Sheep breeds part 3: Native sheep breeds of Southern Africa

by Natasha Kruger

Southern African native sheep breeds thrive in extreme environments. They are lean and muscular, with thick rump and tail fat. In times of scarce grazing, body fat is stored here for use as fuel. They are raised primarily for their meat.

Although the Damara is the most popular commercial sheep in South Africa, the BaPedi is also used by farmers to raise sheep for commercial meat production. The native sheep breeds do well in veld grazing systems.

The Damara can live well on both shrubland and leaves, which is different from other sheep breeds. It can also fight off both internal and external parasites and sheep sickness.

The average age at first lambing is 1 year and 5 months, and the average interval between births is 7,5 months. Lambs are typically born with fewer complications because of their small size. A Damara ewe is an excellent mother weighing around 30 to 55 kg, and adult rams weigh 50 to 85 kg.

In about seven months, the animal will reach the required 18 kg for slaughter. Damara meat has a low fat content, a fine texture, and no fat streaks. The fat on a Damara carcass is only 1 to 2 mm thick.

Damara sheep leather was found to be the strongest of nine different sheep breeds studied, thanks to its extremely fine grain and high tensile strength.

Namaqua Afrikaner

It is believed that Namaqua Afrikaner sheep descended from the Khoi-khoi (Hottentot) people who inhabited South Africa before colonisation. Located in the Northern Cape Department of Agriculture's Carnarvon Experimental Station, the Namaqua Afrikaner is now being saved from being one of South Africa's most endangered sheep breeds thanks to a conservation programme. Farmers buy surplus animals from conservation breeding programmes.

The Namaqua Afrikaner is characterised by long legs, a slim body, and a long, plump tail that can hold as much as 38 percent of its weight. The long, fat tail serves as an energy reserve for long dry seasons. It has a silky, whitehaired coat that is used for making gloves and other lightweight leather goods. Animals' heads can be either red or black. Rams and ewes have horns. A Namaqua Afrikaner first lamb is born at 16,5 months, and then every 8 to 9 months after that. The mature weight of rams can reach 75 kg, and ewes can reach a weight of 56 kg.

Damara ewe and lamb. (Source: GL

Damara

Large and native to Namibia, the Damara sheep stands out with its distinctive black face. It has a long, skinny body, short hair, and a thick, woolly undercoat that it only needs to shed during the summer. The colours can be brown, white, black, or a combination of those. The horns on both rams and ewes are spiralled.

Ronderib Afrikaner

This large, plump-tailed sheep breed gets its name from the shape of its ribs, which are oval. The Ronderib Afrikaner sheep is an old breed with possible roots in the Middle East or North Africa. It has adapted to live in South Africa's Northern Cape province, which is mostly desert.

When it needs to travel great distances in search of grazing and water, the animal's long, thin legs are a great asset, and the fat stored in its huge, round tail can provide it with an extra 2 to 3 kilogrammes of energy. Mature rams weigh between 60 and 65 kg, and ewes between 50 and 55 kg.

It usually takes about 8 months before the first lamb is born. Lambs have a slow growth rate and are typically sold when they are 10 to 12 months old. As an additional breed of sheep, the "Ronderib" is frequently used due to the lean and compact nature of its carcass. Teaser rams, which are typically Ronderib rams, are used to prime ewes of other breeds for mating.

The substantial tail fat is often used for preparing boerewors and droëwors (droëwors is a preserved meat product made of finely minced meat and fat mixed with salt, spices, and then dried). The breed is prized for the soft, glossy, light-cream wool used to make blankets. The skin has a high value for the manufacture of luxury leather goods.

Zulu sheep

The Zulu sheep is a subspecies of the Nguni breed. Nguni sheep are well suited to the climate of KwaZulu-Natal thanks to the diversity of their ancestry. Tickborne diseases do not seem to bother them, and they do well even in harsh climates and communal grazing situations.

The Zulu sheep, along with the BaPedi, are members of the Nguni subspecies that have elongated fat tails for piling surplus fat. Some sheep in the breed have extremely short ears (called "mouse ears" or "swelamadlebe" for short), but this is a rare occurrence due to a recessive gene. The mature weight of rams is up to 38 kg, and ewes weigh up to 32 kg.

The desire to increase carcass weight and mutton production has led to the risky practise of interbreeding with nonnative breeds, which threatens genetic purity. According to 1995 research, there were only about 3 000 remaining pure Nguni sheep in South Africa.

BaPedi sheep

According to legend, the BaPedi sheep made their way south into the Limpopo province a few centuries ago. In this region, you will find the largest population of BaPedi sheep.

The BaPedi is a type of Nguni sheep characterised by a chubby tail, a mixture of white, brown, and red hair, a small body, and long legs. Because this breed is naturally resistant to ticks, there is no chance that it will get diseases like blue tongue, redwater, or heartwater, which are spread by ticks.

It is common knowledge that BaPedis reach adulthood quickly. The first lamb is born at 11 months, and there are two more lambings per year at sixmonth intervals. BaPedi ewes have been known to continue lambing up to the age of eight years. Sheep can be slaughtered at their ideal weight of 30 kg after 12 months of age (12 months for ram lambs) (18 kg of meat). The mature rams weigh between 60 and 75 kg, and ewes between 40 and 50 kg.

References

Breeds of Livestock - Booroola Merino Sheep — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science. (1996). Available at: http://afs.okstate.edu/breeds/sheep/booroolamerino/index.html

Ngcobo, J.N.; Nedambale, T.L.; Nephawe, K.A.; Mpofu, T.J.; Chokoe, T.C.; Ramukhithi, F.V. An Update on South African Indigenous Sheep Breeds’ Extinction Status and Difficulties during Conservation Attempts: A Review. Diversity 2022, 14, 516. Available at: https://doi. org/10.3390/d14070516

Sheep breeds. (2008). Department of Agriculture. Available at: https:// www.nda.agric.za/docs/Infopaks/ Sheep_breeds.pdf

Sheep Farming in South Africa

2022. Available at: https://southafrica.co.za/sheep-farming-southafrica.html

Obtaining silkworm larvae or eggs to begin your farm is the most essential step in the process of starting a sericulture (silk production) operation. In the second part of this series, we discuss how to properly care for the worms and maintain a clean environment on the farm so that you can maximise your production.

Instrumentation, preparatory materials, and sterilisation

Silkworms that are bred to have high cocoon thread production can be used in bivoltine sericulture, which raises two generations of silkworms each year. This method results in high-quality cocoons.

Regularly cleaned and sterilised breeding equipment and devices help to keep the environment clean and disease-free.

For instance, the rearing room for young silkworm larvae, the rearing room for grown silkworm larvae, the room for mounting silkworm larvae, and the tools for silkworm rearing (papers for the rearing bed, sheets for the shelves, a cocooning frame) all need to be sanitised and cleaned before, during, and after the rearing process.

Before entering the rearing room, the farmer's hands must be washed, and his footwear must be changed to reduce the risk of bringing in bacteria that could cause disease.

The rearing room, the silkworm larvae and beds need to be disinfected before the first feeding of newly hatched silkworm larvae and before the first feeding of mulberry leaves at each instar. This helps prevent the spread of diseases.

Silkworm eggs and larvae

The process of raising silkworms begins with the feeding of newly hatched silkworm larvae. The eggs of the silkworm need to be incubated for about ten days at a temperature of 25 °C, a humidity of 75%, and very particular lighting conditions (16 hours of light to 8 hours of darkness).

In order to ensure a healthy and even birth, the eggs need to be kept in complete darkness for the final two or three days before they hatch. It is essential for the production of highquality cocoons that all the eggs of the silkworm hatch at the same rate. As they develop, the newly hatched worms must consume finely chopped mulberry leaves almost continuously.

However, when the silkworm eggs are not incubated properly, hatching can take place at any time during the process. It is not possible for silkworm larvae to hatch simultaneously if they are poorly managed, and the environment in which they are reared lacks adequate temperature and humidity.

A producer of silkworm eggs will, upon receiving an order from a farmer, hatch the eggs, and then either deliver