EARLY MODERNISM
to the
FROM
bauhaus
BLACK MOUNTAIN COLLEGE
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1921-1933
bauhaus 2
The Bauhaus was more than just an art school it was “a vibrant laboratory for redefining artistic practice in the modern age.” and “the most influential school of art, design and architecture of the twentieth century.” Museum of Modern Art
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The Bauhaus School was
founded by Walter Gropius in 1919 in Weimar, Germany (1919-25) and eventually found it’s home in Dessau (1925-32) and then in Berlin (1932-33). 4
PROGRAMS OFFERED
architecture ceramics costume design furniture graphic design industrial design painting photography sculpture textiles
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Gropius formulated a manifesto for the Bauhaus which started
"The final goal of
all artistic activity is architecture.".
The following Bauhaus principles are
summarized by Alfred Barr, the Director of the Museum of Modern Art in 1938,from the book Bauhaus.
bauhaus manifesto 6
➀ Most student should face the fact that their future should be involved primarily with industry and mass production rather than with individual craftsmanship. 7
Paul Klee
Vaslily Kankinsky
Walter Gropius
Georg Muche
Joseph Albers
Oskar Schellemer
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Teachers in schools of design should be men who are in advance of their profession rather than safely and academically in the rear guard.
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The schools of design should, as the Bauhaus did, bring together the various arts of painting, architechture, theatre, photography, weaving, typography, etc., into a modern synthesis which disregards conventional distinctions between the "fine" and "applied" arts.
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It is harder to design a first rate chair than to paint a second rate painting-and much more useful. 9
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A school of design should have on its f aculty t he purel y creative and disinterested artist such as the easel painter as a spiritual counterpoint to the practical technician in order that they may work and teach side by side for the benefit of the student .
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Manual experience of materials is essential to the student of design- esperience at first confined to free experiment and then extended to the practical workshop.
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➆ The study of rational design in terms of techniques and materials should be only the first step in the development of a new and modern sense of beauty. 12
➇ Because we live in the 20th century, the student architect or designer should be offered no refuge in the past but should be equipped for the modern world in its various aspects, artistic, technical, social, economic, spiritual, so that he may function in society not as a decorator but as a vital participant.
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"The Bauhaus does not pretend to be a crafts school; contact with industry is consciously sought...the old craft workshops will develop into industrial laboratories: from their experimentation will evolve standards for industrial production...The teaching of a craft is meant to prepare for designing for mass production.� Walter Gropius 15
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Oskar Schlemmer. Bauhaus Stairway. 1932. Oil on canvas. 63 7/8 x 45" (162.3 x 114.3 cm). The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Gift of Philip Johnson. Š 2009 Estate of Oskar Schlemmer, Munich/Germany
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Bauhaus style became one of the most influential currents in Modernist architecture and modern design. The Bauhaus had a profound influence upon subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design and typography. 35
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Walter Gropius 40
Pat Haussman 41
JOHANNES DRIESCH BREAKFAST SERVICE 1922
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–Marguerite Wildenhain, from her Open Letter to Bernard Leach, 1953
Marguerite Wildenhain. French-American, (1896-1981) born Lyon, France. The first of only seven ceramic students at the Bauhaus Foundation in Weimar, Germany and the only woman in the group Wildenhain became an internationally known as both an artist and teacher.
Marguerite Friedlaender Wildenhain
“Let us use the hands for what they were meant to be: the tools of a creative man, not just the repetitive instrument of unimaginative procedures.”
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“Fig Vase,” circa 1958, Clay, 50
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Wildenhain died in 1985 in California. 59
BLACK MOUNTAIN, North Carolina
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BLACK MOUNTAIN COLLEGE
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•Founded in 1933, Black Mountain College was a progressive experiment in American Education. With the fine arts at its core
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•Dramatics, music, and the fine arts were regarded as an integral part of the life.
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The emphasis was that learning and living are intimately connected. 64
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No student held a job through college but everyone, faculty and students alike, participated in work on the farm operated by the college, constructed buildings, did maintenance work, served meals, etc. 65
Communal living was combined with an informal class structure, Black Mountain created an environment conducive to the interdisciplinary work that was to revolutionize the arts and sciences of its time. 66
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• Many classes were held at night and none were scheduled in the
afternoons in order to allow time for work on the campus. There was no organized athletic program as it was thought there should be no sharp distinction between work and play 70
Black Mountain College 71
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By the late 40s, word of what was happening in North Carolina had started to spread throughout the country. With a Board of Directors that included William Carlos Williams and Albert Einstein and impressive programs in poetry and photography, Black Mountain had become the ideal of American experimental education. Its concentration on crossgenre arts education would influence the programs of many major American institutions. 72
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Faculty
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Buckminster Fuller
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walter gropius 82
Willem de Kooning
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John Cage
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There is no such thing as silence. Something is always happening that makes a sound."
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Robert Motherwell
Robert Motherwell
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Franz Klein
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Jacob Lawrence 92
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Merce Cunningham
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Merce Cunningham 95
Robert Turner 96
M. C. Richards
m.c. richards 97
karen karnes
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Marguerite Wildenhain
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Bernard Leach
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Shoji Hamada
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Soetsu Yanagi
Soetsu Yanagi 102
Peter Voulkos 103
Warren McKenzie
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Daniel Rhodes
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David Weinrib
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students 107
Robert Rauschenberg
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Kenneth Noland
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Cy Twombly
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Kenneth Susan Weil Noland
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Joel Oppenheimer 118
Ed Dorn 119
film
* Inside (1996) * Penn & Teller Get Killed (1989) * Dead of Winter (1987) * Target (1985) * Four Friends (1981) * The Missouri Breaks (1976) * Night Moves (1975) * Little Big Man (1970) * Alice's Restaurant (1969) * Bonnie and Clyde (1967) * The Chase (1966) * Mickey One (1965) * The Miracle Worker (1962) * The Left Handed Gun (1958)
] Stage
* Two for the Seesaw (1958) * The Miracle Worker (1959) * Toys in the Attic (1960) * An Evening With Mike Nichols and Elaine May (1960) * All the Way Home (1960) * Golden Boy (1964) * Wait Until Dark (1966) * Sly Fox (1976) * Fortune's Fool (2002) 120
WOW!
Albert Einstein William Carlos Williams, Buckminister Fuller Joseph Albers William Gropius Willem DeKooning John Cage
Robert Motherwell Franz Klien Margarite Wildenhaim Merce Cunningham Jacob Lawrence Robet Turner MC Richards
Karen Karne Bernard Leach Shoji Hamada Soetsu Yanagi Peter Voulkos Warren McKenziek Daniel Rhodes
Robert Rauschenberg Kenneth Noland Cy Twombly Susan Weiul Joel Oppenheimer Arthur Penn Ed Dorn 121
• Black Mountain proved to be an important
precursor to and prototype for many of the alternative colleges of today ranging from the University of California, Santa Cruz and Marlboro College to Evergreen State College, Bennington College, Shimer College, Goddard College, New College of Florida and the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston among others.
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Black Mountain College Closed in 1956.
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end.
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