longship rides again, 15: 31-36 - The National Museum and maritime archaeology, 19: 2-3 - The new challenge, 20: 2-3 - The Next Round, 11: 3 - The ship as symbol, 1: 5-6 - The Slusegård boat recreated, 16: 31-34 - The Sutton Hoo ship recreated, 8: 18-20 - Time for action, 18: 2-3 - Vordingborg, 5: 22-23 Daly, A., & Englert, A.: - Dendro-dating of the Lynæs-ship, 13: 48 Daly, A., Eriksen, O.H., & Englert, A.: - New dendro dates for ships from Eltang and Kollerup, 14: 61 Damgård-Sørensen, T.: - Textiles used in seafaring, 10: 32-34 - The Irish longship rides again, 15: 31-36 - The new Director of the Viking Ship Museum, 8: 23-24 - The new Museum-harbour at the Viking Ship Museum, 9: 5-9 Damgård-Sørensen, T., & Bill, J.: - A glimpse into the future, 20: 48-51 Dencker, J.: - A gem of a wreck, 10: 26-29 - A Stone-Age forest, 12: 35-36 - A wreck at Skagen, 3: 15 - Fulton cruise 1997, 9: 41-42 - Maritime Archaeological Investigations on Greenland, 15: 54-55

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Seminar on Maritime Archaeology at Fyns Hoved, 7: 28-29 - Seminar on Maritime Archeaological Excavation at Mejlø, 13: 39-40 - Storstrømmen and Guldborgsund, 19: 8-9 - Study-cruise on the Fulton, 7: 29 - The 1998 Fulton Cruise, 11: 52-54 - The Grønsund wreck, 7: 29-31 - The Mejlø investigation 1998, 10: 37-39 - Two more wrecks off Falster, 5: 25-26 - Wreck at Knuds Grund, 9: 39-40 Dencker, J., & Jensen, S.O.: - New deep-sea finds, Fløjstrup Skov,13: 18-19 Dencker, J., & Rieck, F.: - Turbulence around the underwater Stone Age, 15: 4-5 Dokkedal, L.: - An exhibition about the cog at Koldinghus, 19: 34 - Vordingborg, 5:22-23 Drewes, K.: - Square-sail course, 11: 45 Enghoff, I.B.: - Denmark´s first herring industry? 6: 2-4 - Fishing in northern Europe, 18: 19 Englert, A.: - Conference in Vyborg, Russia, 9: 44 - Large cargo ships in Danish waters 10001250, 17: 11 - The Karshau ship, 15: 57-58; 18: 51 - The Karschau ship excavated, 17: 44 Englert, A., & Indruszewski, G.: - Ralswiek, 10: 41 Englert, A., Indruszewski, G., Jensen, H., Gülland, T., & Gregory, D.: - Sailing in Slavonic waters, 11: 14-27 Felbo, M.: - Ship representations in Scandinavia, 8001400 AD, 15: 37-41 - The Navis project supplemented with a picture database, 15: 51 - The ship in Voldby Church, 4: 7 - Two ship-depictions in Ørsted Church, 15: 42-43 Finderup, T.: - The Egernsund barge, 7: 26-28 Frantzen, O.L., Holst, T., & Thomsen, B.: - Was the powder wet?, 12: 19-21

Gregory, D.: - AUV Project, 17: 20 - Biological deterioration, 8: 21-22 - Deterioration of wood in Nydam Mose, 13: 23-27 - In situ corrosion studies, 9: 39 - In situ preservation, 17: 18 - Preservation in Red Bay, Canada, 11: 47-50 - Re-burial of timbers, 12: 25-29 - Seismics, 17: 19 - The optimal result, 20: 60-63 - Underwater reconnaissance, 14: 20-22 Grøn, O.: - Stavnsfjorden, 5: 25 - Use of sediment echo-sounding, 4: 12-15 Grøn, O., Christoffersen, H., & Jolly, J.B.: - Side-scan sonar, 6: 14-16 Gøthche, M.: - A Viking boat from Gislinge, 1: 10-12 - A wreck from Rødsand, 6: 21-22 - At the edge of Gammelholm, 7: 18-19 - Measuring the Nydam Boat, 5: 18-20 - Model af the ketch Anna Møller, 13: 45 - Preservation of vessels, 19: 20-21 - The Roskilde ships and the documentation technique, 19: 16-17 - Inalienable – The schooner Bonavista, 16: 3031 Gøthche, M., & Høst-Madsen, L.: Medieval wrecks at Dock Island, Copenhagen, 17: 28-34 Gøthche, M., & Myrhøj, H.M.: - The wreck from Vedby Hage, 7: 12-15 Hansen, J.: - Anna Møller 1998, 11: 56 Haupt, N., & Vinner, M.: - The Hjortspring boat: full speed ahead, 15:1117 Henriksen, M.B.: - Strandby Gammeltoft 6: 9-13 Hocker, F.: - Cog-finds from Danish waters, 17: 15 - ISBSA 10 preparations under way, 19: 32 - Maritime archaeology or maritime cultural research? 20: 56-59 - New tools for maritime archaeology, 14: 27-30 - Projects involving technical and natural scientific investigations, 17: 16

- Relocating the Kolding cog, 14: 50-55 - Roskilde hosts ISBSA 10, 18: 42-43 - The Kolding cog returns to Kolding, 18: 50 Hocker, F., & Dokkedal, L.: - News from the Kolding cog, 16: 16-17 Hocker, F., & Holm, J.: - Object documentation, 17: 21 Holm, J.: - New recording methods for ship-finds, 10: 30-31 - PhotoDraw manual, 11: 50-51 - PhotoDraw, 5: 16-17 Indruszewski, G.: - Marine seismic survey in the Oder estuary, 11: 28-31 - Research visit ...Tempe, Arizona, 12: 48-49 - Sailing in Slavonic waters, 11: f, 14-27 - Ship planks with treenail fastenings from Lund Scania/Skåne, 14: 62-63 Jansson, S.: - A Hjortspring boat from northern Sweden? 2: 16-17 Jensen, A-E.: - Dania-Slavica, 18: 24 Jensen J.S., & Jørgensen, L.: - A new Nordic coin with ship depiction, 15: 6-7 Jensen, K.: - A ship-database, 3: 8-10 Jensen, P.: - Wood conservation in the National Museum, 2: 13-15 - Conservation, 17: 17 Jørgensen, A.N.: - Coastal defence, 7: 26 - New investigations of the Kanhave Canal, 5: 9-15 - Symposium on Maritime Warfare, 12: 47 - Sea blockages, 18: 20 Jørgensen, A.N, & Christensen, K.: - The Hominde barrage on Lolland, 7: 7-11 Jørgensen, A:N:, & Grøn, O.: - Coastal defence, 2: 8-9 - Coastal Defence Project, 1993-96, 9: 18-28 Kaul, F.: - Bronze Age boats, 10: 15-18 - New books, 11: 32-33 - News from the rock-carving front, 17: 35-36 - Rock carvings on Bornholm, 18: 48

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- Ships on bronzes, 18: 11 - Ships on stone, 15: 8-10; 18: 12 Larsen, A.-C.: - An exhibition at the National Museum of Ireland, 12: 45-46 - The Sutton Hoo Project, 11: 46-47 - The Vikings in Ireland, 15: 44-49 - Viking Ship Museum activities 2000, 14: 56-58 Lemée, C.: - 15th-16th-century shipbuilding, 17: 14 - A ship-cemetery on the B&W site in Copenhagen, 8: 10-14; 9: 29-34 - Ships and shipyards in Copenhagen, 7: 16-18 - The Bredfjed ship reconstructed, 15: 25-30; 16: 18-21 Lotz, P.: - Tudsehage - an underwater settlement on Sjælland, 14: 8-13 Madsen, J. S.: - New Building Projects at the Viking Ship Museum, 4: 3-5; 6: 23-24 - Viking Ship Museum 25th anniversary, 2: 11-12 Mazet-Harhoff, L.: - The Vikings in France, 11: 51 Meyer, J.: - Baltic fishermen in the Middle Ages, 14: 44-9 - The Bjedstrup boat, 18: 34-36 - Fishing in the western Baltic, 18: 23 - Bølshavn Friheden News about the fishery project, 17: 37-38 Myrhøj, H.M.: - Dannebroge, ship of the line, 5: 26 - Medieval ship at Hårbølle, 19: 12-13 - Stavreshoved 1997, 9: 38-39 - The excavation-seminar at Rønstenen, 11: 4243 - The Maritime Archive and the Maritime Register, 19: 18-19 - The Maritime Register, 12: 22-24 - The Vedby Hage wreck, 6: 20-21 - West Jutland Maritime Archaeology Center, 12: 38-41 Myrhøj, H.M, & Gøthche, M.: - The Roskilde ships, 8: 3-7 Möller-Wiering, S.: - Textiles from Trondenes Church, 11: 34-37 Nielsen, S.: - The bottom is formed, 17: 41-43

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The longship – status September 2002, 19: 28-32 The longship under way, 18: 25-27 The replica of Skuldelev 1, 13: 34-35 The Skuldelev 1 replica launched, 15: 3, 18-21 The Skuldelev 1 replica, 14: 58-59 The stems are set up for the Skuldelev 2 reconstruction, 16: 11-15 Nowacki, H.: - The Intenational Adisory Council’s Observations, 20: xx Petersen, E.: - Jukung-Boats of Barito basin, Borneo, 14: 31-35 Rieck, F.: - A new investigation in Nydam Mose, 13: 38 - Boathouse and smithy at Herjolfsnæs, southern Greenland, 17: 39-40 - Honour where honour is due, 17: 4 - Nat.Mus, Inst of Maritime Arch., Research and archaeological activities, 19: 4-7 - Nydam, 1: 3-4; 7: 5-6; 9: 36-38; 17: 7 - Seminar on Nydam Mose, 10: 35-36 - The Hjortspring boat, 17: 6 - The Nydam excavation 1995, 5: 21-22 - Tudsehage, 19: 10-11 Rieck, F., & Gøthche, M.: - The National Museum’s Nydam Project, 19: 14-15 Schiellerup, P.: - 300 Years of ship-building, 7: 18 Sylvester, M.: - A post-built structure in Thorsø, 13: 28-32 - Maritime archaeology in fresh water 12: 14-18 Sørensen, A.C.: - The ship-grave from Ladby, 12: 9-13 Sørensen, A.C., & Bischoff, V.: - Ladby, 17: 8 Sørensen, A.C., Jensen, K., & Bischoff, V.: - The Ladby ship, 10: 19-25 Sørensen, P.Ø., & Jensen, J.S.: - Two Hedeby coins with ship-motifs, 6: 5-9 Thomasen, T.: - HMS St. George 1811, 9: 40-41 Thomsen, B.: - A historic wreck off Elsinore, 17: 46-47 Thomsen, P.O.: - Lundeborg, 18: 16-17 Uldum, O.C.: - Early carvel-built ships in the Baltic, 14: 40-43

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Ebeltoft Fishing Harbour...carvel-built ship from around 1640, 12: 37-38 - Ship graffiti on bricks, 16: 4-7 Ulriksen, J.: - Gershøj, 5: 23-25 - Harbours and landing places in Roskilde Fjord, 2: 5-7 - Landing places, 18: 18 - Skt. Ibsvej, Roskilde, 7: 25-26 Valbjørn, K.: - Is the boat water-tight?, 13: 20-22 - The Hjortspring boat... reconstruction, 6: 17-18 Van de Moortel, A.: - Date of Antwerp Ship uncertain, 13:40 - The Utrecht ship - was the log boat base expanded?, 14: 36-39 - Viking ship remains from Antwerp, 10: 5-6

Varadarajan, L.: - From New Delhi to Roskilde for a study, 13: 41-42 Varenius, B.: - Some personal reflections, 20: xx Vinner, M.: - A voyage to Southern Norway, 11: 54-56 Wahl, T.: - Anchor finds - in Danish Waters, 14: 23-26 Westerdahl, C.: - A visit to India 1998, 12: 49-51 - Conference in Nynäshamn, 9: 44 - Report from Israel, spring 1999, 13: 42-44

Subject Index Maritime Archaeology Newsletter from Roskilde, Denmark Nos 1 - 20, 1993-2003

Agnete, see reconstructions, Gedesby ship anchors - 14: 23-26 AUV (autonomous underwater vehicle) - 12: 43-44; 14: 20-22, 53; 20: 34, 36 barriers - Ellingå, 4: 11 - general, 4: 21 - Gudsø Vig, 9: 20-21 - Haderslev Fjord, 2: 21; 4: 12; 9: 23 - Henninge Nor, 9: 24-25; 7: 26 - Hominde, 2: 9; 3: 19; 7: 7-11; 9: 23 - Jungshoved Nor, 9: 19 - Munkebo, Kertinge, 9: 20 - Nakkebølle, 9: 21-22 - Skuldelev, 15: 24 - Stokkeby Nor, 9: 25 - Vestre Skarholmsrende, 1: 8 - Vordingborg, 5: 22; 9: 22-23

Bialy Kon, see reconstructions, Ralswiek 2 biological deterioration - 8: 21-22; 13: 23-27; 13: 23-27; 20: 22, 33-34 blockages, see barriers boat-finds, see ship- and boat-finds boat graves - boat-shaped coffin, 17: 36 - Ladby, 10: 19-25; 12: 9-13; 20: 16 - Scotland, 15: 55-56 boathouses - Harrevig, 15: 53; 20: 30 - Herjolfsnæs, 17: 39-40 books - Atlas over Fyns kyst, 6: 19; 20: 12-13 - Crumlin-Pedersen: The Skuldelev Ships I, 17: 10; 20: 16-17, 31-32 - Crumlin-Pedersen: Viking-age Ships in Hedeby, 8: 8-9; 20: 15-16 - Dansk Søfarts Historie, 4: 10-11

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Hjortspring, 20: 32 Jensen: Documentation and Analysis of Ancient Ships, 14: 60; 20: 6, 20-21 - Kaul: Bronzealderens både, 11: 33 - Kaul: Ships on Bronzes, 11: 32; 20: 11-12, 25 - Maritime Topography, 12: 47 - Maritime Warfare, 20: 27-28 - Military Aspects..., 8: 9; 20: 12 - Petersen: Jukung-Boats, 14: 31-35 - Rieck: Jernalderkrigernes skibe, 2: 20 - Roar Ege, 9: 35; 20: 17 - Shipshape, 4: 19-20 - Sørensen: Ladby, 20: 16 - The Ship as Symbol, 5: 28; 20: 11-12 - Ulriksen: Anløbspladser, 9: 35; 20: 14 - Ulriksen: Selsø-Vestby, 5: 28 - Vadstrup: I vikingernes kølvand, 1: 14-15 - Vinner: Med vikingen som lods, 9: 35 - Westerdahl, ed.: Crossroads in Ancient Shipbuilding, 2: 20; 20: 42 canals - Kanhave, 4: 21; 5: 9-15; 9: 25-26 - Sløj Channel, 3: 11-14 Centre for Maritime Archaeology - 1: 1-2; 2: 1-2; 5: 1-2; 13: 3-6; 14: 6-7; 20: 4-43 coastal defence - 2: 8-9; 9: 18-27; 20: 6 cogs - Danish cog finds, 17: 15; 20: 31 - the Kolding cog, 16: 16-17; 17: 15; 18: 50; 19: 34; 20: 31 conservation, see preservation Danish National Research Foundation - 1: 1-2; 5: 1-2; 10: 3; 13: 5-6; 20: 4-5, 11, 24, 34, 38 dating - C-14 of the Antwerp ship, 13: 40 - dendro-date for the “Big Ship” from Bergen, 13: 48 - dendro-date for the Eltang ship, 14: 61 - dendro-date for the Gislinge boat, 2: 18 - dendro-date for the Kollerup cog, 14: 61 - dendro-date for the Lynæs 1 ship, 13: 48 - dendro-date for Skuldelev 1 & 6, 10: 36 documentation - Documentation and Analysis of Ancient Ships, 14: 60; 17: 22; 20: 20-21 - the Hjortspring boat, 14: 27-30; 20: 34-35 -

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the Ladby ship, 10: 19-25 Lund, Skåne, 14: 62-63 3D recording, 10: 30-31; 14: 27-30; 20: 3335 New tools for Maritime Archaeology, 14: 2730; 20: 33, 35 The Martime Register, 19: 18-19 the Nydam boat, 5: 18-20

PhotoDraw, 5: 16-17; 17: 21; 20: 10, 21-22 - Ship Data-base, 3: 8-10 exhibitions and events - Atlantic Challenge 2000, 15: 52-53 - Bronze Age Boats, 10: 15-18 - Exhibition of Snekke-names, 6: 22 - Jukung-boats, Borneo, 14: 31-35 - The New Museum Harbour, 9: 4-9 - Nydam Exhibit, 2: 20; 3: 19 - Viking Market 1998, 11: 38-41 - Viking Market 2000, 15: 22-23 - The Viking Ship Museum Activities, Summer 2000, 14: 56-57 - Viking Ships, Dublin, 12: 45-46 - The Vikings in Ireland, 15: 44-49 - Viking’s Woolen Sails, 12: 44 fishing - Baltic Fishermen in the Middle Ages, 14: 44-48 - Denmark’s First Herring Industry, 6: 2-4 - general, 17: 43; 18: 19, 23; 20: 20-21, 28-29 - the Gudenå, 12: 14-18 harbours - 5th Intl. Waterfront Archaeology Conf., 8: 25; 10: 43; 11: 51-52; 12: 48; 20: 14 - Dansk Søfarts Historie, 4: 10-11 - Roskilde, 8: 1-7 - Seafaring Farmers in the Middle Ages, 11: 4-10 - Ships and Harbours in medieval LollandFalster, 1: 7-9 Helge Ask , see reconstructions, Skuldelev 5 jubilee - The Viking Ship Museum - 25 years, 2: 10-12 - Ole Crumlin-Pedersen, 18: 52 Kraka Fyr,see reconstruction, Skuldelev 6 landing places - general, 2: 5-7; 18: 16-18; 20: 14 - Gershøj, 5: 23-25 - Karrebæk, 14: 44-49 - Lundeborg, 20: 14 - Lynæs, 3: 16

- Roskilde Fjord, 2: 5-7 - Selsø/Vestby, 2: 7; 3: 16-17, 21; 5: 28; 6: 2-4 - Strandby Gammeltoft, 6: 9-13 - Sønderø, 2: 5-7; 3: 16 - Vålse, 14: 44-49 MARES-project - 10: 39-40; 15: 50; 20: 19 Marine Register - 12: 22-24; 19: 18-19 maritime archaeology - freshwater, 12: 14-18 - general, 14: 6-7 - Greenland, 15: 54-55 - studies in Copenhagen, 2: 3-4; 4: 21 - studies in Texas, 4: 18; 7: 22-24 models - the ketch Anna Møller, 13: 45 - the Ladby ship, 12: 41-42; 17: 8; 20: 17 - Roskilde, 7: 26 - Skuldelev 2, 12: 45-46; 13: 33-34 - Sutton-Hoo, 8: 18-20; 11: 46-47 NAVIS-project - 8: 15-17; 11: 50; 12: 44-45; 15: 51; 20: 19-20 Nydam, see ship- and boat-finds, preservation Ottar, see reconstructions, Skuldelev 1 PhotoDraw - 5: 16-17; 9: 46-47; 11: 50-51; 20: 10, 21-22 preservation - deterioration of wood in Nydam Mose, 13: 23-27 - in situ, 17: 18; 20: 22, 33-34 - In-situ preservation of wreck in Marstrand, 12: 43 - iron, 9: 39 - Nydam, 10: 35-37 - re-burial of timbers, 12: 25-29 - traditional vessels, 19: 20-21 - wood, 2: 13-15; 17: 17; 20: 22 - Utrecht, 10: 39-40; 20: 18-20 reconstructions - the Bredfjed ship, 13: 49; 14: 14-19; 15: 2530; 16: 18-21 - the Egernsund barge, 7: 26-28 - the Gedesby ship, 3: 5-7; 5: 1, 3-8; 14: 14-15 - general, 1: 14-15; 3: 4-7 - the Gislinge boat, 3: 1, 4-5; 5: 27 - the Hjortspring boat, 6: 17-18; 13: 20-22; 15: 11-17; 17: 6; 20: 30-31

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Ralswiek 2, 10: 41; 11: 1, 14-27, 20: 10, 18 Skuldelev 1, 5: 6; 11: 46; 13: 34-35; 14: 5659; 15: 3, 8-21 Skuldelev 2, 13: 33-34; 15: 31-36; 16: 11-15; 17: 41-43; 18: 25-27; 19: 28-32; 20: 32 Skuldelev 3, 2: 1-3, 11-12; 3: 1-5; 10: 32-33; 12: 46 Skuldelev 5, 2: 11-12; 3: 1-5, 10; 4: 18; 8: 17; 9: 1; 14: 1

- Skuldelev 6, 9: 8; 10; 36-37; 11: 40-41, 43-44 replicas, see reconstructions Roar Ege, see reconstructions, Skuldelev 3 Roskilde - city, 8:1 - Roskilde Fjord, 2: 5-7; 3: 16-17 - Ships, see ship- and boat-finds, Roskilde Saga Siglar, see reconstructions, Skuldelev 1 sails, see textiles and ropes seafaring - Dansk Søfarts Historie, 4: 10-11 - sailing in Slavonic waters, 11: 1, 14-27; 20: 10, 18 - Seafaring Farmers in the Middle Ages, 11: 4-10 - Ships and Harbours in the Middle Ages, 1: 7-9 seismics - AUV technology, 12: 43-44; 14: 20-22; 20: 34 - echo-sounding, geo-radar, 3: 11-14; 4: 13-15 - general, 17: 19, 44 - marine seismic survey in the Oder, 11: 28-31 - side-scan sonar, 6: 15-16 settlements - Denmark, 20: 28-30 - Greenland, 17: 39-40 - Iceland, 19: 36-37 - The Vikings in France, 11: 51 Ships and Boats of the North (SBN) - 1:13; 20: 15-17, 40 ship and boat construction - Early Carvel-built Ships in the Baltic, 14: 40-43 - expanded logboats, 14: 34-37; 16: 31-33 - Jukung Boats, Borneo, 14: 31-35 ship- and boat-finds - Aggersund, 8: 24-25 - Antwerp, 10: 5-6; 13: 40 - B&W, 7: 1, 16-19; 8: 10-14; 9: 29-34 - Bjedstrup, 18: 34-36 - Bredfjed, 1: 8-9; 2: 19; 3: 19; 11: 5; 16: 18-21: 20: 17-18

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Bøtø, 1: 8; 5: 25-26 Dannebroge, 5: 26 Ebeltoft, 12: 37-38 Eltang, 14: 61 Gammelholm, 7: 18-19 Gedesby, 1: 8-9; 3: 10; 5: 3-8 Gislinge, 1: f, 10-11, 13; 2: 18; 3: 10 Grønsund, 5: 25-26; 7: 29-31 Hedeby, 8: 8-9; 17: 9; 18: 49; 20: 15-16 Hjortspring, 2: 16-17; 6: 17-18; 8: 17; 15: 1117; 20: 32 - Karschau, 15: 57-58; 17: 44 - Knuds Grund, 9: 39-40; 10: 26-29 - Kolding cog, 14: 50-55; 16: 16-17; 17: 15; 18: 50; 19: 34; 20: 31 - Kollerup, 14: 61 - Kyholm, 11: 8 - Ladby, 10: 1, 19-25; 12: 1, 9-13; 20: 16-17 - Ll. Kregme, 2: 4 - Lund, Skåne, 14: 62-63 - Marsala, 9: 43 - Nydam, 1: 3-4, 17; 2: 14, 18, 20; 3: 19; 4: 21; 5: 16-22; 6: 1, 22; 7: 5-6; 9: 36-38, 47; 10: 39-40; 13: 23-27, 38; 17: 7; 19: 14-15; 20: 8-10, 15-16 - Ronæs Skov, 12: 7-8 - Roskilde, 7: 25; 8: 3-7; 9: 10-15; 19: 16-17 - Rødsand, 6: 21-22 - Scotland, boatgraves, 15: 55-56 - Själevad, 2: 16-17 - Skagen, 3: 15 - Skuldelev 2, 13: 33-34; 17: 10 - Skuldelev 5, 3: 9-10; 8: 27 - Snarensvend, 12: 19-21 - St. George, 9: 40-41; 12: 38-41 - Stinesminde, 14: 22 - Strårup Vig, 14: 55 - Sutton Hoo, 8: 18-20; 11: 46-47 - The Dock Island, Copenhagen, 17: 28-34 - Uggerby, 4: 10 - Utrecht, 10: 39-40; 14: 36-39; 20: 18-20 - Vedby Hage, 6: 20-21; 7: 12-15 ship data-base - 3: 8-10; 20: 20-21 ship iconography - Brejninge Church, fresco, 16: 26 - Bro, picture stone, 8: 19 - Bronze Age boats, 10: 15-18 - Christchurch Place Dublin, carving, 15: 49

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Copenhagen, 16th c. carving, 17: 45 Ebeltoft church, fresco, 14: 41 Elsinore, 15th c. bricks, 16: 4-7 Gudme, Hedeby coin, 6: 5-8 Herrestrup, rock carving, 15: 8 Himmelev, carving, 15: 38 Hollenæs, Hedeby coin, 15: 7 Hvirring, razor, 1: 5 Lensgård, rock carving, 15: 8 Markim, metal plate, 15: 41 North Schleswig, razor, 10: 18 Nykøbing F., town seals, 1: 6 Okholm, Hedeby coin, 6: 7-8 rock carvings, 17: 35-36; 18: 48 Roskilde, signet, 4: 8-9 Sdr. Jernløse, fresco, 15: 37 Ships on Stone, 15: 8-10; 18: 12; 20: 26 The Ship as Symbol, 1: 5-6; 2: 19; 3: 19; 5: 28 Ship Representation in Scandinavia 8001400, 15: 37-41 - Skivum, razor, 10: 15 - Stubbekøbing, town seal, 1: 6 - Tissø, Hedeby coin, 15: 6-7 - Urnes, carving, 15: 40 - Veddinge, razor, 10: 17 - Voldby, fresco, 4: 6-7, b - Ørsted, fresco, 15: 42-43 - Ørsted, graffiti, 15: 43 shipyards - Christianhavn, 7: 16-19 Skuldelev, see ship- and boat-finds, barriers, and reconstructions Stone-Age forest - Århus Bugt, 12: 35-36 Stone-Age settlements - Fløjstrup Skov, 13: 18-19 - general, 7: 28; 12: 5-6; 13: 7-8, 9-15; 15: 7-8; 20: 26 - Guldborgsund, 19: 8-9 - Krabbesholm, 16: 8-9 - Mejlø, 7: 28-29; 10: 37-39; 13: 39-40; 15: 7-8 - Norsminde, 18: 6-7 - Ronæs Skov, 11: 11-12; 12: 7-8; 13: f, 16-17 - Rønstenen, Kalø, 11: 42-43 - Stavreshoved, 9: 38-39 - Tudsehage, 14: 8-13 - Tybrind Vig, 9: 16-17; 18: 5; 20: 26-27 - Visborg, 11: 12-13; 12: 4; 13: 36-37; 17: 23-27

symposia, seminars and congresses - 5th Intl. Waterfront Archaeology Conf., 8: 25; 10: 43; 11: 51-52; 12: 48; 20: 14 - A View from the Beach, 3: 1-3 - Building Works for the Defence of the Realm, 4: 17 - ISBSA 10, 18: 42-43; 19: 32; 20: 42 - Maritime Archaeology Seminar, 7: 28-29 - Maritime Topography, 8: 25; 10: 43; 12: 47; 20: 14 - Maritime Warfare, 12: 47; 14: 4; 15: 58; 20: 27-28 - Military Aspects, 5: 28; 6: 22; 8: 9; 20: 12 - Ohthare Seminar, 19: 33; 20: 42 - Sail Seminar, 3: 1-3; 4: 16-17 - Square Sail Course, 11: 45 - The Ship as Symbol, 1: 5-6; 2: 20; 3: 19; 5: 28; 20: 11-12 - Wulfstan Seminar, 20: 42 textiles and ropes - 10: 32-34; 11: 34-37; 12: 44; 13: 9; 15: 2021; 20: 19-20, 27

traditional modern vessels - Anna Møller, 11: 56; 19: 24 - Bonavista, 19: 23 - Fulton, 5: 27; 7: 29; 9: 41-42; 11: 52-54; 19: 22-23 - Fyrskib XVII, 19: 26-27 - Jukung-boats, Borneo, 14: 31-35 - National Museum ships, 19: 20-21 - Pram 19, 19: 27 - Rana, 11: 7 - Ruth, 11: 41, 54-56; 19: 25 - SolidaritÊ, 15: 52 treenails - 7: 20-21 Viking Ship Museum - 2: 10-12; 4: f, 3-5; 6: 1, 23-4; 7: 31; 8: f, 3; 9: 5-9, b; 11: 38-41, b; 14: f, 56-7, 68-9; 15: 224; 20: 35-37, 48-51 war-booty offerings, see ship- and boat-finds, Hjortspring, and Nydam

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Friends of the Viking Ship Museum

For the Association of Friends of the Viking Ship Museum, the following arrangements have been planned for the months of August through to December 2003: Cruise in the museum ship Fulton on the Sound: Friday, 15 August from 16:30 to ca 20:30 Details of this voyage have been communicated separately.

Right: Fulton in the port of Bilbao, Spain, in 1916. Photographer unknown. Below: Fulton (centre) sailing with another museum ship, Bonavista (on right), around Fyn in 2002.

Photo: Christian Jensen.

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The Nydam boat en route Evening lecture Wednesday, 22 October at 19:30 in the Viking Ship Museum The Nydam boat, since its excavation in the Danish-German border zone in 1863, has had a turbulent history and has been moved many times, primarily due to the 1864 War and World War II. The largest object from the Iron Age found in Scandinavia, the boat has most recently been transported from Schleswig to Copenhagen. This latest move was the result of close German-Danish cooperation in investigating and presenting the large Nydam find to the public, leading in 2003 to the inclusion of the boat in the special exhibition The Triumph of Victory at the National Museum. Flemming Rieck, Curator at the National Museum, will report on these moves and on the new evidence for the equipment of the boat found during recent excavations.

Guided tour of the exhibition The Triumph of Victory, at the National Museum Saturday, 25 October at 14:00 – ca 15:30 Guides: Lars Jørgensen and Flemming Rieck The organiser of this highly-prized exhibition, Lars Jørgensen, has agreed to guide members of the association on a special presentation of the links between Scandinavia and the Roman empire as reflected in the large war-booty offerings and rich burials of the Roman Iron Age, with the Hjortspring find as a unique, early forerunner. In the display of the Nydam find, Flemming Rieck will take over the presentation.

The Hjortspring boat, a war-booty offering from ca 350 BC found on the island of Als, also forms the centrepiece of The Triumph of Victory exhibition at the National Museum. Photo: Werner Karrasch.

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The geological and botanical history of Roskilde Fjord through 10,000 years Evening lecture Thurssday, 20 November at 19:30 in the Viking Ship Museum The complex geological and botanical history of Roskilde Fjord has been intensely studied recently. At this presentation, Erling Bondesen and Lis Højlund Pedersen from Roskilde University Centre will report on their studies of geological samples from the sea bed by pollen analysis and other natural science methods, illustrating the development of the fjord from a river valley over a tidal basin to the present state as a typical Danish fjord.

Sunday lectures on Religion and Mythology, at the Viking Ship Museum (open to museum visitors, free for Friends) The two first lectures will describe Nordic and Celtic mythology while the two last ones will present the use of these myths by an nineteenth-century composer and a twentieth-century author.

Sunday, 21 September at 14:00 Nordic Mythology Jens Peter Schjødt, Senior Lecturer at Aarhus University Sunday, 5 October at 14:00 Celtic Mythology Morten Warmind, Senior Lecturer at Copenhagen University Sunday, 2 November at 14:00 Siegfried Wagner and Mythology Kasper Bech Holten, Director of the Opera of the Royal Theatre, Copenhagen

Join The Friends of the Viking Ship Museum!

A regular membership is 200 DKK/year See information and details on the museum’s website: www.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk, or call +45 46 300 270

Sunday, 7 December at 14:00 Tolkien and Mythology Lars Tjavle, Rector at Asminderød Church All lectures are held in Danish

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MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY NEWSLETTER FROM ROSKILDE, DENMARK No. 20

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Summer 2003

ISSN 09087885 Editor: Ole Crumlin-Pedersen DTP: Athena Trakadas Printed by: Special-Trykkeriet Viborg a-s © Nationalmuseet and the authors, 2003 For information on the Newsletter, contact www.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk or ocp@vikingeskibsmuseet.dk The Viking Ship Museum Box 298 Vindeboder 12 DK-4000 Roskilde DENMARK Tel. 46 300 200 Fax 46 300 201

The ISBSA 10 participants will have the chance in Roskilde to try out various experimental techniques, including sea trials with the Skuldelev 1 reconstruction, Ottar. Photo: Werner Karrasch.

On the back cover: Maritime archaeology, as studied in Roskilde, is a broad field of enquiry into our maritime past, - to be studied in several fields, from Stone-Age settlements over Bronze-Age cosmology and Viking-Age ships to medieval trade and town formation. Here a diver is investigating the site of a submerged Mesolitic site. Photo: Jørgen Dencker.