Carlos, Marlina Santiago and Enriquez, Naomi Fernando 12 15 the influence of the exposure to informa by Marlina Carlos

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN

Bachelor of Arts in Communication Research Marlina Louise S. Carlos Naomi Cristel F. Enriquez

The Influence of the Exposure to Information on Rape and Sexual Harassment on Filipinosâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Rape and Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance

Thesis Adviser: Professor Elena E. Pernia, Ph.D. College of Mass Communication University of the Philippines Diliman

Date of Submission: December 2015 Thesis Classification: F This thesis is available to the public.

Permission is given for the following people to access this thesis: Available for general public Yes Available only after consultation with authors/thesis adviser No Available only to those bound by confidentiality agreement No

Signature of Student:

Signature of Thesis Adviser:

THE INFLUENCE OF THE EXPOSURE TO INFORMATION ON RAPE AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT ON FILIPINOS’ RAPE AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT MYTH ACCEPTANCE

MARLINA LOUISE S. CARLOS NAOMI CRISTEL F. ENRIQUEZ

Submitted to the COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION University of the Philippines Diliman In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH

December 2015

THE INFLUENCE OF THE EXPOSURE TO INFORMATION ON RAPE AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT ON FILIPINOS’ RAPE AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT MYTH ACCEPTANCE

by MARLINA LOUISE S. CARLOS NAOMI CRISTEL F. ENRIQUEZ

has been accepted for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS IN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH by

Professor Elena E. Pernia, Ph.D. and approved for the University of the Philippines College of Mass Comunication by

Professor Elena E. Pernia, Ph.D. Dean, College of Mass Communication

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA PERSONAL DATA Name

Naomi Cristel F. Enriquez

Permanent Address

90 Bigbird Street Strip 70 Village Concepcion Marikina

City Mobile Number

(0906) 548 5889

Email Address

naomicristel@gmail.com

EDUCATION Secondary Level

University of the Philippines Integrated School

Primary Level

University of the Philippines Integrated School

ORGANIZATIONS UP Communication Research Society (Batch 12A) Vice-President for Finance (2014-2015) People’s Struggles Committee, College of Mass Communication Student Council Affiliate (1st Sem AY 2015-2016) WORK EXPERIENCE

SMART Communications Inc., -Internship (2014)

ACHIEVEMENTS

University Scholar : 1st Sem AY 2012- 2013, 2nd Sem AY 2013-2014 and 2nd Sem AY 2014-‘15 College Scholar :1st Sem AY 2013- 2014 and 1st Sem AY 2014-2015

Delegate, Asian Media Information and Communication (AMIC) Centre Conference 2015 , American University in Dubai Presenter, National Communication Research Conference 2015

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA PERSONAL DATA Name Marlina Louise S. Carlos Permanent Address 6, Scholar Square Townhomes, Sta. Isabel, Malolos City Mobile Number +63 917 523 2393 Email Address marlinalouisecarlos!@gmail.com EDUCATION Tertiary Level University of the Philippines-Diliman Secondary Level Holy Spirit Academy of Malolos ORGANIZATIONS KAISA – Nagkakaisang Iskolar Para sa Pamantasan at Sambayanan (2013-2015) Chairperson – 2015 Communications Committee Head – 2014 UP Advertising Core 2013-2015 Assistant Vice President for Creatives – 2013 Assistant Vice President for Human Resources - 2014 UP Communication Research Society (2013-2015) Creatives and Design committee member College of Mass Communication Student Council Affiliates Communication Research Batch Representative 2015 WORK EXPERIENCE ThoughtBuzz Social Media Intelligence Agency Part-time Social Media Analyst – 2014 ThoughtBuzz Social Media Intelligence Agency (April-May 2014) On-the-job Trainee Google Research Study (May 2014-July 2014) Research Assistant ACHIEVEMENTS

University Scholar : 1st Sem AY 2013- 2014, College Scholar : 1st Sem AY 2012-2013, 2nd Sem AY 2012-2013, 2nd Sem AY 2013-2014, 1st Sem AY 2014-2015, 2nd Sem AY 2014-2015

Presenter, Asian Media Information and Communication (AMIC) Centre Conference 2015 , American University in Dubai Finalist, National Communication Research Conference 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express how thankful I am to the people who were a part, and would continue to be a part of my journey as a student and as an individual. To our thesis adviser and dean, Dr. Elena Pernia, for believing and supervising our study, for the patience, brilliant mind and time. To our thesis proposal adviser, Prof. Violeda Umali for the constructive criticisms, food, time, patience and kind words of encouragement. To my family, for the patience, trust, and support (emotionally and financially) and for continuously believing in me. To tita Carina, for the trust, for the life experiences and for seeing that I am worth the support. To my thesis partner, Marlina for holding on, for staying strong, for being my partner and helping me experience and appreciate college life, for the patience, for the trust and for the friendship. To my CommRes batchmates, CommResSoc, UPIS Onze, Area 2/ Friday TK club, classmates and friends for the support, for the college life experience, for the heartto-heart talks, for the food and drinks shared, for the patience and for keeping my sanity intact. To all of the informants and respondents who participated in our study, for sharing your time, perceptions and opinions on rape and sexual harassment with us.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my utmost gratitude to everyone and everything that has helped shape me into the person I am today. To our thesis adviser and dean, Dr. Elena Pernia, for the support, guidance and invaluable knowledge shared. To our thesis proposal adviser, Prof. Violeda Umali, for helping us, directing us toward creating a thesis that we are very passionate about. To all of the informants and respondents who participated in our study, for sharing your time, perceptions and opinions on rape and sexual harassment with us. To my KAISA family, for helping me find my advocacies in life, for teaching me so many things, and for helping me develop a critical mind. To my friends, who have continuously supported my endeavours and have been there for the less important but more fun activities of college life, thank you. To my thesis partner Naomi, for the trust, patience and belief in both our capabilities, I would not have survived college life without you. To my best friends, Mika, Alex, Therese, Andi, Aya, Dje, thank you for the love and support. To my partner, Troy, for the unending love and support, for getting me through the toughest of times and giving me genuine happiness and love, thank you. I love you. To my family, for supporting me and giving me unending love and happiness especially during the times I need it the most. To the UP community, for shaping my mind to develop critical thinking and awareness of the struggle of the Filipino people.

DEDICATION To our families and friends, To UP, To the continuing struggle for gender equality, To the fight against sexual violence, And to the Filipino people.

ABSTRACT Carlos, M.and Enriquez, N. (2015). The Influence of the Exposure to Information on Rape and Sexual Harassment on Filipinos’ Rape and Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication.

This study explores the influence of the exposures to information on rape and sexual harassment on Filipinos’ rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance. The source credibility theory and the theory of social constructionism are these study’s theoretical anchors. A quantitative and qualitative approach was used in the study by administering 400 survey questionnaires to various cities and Metro Manila and using that pool of respondents to get informants for focus interviews. Results of the study show that exposure to information on rape and sexual harassment gives increasing awareness about the details on the incidence of rape and sexual harassment with news being respondents’ primary source of information, thus, the depth of information respondents receive is not enough to educate them about rape and sexual harassment that could lead to the rejection of rape and sexual harassment myths. Findings also show that although respondents have similar information sources, their levels of rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance scores vary with majority having medium levels of acceptance. Findings show that Filipinos’ current sources of information only focus on the event itself rather educating the audience about rape and sexual harassment. Filipinos’ rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance also still depend more on social and interpersonal influences, interactions, culture, and history, guided by the theory of social constructionism.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page

Biographical Data

Acknowledgement

iii

Dedication

Abstract

vii

List of Tables

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

B. Statement of the Problem and Objectives

C. Significance of the Study

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

III. FRAMEWORK

A. Theoretical Framework

B. Conceptual Framework

C. Operational Framework

D. Operational Definition of Terms

IV. METHODOLOGY A. Research Design and Methods

B. Research Instrument

C. Variables and Measures

D. Units of Analysis and Sampling

E. Data Collection and Construction

F. Data Analysis

G. Scope and Limitations

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

VII. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Bibliography

Appendix

LIST OF TABLES Number

Title

Page

Population and sample size per city

Statements with the highest Rape Myth Acceptance Average

Statements with the Lowest Rape Myth Acceptance Average

Statements with Highest Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance Average

Statements with Lowest Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance Average

Age and level of Rape Myth Acceptance

Sex and level of Rape Myth Acceptance

Age and Sex and the level of Rape Myth Acceptance

Monthly Family Income and level of Rape Myth Acceptance

Educational Attainment and level of Rape Myth Acceptance

Age and level of Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance

Age and Gender and the level of Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance

MFI and level of Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance

Education and level of Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance

Top 5 information sources on rape according to frequency

Top 5 information sources on rape according to credibility

Top 5 information sources on sexual harassment according to frequency

Top 5 information sources on sexual harassment according to credibility

1 I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study According to the Republic Act No. 8353, known as the Anti- Rape Law (1997) rape is an act of sexual assault or sexual intercourse committed by any person through the use of force, threat or intimidation or through grave use of authority. It may also occur when the victim is deprived of reason or is unconscious, and when the victim is under the age of 12 or is demented (as cited in Philippine Commission on Women, 2009). Meanwhile, Republic Act No. 7877 or the Anti- Sexual Harassment Law (1995) states that sexual harassment may occur in the employment and educational environment committed by any person of authority, influence or moral ascendancy over another. It may occur when sexual favors are demanded, requested or required under circumstances which may affect the rights and privileges or when it may result in a hostile environment for the student or employee (as cited in Philippine Commission on Women, 2009). In certain cases, rape is committed with other crimes such as robbery or murder. Gmanetwork.com (2015) reported that a 16- year-old rape-slay victim was found on August 24 in a remote area in Malvar, Batangas. She had been raped then choked to death, and was last seen by her father on August 16. A series of robbery-rape cases were also recorded in different villages in Marikina in 2012 where four different cases were filed. The series of robbery-rape cases happened from May to July where three of the five victims were minors ages 14-16 years old (newsinfo.inquirer.net, 2012). Some rape cases take years to get resolved, an example of this is a nine-year trial of the family of rape-slay victim Rosilin Federico who was raped and slain in Marikina in 1993 by seven men, five of were found guilty in 2002, while the other two were left

2 under investigation, the case ran for a total of nine years only reaching the supreme court in 1999 (Alquitran, 2002). In the development of rape cases in the Philippines, marital rape has been resolved and recognized by the Supreme Court in 2014. The rape case was filed in 1999 under two accounts of rape while under their marriage, the rape offender being the husband of the victim. The Supreme Court ruled the husband guilty with evidences of torn clothes and testimonies of their children. This would be the first recorded marital rape case won, and was able to show to people that rape between two married adults is possible as long as one does not consent to it (newsinfo.inquirer.net, 2014). In the Philippines, one in ten women aged 15-49 years old have experienced sexual violence and that one in twenty five women under the same age bracket have experienced forced first sexual encounter (National Statistics Office, 2008 as cited in Philippine Commission on Women, 2014). According to the Civil Service Commission a total of 150 cases of sexual harassment were reported from 1999 to 2012. It was shown that 42 of the complaints came from State Universities and Colleges (SUC) and 49 came from private Higher Education Institutions (HEIâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) however law-enforcers believe that this is not the complete data since different institutions are not centralized, as well as the underreporting of such crimes since some may not fall under the Sexual Harassment Act as well as the stigma associated with being a victim (as cited in Philippine Commission on Women, 2014). Also, 7,306 rape cases were recorded from January to October 2014 which reflects an increase of 35% in the number of cases recorded in 2013. Among the recorded cases, 76.9% of victims were minors and 23.1% were women (PNP Public Information Office, 2014)

3 B. Statement of the Problem and Objectives Research Problem: How does the exposure to information on rape and sexual harassment influence the rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance of Filipinos?

Objectives: 1. To determine the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance. 2. To determine the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; information sources on rape and sexual harassment a. Sources of information on rape and sexual harassment respondents are exposed to b. Credibility of information sources on rape and sexual harassment 3. To explore the influence of information sources on rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance. 4. To compare the differences on the influence of information sources on rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance between: a. Genders b. Socio-economic classes c. Age groups

4 C. Significance of the Study Given the importance of the issue on rape and sexual harassment, and that exposure to different information influence knowledge and attitudes, it could be seen that information exposure of individuals on rape and sexual harassment may influence the rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance of individuals. It is important because a lack of understanding of what rape and sexual harassment is was found to be one of the reasons as to why people do not report the crime, and why different individuals do not perceive themselves as perpetrators or as victims. This study will be of vital use to various government and nongovernment agencies against rape and sexual harassment to understand the current levels of information exposure of individuals and what efforts should be made to create more ways to communicate information about rape and sexual harassment to citizens and educate them on such issues.

5 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Studies on Exposure to Information Exposure to Information Studies on Sexual Behavior Studies on exposure to information have generally concluded that information exposure from the likes of peers, family and media, affects an individual’s knowledge, attitudes and behavior toward sexual practices and activities. A range of studies have argued how family and peers are able to influence an individual’s sexual debut, sexual practice and activities. Family and peers are sources of information, and are considerations when it comes to the attitudes and behavior of individuals toward sexual activities. Parental monitoring and attentiveness to activities, as well as connectedness of children to parents indicated an older sexual debut with lower rates of sexual intercourse with fewer partners, and the practice of safe sex (Miller, Forehand, &Kotchick, 1999; Herich, Brookmeyer, Shrier, &Shahar, 2005). Parent- child communication includes talking about the possible risks of early sexual debut such as the risk of getting Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Females’ communication with parents influence their decision making, while lack of communication makes them have a more conservative attitude toward sex (Herich, Brookmeyer, Shrier, &Shahar, 2005). Children who are peers with individuals who have engaged in sexual activities are likely to engage in sexual activities such that the more peers they have who have engaged in sexual activities, the higher the likelihood that they will engage in sexual activities as well. Peers are relevant sources of information, and they influence the decision-making of adolescents. Studies show that there are similarities when it comes to the sexual behavior of peers. (Prinstein, Meade,& Cohen, 2003; Sieving, Eisenberg, Pettingell,&Skay, 2006;

6 Herich, Brookmeyer, Shrier, &Shahar, 2005). Adolescents who have higher involvement with friends are likely to enter into early romantic relationships (Herich, Brookmeyer, Shrier, &Shahar, 2005). The number of sexual partners and less practice of safe sex is also associated with early sexual debut (Eisenburg, Pettingell, Skay, 2006). Adolescentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; perceive engagement in sexual activities as a means to gain respect or popularity among their peers. Engagement in sexual activities may increase popularity, however, popularity does not necessarily mean being well-liked, and that engaging with multiple sexual partners would cause for an individual to have lower popularity (Prinstein, Mead, Cohe, 2003) and lower respect (Rotherbaum-Borus, Reid & Rosario, 2003 as cited in Herich, Brookmeyer, Shrier, &Shahar, 2005). Media is now seen as a medium which influences the attitudes and behaviors of adolescents and the youth to the extent that it may be comparable to the influence of family, peers and school . Media influences the knowledge of the youth in sex-related topics as well as the attitudes and behaviors of the youth toward sexual intimacy (Emerson, 2012). Exposure to sexually explicit media content has been proven to affect individualsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; sexual attitudes and behavior such as early engagement in sexual activities, increase in sexual partners and activities, and engagement in risky sexual activities and aggressive and violent behavior. Adolescents who view sexually explicit websites or those who engaged in Online Sexual Activities (OSA) increase the likeliness of having more sexual partners and having higher sexual permissiveness scores (Braun-Courville& Rojas, 2008), as well as engaging in greater sexual activity, multiple sexual partnerships, and group sex activities (Kunnuji, 2012).There is strong evidence that an increase in the

7 consumption of media violence may lead to an increase in the likelihood of an individual to engage in aggressive and violent behavior (Anderson &, Escobar-Chavez, 2008). Another study on internet pornography exposure and risky sexual behavior among males in the US also asserts that there is a positive association between internet pornography exposure and extramarital sexual relations, paid sex and numerous sexual partners (Randall & Wright, 2012). Sexual attitudes and behaviors are also associated with both magazine and television. Exposure to pornography in an adult magazine predicted less progressive attitudes toward gender roles, permissive sexual norms (Brown &Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Engle, 2009) and promoted early sexual debut (Gerrard, 2012). Television shows with high sexual content are also linked with the likeliness of High School students to actively engage in sexual activities, those who watch shows with high sexual content tend to be more sexually active (Anderson &, Escobar-Chavez, 2008) and also have an early sexual debut (Gerrard, 2012). Listening to music with sexual content was also linked with increased likelihood of engaging in noncoital sexual activities (Anderson &, Escobar-Chavez, 2008). The youth may also learn from and accept the information and behaviors they observe in media content as normal (Rich, 2005). However, media is seen as an unreliable source of information when it comes to sex, as it depicts sex in a positive light most of the time since it inaccurately portrays risks of early intercourse (Mitchell, Strasburger&, Ybarra, 2014). Positive portrayal of sexual activities in the media is a probable reason why most young males who have higher levels of sexual content exposure are also more likely to regret initiating their first sexual encounter since they

8 had higher expectations with the said activity (Berry, Collins, Elliott, Kanouse, & Martino, 2009).

B. Exposure to Information on Rape and Sexual Harassment studies Individuals are exposed to various sources of information on rape and sexual harassment; among these are media information, communication campaigns and information from interpersonal relations and socialization. Studies on media information exposure have successfully linked media content exposure to attitudes on rape and sexual harassment. Most of these studies have found the significant gender differences when it comes to the effects of information on attitudes on rape and sexual harassment. In a study on the effects of mass media exposure on acceptance of violence against women, it was found that exposure to films that portray sexual violence increased male subjectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; acceptance of violence against women and their acceptance of prejudicial beliefs about rape, rapists and rape victims- rape myths. For women however, the exposure to films portraying sexual violence lead to even less acceptance of violence and rape myths (Malamuth& Check, 1981). Malamuth and Check also found that college menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s frequency of reading sexually explicit magazines positively correlated with their beliefs that women enjoyed forced sex or rape (1985). In a study on the prevalence of rape myths in headlines and their effects on attitudes toward rape, it was found that male participants exposed to headlines endorsing rape myths were more likely to hold rape-supportive attitudes than females also exposed to the same headlines (Franiuk, Seefelt and Vandello, 2008).

9 When it comes to sexually explicit content on magazines and pornography, studies have generally concluded that exposure to such content leads to attitudes and behavior supporting rape myths and victim-blaming. A study that dealt with the effects of exposure to pornographic material found that the more frequent the individual’s exposure to pornographic material, the greater the acceptance of violence against women, sexual callousness and rape myths (Briere&Malamuth, 1986). A big majority of male adolescents, and almost half of female adolescents who have been exposed to explicit pornography believe that they have learned ‘some’ or ‘a lot’ from it regarding sex. Those who have high exposure to explicit pornography associate the cause of rape on the sexuality of male and female precipitation, or that female victims ‘asked for it’ (Campbell, & Cowan, 1995). In a study on the sexual attitudes and behaviors associated with early adolescents’ exposure to sexually explicit media like pornography in adult magazines, it was found that males’ early exposure to sexually explicit content predicted sexual harassment perpetration (Brown &L’Engle, 2009). While other studies have explored the link of pornographic exposure to the commission of a sex crime, there is a study that takes this further by looking at how the exposure to pornography during different stages of life affects the violence of a sex crime. Findings show that adolescent and not adult exposure was a significant predictor of the extent to which violence would be elevated, wherein the victim humiliation is increased (Beauregard, Mancini, &Reckdenwald, 2011). Studies on the effects of information from interpersonal relations mostly focus on the effects of educating individuals about rape and sexual harassment through various rape education programs. Studies on said matter have generally concluded that rape

10 education programs are effective in increasing one’s knowledge about rape and decreasing support for rape myths and misconceptions. Gender differences were also present in the findings. Many rape and sexual assault awareness programs have been created and executed in order to educate individuals about what constitutes rape and lessen the false beliefs regarding rape, rapists and rape victims. In a study on the effects of a sexual assault peer education program on rape myth acceptance, it was found that this program was an effective way to increase sexual assault awareness and decrease one’s rape myth acceptance (Foubert&Mariott)1997). There are various programs dedicated to helping rape victims such as rape crisis centers. A study examined how the awareness of these programs affects an adolescent’s knowledge about sexual violence and findings show that the respondents who were aware of the rape crisis program were able to correctly identify statements about rape, thus had better knowledge about sexual violence. The study also found that females were consistently more likely to get correct answers than males (Lazebnick, Lee, O’Riordan& Stark, 2015). In a study that examined the effectiveness of rape awareness programs in reducing rape instances, it was hypothesized that one’s soundness of knowledge regarding the rape law affects behavior, it was found that increased knowledge of the rape law may help reduce rape instances by prevention of rape offenses and victimization (Withey, 2010). In another study on the impact of rape education intervention strategies on American college students’ attitudes, it was found to be effective in changing attitudes of both male and female participants, however it was found the females are more

11 knowledgeable about rape, less likely to resort to victim blaming and less accepting of adversarial sexual beliefs and gender roles (Fonow, Richardson and Wemmerus, 1992).

C. Rape and Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance A low level of understanding about rape and sexual harassment is one of the reasons why there are under-reports involving these crimes. Some males and females do not know the legal definition of rape and thus commit such offences or they do not consider themselves as victims simply because they do not know that they have been subject to such crimes. More males will admit to engaging in and more females will report victimization when rape is substituted with a different set of words, such as forced to have sex, as it is more easily understood. Lack of understanding of what rape is may be attributed to the existence of rape stereotypes and myths (Bradshaw, Edwards, &Hinsz, 2014). Rape myths have two perspectives, one that looks into the victim, and another that looks into the the perpetrator. Rape myths involving females involve the victim to be blamed that she was â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;asking for itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, that she felt bad about the sexual encounter afterwards, or that she deserved to be raped because of being promiscuous. On the other hand, rape myths about male perpetrators are that he must be crazy, or that it is natural for a male to want to have sex, or that it was a misinterpretation or miscommunication of actions between the perpetrator and the victim (Cepress, Franiuk, Seefelt, &Vandello, 2008). In a study that aimed to understand the impact of rape myth acceptance on victim blaming, it was found that males have higher rape myth acceptance than females and also give higher levels of blame to rape victims rather than females (Grubb & Turner, 2012).

12 In a study by Cowen and Campbell (1995) on adolescents’ beliefs regarding rape, rape myths are still accepted when it comes to what could possibly cause rape. Female adolescents believe that the cause of rape is due to the mental instability or craziness of a male perpetrator while male adolescents believe that rape is caused by female precipitation wherein female victims would have ‘asked to get raped’. Gender plays a part on the awareness of an individual to the definition of sexual harassment. Females are more sensitive to what constitutes sexual harassment which includes implicit forms of sexual harassment, such as sexual jokes and sarcasm. Perceptions on sexual harassment’s definition, is attributed to one’s exposure to such occurrence, since females are more likely to be a victim to sexual harassment, females are more aware of such behavior (Vohlidalova, 2011). The role of the media in shaping one’s attitudes on rape and sexual harassment is illustrated in a study that aimed to understand how media affects individuals’ perceptions and awareness about violence against women. It was found that media messages regarding violence against women are mostly conservative and patriarchal. Media frames sex crimes with the offenders and victims having mutual responsibility. How these crimes are reported affects how offenders, victims and the public view sexual violence and violence against women which also leads to underreporting of rape and sexual assault wherein victims feel that they are responsible for their attack and are afraid to be blamed and retraumatized (Easteal, Holland & Judd, 2014). In a study by AWARE (2008), sexual harassment awareness in offices are relatively high for females with 71.5% of female employees in Singapore are highly aware while only 54.8% of males were highly aware regarding what constitutes sexual

13 harassment. More than a quarter of the respondents did not consider threats over their careers in exchange for sexual favors as sexual harassment. Some of the victims of sexual harassment did not report such cases for different reasons such as lack of awareness on where they could report such cases, they were afraid of missing out on opportunities, as well as they were ashamed of what they experienced. Vohlidalova (2011) conducted a study among Czech students taking their Masters and their Bachelor of Arts degree. 67% of students have experienced sexual harassment, with 22% of them have experienced a higher form of sexual harassment such as sexual coercion. However, students who have experienced this do not label it as harassment, especially for implicit sexual advances. Their definition of sexual harassment still involves explicit and extreme behaviors, and power imbalance; personality and relationship with perpetrator were also considerations on whether or not they considered themselves as victims.

D. Synthesis Family, friends and the media have always been powerful tools for shaping individualsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; opinions, attitudes and behavior. Family and peers are able to influence the attitudes of individuals as well as their activities and their sexual practices. Family and peers are accessible sources of information when transfers of information involving sexual activities occur, this may include attitudes formed toward rape and sexual harassment. Media content helps establish ideas regarding sexual activities. Content on rape and sexual harassment is present and accessible in the media through news reporting of rape and sexual harassment, films and TV shows with scenes showing rape and sexual

14 harassment, and the wide platform of online media. These media content are being consumed by individuals, as well as their peers and family. The different sources of information have been proven to affect oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s attitudes toward rape and other forms of sexual violence. Media exposure has been linked to individualsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; sexual behavior, attitudes toward rape and sexual harassment and acceptance of sexual violence and rape myths. Pieces of information on rape and sexual harassment communicated through interpersonal relations and the media have been proven to affect oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s attitudes toward rape and other forms of sexual violence. Most of these studies have found that there are significant gender differences when it comes to the effects of information on attitudes on rape and sexual harassment. Rape awareness studies have been mostly concerned with the effectiveness of rape education programs on rape awareness and risk reduction. There have also been studies which solely measured the knowledge about rape and sexual harassment of males and females wherein differences in levels of knowledge were found between sexes.

E. Research Gap Research in other countries have included studies on the influence of peers, family and media exposure toward the attitudes of individuals toward sexual activities and behavior, some media studies have also looked into the acceptance of sexual harassment and violence, and the likelihood of their perpetration of these sex crimes. Some studies also involved the perceptions of males and females on rape and sexual harassment. There have not been studies on the effects of information exposure from both

15 media and interpersonal relations since most of the studies have dealt with them separately. Most studies in the Philippines about rape and sexual harassment in relation to media are focused on particular cases of rape that gained a lot of media coverage. There are no previous literature in the Philippines that deal with information exposure and rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance.

16 III.

STUDY FRAMEWORK

Social Constructionism and the Source Credibility Theory were used in order to find out how the exposure to information on rape and sexual harassment influence the rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance of Filipinos from different age groups, and genders. Social Constructionism helped identify where and how people were able to gather information in order to form an understanding of rape and sexual harassment while Source Credibility Theory explained how perceived credibility of the source of information affects attitude toward rape and sexual harassment.

A. Theoretical Framework Social Constructionism Social Constructionism is concerned with the process that an individual goes through to acquire perceptions and understanding of different concepts and ideas in life. It states that a great deal of human life exists as it is due to social and interpersonal influences (Gergen, 1985). Social Constructionism involves the creation, and modification of knowledge of an individual based on the different interactions (Galbin, 2014). This theory also attempts to explain that an individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experience of the world does not mean that it is how others understand the world. Culture and history as well as the different interpretations of it are important keys that an individual gathers in order to form an understanding of the world. (Berger, 1966 ; Gergen, 1985). Assignments or categories such as sex, and gender are artifacts formed through social construction of humans, and are passed on through language (Burr, 2015). Language is deemed important in understanding different realities, it is in itself a social- artifact as it is

17 actively interpreted and passed on from individual to individual, concepts and information explained by language is subject to different understanding based on the socialization of an individual through the culture and history of which an individual comes from. (Berger, 1966; Gergen, 1985; Owen, 1995).

Source Credibility Theory The Source Credibility Theory states that a source of information with greater credibility would result to a greater attitude change (Dholakia, 1987). A source of information increases credibility depending on an individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perceived competence and trustworthiness of a source of information (Hovland, & Weiss, 1951). Competence is identified as the perceived expertise or knowledge ability of a source of information while trustworthiness may be identified through the character, trait or integrity of the source (Eisend, 2006). The extent of attitude or attitude change of an individual may be influenced by how much he or she learns and accepts information. Acceptance considers the perceived trustworthiness of an individual toward a source such that an individual may learn about information but choose not to accept it because of the lack of trust toward the source (Hovland, & Weiss, 1951). This theory also introduces the Sleeper Effect which states that persuasive information from low-credibility sources may become more believable if an individual is exposed to information long enough such that the knowledge of the low-credibility source has fades or has been forgotten (Levine, 2014).

B. Conceptual Framework This study focuses on how the exposure to information on rape and sexual harassment influence the rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance of Filipinos from different age groups, and genders. The theory of social constructionism deals with the process of forming perceptions and understanding of concepts and ideas wherein the attitudes and perceptions of individuals are dependent on interpersonal and social influences and interactions also influenced by culture and history (Gergen, 1985). Various ideas, concepts and perceptions are socially constructed and passed on from individual to individual through language. Social constructionism shows how the information shared by society through social interactions along with an individual’s culture and history, forms an individual’s acceptance of various ideas and perceptions. Extent of information is characterized by the source, frequency and credibility of information, in order to understand how the extent of information affects myth acceptance, in addition to the theory on social constructionism, the source credibility theory will also be used. The source credibility theory asserts that attitude towards a piece of information is dependent on source credibility. Source credibility is dependent on the other hand, on the individual’s perceived competence and trustworthiness of the source of the information.

C. Operational Framework The study aims to determine the influence of exposure to information on rape and sexual harassment on the rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance of Filipinos from different age groups, and genders. The theory of social constructionism shows how

19 exposure to information through different platforms and social interaction forms perceptions on various concepts and beliefs. Therefore there is a clear link between information exposure and beliefs that dictate an individual’s rape myth acceptance. The extent of information exposure will be measured by finding out the respondents’ information sources, frequency of exposure and credibility of information sources on rape and sexual harassment. The sources will then be subjected to measures indicated in the source credibility theory as the theory asserts that attitudes are also dependent on the perceived credibility of sources. The respondents’ perceived expertise or knowledge of a source of information on rape and sexual harassment will be measured in order to find out their perceived competence of the source of information. Along with this, the respondents’ perceived character, trait or integrity of a source of information on rape and sexual harassment will be measured in order to find out their perceived trustworthiness of the information source. The differences in rape myth acceptance will then be examined according to the extent of information exposure on rape and sexual harassment.

20 D.

Operational Definition of Terms

1. Social Artifact- Anything created by individuals that shares information about their culture. 2. Perceived competence- The respondents’ perceived expertise and knowledge ability of a source of information. 3. Perceived trustworthiness- The respondents’ perceived character, trait or integrity of a source of information. 4. Attitude change- Individuals’ change in perceptions and views on a subject, issue or concept.

21 IV. METHODOLOGY

Research Design and Methods

This study focuses on how the exposure to information on rape and sexual harassment influence the rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance of Filipinos aged 18-24 (youth) and 45-55 (middle age). The study employed a quantitative and qualitative approach in obtaining the data. The study made use of a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to different residents from Metro Manila, the respondents were chosen from 4 randomly selected cities and barangays within Metro Manila through the last birthday method. The respondents were asked regarding their profile, their level of exposure to different sources of information and their rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance. A series of focus interviews, through maximum variation, was also used to explore the influence of information exposure on rape myth acceptance. The researchers intended on conducting eight focus interviews, four per age group, the four being composed of a male and female with high myth acceptance and a male and female with low myth acceptance, however, the researchers were not able to interview a middle-aged female respondent with high myth acceptance due to the fact that no female middle-aged respondent tested high for sexual harassment myth acceptance. The researchers were also unable to interview a young adult female respondent with high myth acceptance as only four respondents tested high for both sexual harassment and rape and all declined to participate in the focus interviews.

Research Instrument

A written questionnaire that consists of three parts was administered to the respondents. The first part of the survey identifies their profiles to be used as reference for the focus interviews, the second part of the instrument will deal with the respondents’ extent of exposure to information on rape and sexual harassment, and the last part identifies the respondents’ rape myth acceptance. The first part consists of options on the respondent’s sex, socio-economic status, age, and educational attainment, the second part asks the respondents to enumerate their sources of information on both rape and sexual harassment and their credibility. The last part of the questionnaire consists of two scales, the first scale measures the respondents’ sexual harassment myth acceptance and the second scale measures the respondents’ rape myth acceptance. The scales consist of rape and sexual harassment myths that the respondents rated their agreeability for. The focus interview guide for the informants was aligned with the objectives of this study. The interview consists of four parts, the first part of the interview guide consists of questions on their information sources on sexual harassment. The second part asked the respondents about their understanding and perceptions on sexual harassment. The third part of the interview guide consists of questions on their information sources on rape. The second part asked the respondents about their understanding and perceptions on rape.

Variables and Measures

This study focuses on how the exposure to information on rape and sexual harassment influence the rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance of Filipinos from

23 different age groups and genders. The information sources on rape and sexual harassment was measured by finding out the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; sources of information on rape and sexual harassment and their perceived credibility of the sources. The exposure to sources of information were measured through an inventory of different sources for both rape and sexual harassment. The credibility of information were measured by asking the respondents to rank their sources of information on rape and sexual harassment. The rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance of respondents were measured through a rape and sexual harassment myth scale which will show the degree of acceptance of rape and sexual harassment myths and stereotypes. They were also asked about their definition of rape and sexual harassment as well as their opinions on rape and sexual harassment. C. Units of Analysis and Sampling The researchers surveyed and interviewed Filipinos from Metro Manila belonging to the age groups 18-24 (youth) and 45-55 (middle aged). Youth and middle aged were chosen as the age groups because there is a clear generation gap between the two age groups which entails that they may show differences in information sources, beliefs, and culture.

The survey questionnaire was conducted to the residents of Caloocan, Manila, Marikina, and Pasig. These cities and barangays were selected through randomizer.org. The researchers will then get a total number of 400 respondents, 200 per age group by getting a proportional sample for each barangay.

Table 1. Population and sample size per city Cities

Population

Caloocan

1,489,040

Sample Size 35.16 141

Manila

1,652,171

39.01 156

Marikina

424,150

9.78

Pasig

669,773

16.05 64

The researchers intended on conducting eight focus interviews, four per age group, the four being composed of a male and female with high myth acceptance and a male and female with low myth acceptance, however, the researchers were not able to interview a middle-aged female respondent with high myth acceptance due to the fact that no female middle-aged respondent tested high for sexual harassment myth acceptance. The researchers were also unable to interview a young adult female respondent with high myth acceptance as only four respondents tested high for both sexual harassment and rape and all declined to participate in the focus interviews. Interviews were conducted in order for the informants to be able to say their thoughts regarding the information sources and topics of information they elaborate on most, as well as express their sentiments regarding rape and sexual harassment.

D. Data Gathering and Construction The respondents were selected through the last birthday method where the researchers asked who among the family members celebrated their birthday most recently.

25 The possible interviewees were asked if they would like to participate in the interview. A recording device was used to document the focus interview, one of the researchers would be conducting the interview, while the other was note-taking the nonverbal cues of the informant(s). The interview-guide was be followed throughout the interview, follow-up questions were asked when the need arised. The audio-files were transcribed, and the notes were organized afterwards.

E. Data Analysis The researchers encoded the respondentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s answers and used both IBM SPSS and Microsoft Excel (Pivot tables) in order to run the data, the data was presented through different tables comparing the data. The data from the transcribed files were then put into matrices for easier analysis and comparison. Notes on the non-verbal cues were also be used during analysis.

F. Scope and Limitations This study focuses on how the exposure to information on rape and sexual harassment influence the rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance of Filipinos from different age groups and genders. For the selection of respondents, the study only examined two age groups; young adults and middle aged. This was be done to be able to compare the differences between the two generations. The study was not be able to examine the elderly and adults. The researchers were unable to interview eight respondents and only interviewed six respondents. The researchers were not able to interview a middle-aged female respondent

26 with high myth acceptance due to the fact that no female middle-aged respondent tested high for sexual harassment myth acceptance. The researchers were also unable to interview a young adult female respondent with high myth acceptance as only four respondents tested high for both sexual harassment and rape and all declined to participate in the focus interviews. The scales adopted in the study are all under foreign context, however, the researchers localized the items as much as possible, without changing the essence of the statements.

27 V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Respondent Profiles There are 208 youth respondents, ages 18-24 with an average age of 20, while there are 191 middle-aged respondents, ages 45-55 with an average age of 49. Majority of the respondents (63.41%) are females. The average monthly family income of the respondents are P30,000-P50,000. A big majority of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (74.44%) highest educational attainment is college.

B. Informant Profiles a. Informants with low myth acceptance scores The male and female youth informants are both college students. The male youth informant is 22-years-old with a monthly family income of more than 90,000. The female youth informant is 18 years old with a monthly family income of P30,000-P50,000. The middle-aged male informant is a 45-year old college-graduate with a monthly income ranging from P30,000- P50,000 while the middle-aged female informant is a 45-year old college undergraduate with a monthly family income of P70,000-90,000.

b. Informants with high myth acceptance The middle-aged male informant is a 47 year-old, college graduate with a monthly family income of P30,000-50,0000 while the male youth informant is a 21-year old college undergraduate with a monthly family income of P90,000 and above.

28 C. Statements on Rape and Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance Statements on Rape Myth Acceptance Statements involving victim-blaming or sexual drive of a male are the most accepted rape myths out of 25. Three out of five statements with the highest average for acceptance involve the lack of a maleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s control of his sex drive. The respondents believe that rape usually happens due to the lack of self-control. The other two statements involve the behavior of the victim prior to rape such as being a flirt or initiating kissing. Respondents believe that females who behave a certain way increase their chances of getting raped, as seen on Table 2.

Table 2. Statements with the highest Rape Myth Acceptance Average Statements with the highest average for acceptance

Average Score

Rape happens when a guyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sex drive goes out of control When guys rape, it is usually because of their strong desire for sex. If a girl initiates kissing or hooking up, she should not be surprised if a guy assumes she wants to have sex. If a girl acts like a flirt/slut, eventually she is going to get into trouble or she is asking for it Guys donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t intend to force sex on a girl, but sometimes they get too sexually carried away.

3.48 3.45 3.42 3.29 3.27

Rape myth statements which got the lowest average involve circumstances of which an event is considered rape, as shown on Table 3. Two of the statements involve characteristics such as gender of the perpetrator and attractiveness of the victim. Such that the respondents believe that all genders are capable of committing rape, and that attractiveness does not get someone raped. The other three involve statements of what would constitute as rape. The respondent believe that bruises or marks, and weapons are

29 not pre-cursors to identifying rape and that drunkenness of the rapist does not excuse him/her from the act.

Table 3. Statements with the Lowest Rape Myth Acceptance Average Statements with the lowest average for acceptance

Average Score

Only young, attractive people could get raped

1.78

A rape probably doesn’t happen if there are no bruises or marks Females cannot rape

2.01

It should not be considered rape if a guy is drunk and didn’t realize what he was doing. It could only be called rape if the accused or “rapist” used or had a weapon.

2.08

2.07

2.10

Statements on Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance Desire for sex is still accepted as the main reason for sexual harassment for the respondents. Respondents were undecided on whether unwelcome date invitations are a form of sexual harassment. The other three statements scored higher than the rest of the sexual harassment myths but still scored relatively low acceptance and most involved situations such as uncomfortable physical closeness and the need for a power difference between the victim and the harasser, as seen on Table 4.

30 Table 4. Statements with Highest Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance Average Statements with the Highest Average for Acceptance Desire for sex is the main motivation of sexual harassment Getting repeatedly asked out on date or unwelcome invitations is sexual harassment The person who is directly harassed is the only victim Sexual harassment only occurs when there is a power difference between parties Physical closeness which makes someone uncomfortable is considered sexual harassment

Average Score 3.35 3.04 2.89 2.87 2.79

Sexual harassment myths which respondents did not believe involved circumstances when sexual harassment occurs. Respondents believe that sexual harassment may be verbal, is not rare, and is not simply misinterpreted flirtation and that it also occurs outside of school or work. Respondents also believe that any gender could be a sexual harasser.

Table 5. Statements with the Lowest Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance Average Statements with the Lowest Average for Acceptance If it happens outside of school/ work it is not considered as sexual harassment Sexual harassment is always verbal Sexual harassment is just misinterpreted flirtation Only men are sexual harassers Sexual harassment cases are rare

Average Score 1.72 1.99 2.00 2.09 2.1

Qualitative analysis on rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance Informants who have low rape myth acceptance scores have more accurate and specific definitions of rape and sexual harassment wherein their definitions are closer to the proposed definitions of organizations against sexual harassment and rape and also to Philippine laws and their definitions do not have gender biases. Informants with high rape

31 and sexual harassment myth acceptance scores define rape and sexual harassment in more general ways and do not go into specific detail regarding the actions that constitute rape and sexual harassment. Those with high myth acceptance scores also define rape and sexual harassment under the context that these are crimes committed by only men against women. Informants with low myth acceptance scores have opinions that are strongly against victim blaming. All informants with low myth acceptance scores say that when rape and sexual harassment occurs, the responsibility lies solely on the perpetrator while all informants with high myth acceptance scores say that there is mutual responsibility between the perpetrator and victim saying that the victim may also be at fault by showing motive and wearing too revealing clothes.

D. Rape and Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance Results Overall respondent scores for Rape Myth Acceptance Majority of Filipinos have a medium level of acceptance of rape myths which means that there is an inconsistency in their answers wherein they both accept and reject a number of rape and sexual harassment myths or remain undecided. Almost a third have low-myth acceptance which indicated that they have a good understanding and awareness of the issue and tend to reject rape and sexual harassment myths and only less than onetenth of the population have high-rape myth acceptance..

32 Rape myth acceptance scores according to age Age is not a factor when trying to determine the rape myth acceptance score of the respondents. As shown on Table 2, majority of both middle aged respondents (62.83%) and youth respondents (56.25%) have a medium level of rape myth acceptance. There is an insignificant very weak association between age and level of rape myth acceptance (G=0.056, p> 0.05).

Table 6. Age and level of Rape Myth Acceptance Age Middle Aged (45-55) Youth(18-24)

LOW acceptance

MED acceptance

30.89% 34.62%

62.83% 56.25%

HIGH acceptance

Total

6.28% 9.13%

100.00% 100.00%

Rape myth acceptance scores according to sex Regardless of sex, the respondents registered a medium level of rape myth acceptance scores. As shown on Table 3, the respondents have medium level of rape myth acceptance where only a third (34.39%) or almost a third (30.14%) of both the female and male respondents have low myth acceptance. There is a very weak and insignificant association between gender and rape myth acceptance (V=0.044, p>0.05)

Table 7. Sex and level of Rape Myth Acceptance Sex Female Male

LOW acceptance 34.39% 30.14%

MED acceptance 58.10% 61.64%

HIGH acceptance 7.51% 8.22%

Total 100.00% 100.00%

33 Rape Myth Acceptance scores according to both Age and Sex Among the respondents more males have lower knowledge on rape compared to females. Only a quarter of middle-aged male adults have low rape myth acceptance compared to a third of both female groups and young males. On the other hand, 10.81% of young males have high rape myth acceptance while less than one-tenth of middle-aged and youth female respondents, as well as old-male respondents have high rape myth acceptance. Majority of the respondents have medium level of rape myth acceptance.

Table 8. Age and Sex and the level of Rape Myth Acceptance Age and Gender Old Female Old Male Young Female Young Male

LOW acceptance

MED acceptance

34.45% 25.00% 34.33% 35.14%

58.82% 69.44% 57.46% 54.05%

HIGH acceptance 6.72% 5.56% 8.21% 10.81%

Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Rape Myth Acceptance scores according to Monthly Family Income Filipinos who come from families with a high monthly income are more likely to have a lower rape myth acceptance and is more likely to be more knowledgeable about rape. Majority (55.56%) of Filipinos whose family income are at least P70,001 have low rape myth acceptance scores while almost only one-tenth (13.41%) of those whose monthly family income are less than P10,000 have low rape myth acceptance since most of those with low family income have medium rape myth acceptance, as seen on Table 9. There is a significant and negative weak association between family income and rape myth acceptance scores (G=-0.22, p<0.05).

34 Table 9. Monthly Family Income and level of Rape Myth Acceptance Monthly Family Income Less than P10,000 10,000-30,000 30,001-50,000 50,001-70,000 70,001-90,000 90,001 and above Don’t Know Total Ave

LOW acceptance

MED acceptance

13.41% 26.67% 36.11% 37.50% 55.56% 58.82% 31.15% 32.83%

HIGH acceptance

79.27% 62.67% 58.33% 52.50% 33.33% 35.29% 62.30% 59.40%

Total

7.32% 10.67% 5.56% 10.00% 11.11% 5.88% 6.56% 7.77%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Rape Myth Acceptance scores according to Educational Attainment Filipinos with higher educational attainment are more likely to have lower rape myth acceptance than those with lower educational attainment. There is a significant negative weak association between educational attainment and rape myth acceptance (G= -0.24, p<0.05). As shown on Table 10, one-third (34.34%) of college students, and almost half(45.45%) of post-graduate students have low rape myth acceptance scores compared with those who achieved lower education whose big majority score medium rape myth acceptance scores (elementary – 75%, high school – 69.74%).

Table 10. Educational Attainment and level of Rape Myth Acceptance Educational Attainment Elementary High School College Post-graduate Total (Ave)

LOW acceptance 25.00% 23.68% 34.34% 45.45% 32.83%

MED acceptance 75.00% 69.74% 57.58% 45.45% 59.40%

HIGH Acceptance 0.00% 6.58% 8.08% 9.09% 7.77%

Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

35 Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance scores according to Age The Filipino youth have a lower sexual harassment myth acceptance scores and are likely to be more knowledgeable about sexual harassment than middle-aged Filipinos. There is a significant weak association between age and sexual harassment myth acceptance (G=0.16, p<0.05). Almost half (49.52%) of the Filipino youth have low sexual harassment myth acceptance while majority (60.73%) of middle-aged Filipinos have a medium sexual harassment myth acceptance score, as seen on Table 11.

Table 11. Age and level of Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance Age Old (45-55) Young (1824) Total (Ave)

LOW acceptance

MED acceptance

HIGH Acceptance

Total

38.74%

60.73%

0.52%

100.00%

49.52% 44.36%

46.63% 53.38%

3.85% 2.26%

100.00% 100.00%

Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance scores according to Sex Sex is not a factor when determining the level of sexual harassment myth acceptance of the respondents. There is an insignificant and very weak association between sex and sexual harassment myth acceptance (V= 0.10, p>0.05). As shown on Table 12, majority of both males (57. 53%) and females (50.99%) have medium sexual harassment myth acceptance scores.

36 Table 12. Age and level of Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance Sex Female Male Total (Ave)

LOW acceptance 47.43% 39.04% 44.36%

MED acceptance

HIGH acceptance

50.99% 57.53% 53.38%

Total

1.58% 3.42% 2.26%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance scores according to Age Among the respondents, more females both for the youth and the middle-aged respondents, have a lower sexual harassment myth acceptance score than the male respondents. Half of the female youth respondents have a low myth acceptance score, while no middle-aged female scored a high sexual harassment myth acceptance as seen on Table 13.

Table 13. Age and Gender and the level of Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance Age and Gender Old Female Old Male Young Female Young Male Total Ave

LOW acceptance 43.70% 30.56% 50.75% 47.30% 43.08%

MED acceptance 56.30% 68.06% 46.27% 47.30% 54.48%

HIGH Acceptance

Total

0.00% 1.39% 2.99% 5.41% 2.45%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance scores according to Monthly Family Income Filipinos with a higher income have lower sexual harassment myth acceptance. There is a significant and negative moderate association between family income and sexual harassment myth acceptance scores (G= -0.32, p<0.05). As shown on Table 14, at least half of the respondents whose income is more than P70,001 have low sexual harassment myth acceptance scores while only one-fifth (20.73%) of Filipinos coming

37 from families with a monthly family income of less than P10,000 have low acceptance scores. A big majority (at least 60.00%) of Filipinos coming from families with a monthly income of less than P30,000 have medium sexual harassment myth acceptance scores.

Table 14. Monthly Family Income and level of Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance Monthly Family Income Less than P10,000 10,000-30,000 30,001-50,000 50,001-70,000 70,001-90,000 90,001 and above Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t Know Total Ave

LOW acceptance 20.73% 38.67% 47.22% 55.00% 50.00% 66.67% 52.46% 44.36%

MED acceptance

HIGH Acceptance

76.83% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 50.00% 31.37% 45.90% 53.38%

2.44% 1.33% 2.78% 5.00% 0.00% 1.96% 1.64% 2.26%

Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance scores according to Educational Attainment Filipinos with higher educational attainment have low sexual harassment myth acceptance scores. There is a significant and negative moderate association between educational attainment and sexual harassment myth acceptance (G= -0.41, p<0.05). As shown on Table 11, almost half (49.16%) of college students and half of post-graduate students have a low sexual harassment myth acceptance score while a big majority (75.00%) of those whose highest educational attainment is either elementary or high school have medium sexual harassment myth acceptance scores.

38 Table 15. Educational Attainment and level of Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance Educational Attainment Elementary High School College Post-graduate Total (Ave)

LOW acceptance 25.00% 25.00% 49.16% 50.00% 44.36%

MED acceptance

HIGH acceptance

75.00% 75.00% 47.81% 50.00% 53.38%

0.00% 0.00% 3.03% 0.00% 2.26%

Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

E. Sources of Information on rape and sexual harassment Sources of Information on rape The respondents mostly use TV, online news, social media, newspapers, and word of mouth as their sources for information on rape As shown on Table 16, majority of respondents are most exposed to TV News as a source of information on rape (55.99%). On the other hand, online news was perceived as the most credible by the respondents, closely followed by TV, social media, news papers and word of mouth, as shown on Table 17. Note that the information sources on rape that the respondents are mostly exposed to also got the highest credibility scores. This may show that the credibility of the top sources of information, influence the attitudes of the respondents toward rape.

Table 16. Top 5 information sources on rape according to frequency Information sources on Rape 1. TV News 2. Online News 3. Social Media 4. News Papers 5. Word of Mouth

Percentage value 55.99% 9.02% 6.89% 6.14% 2.34%

Table 17. Top 5 information sources on rape according to credibility Information sources on Rape

Credibility score

1. Online News 2. TV News 3. Social Media 4. News Papers 5. Word of Mouth

3.2 3.16 3.1 3.09 3.05

Sources of Information on sexual harassment The top five information sources on sexual harassment that respondents are most exposed to are TV News, online news, social media, newspapers and word of mouth. As shown on Table 18, majority of respondents (53.2%) are most exposed to TV News as a source of information on sexual harassment The most credible source for the respondents is online news, followed by TV News, word of mouth, newspapers and social media as seen on Table 19. The information sources that respondents are most exposed to are also the information sources that respondents perceive to be most credible but differ in terms of rank. This may show that the credibility of the top 5 sources of information may influence the attitudes of the respondents on sexual harassment.

Table 18. Top 5 information sources on sexual harassment according to frequency Information so urces on Rape 1. TV News 2. Online News 3. News Papers 4. Social Media 5. Word of Mouth

Percentage value 53.20%

9.95% 7.60% 6.23% 2.99%

40 Table 19. Top 5 information sources on sexual harassment according to credibility Information sources on Rape

Credibility score

1. Online News 2. TV news 3. Word of mouth 4. Newspaper 5. Social Media

3.66 3.622 3.619 3.58 3.57

F. Influence of information sources on rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance Filipinos whose main information source for rape and sexual harassment is TV News are more likely to register a higher rape myth acceptance score than those with a different main information source on rape. There is a significant and strong positive association between top information sources on rape and Filipinosâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rape myth acceptance scores (V=0.501, p<0.05). For the respondents, those whose main information sources are TV News, followed by online news, newspapers, social media and word of mouth tend to register a higher sexual harassment myth acceptance score. There is a moderate association between the top information sources on sexual harassment and the sexual harassment myth acceptance of the respondents (V=0.46, p>0.05).

Influence of information sources on rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance between: 1. Gender Influence of sources of information on rape and their rape myth acceptance Filipino females whose top source of information is TV News register higher rape myth acceptance scores than females who have a different main source of information.

41 There is a significant, strong and positive association between Females’ information sources and rape myth acceptance scores (v=0.59, p<0.05). On the other hand, male respondents tend to register higher rape myth acceptance scores than male respondents whose top information sources are online news, social media, newspapers and word of mouth. There is a strong positive association between male respondents’ information sources and rape myth acceptance (v=0.657, p>0.05). However, the association is insignificant and cannot be generalized to the Filipino population.

Influence of sources of information on sexual harassment and their sexual harassment myth acceptance Male and female respondents whose top source of information is TV news tend to register higher rape myth acceptance scores than those whose top information sources are online news, newspapers, social media and word of mouth. There is a strong positive association between information sources and sexual harassment myth acceptance scores when based on respondents’ genders (Females V=0.523, p>0.05, Males V=0.67,p>0.05).

2. Socio-economic classes Influence of sources of information on rape and their rape myth acceptance TV News influences the rape myth acceptance scores of respondents’ from different socio-economic backgrounds. Respondents whose main source of information is TV News register higher rape myth acceptance scores than those who have different information sources. There is at least a strong and positive association on the

42 respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; monthly income and their rape myth score. However, the association is insignificant and cannot be generalized to the whole Filipino population (Less than P10,000 V=0.71, p>0.05, P10,000-P30,000 V=0.79, p>0.05, P30,000-P50,000 V= 0.81, p>0.05, P50,000-P70,000 V=0.95, p>0.05, P70,000-P90,000 V= 0.93, p>0.05, P90,000 and above V=0.86, p=0.40).

Influence of sources of information on sexual harassment and their sexual harassment myth acceptance On the other hand, respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; with different monthly family income tend to register a higher sexual harassment myth acceptance score when their main source of information is TV News compared to respondents whose top information source is newspapers, online news, social media and word of mouth. TV News influences all respondents with a monthly family income of P70,000-P90,000 as they registered a perfect association between their monthly family income and their sexual harassment myth acceptance scores (V=1.00, p>0.05). However, the association is statistically insignificant and cannot be generalized (Less than P10,000 V= 0.70, p>0.05, P10,000P30,000 V=0.732, p>0.05, P30,000-P50,000 V=0.67, p>0.05, P50,000-P70,000 V=0.81, p>0.05, P70,000-90,000 V=1.00, p>0.05, P90,000 and above V=0.91, p>0.05).

3. Age groups Influence of sources of information on rape and their rape myth acceptance Middle-aged Filipinos whose top source of information is TV News register higher rape myth acceptance scores than middle-aged individuals whose top information

43 sources are online news, social media, newspapers and word of mouth. There is a significant, strong positive association between middle-aged individualsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; information sources and their rape myth acceptance scores (V=0.67, p<0.05). Young adult respondents whose top source of information is TV News tend to register higher rape myth acceptance scores than those with different sources of information on rape. There is also a strong association between young adult respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; information sources and their rape myth acceptance scores. The association however is insignificant and cannot be generalized. (V=0.64, p>0.05)

Influence of sources of information on sexual harassment and their sexual harassment myth acceptance TV news tend to register higher rape myth acceptance scores than those whose top information sources are online news, newspapers, social media and word of mouth regardless of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; age. There is a strong positive association between information sources on sexual harassment and sexual harassment myth acceptance scores when based on age groups. The association however is insignificant and cannot be generalized. (Middle-aged V=0.6, p>0.05, Young adults V=0.59, p>0.05)

Qualitative analysis on the influence of information sources on rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance Findings from qualitative analysis show that informants, whether male or female, young adult or middle-aged, have high or low acceptance of myths have mostly the same sources of information which are also what the quantitative findings show. Respondents

44 highly rely on TV news, Online news and newspapers as sources of information regarding rape and sexual harassment wherein they get information on the incidences and details of rape and sexual harassment cases. Informants also rely on interpersonal interactions as a source of information, getting information from peers and family. Qualitative findings show that only one out of six informants deem that his perceptions on rape and sexual harassment are not influenced by his information sources but all other respondents deem that their credible information sources clearly influence their perceptions and views on rape and sexual harassment. News information and interpersonal interactions give them more awareness about the issues and in turn help them from their views on rape and sexual harassment. The information sources however do not dictate the rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance scores as respondents of varying scores still have similar news sources. Findings also show that although those with low myth acceptance scores and high myth acceptance scores have similar information sources, those with high rape myth acceptance scores are more agreeable towards the information they encounter while those with low myth acceptance scores are more critical in examining the pieces of information and are able to detect sensationalism, sexism and bias in news reports and articles.

45 VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION A. Summary Majority of Filipinos have a medium level of acceptance of rape myths which means that there is an inconsistency in their answers wherein they both accept and reject a number of rape and sexual harassment myths or remain undecided. Almost a third have low-myth acceptance which indicated that they have a good understanding and awareness of the issue and tend to reject rape and sexual harassment myths and only less than onetenth of the population have high-rape myth acceptance. There are associations between respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; profiles and their rape and sexual harassment myth scores. A Filipino who comes from a family with a high monthly income is more likely to have a lower rape myth acceptance and sexual harassment myth acceptance and is more likely to reject rape and sexual harassment myths. Filipinos with higher educational attainment are more likely to have lower rape myth acceptance and sexual harassment myth acceptance than those with lower educational attainment. The Filipino youth have a lower sexual harassment myth acceptance score and are likely to have a good understanding and awareness about sexual harassment than middle-aged Filipinos. When it comes to the most supported rape and sexual harassment myths, statements involving victim-blaming or sexual drive of a male are the most accepted rape myths and desire for sex is still accepted as the main reason for sexual harassment according to the respondents.

46 From qualitative findings, informants who have low rape myth acceptance scores have more accurate and specific definitions of rape and sexual harassment wherein their definitions are closer to the proposed definitions of organizations against sexual harassment and rape and also to Philippine laws and their definitions do not have gender biases unlike those with high rape myth acceptance scores. Informants with low myth acceptance scores also have opinions that are strongly against victim blaming unlike those who have high rape myth acceptance scores. The top five information sources on rape and sexual harassment that respondents are most exposed to are TV News, online news, social media, newspapers and word of mouth. These are also deemed the most credible my most respondents. Only a small number of respondents use information sources like Philippine laws, research/studies, campaign materials/advertisements, information from government agencies, information from organization against rape and sexual harassment and police information as sources of information on rape and sexual harassment. There is a statistically significant strong positive association between top information sources on rape and Filipinosâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rape myth acceptance scores wherein Filipinos whose top source of information is TV News tend to register higher rape myth acceptance scores than Filipinos whose top information sources are online news, social media, newspapers and word of mouth. (v=0.501, p<0.05) There is a moderate positive association among Filipinosâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; top information sources and sexual harassment myth acceptance scores but the association is insignificant.

47 There are similarities in the influence of top sources of information on rape and sexual harassment and rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance scores between genders, socio economic classes and age groups. There is a strong positive association between sources of information on rape and sexual harassment and myth acceptance scores for both males and females, wherein males and females whose top source of information is TV news tend to register higher rape myth acceptance scores than those who have online news, social media, newspapers and word of mouth as their top information sources. The only difference is that the association for females is significant and the association for males is insignificant. There is at least a strong and insignificant association on the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; monthly income and their rape myth acceptance and sexual harassment myth acceptance scores wherein respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; from different socioeconomic backgrounds whose top source of information is TV news tend to register higher rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance scores than those whose top information sources are newspapers, online news, social media and word of mouth. There is a strong positive association between information sources on rape and sexual harassment and rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance scores when based on age groups wherein both middle-aged and young adult respondents whose top source of information is TV news tend to register higher rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance scores than those whose top information sources are online news, newspapers, social media and word of mouth. The association however is insignificant. Findings from qualitative analysis show that informants, whether male or female, young adult or middle-aged, have high or low acceptance of myths have mostly the same sources of information which are also what the quantitative findings show. Although five

48 out of six informants say that the information they receive influences their perceptions in a way that they become more aware and in turn help them form their perceptions on rape and sexual harassment, the information sources do not dictate the rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance scores as respondents of varying scores still have similar news sources. B. Conclusion Majority of Filipinos have a medium level of rape and sexual harassment myth scores, which shows that Filipinos still have a lack of proper understanding and awareness regarding rape and sexual harassment as medium level scores indicate an inconsistency in answers wherein they both accept and reject certain rape and sexual harassment myths or that they are mainly undecided about these myths. Findings show that Filipinosâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rape and sexual harassment scores are also influenced by their educational attainment, age and socio-economic classes. A Filipino who comes from a family with a high monthly income and has higher educational attainment is more likely to reject rape and sexual harassment myths. The Filipino youth are likely to have a better understanding and awareness about sexual harassment than middle-aged Filipinos. Exposure to information on rape and sexual harassment gives increasing awareness about the details on the incidence of rape and sexual harassment with news being respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; primary source of information, thus, the depth of information respondents receive is not enough to educate them about rape and sexual harassment that could lead to the rejection of rape and sexual harassment myths. Findings also show that although respondents have similar information sources, their levels of rape and sexual

49 harassment myth acceptance scores vary with majority having medium levels of acceptance. Findings show that Filipinosâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; current sources of information only focus on the event itself rather educating the audience about rape and sexual harassment. Filipinosâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rape and sexual harassment myth acceptance also still depends more on social and interpersonal influences, interactions, culture, and history, guided by the theory of social constructionism.

50 VII. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Being a quantitative and qualitative study, the researchers suggest increasing the number of respondents for the survey questionnaire and informants for the focus interviews. In getting the respondents, the researchers suggest to get more from other age groups, such as adults and the elderly as well as to make the distribution of males and females equal. For the focus interviews, getting a complete set of informants with high level of myth acceptance is suggested for better comparison of perceptions on myth acceptance. There is still confusion with the real myth acceptance scores of Filipinos as majority of the respondents scored with medium level of myth acceptance wherein they could either be undecided toward the myths, or the respondents could have both accepted and rejected some of the myths stated in the survey questionnaire. The researchers also recommend for future researches to conduct focus interviews with those who got a medium low myth acceptance score in order to find out if they are undecided on the issues or if they accept or reject both myths and facts on sexual harassment. The statements for the scales were adopted from existing scales, and myth statements released by government agencies and different organizations from other countries. But for further research, it is best if the list of statements were to come from local government units, and organizations in order for it to be more relatable to the respondents. The researchers also recommend for further researches to have both an English and Filipino version of the survey questionnaire in order for the respondents to understand the questions faster, and for the data-gathering to be more efficient. Given the findings of this study that show that Fillipinosâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; primary source of information about rape and sexual harassment is news, it could be asserted that although

51 the news simply covers the facts of rape and sexual harassment cases, highly covered cases tend to be sensationalized, sexist and may support rape myths. Filipinos are highly uneducated about rape and sexual harassment evidenced by the findings of the study show that majority have medium level of acceptance which indicates undecidedness and inconsistency in answers which also shows a low level of understanding. The Filipinosâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; lack of education on rape and sexual harassment leads to both the underreporting of these crimes and the committing of these crimes. Given the heinous nature of these crimes and the high incidence, the government should pay more attention towards building programs for rape and sexual harassment education. The researchers would also like to express that the current laws in the Philippines still adhere to certain sexual harassment myths, the laws addressing sexual harassment disregard the other forms of other sexual harassment, and these affect how Filipinos view the crime and causes the underreporting of sexual harassment in the country. The studyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s findings mainly imply that the Philippines has a long way to go in terms of rejecting rape myths as both the government and the media fail to communicate the proper understanding of rape and sexual harassment to majority of the Filipino people and also, campaigns and organizations that do propagate proper ideas have yet to reach and influence a wide audience in the country.

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58 APPENDIX

A. Survey Questionnaire Address: Contact Number/ E-mail address:

Questionnaire No.

Personal Information Good day! We are Communication Research students from the University of the Philippines Diliman. We are currently conducting a study on exposure to information on rape and sexual harassment. Any information you will provide shall be treated kept with confidentiality and shall be used in this study.

Please determine your top five (5) sources of information on rape and sexual harassment. Rank from 1 to 5 according to your perceived credibility of the source of information, 1 being the most credible and 5 being the least credible. Write the rank of your sources of information next to the source of information

Name (optional) Monthly family income

Age Sex

[ ] Less than 10,000 [ ] 10,001-30,000 [ ] Female [ ] 30,000 – 50,000 [ ] 50,001- 70,000 [ ] Male [ ] 70,001- 90,000 [ ] More than 90,000 [ ] Don’t know Educational Attainment [ ] Elementary [ ] High School [ ] College [ ] Post Graduate Top 5 source of information on Rape.

Rank from 1 to 5

Top 5 source of information on Sexual Harassment.

Rank from 1 to 5

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____

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____

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____

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____

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____

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____

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____

59 Please determine your perceived level of knowledge on rape and sexual harassment. Put a check mark ( ) on the space to the right of your perceived level of knowledge on rape and sexual harassment. Knowledge on Rape     

Very Knowledgeable Knowledgeable Somewhat Knowledgeable A little knowledgeable None

Perceived Level ( ) ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

Knowledge on Sexual Harassment.     

Very Knowledgeable Knowledgeable Somewhat Knowledgeable A little knowledgeable None

Perceived Level ( ) ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

I will read a number of statements, please tell me if you Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided (U), Disagree (D), or Strongly Disagree (SD) with the statement. Put a check mark ( ) on the column to the right of the statement to determine your degree of agreement to the statement. Statements on Sexual Harassment 1. Only men are sexual harassers. 2. Harassment always occurs between a man and a woman. 3. The person who is directly harassed is the only victim. 4. Harassment requires touching 5. Being shown sexual gestures repeatedly is sexual harassment. 6. Women are just sensitive, it was just a joke/ compliment. 7. If it happens outside of school/ work it is not considered as sexual harassment 8. Desire for sex is the main motivation of sexual harassment 9. Sexual harassment will go away if ignored. 10. Sexual harassment only occurs when there is a power difference between parties. 11. The behavior must be repeated in order for it to be called sexual harassment. 12. Sexual harassment is just misinterpreted flirtation. 13. Women make up and report stories of sexual harassment to get back at their employers or others who have angered them. 14. Sexual harassment cases are rare. 15. Women provoke men to sexually harass them by the way they look, dress and behave. 16. Men of certain races, or backgrounds are likely to commit sexual harassment. 17. Being brushed by or touched uncomfortably is sexual harassment. 18. Sexual harassment may happen from repeated subjection to sexually suggestive sounds.

60 19. Sexual harassment is always verbal. 20. Receiving threats when a girl declines a sexual favour is not sexual harassment. 21. Physical closeness which makes someone uncomfortable is considered sexual harassment 22. As long as a person does not touch, and only looks at a body part it is not sexual harassment. 23. Receiving unwelcome texts or emails which are sexual in nature is not sexual harassment. 24. Forcing to kiss or hug someone is a form of sexual harassment. 25. Getting repeatedly asked out on dates or unwelcome invitations is sexual harassment.

I will read a number of statements, please tell me if you Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided (U), Disagree (D), or Strongly Disagree (SD) with the statement. Put a check mark ( ) on the column to the right of the statement to determine your degree of agreement to the statement. Statements on Rape 1. If the victim is raped while drunk, they are at least somewhat responsible for letting things get out of hand. 2. Women provoke rape by wearing short/ revealing clothing. 3. If a woman goes to a room alone with a guy at a party, it is her own fault if she is raped. 4. If a girl acts like a flirt/ slut, eventually she is going to get into trouble or she is asking for it. 5. When a person gets raped, it’s often because the way they said no was unclear 6. If a girl initiates kissing or hooking up, she should not be surprised if a guy assumes she wants to have sex. 7. Rape does not occur between people who are in relationships. 8. When guys rape, it is usually because of their strong desire for sex. 9. Guys don’t usually intend to force sex on a girl, but sometimes they get too sexually carried away. 10. Rape happens when a guy’s sex drive goes out of control. 11. If a guy is drunk, he might rape someone unintentionally. 12. It could only be called rape if the accused “rapist” used or had a weapon. 13.If the person doesn’t physically resist-even if protesting verbally-it can’t be considered rape 14. If a person rapes, chances are that person is mentally ill. 15. If a person is forcing his/ her spouse to have sex it is not considered rape. 16. A rape probably doesn’t happen if there are no bruises or marks.

61 17. If both people are drunk, it can’t be rape. 18. If a girl doesn’t say “no” she can’t claim rape. 19. A lot of times, girls who say they were raped agreed to have sex and then regret it 20. Rape accusations are often used as a way of getting back at someone. 21. Rape often happens outside, by strangers in dark places. 22. A lot of times, girls who claim they were raped have emotional problems. 23. Females cannot rape. 24. It shouldn’t be considered rape if a guy is drunk and didn’t realize what he was doing 25. Only young, attractive people could get raped.

B. Interview Guide I. Information on Sexual Harassment 1. Saan ka nakakakuha ng impormasyon tungkol sa sexual harassment? (Ang mga sumusond na tanong ay para sa bawat pinagkukunan ng impormasyon na ibinigay ng informant) 2. Tungkol saan ang mga impormasyong iyong nakukuha? (Itanong sa bawat source) 3. Gaano mo pinagkakatiwalaan ang (source of information) pagdating sa ganitong klase ng topic? Bakit? 4. Gaano kaimportante para sa’yo ang malaman ang tungkol dito (refer to given topic)? Bakit? 5. Sa tingin mo ba, dapat alam mo ang impormasyon tungkol sa (topic na ito)? Bakit? 6. Ano ang nararamdaman mo pagka nakakarinig/ nakakabasa/ nakakanood ka ng ganitong klase ng impormasyon? 7. Gaano ka kadalas nakakakuha ng impormasyon tungkol sa topic na ito (refer to given topic)? 8. Para sa iyo, gaano kadaling intindihin ang impormasyon tungkol sa topic mula sa source na ito? 9. Gaano karaming atensyon ang iyong itinutuon kapag nakikinig/ nanonood/ nagbabasa ka tungkol sa (topic) sa (source)? 10. Naga-agree ka ba sa impormasyon na iyong nakuha? Bakit? (Magpatuloy sa pagtanong tungkol sa bawat source at topic)

62 II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Sensitivities Ano ang sexual harassment? Kailan at saan ito nangyayari? Bakit ito nangyayari? Sino ang gumagawa nito, at sino ang nagiging biktima? Sino ang may responsibilidad sa mga ganitong pangyayari?

III. Information on Rape 1. Saan ka nakakakuha ng impormasyon tungkol sa rape? (Ang mga sumusond na tanong ay para sa bawat pinagkukunan ng impormasyon na ibinigay ng informant) 2. Tungkol saan ang mga impormasyong iyong nakukuha? (Itanong sa bawat source) 3. Gaano mo pinagkakatiwalaan ang (source of information) pagdating sa ganitong klase ng topic? Bakit? 4. Gaano kaimportante para saâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;yo ang malaman ang tungkol dito (refer to given topic)? Bakit? 5. Sa tingin mo ba, dapat alam mo ang impormasyon tungkol sa (topic na ito)? Bakit? 6. Ano ang nararamdaman mo pagka nakakarinig/ nakakabasa/ nakakanood ka ng ganitong klase ng impormasyon? 7. Gaano ka kadalas nakakakuha ng impormasyon tungkol sa topic na ito (refer to given topic)? 8. Para sa iyo, gaano kadaling intindihin ang impormasyon tungkol sa topic mula sa source na ito? 9. Gaano karaming atensyon ang iyong itinutuon kapag nakikinig/ nanonood/ nagbabasa ka tungkol sa (topic) sa (source)? 10. Naga-agree ka ba sa impormasyon na iyong nakuha? Bakit? (Magpatuloy sa pagtanong tungkol sa bawat source at topic) IV. Sensitivities 6. Ano ang rape? 7. Kailan at saan ito nangyayari? 8. Bakit ito nangyayari? 9. Sino ang gumagawa nito, at sino ang nagiging biktima? 10. Sino ang may responsibilidad sa mga ganitong pangyayari?

Interview Guide Matrix for Respondents with High myth Acceptance

Information on Sexual Harassment

Sexual Harassment TV News, Facebook, Online news

Rape TV news, Facebook, Online news

………………………….. ………………………….. Source

Topics

Newspaper at sa TV Close friends Newspaper and TV TV news - story of how the crime was made. Facebook- more details and gruesome information cause there is no regulation by mtrcb. Online news - same as Facebook.

TV news: toned down version of what happened. Facebook: more detailed. Online news: same as facebook. ………………………….. Incest rape

…………………………..

Usually tungkol sa pag momolestya Trustworthiness

1. Online news 2. TV news 3. Facebook …………………………..

Sa close friends the fact

Pinagkakatiwalaan ang mga testimonya ng victim dahil hini basta basta sasabihin ng isang tao na narape siya sa publiko

palang na marinig mo mag kwento ang tao tungkol dito,tiyak na pinagkakatiwalaan ko na ito Importance

Rating: 9 So that we get to know what kind of people those predators are. So we can tell our daughters and educate them about what these people are. ………………………….. Para sakin importante ito dahil dignidad at katauhan na ng tao ang pinaguusapan ditto. Ang

Rating: 10 Cause I don't want that to happen to my kids. …………………………..

Importante ito dahil katahuan na ang pinaguusapan natin dito.

64 Sexual harassment ay hindi lamang nakakaapekto sa ating pag iisip, kung hindi sa atin damdamin bilang tao rin. Yes.

Yes.

Knowledge Emotional reactions

Frequency

Comperehensibility

Mad and sad for the I feel really bad for the victim. girl because she's gonna ………………………….. be scarred forever. ………………………….. Ang nararamdaman ko tuwing nakakarinig ako Nalulungkot, dahil ng ganitong klase minsan hindi nila deserve impormasyon ay naawa na mangyari sa buhay nila ako para sa taong na iyon. Sino ngaba ang harass. deserving na ma rape diba? Maybe twice a month. Once a month. I think ………………………….. rape is underreported in our country. Hindi madalas. ………………………….. Wala masyado Rating: 9 Yes. ………………………….. ………………………….. Hindi madali. Hindi siya ganun ka dali intindihin dahil iba iba naman ang pananaw ng tao tungkol sa sexual harassment.

Attention

Agreeability

Rating: 7.5 Rating: 9 ………………………….. ………………………….. Wala masyado. Tuwing makikita lang sa newspaper at pag nag kwento ang kaibigan. TV news: Yes. I think it's fair and they show both sides of the story. Facebook: sometimes one-sided. Online news: also balanced. …………………………..

Wala masyado

Yes for all sources. …………………………..

Oo, pero kulang pa rin eh

65 Nag aagree naman. Basta sincere ang nag kwento naniniwala ako. Influence

II.

Definitely because we Yes. Because of the become aware. awareness. ………………………….. …………………………..

Myth Acceptance

Definition

Occurence

Reasons for occurence

Oo. Ako ay mas lalong napaisip sa kung paano ba natin mas mababatay pa ang pananaw ng tao tungkol sa sexual harassment. Sa panahon ngayon, masyado nang liberated ang mga tao, may mga bagay na hindi na nila pinagtutuunan pansin, kung tungkol sa sex or sexual harassment ang pinaguusapan. Violation of rights of women. The violation of respect for women and the sanctity of the pagkatao of the girl.

Mas nagging aware ako tungkol sa topic na ito.

Para sa akin, malawak ang usapin tungkol sa Sexual harassment. Depende ito sa kung paano ang mangyayari or nangyari sa isang tao. Isa na rito ang panlalandi ng isang lalake sa isang babae na wala naming consent ng babae. It can happen anywhere. Time would be probably at night. …………………………..

…………………………..

A crime that's unfotgivable and whoever did it should be jailed forever. Violation to a woman, the most gruesome than someone ………………………….. can do.

Sa lahat ng lugar! Kahit sa internet at social media Mental illness of

Para sa akin, ang rape ay isang action o ganap, na ang isang indibidwal ay gumamit ng pwersa upang ma galaw ang isang pang indibidwal, na walang consent. Anywhere. Anytime. ………………………….. Kahit saan.

Mental illness. Porn

66 perpetrators. Wearing too ………………………….. sexy clothes. Porn. ………………………….. Sa tingin ko, may

Nangyayari ito dahil sa tingin ko, masyadong sabik sa sex ang isang indibidwal. Perpetrator and Victim

psychological factor bakit ito nangyayari.

Sick people. Anyone can Psychos. Women or even be a victim. men i think? (Laughs) i ………………………….. don't know. …………………………..

Ang gumawawa nito ay Usually ang mga addict ang mga taong hindi sa droga makapag pigil ng kanilang emotion sa kwapa tao. Responsibility

Mostly the perpetrator and probably the parents of the perpetrator. If they saw that in their kid they should be the ones to correct it. The victim unless nagbigay ng motibo o inakit yung ano pero i think the victim has no kasalanan or what. …………………………..

Ang nangharass at naharass ay parehong may responsibilidad sa pangyayari.

Same. And also the police, in the states these predators are being tracked. Here it's not the same. …………………………..

Depende sa situation.

67 Interview Matrix â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Low RMA and SHMA score Sexual Harassment I.

Rape

Information on Sexual Harassment

SOURCE OF INFORMATION

Internet, sexually harassment within the work place. Mga articles, sometimes news din.

Basically ayun din. Yung sagot natin kanina. (TV, News, Internet news and articles, Radio) Ang difference niyan, sa Pilipinas, sa TV at radio, mas sensationalized pag rape. -----------------------------------------News. Print news, online, tv. Lahat. Mga series and movies, magazines, kahit saan. Everywhere.

Radio, yun news rin, AM radio.

On rape vs. Sexual harassment sources:

Newspaper, same thing. ------------------------------------------

More on rape. Ang tingin kasi ng mga tao sa rape sobrang intense na nun.

Tv, internet, newspaper, sometimes AM radio. Usually naman sa TV yung mga sensationalized eh diba? News. Mostly, news.

Sa news, online, basta sa media. (Ano yung pinaka main source of information mo?) News, paper or tv.Base sa news, or sa tv series, scandal, how to get away with murder mga ganun. Crime shows, NCIS. School? Di masiyado Friends and family? Never pa yata -----------------------------------------Usually, usually kasi sa mga ano lang, usually family yung una. Sila kasi yung magtuturo sakin kung paano i-avoid. Minsan mga kuwento ng kaibigan, sa sarili nilang experience, tapos yung mga nababalita (news). Kasi di ko naman siya kusang sinesearch so usually TV,

Wala ka bang interpersonal na doon mo nakukuha yung information mo? (8:30 PART 2 ) Family meron din pero untingunti lang like very very little. Friends. Difference between interpersonal and formal news Pag sa news kasi facts lang yun sobrang kaunti lang nung sa family like siguro sa isang conversation mga one sentence, two sentences lang ganun, max na siguro yung mga isang paragraph. So, hindi talaga-you know? Hindi siya masiyadong informative. Pero pag sa news andun yung details. Campaigns, siguro yung mga

68 naririnig ko lang. Online, minsan. Kunyari facebook tapos kunyari nagsiscroll ako may napapadpad akong article tapos, pero rarely ko siyang ano i-click, i-view. -----------------------------------------Tv news, internet/online news and articles, radio, print news and articles, word of mouth, TV series.

campaign ng Gabriela ganun, yung for womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights mga ganun lang. Pero yung special campaign, talk Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m not sure, parang wala lang. Ah, yung gender sensitivity training. -----------------------------------------Actually yung sa rape naman iba, hindi na siya family kasi ano na siya, medyo awkward pag-usapan pag family. Usually, from news yung sa rape tapos sunod siguro pag friends. Pero usually pag friends yung sa news lang din yung sources. Ayun usually talaga pag family, avoidance talaga yung pinaguusapan. Online, kasama na siguro yung mga news online na nakikita ko. Movies, oo minsan nakakakita. Siyempre di naman lagi, mga recent lang since mas tumanda na ako. (Rape part 2: 4:55) On school Parang ayun nga, yung ano yung rape at paano i-avoid mostly. ------------------------------------------

TOPICS DISCUSSED

Yung mga tipong mga, sometimes there are random stuff na nangyayari yung mga layman's term na tsansingtsansing ganun.( So cases?) Somebody taking advantage of another person in a public space, in public transportation. (Puro ganun yung nakikita?)

Same as with SH, Tv news, internet/online news and articles, radio, print news and articles, word of mouth, TV series. Sa TV kasi, ganun din, kukunin nila kung sino yung victtim what happened, dadagdagan ng kaunti, ganito-ganiyan so mostly sa ganiyan, tv, Sa internet kagaya nga nung sinasabi ko kanina yun nga mas detailed lang talaga kasi more on ruling na siya sa part ko eh,

69 Yes. -----------------------------------------Mostly tungkol sa victim pero siyempre nata-tackle rin yung tungkol sa suspect, background, previous cases. On TV series: Usually sa victims, mostly work, or sa bahay, mga ganun. On newspapers: Sexual harassment? Victim, kung anong nangyari sa victim. Sa news, usually sinasabi kung ano yung nangyayari dun sa victim, kung nagfile ng kaso, kung nasaan yung suspect ganun. TV series: Usually tinatackle yung background ng suspect, tas background ng victims or kung ano yung naglead sa suspect para gawin yun. Anong nangyari dun sa case. -----------------------------------------Usually, victim, tapos usually babae yung victim tapos kasi nga from the media ba? Yung sa family, how to avoid tapos kung ano yung indications na sexual harassment na siya. On family how to avoid Usually eh di, layuan mo nalang parang ganun or ayun layuan mo, usually yun yung una nilang sinasabi. Sa friends naman, yung victim naman, kasi usually sila naman yung victim pag kinukuwento nila sa akin yung nagiging topic.

-----------------------------------------Print News Kung ano nangyari, ano meron sa victim, nagfile ng kaso, mga ganun. Sa suspect, san siya ngayon-like nakakulong, anong ginawa niya. Online Mostly ganun din naman. Puro news lang ba nakikita mo online? About rape? Oo. Movies Sa movies siyempre merong mga special, psycho shit rapists ganun. May backstory minsan on the rapist. TV Series (plot) Yung girl alone tapos may biglang papasok sa bedroom niya or something tapos ayun mari-rape na siya. Magazines Kuwento ng mga victims, ganun. Like, kung anong nangyari sakanila, ganun normally. Tapos kung paano sila nagmove-on sa pagiging rape victim. -----------------------------------------Tungkol sa ano, sa victim. Online ganun din kasi news. Meron akong nakikita akong campaign, yung naalala kong isa yung sa magazine. I think online rin siya but it was from a magazine. Tapos ano siya like, picture ng babae na nakahiga tapos naka-close yung legs niya pero pwede mo i-ganun (i-open),

70 Sa news, parang victim rin ganun. -----------------------------------------Tv/online/print news- sa office, harassment in the workplace. Articles- Sexual harassment in schools TV series- Office, school, SH incidences Word of mouth- cases

TRUSTWORTHINESS OF SOURCE

kasi if you force it its rape. Sa movies eh di siyempre parang pinapakita na talagang verbally sinasabi na pinapakita na ayaw nga ng victim na maganun. Tapos may pagka harsh rin yung rapists. ------------------------------------------

TV, online, print, radio newsayun may narape ganto ganyan. Articles- opinions on rape cases TV series- mismong kung pano nirape ganyan. Word of mouth- may narape ganyan, pero di naman accurate TV Rating: Depends on the case kasi minsan Siguro slightly higher yung sa they're just showing one side but rape kasi mas, hindi ko ma, if they show both sides, mas na- actually ako hindi ko ma-ano aano ka kung ano yung totoo o yung difference nila it's para hindi. sakin, parehas na nagva-violate ka ng kapwa mo dun eh. Mga 8 (dahil sa mga cases na di naeexplore lahat ng sides)` Ah, sa source? kanina mga 7 pa, mga 8. same lang. Dun sa internet, online articles --------------------------------------and news: sometimes yung ---internet mas believable kung Siyempre yung printed news, irerate ko siya, siguro 10 newspaper pa rin kasi yun facts because all details, almost all lang eh. details nandun na siya eh. Dahil, kumbaga, naano na yung case, On most trustworthy newspaper: napag-aralan na, nakuha na yung For me Inquirer. lahat ng sides. So mas detalyado pag sa internet. Sa newspaper, parang TV din. Radio,Ganun din. -----------------------------------------On news:

On TV: GMA. GMA talaga, hindi ABS. Ang next sa print, TV na news, magazines. Then, online then ayun tv shows, movies. Credibility of interpersonal (13:25 PART 2)

News siyempre trustworthy siya kasi news yun, based sa facts

Credible for me siguro yung talk siyempre kasi sila yung expert on that field kasi pinag-aralan talaga nila.

On series: Siyempre imagination nay un ng writers at ng show runners well, pwede naman siya based on reality pero siyempre diba, meron na siyang halo na creative side.

Next family, then friends kasi minsan chismis nalang yung sa friends. ------------------------------------------

Newspaper vs media vs online: Newspaper yung first, second siguro yung tv, tapos third lang yung online kasi news yun eh. Online nalang, online kasi pwedeng fabricated, medaling magimbento ng mga bagay, pwede magedit ng picture. Pag newspaper, medyo credible talaga yung source, yung writer. Pag media naman, may media blackout, credible pa ri naman pero kasi minsan may bias towards something yun. Napoproject dun sa tao na may bias toward something -----------------------------------------Para sa akin, pinaka-credible is siguro yung sa news, kasi yung sa news parang kasi siyempre yung sa news hindi lang naman basta-bastang naglalagay ng kahit ano, like kunyari.. Yung sa friends ko naman minsan parang kaunting haplos lang kinukuwento na nila eh hindi ko naman sure kung, hindi ko naman nakita, baka nasagi lang ganoon. Eh yung sa news, talaga anon a siya, issue na siya talaga. Sa TV, kasi ano kami channel 7 (GMA). So mga ganun, news lang.

Siguro most credible pa rin yung sa news nga. Tapos since news nga rin yung pinagbabasihan ng sa friends ko. Tapos credible rin naman siguro yung sa family since avoidance. Actually, lahat naman sila nagrerevolve around sa news. Yung sa family kasi sasabihin niya nabalitaan mo na yung sa news kaya dapat.. Yung sa movies, din siguro, siguro they base it rin naman on real life things. -----------------------------------------1. TV News, newspaper - di naman siguro iaano yun kung di totoo. 2. Online news and articles 3. Radio 4. Word of mouth 5. TV series - fiction yun eh.

72 Pag online, kung ano lang yung madaanan ko. -----------------------------------------1. TV News, newspaper - di naman siguro iaano yun kung di totoo. 2. Online news and articles 3. Radio 4. Word of mouth 5. TV series - fiction yun eh. Importance of knowing about Sexual Harassment/ Rape

Malaki, mga I'll rate it at 10. Una, sa panahon ngayon, iba na yung ano natin, mas more exposed yung mga tao ngayon sa mga laws. Unlike before na pagka may nangyari, itatago nila ngayon mas ano na siya, so dapat mas maingat ka eh. Kasi hindi mo, kasi minsan kahit di personal sayo meron ka na palang nagagawa, navaviolate`ka na na right ng tao, or ng babae. And number one kasi, mahigpit sa work place, sa amin on our part, malaking issue siya, pag nagkamali ka dun, it's dismissal. So kailangan talaga aware ka. -----------------------------------------Important siya sa pagiging informed siyempre important siya kasi kailangan informed ka about it kasi diba, it happens everywhere, so possible siya na mangyari kahit kanino. -----------------------------------------Para sa akin, important naman kasi since yun yung mismong family ko tinuturuan nila ako. Siyempre pag bata pa lang tinuturuan na nila ako kung ano yung iiwasan so ibigsabihin siguro nun important na malaman yung mga ganun. Kasi siyempre, sa society ngayon marami na ring nababalitang

Siyempre importante. -----------------------------------------Siyempre. Siguro mga , basta very important kasi you need to keep everyone informed about it kasi nga it can happen to anyone and to everyone so. -----------------------------------------I mean kung yung sexual harassment important eh dim as parang important yung sa rape kasi siyempre mas ano, ibang level na rin yung sa rape. At tsaka meron ring nawawala sayo pagka rape. -----------------------------------------Important para informed ako and mainform sakin mga close sakin mga kilala ko mga pamilya ko.

73 ganoon. -----------------------------------------Rating: 8 para alam ko rin para mawarn ko din mga anak ko and sarili ko and mga kakilala ko. Should they know about Sexual Harassment/ Rape

Feeling/ Emotion triggered when receiving information

Oo, kasi nga it can happen to anyone and everyone so kailangan informed ka kung ano ang boundaries ng sexual harassment, kung kelan sexual harassment nay un, kung kelan hindi so ganun, okay na yung informed. -----------------------------------------oo.

Honestly, nakaasar parang ano kasi parang hindi naman sa nagmamalinis ako, bakit kailangan gawin yun? Ang daming, ewan ko ba, hindi ko alam kung mas mahina na ba yung mga ano ngayon ng mga tao sa faith siguro, or yung values. Pero I grew up kasi na, I respected my mom, my sisters and ayaw mo siyempre, bilang kuya, ayaw kong may mangyari sa kapatid kong babae or kahit yung lalaki -----------------------------------------Pissed kasi diba sobrang baboy pagka nanghaharass ka ng tao? I mean, walang respeto so parang nakakainis, nakakairita. -----------------------------------------Actually neutral lang, I mean hindi ko alam kung masama pero kasi hindi ko pa naeexperience so hindi ko talaga alam kung ano yung feeling ng ganun. Pero siyempre may kaunting nakakabastos

Basta informed ka. Siguro kung mangyari sayo yun kung ano yung dapat mong gawin, and kung if your friends, family biktima ng ganun siyempre kung paano mo sila tutulungan. Yung ganun, basic stuff. -----------------------------------------Yung ano, how to avoid and how to protect yourself in situations like that if ever. Yun nga yung namention ko kanina na huwag i-force. Nagagalit. Yun nga, napakasama kasi. It's, parang ano eh, siguro kung nagnakaw pa yung tao maiintindihan ko pa kasi baka wala siyang makain para sa anak niya, which is mali pa rin yung ginawa niya diba? nagnakaw siya. Pero minsan iisipin mo may rason siya eh, kasi kailangan niya gawin yun para ibuhay yung pamilya niya. Pero yung rape, hindi ko maintindihan kung bakit nagagawa yun ng tao. So, nakakaasar. -----------------------------------------Nakaka-agit, siyempre kasi tangina mo, baboy ka, wala kang respeto sa tao. -----------------------------------------Pag rape mas, kasi sa sexual harassment kasi medyo neutral na ako. Pero pag rape, parang kahit â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;di ko naman siya naexperience yung the thought of it palang parang nakakatakot na parang youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re in a situation

74 especially na babae ako at na babae yung nababalita. Nalulungkot at nagagalit kasi nakakaawa yung victim and nagagalit ako dun sa perpetrator.

Frequency of getting information

Undestandability of the information

Not so oftern yung sexual harassment, more of siguro yung. Depends on the, siguro mga 3/4 times (in a month). -----------------------------------------Hindi masiyadong madalas, mga occasionally. Kung minsan lang siya lumalabas sa news. Siguro in a month mga twice, marami na yun -----------------------------------------Usually super rare lang. In a month, siguro maybe nga every other month lang eh. -----------------------------------------Hindi madalas. Mga 3 times a month. Hindi siya ganun kadali. You really have to understand, kasi pag minsan yun lang, nakalatag lang siya, lalo sa news. Hinawakan yung ganito, may sinabing ganito ganun lang siya, so there's no deeper explanation na ano ba talaga yung, paano mo siya macoconsider na harassment na siya or hindi siya harassment, so kulang pa rin. -----------------------------------------Newspaper: Madali, kasi straight to the point

na youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re being forced to do something na ayaw mo. Kasi may mawawala rin nga sayo tapos pwede ka ring masaktan. Ganun din nalulungkot nagagalit natatakot. Masnakakaemotional ang rape kasi baka mamaya masmaraming ano mabuntis pa siya, mga ganun mahaba pa. Almost every day. -----------------------------------------Siguro mga at least once a month, anon a yun lowest nay un. In a month, mga tatlo (max.) well, at least yung nababasa ko. -----------------------------------------Yung rape dahil medyo mas interested nga ako sa kaniya medyo a little bit more often than sexual harassment. In a month meron, kahit abroad. -----------------------------------------Madalas. In a month almost everyday.

Yung per case kasi, malaki, importante rin siyempre ang lala nun. In general sa rape, malaking ayun sakin kasi nga yun, nagiging aware na ganito yung nangyayari. Mas madali siya (intindihin- mas maraming nuances dun sa sexual harassment). -----------------------------------------Well it depends from the newspaper mismo mga ganun lang, as in clips lang. As in madali lang, pero kung sobrang sensationalized yung news yung

75 eh, mga facts lang ganiyan yung mga nangyari, yung mga victims, mga suspects. On media: Ganun din, madaling intindihin pero may mga backstory na baka hindi natin alam. Not that, kasi yun nga hindi ko pa siya naeexperience or nawiwitness so hindi ko naman, not that much. -----------------------------------------Madali lang naman malinaw naman eh may explanation. Pagword of mouth hindi malinaw

Attention given when hearing/ reading/watching information on Sexual Harassment or Rape

Ako kasi, mas maano ako, maano ako sa details, so iniintindi ko talaga. -----------------------------------------On news: Over 10 siguro mga 6 or 7. Kasi ano naman siya, it is still a matter of concern but not as much siguro for me as yung mga pressing issues sa lipunan. Pero matter of concern pa rin siya sa lipunan so mga 6 or 7. -----------------------------------------Minsan, I mean, at first kunyari first time nilang sasabihin sakin medyo attentive pa ako. Pero since paulit-ulit na nila akong nireremind ganun medyo ano nalang, background nalang siya. Sa friends medyo I pay attention pa kasi nga experience nila.

sa American soldier, yung narape sa, yung si Smith. Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s her name? Basta siya, sobrang sensationalized, ang daming kuwento so medyo mahirap sundan. -----------------------------------------Madali naman. Tama, kasi feeling ko kasi siyempre hindi siya tumatama sakin as a girl pero feeling ko kailangan rin naman yun sa side nila (educating men) parang nga, kasi nga ako feeling ko, natatakot ako sa idea ng rape so medyo I would feel a little more at ease kapag nalalaman kong theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re trying to do something to prevent it rin. -----------------------------------------Madali naman sa news. Articlesmadali lang din. Pati tv series Ano, mas ako kasi pag nagbasa ako talagang binibigyan ko ng attention. -----------------------------------------Siguro 10 out of 10 naman, sa lahat na yun same naman. -----------------------------------------On a scale, siguro mga 7 or 6 as compared dun sa sexual harassment mas interested akong malaman yung tungkol sa rape. -----------------------------------------Rating: 10

Agreaability of information presentation

Sa news, kaunti lang talaga yung attention. -----------------------------------------Rating: 9 important eh TV. (How they present the information) Honestly no, kasi sa Pilipinas masiyadong sinisensationalize yun. Yung news eh, more of business yun sakanila eh. Although, andun pa rin tayo sa, they want to share yung balita talaga pero minsan nasesensationalize na to the point na minsan feeling mo yung victim lalo pang nagiging biktima kasi napupunta pa siya sa scrutiny ng ibang tao na hindi naman niya kilala. So hindi ako masiyadong ano dun, parang kung una ko siyang marinig hindi kaagad ako nagju-judge na "ah, guilty yan" or na mali yung victim diyan kasi may ginawa yan, nagpakita ng motibo or something. Kaya, hindi ako ganun, tinitignan ko muna ng mabuti kasi yun nga, number one yun, nasesensationalize. Internet On my part kasi, most, hindi siya nababasa based na dun sa text ng sa decision ng court. So, mas naiintindihan mo na kung bakit, itong suspect or perpetrator's guilty or not. Yung victim, ano ba yung nagawa niya, so more of details. So mas madali mo nang nakikita yung totoong nangyari.

Yes, I would say so. Pero ayun nga, case to case, minsan nga kasi nasesensationalize sa TV. -----------------------------------------Not necessarily. Yung sa series or sa movies minsan ina-ano nila eh or sa online, nababago well hindi siya nababago. Nalalagyan nila ng pampaspice-up ng series or ng movie parang ganun. On news: Pag sa news naman, ,mostly agree naman kasi facts lang naman yun eh. Pero pag yun nga movies at tsaka tv series, ginagawa nilang more exciting para mas ano, ganun. So medyo hindi masiyado. On magazines: Sa magazines, normally naman ang nababasa ko sa magazines about rape yung kuwento ng victim. So victim side yun eh, kung paano sila naempower so itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a big help to everyone. -----------------------------------------Kasi, usually kasi yung pagpresent sa news lalo na sa online, sobrang yung mga nakikita kong pagpresent ay yung sa side ng vitim nga. Tapos yung nakikita kong mga nababalita is yung mga extreme cases like yun nga, mayroon akong nabalita dati na batang babae tapos parang after niya irape parang nilagay pa siya sa suitcase tapos tinapon pang ganun. So siyempre maga-agree na ako rape is wrong, immoral ganun.

77 Newspaper Newspaper is ano, hindi man siya sensationalized, except siguro sa tabloids, it's more of basic details lang. Pangalan ng tao, pangalan ng victim, nangyaring ganito, parang summarized so kulang, kulang pa rin.

Influence of information on perception on sexual harassment/ rape

Radio More of maigsi yun kasi in passing lang yun. Sasabihin lang yung pangalan, ganun. Kasi most naman sa radio, parang papakita lang nila sa evening news yun. -----------------------------------------Kasi siyempre sa news, usually yung angle ng victim yung pinapakita. Tapos like, kung ganun medyo agree naman ako kasi usually sa victim nga so parang sinasabi nila yung ginawa nung sexual harasser. So kung nakikita ko naman sa pagbabalita nila na intentionally yung paggawa dun sa sexual harassment eh di agree naman siyempre kasi tinuro nga sa akin na hindi naman tama yun. -----------------------------------------Ok naman sa news. Sa articles depende sa views. Yung okay is yung view nung talagang victim yung nagkwento or hindi sexist. Puro opinions pagarticles. I think so. Kasi yun nga, pag may nakikita ka kasing ganun or pag nakikita mo o nalalaman mo mas malalim na interpretation dun sa sexual harassment, mas magiging aware ka, ako on my

On news and extreme cases Sa tingin ko hindi, actually medyo neutral lang ako kasi pwede nilang ilabas yung extreme cases to emphasize na itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wrong ganun pero parang hindi rin naman tama na i-ignore yung typical na rape situations. Portrayals Usually, base sa mga nababalita ko dati nagagawa siya sa mga bata. I mean, yung sa mga younger ages tapos yung mga out of sight of their, yung kung walang kasama ganun. Yung parang walang tumitingin sa kanila. Sa dark places kung saan sila hindi makikita. On real situations I think, may nabalita ata ko dati, I think na hindi kasi meron akong nabalita dati na sobrang hindi sa ganung klaseng situation. She was in a public place pa ata. As in club, tapos nirape ata siya, tapos walang kumibo. -----------------------------------------Sa news, kung facts lang okay lang pero kung meron nang opinion hindi na. Kanya kanya na kasi yun. Articles- hindi lahat kasi iba iba opinions kunyari transgender, inaano nila. I agree if balanced yung views, pro lgbt, hindi minamaliit si jennifer. Sa news kay jennifer laude inaano siya porket transgender. Akala nila niloloko nya pa tuloy si pemberton.

Oo, siyempre. Kasi dati nung medyo bata ka pa, yung rape nakikita mo lang sa movies, ginagawa ng masasamang tao pero sa mga nakukuha mong information, may nangyayari sa

II.

Myth Acceptance

part, natakot, mas gusto ko pang makatulong kung sakali sa kakilala or di ko kakilala. Pero kung may way akong matulungan yung victim, gagawin ko. -----------------------------------------Well kung yung source of information ko naman is yung sa news, feeling ko hindi kasi theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re just saying what happened.

bahay, nangyayari sa yung magulang nirerape yung anak, yung anak nirape yung nanay. Malaking tulong yung nakikita mo yung information na nabibigay rin nila. Hindi lang yung, paniniwala mo dati. -----------------------------------------Sa tingin ko hindi naman, kasi for me, basic naman na rape is bad and you should never do it to anyone.

Pag news, hindi talaga pero pag series kasi parang wala. On perception: Basta for me, ako kasi pagka sexual harassment talaga, may bias ako against the suspect kasi respeto lang. -----------------------------------------Oo, kasi oo naapektuhan naman. Siguro like pwedeng super specific na example? Kasi kunyari jeep tapos sobrang sikip tapos parang eh di siyempre siksikan kayo. Yung kunyari, masagi yung side ng dito mo, feeling ko hindi ko naman macoconsider yun as sexual harassment kasi depends naman yun kung nasaan ka at kung anong ginagawa mo. Pero kunyari maluwag naman yung space tapos lalapitan ka tapos pwede naman siya 1ft behind you pero pinili niyang super lapit sayo ayun, dun ko na icoconsider na sexual harassment -----------------------------------------Hindi. Naform ko views ko dahil sa anak ko. Marami siyang alam tungkol diyan natututo ako sakanya kaya yung perception ko base sa perception niya.

Oo, sure ako na, alam ko na rape ay bad thing siya. 10:50 Na-perceive ko na matagal na, na ang rape bad siya kahit anong gawin mo, kahit kanino masama siya, hindi na siya naiinfluence ever. -----------------------------------------Oo, kasi nga ano kasi nga usually ang nakikita ko extremes so talagang nakaka-move na hindi talaga tama ganun. -----------------------------------------Depende. Kung pareho kami ng views, kaso may views nako sa anak ko nga, pero before niya nainfluwnce siguro, tsaka ng elders ko.

Definition .

Sexual harassment is more on taking advantage of other people's trust or yung victim ng pagkakataon. Porke naglalakad yung tao sa isang lugar, meron nang ibang tao, someone would take advantage. Na para sa akin ay napaka, napaka-pangit. Sobrang maling-mali. Taking advantage Yung tipong, yung nakikita niya nang walang makakatulong dito sa tao na to. Acts More of sexual advances dahil wala ngang ibang tao. Pero the mere fact na yun lang dumaan, sinipulan mo, or nagcomment ka ng hindi proper, harassment na yun eh. Ako meron ako first hand na ano, tingin-tingin lang. Tinitingnan niya lang yung babae, tapos nagcomment yata siya sa social media, sa office lang, magkaka-opisina, yung babae kasi nag file siya ng reklamo and automatic, inaksyunan agad kasi it falls under dun sa guideline ng sexual harassment. Basta yung hindi lang proper yung pagtingin, nagfafall pala siya dun. Ang maganda dun kasi, inaksyunan hindi katulad nung sa iba na nag-aalangan. -----------------------------------------Ang sexual harassment pwede through words eh, yung catcalling ganun pwede na siya eh. Borderline sexual harassment na siya kasi I mean, ganun. Sexual

Rape is a violation of yun nga yung katawan ng tao or nuances kasi na sa babae lang naga-apply eh, na yung lalaki nare-rape din naman eh. Kahit nga yung bakla nare-rape yung tomboy. Para sakin, personally, it's a violation ng buhay ng tao. Kasi karapatan mo yun eh, iniingatan niya nga yun, iniingatano mo yung katawan mo, tapos ganun lang? iva-violate lang ng walang kakuwenta-kuwentang tao.

Violation Hawakan ka lang ng tao , violation na yun. Pwede When someone forcibly wants to engage into a sexual contact with you or sexual intercourse with you. Forcibly. -----------------------------------------Ang definition ng rape is yung forcibly nay un nga sinusubject ka to sex. Tapos ayun, kahit na you verbally say na you donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want to parang physically pinipilit pa rin. -----------------------------------------Finorce niya yung sarili niya sayo sexually. Ayun. Bastos. Meaning hinubaram ka or whatever. Para sakin rape na yun.

80 harassment, words, actions, hinahawakan ka everywhere, nagsasalita ng bastos towards you or against you. -----------------------------------------Para sa akin, ano siya, yung intentional na inappropriate gestures o kaya paghawak sayo. Na pwede namang iwasan in a certain situation.

When and where it happens.

Gestures Yung ano, yung nagwhi-whistle. Tapos parang cat-call. -----------------------------------------Yung nga verbal, physical, emotional na parang hints na sexual na parang may gusto sayo. Kahit saan, kahit kailan. Sa work, boss to subordinate or kahit magkalevel kayo. Anywhere, anywehere, sa school- teacher student, sa bahay- sa family. Sick guys. -----------------------------------------Usually, sa mga ano lower class ganun. Tsaka sa mga more common na street harassment. -----------------------------------------Anywhere. Anytime

Reason why it happens

Yun nga, more of kulang lang sa values, kulang lang sa faith. Influence rin siguro ng mundo natin ngayon, masiyado nang a touch a way, tingin ng kun anoano, madali na eh. Dati kasi, pag makakita ka lang ng pornographic magazines natatakot ka nang mahuli ka ng magulang mo. Ngayon hindi na eh, parang kulang na sa takot

Anywhere. Any time, walang pinipiling lugar at oras. Anywhere. Sa school, sa family, sa mag-asawa nga nangyayari siya with marital rape, kahit saan. -----------------------------------------Minsan pag lasing siyempre, pwede rin hindi. So any. Places Tingin ko hindi (nangyayari in specific place) kasi yung sa nabalitaan ko yun nga sa club, pwede rin sa secluded place. -----------------------------------------Kahit saan kahit kelan. Just the same. Walang takot, sa Diyos, walang takot sa kapwa. Pero minsan naiisip ko rin na may problema rin sa pag-iisip yung taong gumagawa nun. Ayun, sinasabi nga nila, pwedeng naka-drugs siya habang ginagawa yun. Yung parang bakit ka nag-drugs? pero hindi ako maniniwala kung sasabihing lasing kaya hind nila

81 yung mga tao, yun yung sa akin. Pero it doesn't mean na dati hindi nangyayari yun siguro ngayon mas neexpose na yung mga tao sa nangyayari. -----------------------------------------Siguro for a very few may background, like may nangyari sakanila when they were children or ganun. Kaya nangyayari siya, pero sa iba feeling ko bastos lang talaga sila at wala silang respeto. -----------------------------------------Ewan ko, kasi siguro may certain situations na may isang tao na mukhang you can take advantage of a certain person.

Pepetrator and Victim

Kasi, ako hindi ko alam. Kasi siguro ano, hindi naman siya things that you can normally do. Like you could do it in a secluded place tapos lalapitan mo siya, parang ganun. -----------------------------------------Baka akala nila okay lang. Joke lang. Siguro may gusto sila pero di sila makapag ano ng maayos Number one, kung sexual harassment yun yung tao, like a teacher to student, to his or her employees. Dun nga sa guidelines namin sa office, number one yun sa list na pag mas superior or boss siya. Kunyari yung babae yung superior tapos yung lalaki yung employee, automatic siya talaga yung sexual harassment. So part, hindi lang sa ganun eh, a driver of a cab can sexually harass his passenger. Everywhere, it's happening everywhere.

alam. Hindi totoo yun, kasi pag lasing ka alam mo pa rin ginagawa mo pwera nalang siguro kung`nakatulog ka pero hindi pa rin siya dahilan. -----------------------------------------Tigang. Ano ba? Bakit ba? Siguro may sexual desires lang siya na gusting i-fulfill ganun. Wala, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s just plain sick, like sick guy, sick mind, sick body. -----------------------------------------Kasi, bakit nga ba? Hindi ko rin alam. Hindi ko rin alam kung bakit siya nangyayari. Not really no (na kasalanan siya ng biktima) -----------------------------------------May mga taong masasama. Siguro motivated by power and control tas siguro gusto lang talaga nila.

Kahit sino. -----------------------------------------Gumagawa: Mga taong, feeling nila may authority sila para yun mangharass or kayang gawin yun sa ibang tao na they think na may power sila over the person. Sabi ko kanina, siguro meron silang back- meron silang experience from the past kaya naging ganun sila, they wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know pero mostly ganun lang sakin eh. Gusto niya lang talaga i-take advantage dahil sa tingin niya, you know may power siya

82 Victimize Everyone. kahit sino, para sakin. -----------------------------------------Gumagawa: Anyone can do it. Siguro kung sa tingin ng tao ay may advantage siya towards that person dun siguro siya mas nafifeel niya na kaya niyang iharass or kaya niya i-take advantage yung taong yun. Pag may mas authority or more power. Mostly diba (sa news) nakikita natin na boss to worker, hinarass niya yung secretary. Biktima: Anyone. Feeling ko wala siyang pinipiling victim, kahit sino nalang na ano, kasi ayun nga feeling it’s more on the harasser na kung sino lang yung maano niya.

over the person. Biktima: Anyone. Bata, matanda, babae, kahit lalaki nagiging biktima ng rape -----------------------------------------Usually, hindi ko rin masabi na lower class kasi meron nga rin akong nababalita na may power kasi siyempre may power sila na like, may power sila na istop kagad. Tapos, kahit sino. On female rapists I’ve heard that it’s possible but it’s hard to imagine that it’s possible. Parang sabi kanina, female na bata yung usually victim. -----------------------------------------Kahit sino parehas.

Actually hindi ko alam pero base nga sa mga nakukuwento nga sakin yung mga, base sa mga nakukuwento sakin, wala pa akong naririnig na babae yung nang-harass. Lalaki. Tapos yung victim, usually babae.

Responsible for occurrence

On a female sexual harasser I can’t imagine but I think it’s possible. -----------------------------------------Kahit sino parehas. Sakin lahat, you have to be responsible sa sarili mo palang dapat alam mo na yung tama at mali. Siyempre dun sa perpetrator kasi sabihin mo pa na parang anjan na yan, kahit na,

Siyempre sa gumawa. -----------------------------------------Siyempre yung rapist. Wala (shared responsibility), for me wala talaga.

83 kung merong kang disiplina sa sarili mo, tama ka mag-isip, walang mangyayari eh. -----------------------------------------Siyempre yung nangharass. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s never, hindi mo matuturuan yung isang tao na kung bakit siya manghaharass, you do not. Parang rape, hindi dapat tinuturuan ang babae na magdamit this kind of way. Dapat ang tinuturuan yung nangrirape na wag mangrape. Yun kasi yung tingin ko eh, almost equivalent na siya to rape pag sexual harassment. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s never the victims fault. -----------------------------------------Ano pa rin siyempre yung harasser, not the victim. -----------------------------------------Sa perptrator. Solely.

-----------------------------------------Siyempre yung rapist. Kasi sila yung may control, sila yung may choice na â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;wag gawin. On different situations (drunk, clothing) Hindi, kasi parang nasa pag ganun, talaga bang itetake advantage or sasabihin mo na hindi maling i-take advantage siya dahil lang naka ganun siya? -----------------------------------------Perpetrator alone.