The Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic
JOSEPH LARIMER & MARSHALL BROOKS
Introduction The authors of this book are Joseph Larimer and Marshall Brooks. The intentions behind this book are creating a eBook that educates and inspires students to learn about the Roman Republic, and to fulfill the requirement for W200. Students should use this book to learn about the rise and fall of the Roman Republic. Teachers can use this eBook to fulfill teaching standard SS.WH.2.9 2007 - Roman Civilization: Describe Roman Republican government and society and trace the changes that culminated in the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. High schoolers, primarily 12th graders, should focus on this eBook and read it’s contents to a satisfactory level. After reading this eBook, you, as a student, should be able to identify the origins of the Roman Republic, key governmental characteristics, how society is structured, the multiple wars leading up to the fall of the republic, and the life and role of Julius Caesar in the fall of the republic. Make sure to read and interact with the extra information and games. Most of all, have fun exploring the Roman Republic.
C HAPTER 1
The Beginning of the Roman Republic This chapter will outline the the origins of the Roman Republic. You will read about the different myths that contributed to the start of the republic. These myths factored into the story of the Rape of Lucretia which led to conflict which sparked the beginning of the Roman Republic.
A statue of Aeneas carrying his father Anchises.
S ECTION 1
The Story of Aeneas and the Founding of Rome
G ALLERY 1.1 Aeneas and His Voyage.
K EY P OINTS 1. The origins of Aeneas. 2. Aeneas’ refuge in Carthage. 3. Aeneas and Dido fall in love. 4. The war with King Latinus.
Aeneas is led away from Troy by the god Venus.
5. Aeneas marries Lavinia. The founding of Rome can be mythologically traced back through the tale of Aeneas and his flight from Troy after the events of Homer’s Illiad. The story of Aeneas’ escape from Troy is told in Virgil’s Aeneid. Romans saw Aeneas as their ancestor and used him to connect themselves to the great Trojan War.
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Virgil tells of how Aeneas fled Troy with his father, son, and fellow Trojans and of the trials they faced as they made their way to Italy. The gods had told Aeneas that he would find greatness in Italy; however, he failed two times to build a city due to bad omens and plague. Eventually, Aeneas and the Trojans found themselves in Carthage under the hospitality of Princess Dido, with whom Aeneas fell in love with. After spending time in I NTERACTIVE 1.1 Carthage, the Trojans depart Interactive Aeneid for Italy once again which devastates Dido and drives her to suicide. The Trojans have a brief detour in the underworld but eventually arrive in Latium where they encounter This is a short video about Aeneas’ journey. This King Latinus who shows should be a summary of great hospitality and hopes everything you read about that Aeneas is the man desin the section. tined to marry his daughter Lavinia. Eventually a war breaks out between the Trojans and forces led by Turnus, a suitor of Lavinia who dislikes Aeneas and the Trojans. With the help of northern Latin tribes, Aeneas is able to defeat Turnus in single combat and end the war. Aeneas married Lavinia and founded the city of Lavinium thus beginning a line of Latin rulers that controlled Latium for many years.
R EVIEW 1.1 The Aeneid Who did Aeneas defeat in Latium in order to marry Lavinia?
A. King Latinus B. Dido C. Homer D. Turnus
Check Answer
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S ECTION 2
Romulus and Remus
father Numitor retaking the throne despite the offer of the crown to be shared by Romulus and Remus.
G ALLERY 1.2 The life of Romulus and Remus
Many people are familiar with the tale of Romulus and Remus and the founding of the city of Rome. The Roman god of war, Ares, impregnated Rhea Silvia who was a descendant of Aeneas and the daughter of the rightful king Numitor. Rhea Silvia, a Vestal Virgin, was imprisoned by her uncle the king and her twin offspring, Romulus and Remus, were ordered executed. However, the servant showed mercy on the babes and sent them adrift on the Tiber River. The children were suckled by a she-wolf and were eventually found and raised by Faustulus and his wife Larentia. The two boys grew up as shepherds and were in constant conflict with the shepherds of King Amulius, the man who had deposed their grandfather and imprisoned their real mother. At one point, Remus was captured by Amulius and his true identity was discovered. A war broke out between the brothers and Amulius which saw Amulius defeated and their grand-
This image shows the She-wolf finding Romulus and Remus in the basket that they rode in down the river.
The brothers elected to found a new city instead but could not agree on which hill it should be located. Romulus chose Palatine Hill and Remus chose Aventine Hill. They decided to settle the matter through the gods so they both set5
tled themselves on their respective hills and waited. Remus saw 6 birds and Romulus saw twelve to which Romulus declared himself the winner despite the fact that Remus claimed the six he saw his first. Romulus began construction of the walls for his city which Remus mocked. After Remus jumped over the walls Romulus was building, Romulus killed his brother and stated, "So perish every one that shall hereafter leap over my wall". With that, the city of Rome was founded and named after the man who built it.
I NTERACTIVE 1.2 Romulus and Remus
R EVIEW 1.2 Romulus and Remus What saved Romulus and Remus from the Tiber River?
A. A bear B. A She-Wolf C. King Numitor D. A fish
Check Answer
This video is a summary of what you just read about Romulus and Remus.
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S ECTION 3
The Seven Kings of Rome
After the founding of Rome by Romulus, the kingdom saw the Seven Kings of Rome. The first king being Romulus, the man who built the city. Under him the Romans allied with the Sabines and became a powerful kingdom in Italy. After the death of Romulus, the Curiate Assembly of Rome elected Numa Pompilius as king. Under Numa Pompilius, the Romans saw the establishment of many important government and religious institutions namely the Pontifex Maximus, the Vestal Virgins, the occupational guilds of Rome, and a calendar reform that adjusted the lunar and solar years and introduced the months of January and February.
T HE S EVEN K INGS 1. Romulus 2. Numa Pompilius 3.
Tullus Hostilius
4. Ancus Marcius 5. Lucius Tarquinius 6. Servius Tullius 7. Tarquinius Superbus
A drawing of the seven kings as pillars that hold up Rome. 7
After Numa Pompilius died of old age, Tullus Hostilius was elected by the Curiate Assembly. Unlike the man he succeeded, Tullus was a king of war. His biggest achievement was defeating the Roman rival Alba Longa and making it a vassal state thus expanding the power of Rome. After the betrayal of the Alban people, Tullus had the city destroyed and forced all the people to move to Rome and become integrated into Roman society. Following his death, Tullus was replaced by Ancus Marcius who led Rome in a war against the Latins who had settled themselves on Aventine Hill. After defeating the Latins and integrating them into Rome in accordance of the Roman tradition shown with the Sabines and the Albans, Marcius also expanded Roman territory to the sea. When Marcius died, a man named Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, simply known as Tarquin, was elected by the Curiate Assembly to be king. Tarquin increased the number of the Senate and waged successful military campaigns against various Sabine and Latin cities. After ruling for thirty-eight years, Tarquin was assassinated by the sons of Ancus Marcius who felt the throne should have been theirs. After Tarquin’s assassination, his son-in-law Servius Tullius was given power by the Senate. Servius waged wars against the Veii and the Etruscans early in his reign and became a popular king as a result. However, his two daughters and the son of his successor Lucius Tarquinius Superbus conspired to murder him and take power. They slandered his
name in the Senate and when Servius went to defend himself, he was thrown down the stairs by Tarquin and murdered by the latter’s men. Lucius Tarquinius seized power and refused a proper burial for Servius which earned him the title of Superbus meaning arrogant or proud. Tarquinius Superbus was the last of the Roman kings and his reign is said to have been a justifiable reason for the ending of the monarchy in Rome. His unpopular military campaigns and the actions of his son, Sextus Tarquinius, are what led to the establishment of the Roman Republic.
I NTERACTIVE 1.3
Extra information about the Seven Kings
Visit this webpage to read more details about the Seven Kings.
I NTERACTIVE 1.4
Seven Kings Flash Card Game
This is a game that you can play to test your knowledge of the seven kings of Rome.
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S ECTION 4
The Rape of Lucretia
However, that night, Sextus snuck back to the estate and went into Lucretia’s quarters. He propositioned her to accept his sexual advances and become his wife or he would rape and kill her and one of her slaves and framing it as an adulterous affair. Lucretia, being a virtuous wife, refused his advances and was raped by the son of the king. Sextus left her after the incident and returned to camp in Ardea.
G ALLERY 1.3 The Rape of Lucretia
The one event that can be called the tipping point that sent Rome from a monarchy to a republic is the event known as the Rape of Lucretia. During the reign of Tarquinius Superbus, he began a military campaign against Ardea. He sent his son, Sextus Tarquinius, on a military errand to Collatia where he was greeted with a party at the governor’s mansion, the home of Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. At the party, a debate arose between the prominent men of which among them had the wife with the most virtue. So the men embarked on a quest to settle the matter. Most of the wives were having drunken celebrations while their husbands were away. Collatinus decided to settle the debate and took them all to see his wife, Lucretia. When they arrived, they saw Lucretia weaving with her maids. Collatinus was declared the winner and the guests left.
Lucius Brutus swears his oath against the Tarquins as he holds Lucretia in his arm.
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The following day, Lucretia sent for her father and her husband and told them each to bring a trusted friend with them. When the four men arrived, Lucretia told them of the incident and made them swear an oath of vengeance. While the men were discussing the matter, Lucretia drew a concealed dagger and plunged it into her heart. After this, Lucius Junius Brutus took the bloodied dagger and swore an oath of vengeance on the Tarquins. With the rape and suicide of Lucretia, the people of Rome decided that it was time to end the line of kings and create a new government. With this, the Roman Republic was born.
R EVIEW 1.3 Rape of Lucretia Who was Lucretia the wife of?
A. Junius Brutus I NTERACTIVE 1.5 The Rape of Lucretia from Livy
B. Sextus Tarquinius C. Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus D. Joe the Plumber
Check Answer
This is a primary source from Livy about the Rape of Lucretia. Please read this document to gain a better understanding of the topic. 10
C HAPTER 2
Republic Government and Society
This chapter will explain different aspects of the Roman Republic government and how they work. The Roman society and social hierarchy will also be briefly covered.
Depiction of a Roman Consul at a Senate meeting.
S ECTION 1
The Roman Government
The Senate The Roman Senate was an advisory council made up of 300 Roman men. At the founding of Rome, the Senate had very little power, and were mainly summoned to advise the King on a certain issue.
G ALLERY 2.1 The Roman Senate
This is a painting that shows the Roman Senate meeting to discuss policy.
When the Republic formed, the Senate began gaining more power within the Roman state. Although the executive magistrates held the power, the Senate’s advisement went a long way and usually would influence the consul’s decision in an executive matter. The Senate also had responsibility over foreign policy, public finances, and religious issues. Although the Senate had little legislative power, they were still very important. The Senate was mostly a pool for upcoming executives such as the quaestorship, aedilship, praetorship, and even the consulship. In modern day government, this would be comparable to the President’s cabinet. The requirements to be in the Senate were very much like the requirements for the United States Congress. The senators would be
I NTERACTIVE 2.1 The Roman Senate
Watch this segment from HBO’s Rome, which shows the workings of a Roman Senate meeting.
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voted in by the Assembly in order to represent their constituency. Senators could be either patricians (upper class) or plebeians (lower class). The rules for Senate meetings were very strict. The Senate could only meet in areas of religious areas that were dedicated to the gods. Before every meeting, a member of the Senate would have to make a blood sacrifice in order to keep bad omens away.
The Magistrates Roman magistrates were the high ranking executives of the republic. All of the magistrate positions were elected by the Assembly.
G ALLERY 2.2 Roman Magistrates
The Assembly The Roman Assembly, also known as the Comitia Centuriata, was an electoral body that was broken into different groups, or centuries, which were based off of wealth. This was the democratic portion of the Roman Republic. Males older than 18, and who owned land would be able to vote in assembly. The body was in charge of voting on legislation, as well as, voting for representative officials, such as the consul. The Comitia Centuriata also had An image of the Roman Assembly the power to declare war. The Assembly would compare to operations of Congress in modern day government.
This image shows two Roman Consuls.
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1. Starting from the lowest ranking position, the Qaustor was an executive official that was in charge of financial affairs within the republic. The Quaestor was in charge of the treasury which was located in the Temple of Saturn.
I NTERACTIVE 2.2 The Roman Government
2. The next ranking official was the Aedile. The Aedile was in charge of public buildings and public festivals. They also had the power to enforce the law. This position was very important, although not necessary, for aspiring politicians. The Aedile could show his dedication to the public and gain popularity among the people. 3. The second highest executive position was the Praetor. The praetorship was given to an official who was commanding an army for Rome, or for a magistrate who was looking after affairs in Rome while the Consul was leading the army in a war. The praetorship was a necessary position for upcoming politicians on the way to Consul.
Watch this video to review what you have learned throughout this section.
I NTERACTIVE 2.3
Roman Government Wordsearch
4. The consulship was the highest ranking executive office of the Roman Republic. During the Republic, there would be two Consuls. They had the power to create and veto legislation, lead the Roman army, and summon the Comitia Centuriata. This position was the most aspired role in the Roman Republic. Find all of the words that relate to this section
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S ECTION 2
Roman Society
The Roman Republic was a very class driven government. The social hierarchy was very much based off of the military and political office. The Assembly was broken into six voting classes based off of how well you could defend yourself in war. The top class were Knights who had full armor, weaponry, and horses. The bottom class was the Proletariate class who had no way of defending themselves. Those with more military experience and tools would be considered the highest class and would usually have more wealth.
R OMAN H IERARCHY 1. Knights - Full armor/weaponry/horse 1. Usually patricians 2. Class 1 - Full armor/weaponry 3. Class 2-4 - Little amount of armor/weaponry 4. Proletariate Class - no armor/weaponry 1. Largest portion of the population The Patricians were descendants of Rome’s earliest kinship groups. They usually dominated Roman politics because of their large amount of wealth. Many of the Patricians stayed together by forming close bonds, usually through different marriages. This helped them look out for their own interests. After a while, the word patrician started to become used as a word for the upper class.
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The lower classes, classes two through four and the proletariate class, would have more voting power in the Assembly because there were more poor people than wealthy people. Although they would have more voting power, it was not hard for patricians to pay off the lower classes (plebeian) in order to gain their vote. Â Their was a lot of tension between the two social classes. The patricians owned the vast majority of the land in Rome. This meant that the plebeians were left to work the fields, which was often their only source of work, beside being a part of the military. Patricians would often give loans to the plebeians to start their own small farms, which would quickly go bankrupt. The patricians controlled most of the wealth in Rome, so the plebeians rarely could control policy in their favor. In order to get their problems heard, plebeians formed the Council of the Plebs, which attempted to put a voice into the ears of the patricians. After many years, the patricians recognized the Council and their Tribunes. This helped plebeians improve their living conditions by gaining some political influence.
R EVIEW 2.1 Roman Social Structure Who was the dominant social class in the Roman Republic?
A. The Patricians B. The Plebeians C. The Middle Class D. None of these
Check Answer
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C HAPTER 3
Roman Wars War was the most prominent way the Romans expanded their territory and influence over the Mediterranean and is what eventually allowed them to conquer most of Europe as an Empire. War is what allowed them to control most of Italy early in its time as a Republic. Romans knew the importance of a well maintained army and most of the government programs they enacted were meant to benefit the military in some way. Rome was a society based in war and the things it could help them accomplish.
S ECTION 1
The Punic Wars
of a strong navy. However, the Romans were able to expand and improve their navy in a very short amount of time. With the invention of the corvus, a drawbridge-type device that Romans put on their ships thus allowing them to board Carthaginian vessels, the Romans saw the war turn to their favor and eventually Carthage signed a peace treaty in 241 BC.
G ALLERY 3.1 The Second Punic War
The series of wars that really established Rome as a true power in the Mediterranean were the three wars Rome fought with Carthage in what became known as the Punic Wars which lasted from 264-146 BC. For a long time, Carthage was the most powerful force in the Mediterranean and was only rivaled by Rome in terms of wealth and population. They had the largest navy in the Mediterranean and as a result had a large trade network. Due to their wealth, they were able to rely on hiring mercenaries to act as their standing army when they needed one. As the Roman Republic continued to grow and gain more power, the Carthaginians began to notice. The First Punic War (264-241 BC) came about after a conflict in Sicily with the province known as Messina. They had called upon the Roman Senate for aid against Carthage. Eventually it broke out into a full blown war for control of Sicily. The war was largely a naval one which had Rome at a disadvantage due to its lack
This is a map of the routes that Hannibal and the Romans took during the Second Punic War.
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During the time between the First and Second Punic Wars, Carthage expanded their territory into Hispania (modern day Spain) and found large silver reserves. As a result they became wealthier and under the militaristic Barcid family, they rebuilding their forces in preparation to fight Rome again. The Second Punic War is famous because it was the campaign in which the Carthaginian leader Hannibal led his war elephants over the Alps and into Rome. Hannibal saw early successes against the Romans and defeated them in the major battles of Saguntum, Trebea, Lake Trasimene, and most famously at Cannae. However, he was never able to conquer Rome and win the war which allowed for the Roman generals Quintus Fabius Maximus and Publius Cornelius Scipio to win some battles and force Hannibal back to Africa where he was eventually defeated at the Battle of Zama. The Final Punic War (149-146 BC) was a result of growing anti-Roman sentiment in Hispania and Greece as well as the Carthaginians regaining wealth and military power. Carthage had finished paying its war indemnities to Rome and saw itself free to raise an army once again to repel the attacks of the Numidians, which the promptly failed to do and were then indebted to Numidia. Rome did not like the reemergence of Carthage and under the heavy suggestion of Cato the Elder, they tried to draw Carthage into an open conflict where they could deal with them once and for all. After a series of escalating demands, the last of which demanded that Carthage demolish their city and rebuild it away from the coast, the Carthaginians refused and the Romans declared the Third Punic
War. Under Publius Cornelius Scipio, the Romans conducted a siege of the city for three years which ended with Carthage burning to the ground in 146 BC thus ending the Punic Wars.
I NTERACTIVE 3.1
I NTERACTIVE 3.2
This website will help you learn more about the Punic Wars.
This video will give you additional information about the Punic Wars.
The Punic Wars
The Punic Wars
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S ECTION 2
The Servile Wars
successes against the Romans but were eventually quelled by the Romans.
G ALLERY 3.2 Spartacus’ Death
Like most ancient civilizations, the Romans had a fairly large slave population that they had obtained through their military victories and their expansion of territory. This is what allowed for Rome to expand while still maintaining a lot of the wealth they had gained. But, as can be expected, slaves tend to tire of being slaves at some point. Throughout the history of the Roman Republic, they experienced three slave revolts that are known as the Servile Wars. The first two both involved uprisings by the slaves in Sicily. The Third Servile War, the most famous one, was the war where Spartacus led an army of escaped slaves against the Romans. The First and Second Servile Wars (135-132 BC and 104100 BC) were the results of dissent amongst Sicilians after the Punic Wars had ended. There was an over abundance of slaves and as a result many were mistreated and ill-fed more than usual. Both wars involved slaves rising up and electing a leader to fight for rights for the slaves. Both revolts saw early
This is a depiction of how Spartacus died in the third Servile War.
The Third Servile War (73-71 BC) is the most famous of the Roman slave revolts as it is the war in which Spartacus led an army of escaped gladiators and slaves against the Roman Republic in the name of freedom. Spartacus was a gladiator in the city of Capua and along with his fellow gladiators, he es20
caped and began recruiting freed slaves from the countryside into his army. Eventually his army reached the size of around 120,000 slaves. Spartacus and his fellow generals I NTERACTIVE 3.4 saw a lot of success against The Third Servile War the Romans. It wasn’t until Senator Marcus Licinius Crassus was given the task of ending the rebellion did the Romans see success against Spartacus and his army. Eventually Spartacus’s army split and the This video covers the third half not under his comServile War, watch it to learn more. mand was defeated in 72 BC. In a last ditch effort, Spartacus made a last stand with his army at the Battle of Siler River where he was eventually defeated by the army of Crassus and 6,000 slaves were crucified along the Appian way as a message to prevent future slave revolts.
R EVIEW 3.1 The Servile Wars What war did Spartacus server in?
A. The Punic Wars B. The Third Servile War C. WWII D. The First Servile War
I NTERACTIVE 3.3 Servile Wars
Check Answer
Visit this website to learn more about the Servile Wars.
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S ECTION 3
The Gallic Wars
K EY I DEAS 1.
Julius Caesar led the Roman Army into Gaul.
2. Romans feared that the Gallic tribes would invade Rome.
The most famous figure in Roman history is without a doubt Julius Caesar. The stories of Caesar and his rise to power are truly legendary. The wars that truly made Caesar popular with the Roman people and which allowed for his incredible rise were his campaigns in Gaul known as the Gallic Wars. The Romans had always had a healthy fear and respect for the Gallic Tribes and were always weary of them. Caesar knew this and was constantly looking for a reason to invade Gaul so he could gain the military success and popularity he needed to rise higher in Roman society. Southern movements by the Gauls towards Roman provinces gave him that excuse, but just barely.
G ALLERY 3.3 The Gallic Wars
3. Caesar invaded to gain popularity amongst the people. 4. The Gauls were utterly destroyed by the Romans. 5. Caesar gained mass popularity from these wars.
This is a map of Caesar’s military movements throughout Gaul.
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Over the course of nine years from 59-50 BC, Caesar pushed his way through Gaul and put down any insurgencies against Roman power. He defeated many individual tribes for years and eventually a union of Gallic tribes came to be under the Gaul leader known as Vercingetorix. At the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, Caesar defeated this united Gallic army and took Vercingetorix as a prisoner so that he could take him back to Rome and publicly execute him and raise his popularity with the people. For the last two years of his campaign, Caesar continued defeating tribes and breaking the spirits of the Gauls so that they might never oppose Rome again.
I NTERACTIVE 3.5 Caesar’s Accounts of the Gallic Wars
R EVIEW 3.2 The Gallic Wars Who did Caesar capture at the Battle of Alesia?
A. Octavian B. Spartacus C. Vercingetorix D. Brutus
Visit this website to read Caesar’s personal accounts of the Gallic Wars. Check Answer
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C HAPTER 4
Caesar and the Beginning of the Empire The one Roman who is most attributed to the fall of the republic is Julius Caesar. His actions created a chain of events that put the Republic into turmoil and laid the roots for an empire.
A statue of Julius Caesar
S ECTION 1
Caesar’s Role in the Fall of the Republic
K EY E VENTS 1. Julius Caesar became a popular general through campaigns in Spain. 2. Caesar becomes Consul alongside Pompey. 3. Caesar leads campaigns in Gaul. 4. Caesar is named an enemy of the State. 5. Caesar dominates Pompey’s forces in a civil war. 6. Caesar becomes Dictator Perpetuo of Rome. 7. Caesar is assassinated and succeeded by Octavian.
Gaius Julius Caesar was a very popular Roman general and politician that played a major role in the downfall of the Republic. Julius Caesar led multiple military campaigns in Spain that made him a pronounced leader in the Roman army. After his early campaigns, he returned home looking to become the Consul. Combined with Pompey Magnus, another prominent Roman military general, who also had his own ambitious political career, Caesar became consul alongside Pompey. Caesar ratified land for army veterans, which later became an issue with other Roman politicians. In order to avoid political prosecution when he lost his consulship, he began a military campaign in Gaul, which lasted five years. This allowed Caesar to maintain his consulship as long as he led his campaign in Gaul. While creating immense popular support for himself, Caesar put himself in a position of great conflict with the Roman Senate, and his long friend Pompey. After his tour in Gaul, Caesar started on his way home, demanding that he maintain his consulship. Pompey and the Senate declared Caesar an enemy of the Republic, in which Caesar responded by crossing the Rubicon River, the border of Rome, therefore declaring
I NTERACTIVE 4.1
The Roman Civil War
Watch this video for details about the Roman civil war. 25
war against Rome. What resulted was a civil war between Caesar’s well-trained and loyal forces against Pompey’s own military that he led throughout the East. The eventual result was a victory for Caesar and the assassination of Pompey.
G ALLERY 4.1 Julius Caesar
Caesar was then the indisputable ruler of Rome and became a inarguable dictator of Rome. This was the fall of the Roman Republic and beginning of the Roman Empire. Caesar was later assassinated by conspirators, which led to great chaos within Rome. His successor, his nephew Octavian, became the first Emperor of Rome under the name of Augustus. The Roman Empire was officially born.
I NTERACTIVE 4.2 Caesar Timeline
I NTERACTIVE 4.3
Summary of Octavian
This is a bust of Julius Caesar.
This is a timeline following all of the events that led to the downfall of the Republic.
This is a short summary of Octavian and how he rose to power. Read this for information past the fall of the Republic.
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Credits Chapter 1 in order of appearance Statue of Aeneas (4/24/14) - http://universalheretic.wordpress.com/2010/08/02/god-of-the-week-aeneas/ Aeneas and Venus (4/24/14) - aeneasvenustiepolo.jpg Aeneas and the Harpies (4/24/14) -http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:François_Perrier_-_Aeneas_and_his_Companions_Fighting_the_Harpies_-_WGA17207.jpg Aeneas and Turnus (4/24/14) - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Aeneas_and_Turnus.jpg Aeneas’ Voyage (4/24/14) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNVJNxkNSDs Romulus and Remus in basket (4/24/14) - http://winterqueen.deviantart.com/art/Romulus-and-Remus-93760349 Romulus and Remus with She-Wolf (4/24/14) - http://www.ancient.eu.com/Romulus_and_Remus/ Romulus and Remus fighting (4/24/14) http://www.aasd.k12.wi.us/Staff/loritzamy/Student%20webpages/World%20Hour%208/Brittney%20Procter%20-%20the%20legend%20of%20Remus%20and%20Romul us.htm Romulus and Remus video (4/24/14) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jToagTve4hs Seven Kings (4/24/14) - http://www.waldorftoday.com/gallery/Main+Lesson+Book+Pages/GRADES+1-5/page34-1001-full+The+Seven+Kings+of+Rome.jpg.html Seven Kings website (4/24/14) - http://www.waldorftoday.com/gallery/Main+Lesson+Book+Pages/GRADES+1-5/page34-1001-full+The+Seven+Kings+of+Rome.jpg.html Seven Kings quizlet (4/24/14) - http://quizlet.com/_4dq5 Lucretia Statue & Lucretia battle (4/24/14) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretia Livy primary source (4/24/14) - http://lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/docs/63/884673/Livy.Lucretia.pdf
Chapter 2 Roman Consul (4/24/14) - http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia_of_history/R/Roman_Republic_institutions.html Roman Senate (4/24/14) - http://sjsdblogs.com/shelbykernshumanities/2013/09/10/todays-government-vs-romans-government/ Cicero (4/24/14) - http://larsbrownworth.com/blog/category/senate/roman-senate/ HBO Rome segment (4/24/14) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPf27gAup9U Roman Assembly (4/24/14) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_assemblies Two Roman consuls (4/24/14) - http://imgarcade.com/1/two-roman-consul/ Magistrate coin (4/24/14) - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Consul_et_lictores.jpg Roman government video (4/24/14) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPf27gAup9U Patricians and plebeians (4/24/14) - http://when-in-rome.tumblr.com/post/520251751/plebeians-vs-patricians
Chapter 3 Roman helmet (4/24/14) - http://www.outfit4events.com/runtime/cache/images/productFull/120221.jpg Punic Wars map (4/24/14) - http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-183138/The-western-Mediterranean-during-the-Punic-Wars Punic Wars website (4/24/14) - http://www.ancient.eu.com/Punic_Wars/ Punic Wars video (4/24/14) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZrjXEomBXM Spartacus’ Death (4/24/14) - http://warfarehistorian.blogspot.com/2012/07/spartacus-war-73-71-bc-great-gladiator.html Servile War video (4/24/14) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugFbweiIrCo Servile War website (4/24/14) - http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/slavesandslavery/a/slavewars.htm Gallic Wars map (4/24/14) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caesar_campaigns_gaul-en.svg Gallic chieftain (4/24/14) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Wars Caesar’s books (4/24/14) - http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.html
Chapter 4 Statue of Caesar (4/24/14) - http://spartacus.wikia.com/wiki/Julius_Caesar Roman civil war video (4/24/14) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNPlPa3ZvsQ Caesar Timeline website (4/24/14) - http://www.redrampant.com/2009/06/caesars-civil-war-timeline.html Octavian website (4/24/14) - http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/weekly/aabybaugustus.htm Bust of Caesar (4/24/14) - http://www.romanemperors.com/julius-caesar.htm Bust of Pompey (4/24/14) - http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=3261 Caesar coin (4/24/14) - http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/imp/julius_caesar/i.html Caesar assassination (4/24/14) - http://juliuscaesar.altervista.org/CesareEn.htm
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Copyright
Š Joseph Larimer & Marshall Brooks This book is copyrighted, in order to maintain intellectual integrity. This book should be used for educational purposes.
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