Universidad del Norte, Colombia ETH University, Zurich
Workshop Mexico Design NET
Universidad del Norte, Colombia
Mexico Design NET, Mexico
2011
Tutoring, Pedagogy course
CREE, Universidad del Norte, Colombia
B.S. Architecture
Universidad del Norte, Colombia
Final GPA: 4,47/5
A C A D E M I A W O R K
2023
October
2023
October
2022
On-going
“Building more inclusive cities in LATAM and the Caribbean and other international experiencies” Urban October Webinar
Ciudades Incluyentes, Comnidades Solidarias, CICS
ONU-Habitat, OIM, ACNUR
Lecturer: Co-creation experiences, COL
XXXVIII Architecture and Urbanism
National Congress “Social Architecture”
Lecturer: Urban co-creation lab for territorial integration first implementation results, COL
Urban co-creation laboratory for habitat and territorial integration
Ciudades Incluyentes, Comnidades Solidarias, CICS
ONU-Habitat, OIM, ACNUR, Universidad del Norte
Co-designer
“Solutions and action plans to improve water services accesibility in public spaces” workshop
InterAmerican development bank (BID)
Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) Academy representative, Universidad del Norte
2022
June-August
“The future of Creative Cities” workshop
Universidad del Rosario, COL
Leibniz Universitat Hannover, DEU
Academy representative, Universidad del Norte
2022
2024 (July-August)
2021
2022 (July-On going)
2021 2022 (SeptemberOn going)
2020 2021 (October-April)
Landscape architect
Project design, management and execution Projects: Landscape Aguilera+Baquero house, COL Plazoleta de la vida, COL
Professor & Researcher
Courses: Design Studio II, Urban design studio I: Water, Landscape and Territory History VII and Theory: XX-XXI Century Project: Urban co-creation lab for territorial integration
Escenarios Deportivos BEMOV, Colombia Projects: Deustche school playground area, COL Necoclí linear park,COL Las Flores complex, GT Cycling infrastructure Cartagena, COL Urban and Public space designer
Studio ODDI Archh Associati, Italy Project: Scuola & Ostello Trevozzo, Italy. Healthcare Center Galli, Italy Agro-touristic complex La Canova, Italy.
2020 (February Internship)
2015 2018 2015 (FebruaryAugust)
2014 2015 (OctoberFebruary)
2012
Urban Research Assistant, DASTU
Architecture and Urban Studies department, Polimi,Italy. Rural areas mapping and information collection along Comune di Piacenza for requalificaion and regeneration territorial proposals.
Product Integration Professional
ESWindows Energía Solar, Colombia Projects: CUSON, School of Nursey, USA Art place, exhibition space, USA; Serena del Mar Complex, Colombia
Junior Designer
Eduardo Moreno Torres Architects, Colombia Projects: BAQ, Colombia: House Complex Jardines de Riomar (Contest’s winner design)
School of Arch., Urbanism and Design, UNorte, Colombia Analysis and production of guidance document for the mobility chapter proposed for the city of Barranquilla’s development plan 2012-2032.
Masters degree MAGNA CUM LAUDE
Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 2021 Masters degree with honors.
Erasmus Traineeship program Scholarship
Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 2020 Grant for traineeship abroad.
Master in Science studies-Gold Scholarship
Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 2018 Full-scholarship grant.
Winner design: Housing complex + urbanism
Eduardo Moreno Architects, Colombia, 2015 Jardines de Riomar project, urban and architectural design.
Silver medal, recognition of academic excelence
Universidad del Norte, Colombia, 2015 Top of the class
Founder member Students group-CEARQ
Universidad del Norte, Colombia, 2015 Co-founder and vice-president of Architecture students group.
B.S Architecture Scholarship
Universidad del Norte, Colombia, 2010. “Construye el espacio de tus sueños” .
P U B L I C A T I O N S
“Experiential learning of Architecture in Contemporary contexts: Pedagogical Approaches in Technological and Collaborative Environments”
Authors: Martha Castilla Riasco
Language: Spanish
Publication place:
ACFA Colombian Association of Architecture Faculties’ book entitled “Significant Research Experiences in Colombia” Date of publication: January 24th, 2024
“Urban co-creation laboratory for habitat and territorial integration: A guide of good practices and lessons learned from the pilot implementation”
The Bostuin plan embodies the constrast between the park and the city. Along the border between the dynamism of the vibrant city and the serenity of a lush garden, the families of structures form a coherent urban block. Metropolitan in character with tall accents on Laan op Zuid and greater emphasis on the human dimension and scale of Afrikaanderwijk along Hilledijk and Karakterpark.
My contribution to this project as part of the design team, consisted mostly to work on the 3D model according to BIM methodology. Furthermore, the modelling of different aspects of the project allowed the development of diverse schemes and images required for the client final presentation. The model also allowed the developtment of the physical project model of the inner garden and whole architecture, using 3Dprinting technology to detail every design aspect from each building facade proposal and composition, which was also, part of my tasks for this competition.
Orange Architects + Studio KAAN + MAAK space, Merosch Professional work.
Trainee Architect work as design team member 2nd place for Municipality Competition Orange Architects, 2021. Parkstad
Nature and Metropoli
The
concept:
The inner forest An Edible park
The forest garden, a landscape laid out as a natural ecosystem, focuses on the production of food and other products useful to people. The Bostuin is a collective courtyard for residents, but designed in such a way that it can also be a place of significance for the neighbourhood.
The forest garden open up to the neighbourhood so that locals can come and pick their products in a saturday morning in summer. Or a class of school can drop by for a lesson in ecology education in the convivial living room.
To experience the unique living quality of the Bostuin to the full, functions such as storage units and car parking are kept out of view in a half-sunken interior street around the garden. Making smart use of the height differences in the landscape ensures natural light and ventilation in the interior street. Here you can go for a stroll or a jog in the pedestrian area, while cars are of secondary importance translated in a lower level and above the interior street are the terraces of the single-family homes. The sloping landscape physically and visually connects the forest garden, terraces and interior street to one another in a natural way.
The Bostuin adds a variety of housing types to Parkstad. A total of 167 dwellings, including family dwellings’, compact apartments for singles and seniors, and spacious family apartments. Great attention has been paid to the distribution of the housing types across the plan. Townhouses are positioned between upstarts-downstairs dwellings and apartment blocks. The common denominator of the plan is that each dwelling has a relationship with the Bostuin.
Park House:
A hint of the forest garden from the street
The plan interprets themes that characterize the architecture of the Afrikaanderwijk district. Families of structures, special accents at corners, differentiation in concrete plinths, attention for edge details and special elements in facades such as bay windows and balcony railings feature in the plan.
In addition, the design along Laap op Zuid matches the scale of the new developments of Feyenoord City. The bickwork of all facades weaves patterns in a grid structure. Depending on the position, the grid can be either horizontally or vertically oriented. The blokcs are articulated in sandy-brown shades to highlight the variety of buildings along the street, without detracting from the overall composoition.
The fifth facade, the rooftop, plays an important role in achieving the integral sustainability targets, but it also activated for use. Between taller blocks a greenhouse and collective vegetable garden is proposed and solar panels combined with green roof and wild vegetation is placed on the roofs of lower blocks.
//Tridimensional proposal//
Axonometry
A Learning Course
Erika Lusetti (IT), Juan Tovar (COL) Competition team member work Fanda, Zinguinchor, Senegal 2023.
Fanda, Zinguinchor, Senegal
The primary school proposal embodies an approach that goes beyond the unique promotion of educational standards for children who inhabit rural areas of Senegal. Indeed, it integrates a broader objective in which quality life conditions of the whole community are enhanced by re-interpreting the role of water, acknowledging the vital significance of water by recognizing it as an universal source of life in any context, the project was guided into a holistic environment where education and nature meets, resulting in a healthier future for all the students and users of the school spaces and ammenities. The design proposal aims to bring water from the nearby river Casamance into the selected area, not only as a symbolic gesture, but also as a functional resource that structures the project composition.
Casamance-The path to wisdom also entails retribution to others
The design principle focusses on integrating Casamance river by creating a single circulation path that connects the architectural volumes placed at different levels, representing the progression of knowledge and learning experiences, not only considering children education but also community’s skills development.
By adapting spaces for academic and handson activities related to sustainable practices that contribute to ecosystem conservation. the proposal aims to embrace closer relationships between community members of all different ages and their natural landscape represented by the river, not only as a economical source of living but also, as a collective identity element.
The path was conceived by creating a continuous water channel that purifies water from the river using natural materials as natural filters, followed by a permeable wall as project main axis,this wall is translated in a curved structure that follows the water channel, let natural wind ventilation and frame different landscape views along the topography changing levels.
The decision to create flexible spaces responds to a double purpose, to respect the maximum built area proposed by the project’s brief by one hand, and by the other hand, the translation of the popular proverb “The path to wisdom, also entails retribution to others” represented in the idea of adaptative classrooms that works as workshops and spaces for community after hours.
Learning path
Fostering education and communitydeveloping skills
Thanks to the combination of the natural topography of the place with the three different levels displayed along the project, each architectural volume looks for an occasion to celebrate diverse learning experiences, in which knowledge and integrational activities will take place.
The different levels of the topography represent the progression of knowledge, like discovery and exploration, represented by areas for classrooms with flexible furniture and laboratories, but recognizing that the path to knowledge, also entails gratitude, empathy, and retribution to others, providing therefore, areas for collective activities to be enjoyed after classes schedule.
Beyond traditional classrooms, the design incorporates communal productive areas highligthing the role of water in health and collective productivity such as medicinal gardes, agricultural activities and workshops for enterpreneurs and products development.
The stages developed in each architecture volumes are:
1. Well-coming education: Reception of new students followed by a quick health-check to begin a process of recurring follow-ups concerning children’s health. Embracing awareness of children and family health care matters.
2. Learning with water: Focus on the processes of water cleaning and purification along with the school regular lectures. Embracing awareness not only about water cycle and its importance on ecosystem conservation.
3. Practicing with Agriculture: It offers regular lectures and water cleaning knowledge combined with agricultural practices, seeking to apply the experience acquired. Embracing awareness of sustainable agricultural techniques for community practice and development in terms of food safety and vulnerability.
Main water course
Learning path
Architectural volumes
Collective areas
Outlining Ponticelli
Ponticelli district, Naples, Italy
“Rediscovering the hidden landscape of the city” is an urban and architectural proposal which aim is to break physical and visual barriers using the existing topography as the main design tool to offer inhabitants a place for interaction, social cohesion and communitary gathering.
The horizontal change of levels emphasizes geometrical and constructive features of the project, complementing the site and blending to merge with its surroundings to provide a continuity in the area that will embrace and guide people not just to the project but to the whole strip itselfs, giving primacy to the life practices of the inhabitants of Ponticelli. Services for teaching, and sharing solutions for current sustainable challenges. The physical location where topography and architecture exchange existential forms is where the project wants to provide people the possibility to rediscover their place, the hidden landscape away from reality.
Advanced Architectural & Urban design Studio “Cum Laude” work. with Erika Lusetti and Juan Tovar Prof. Andreu Arriola Madorell Politecnico di Milano, 2020.
The Gate: Rediscovering the hidden City landscape of Ponticelli
The social condenser theory states that “through architecture and the design of public spaces, it can be influenced the way of human behavior in common shared spaces and scenarios, and therefore, the breaking down of perceived social hierarchies that can create socially equitable spaces and bigger and better relationships between inhabitants”.
The proposal considers the existing topography and landscape conditions as the main instrument to convert itself as a social condenser, that takes advantage of diverse landscape elements to generate common spaces that influence social behavior and improve inhabitants relationships, breaking down existing barriers and obstacles, to allow exploration and pointing out of powerful elements that make part of the current image of Ponticelli and influence inhabitants perception and social relations with the space and environment.
To encourage consciousness awareness about water management, a water education center is proposed and equiped with conference rooms, workshops areas and communitary spaces for residents and the independents enterpreneours and furthermore, spaces for itinerary expositions related with co-associated work between ABC company and the neighborhood.
The project provides an area with restaurants, cafes, shops and rental spaces which profits will be used for the economical maintenance of public spaces of the proposal. The laboratories for technological innovation in water management and urban orchards cultivation improve inhabitants cultivation techniques and finally, an open air amphitheater, which is reusing the space previously occupied by the church, now will offer the opportunity to perform social gatherings with cultural and spiritual purposes and experiences.
Program activities underground
Physical access & visual connection
Longitudinal stripe connection
Roof accessibility for circulation
Multiple access options
Project height’s dialogue with local densities
Water education center
Workshops
Water living room
Retails ammenities
Innovation laboratory
Open air amphitheatre
Amphitheater
Urban Transition
San Andresito district,Bogotá, Colombia
The current decaying industrial landscape of Puente Aranda district, located in the city of Bogotá, Colombia, nowdays, demands new urban transformations regarding the inhabitants needs for housing and equiped space for a contemporary neighbourhood and a healthier and vibrant new urban life.
The goal of this intervention was to address the current problematic of a traditional industrial sector in the city of Bogotá, which is facing a radical urban transition into a contemporary residential neighbourhood. Through the analysis of the main critical issues and the identification of the site potentialities, related to mobility, urban morphology, building conditions, green and gray infrastructure and ultimately, the distribution of economical and complementary activities, all of these, to propose, a liveable, dynamic and healthier urban scenario supported by planning strategies like: requalification, reuse of existing structures and introduction of new interventions to suceed.
Masters on Sciences thesis “Cum Laude” work. with Juan Tovar Thesis Advisor PhD. Paola Pucci Politecnico di Milano, 2021.
From this cross-scale analysis where the site was analized working three urban scales: macro-scale level to understand Bogotá city dynamics and its relationship with the sector, a meso-scale level to figure out which are the main issues and features in the area and which priority/hierarchy assign to each of them, tracing in this way a site working borderline and finally, a micro-scale level was worked to propose a master plan solution, in a closer level to adress firstly, the main critical issues identifed and conceiving a short, medium and long term general planning for the rest of the area.
One of the strongest potentialities of the area identifed during the micro-scale analysis, was the pressence of historical markets as San Andresito and how it still keeps its importance as a landmark of the site in the middle of a predominant industrial mono-use character sector image.
The site and its borderline conceived after the meso-scale analysis, shows how San Andresito and the district limits are surrounded by residential activities but still with notorious lack of urban equipment and common areas for inhabitants and citizens.
Existing Situation
Puente Aranda: Beyond tradition and transformation
The site is surrounded by three main roads which wide dimensions and integrated transport system turned the streets into sharp borderlines. The limitated existent green areas and the pressence of a water channel aligned consequently with the primary road that border the sector, plus the closests green spots location were considered as potential “green axis” to reinforce the existing gray infrastructure borders. The landuses inside the sector created very defined borders from the interest area from NE to SW where there is a commercial-industrial strip that divides the rest of the district from the almost only housingareas.
The overlapping of these previous layers, gave clues about the general borders definition. The current elements created a sharp border between this area and the rest of Puente Aranda which are re-interpretated from barriers to potential features of the site with compacity, mobility optimization, and multi-use transformation strategies as the keys for the new image construction.
The proposal interpretates the new urban dynamic of a contemporary neighbourhood placed in a traditional commercial district like Puente Aranda and San Andresito market.The urban layout is redefined to enhance walkability and accesibility to commercial axis for future inhabitants by enhacing the available public space with proper equipment and reorganizing the street hierarchy to allow different ways of mobility for all-type users, but giving priority to pedestrians. Furthermore, the masterplan provides more green areas and collective spaces where healthier urban life can take place with two main green parks places near the main residential concentration zones and all type of patios and terraces to complement collective urban equipment and buildings.
Streets redistribution to serve more users: Streets are nowdays more than just transport flow elements, they take part in this proposal as multifunctional urban spaces where different users share mobility and activities. The redesign of certain streets typologies, offers a balance between new population needs and better mobility for all-type of transportation systems.
Re-use of existing for new purposes: The re-use of existing structures is conceived not only in an architectural level, but also as urban elements that are articulated with the new public space layout and open spaces inside the district as complementary spaces for new purposes and activities.
Industrial structures are included in the public space offer to create spaces with identity, history and character of its previous function.
Walkability through commercial corridors: Shorter and walkable corridors were enhancing by improving existing commerce infrastructure, avoiding in this way, commutes and helping local bussines from small-neighbourhood scale level.
Where commerce had been always placed but affected by traffic congestion and public space invasion, is now proposed wider and equipped corridors.
Housing density and activity increasing: While density greatly support walkability, a dense mixed-urban are faces certain challengues related with privacy, safety and accessibility to green/common areas, reason why, selected spaces changed their private or public character into something in-between.
Collective equipment for new open spaces: The insertion of collective equipment strategically placed, follows the principle of 15-minutes walkable cities. By reorganizing the urban blocks morphology, the street hierarchy and the building location and landuse, vacant spaces as product of all these processes are though to provide two main big green areas that increase the open public space and green space percentaje per citizen between the main residential zones.
Shared mobility to free public space:
Restricting access to neighbourhoods for motorised traffic by introducing one way streets and changing speed levels allowed inside certain zones, may lower the speed intensity inside the residential areas, changing the dominance of cars and enhancing the human dimension and protagonism in the street scape. Restricted access results in more intensive, local use of public space and social cohesion.
BARCELOOP
Marina del Prat Vermell, Barcelona, Spain
The odyssey of the time is the most interesting off all of our journeys. In fact, it is inspiring, enlightening and at time uplifting as well. We all have stories of our individual journeys spanning the warp and weft of our individual lives. However it is the tale of the collective entity, a community, a society, manifested in its architecture and crafts, that could fire our imagination, give us a sense of history and enrich our approach to time itself. Talking about journeys, best are doors that take us back in time and introduce us to patterns and attitudes of a bygone era.
La Marina del Prat Vermell is one such tissue to the south of the metropolitan area of Barcelona, comprising of industrial, commercial and other similar buildings. This lesser talked about urban space and its industrial architecture is none the less a symbol of a progressive community that is is a part of. The design of the proposal “Barceloop” taking clues from the evolution of the city, thus frames the future in the relics pf its industrial past.
Advanced Architectural Design I Studio “Cum Laude” work. with R. Altamirano, E. Ferrini, F. Sassi, A. Reza & R. Uriza Prof. Lluis Vives Politecnico di Milano, 2020.
Intervention
Adaptive reuse of existing structures
The design comprises of a central spine defined by the existing buildings on one side and the new architecture on the other. This spine connects a series of courtyards that are inspired from the open courts and plazas of the gothic quarter.Separated visually from each other by public amenities, each courtyards has an unique character and a varying level of privacy defined by the surrounding buildings. This changing level of privacy is also multiplied vertically, where the green terraces over the parking offer added privacy compared to the more public central axis.
The aim of the project is the adaptative reuse of the existing industrial structures, through a liner volume along the periphery accomodating services and providing housing blocks with views to the central patio, bridging the existing and the new volumes through amenities that also define the character of the courtyards, a central patio related through various pedestrian accesses offering controlled visual connections and varying characters of courtyards offering changing experiences and spaces for social interactions.
User circulation design
Plantation Strategy
Hibiscus Syriacus
Prunus Cerasifera
Nerium Oleander
Bauhinia Forficata
Jacaranda Mimosifolia
Prunus Cerasifera
Shaded Avenue
Noise Buffer
Identity Character
Bridging the existing and the new volumes through built amenities also produce the unbuilt common areas also known as patios which characters are defined by the amenities functions. These courtyards offer changing experiences and spaces for social interaction, considering different activities like: temporary market area outside bank of food building, Loop’s outdoors co-working areas for employees, conference/exhibition/events area outside public library, an outdoor gym outside a housing areas and finally, a children playground outside a kindergarten.
The on-site storm water management system comprises five underground tanks each places in different courtyards that collect the rainwater from the surrounding buildings. The water collected is used for landscaping and toilets and the overflow from the tanks is diverted to the bio-swale running along the green buffer where it recharges ground water table. In case of rainwater excess, the water from the bio-swale goes into another underground collection tank which overflow is connected to the municipal drainage system.
Axonometry
Co-creation & technologies
Orange Architects professional work. 3D printing and model-making Orange Architects, 2020-2021.
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
During my internship at Orange Architects I had the opportunity to join the “innovation group” an office’s initiative where all studio members besides their weekly tasks and activities related to projects, meet and develop strategies and discussions about new ways to optimize different design matters like model making and tangible tridimensional representation.
Universidad del Norte professional work. Participative design for public space transformation Urban co-creation laboratory, 2022-2024. COL
Barranquilla, Colombia
As an Urban and public space design Studio professor and researcher at Universidad del Norte, I had the opportunity to lauched together with the program Inclusive Cities, Communities of Solidarity program (CICS) of ONU-Hábitat, an urban co-creation laboratory dedicated to better integrate refugees and migrants in highly vulnerable neighborhoods of Barranquilla like Villas del Mar, La Playa through partitipaive design of public and collective spaces. This urban co-creation lab had the chance to co-design with community members, private contractors and students oublic space solutions through innovative methodologies where 3D printing resources enhance project inclusive communication and decision making processes and validation.
ZOHO, Rotterdam, NL
URBAN
CO-CREATION LAB
Urban research project
In cooperation with the UN-Habitat program Inclusive Cities, Communities of Solidarity (CICS), the Urban Laboratory for Territorial Integration and Habitat co-creation was launched, an initiative that has contributed to the urban planning of a highly vulnerable neighborhood in the city of Barranquilla, Colombia, with adaptative public space proposals that guarantee the rigth to the city for everyone, including locals, refugees and migrants. More than 120 students, community leaders, private constructors and city council members participated in this process including urban furniture design, public space solutions and streets transformation through tactical urbanism and technologies implementation.
The initiative aim is to show how open source hardwares, softwares and digital making practices can help to guarantee and validate open, participative and inclusive design methodologies, where local communities contribute to their territories transformation by breaking the barriers of understanding of architectural representation and project communication.
The methodology reinterpreted the paradigm of academia figure as an open space where different stakeholders (including young citizens-architecture students), explore the potential of technological representation tools to effectively solve urban problems and prepare themselves for this real-life escenarios.
Villas del Mar, COL
Villas del Mar La Playa:
Participative urban design solutions to face migration, climate emergency and informal settlements
Villas del Mar is one of the sectors that conform La Playa. Historically known by its proximity to Mallorquin swamp and their fishing activity. Due to global climate emergency highest temperatures and flooding disasters started to affect local and historical population along the settlement.
Furthermore, as a coastal area close to Venezuela, Villas del Mar reports high numbers of population product of internal and external migration, product of diverse reasons like Venezuela’s political situation and internal colombian conflict. This situation increase the informal activity along natural disaster risks areas along Mallorquin swap not only affecting their lives and dwellings, but also affecting the natural ecosystem of the swamp. However, the population of Villas del Mar, represents a vibrant mix of people from differente countries, colombian regions and history that needs not only to create better relationships between each other as a dynamic and costantly growing community, but also, as their relationship with the natural ecosystem that hosts them.
Villas del Mar
High-way barrier
Mallorquin Swamp
Barranquilla
La Playa
Barranquilla city
La Ciénaga
LABPRO: Model-making
The architectural model has always been an instrument to visualize, develop, and define architectural concepts and communicate ideas. It is a design medium, a means of representation, as well as an essential pedagogical tool. The term model defines both real objects and virtual constructions from unscaled, modest, and rough works to highly finished, precisely scaled, and detailed makings. Its the first practical experience of constructing.
During my experience working as a professor and researcher at Universidad del Norte, I actively integrated model-making to both my studios and course (architectural housing design studio, urban and public space design studio and history and theory: classical architecture and city) thorugh design proccesses and methodologies in the case of studios where projects were developed during the semester (from conceptual, working and exhibition model) to 1:1 scale model construction (roman archs and finland historical houses in Colombia) for university exhbition events
Urban furniture exhibition model 3D Printed using ColiDo X
Removing 3D printing model parts
Model finishing feedbacks and suggestions
[ZOOM IN] Lasercut urban model
Facade detail for jury presentation
Lasercut tecnhique for urban model
Facade detail, manual technique paper and cardboard model
1:1 Scale model alert! University exhibition
Working model @ studio Architecture lego+polyestyrene
The Model as design learning tool: But...why should we make models?
As a professor and researcher whom was assigned the task to lead the architecture students learning of modelmaking in the prototype lab-LabPro. I combined previous experiences from other jobs, like Product Integration Professional at ESWindows where I developed product manuals and guides for proccesses like assembly, installation, reglazing and maintenance, and combined with my experience at architectural design studio where models where an essential part of the design process. These knowledge helped me to develop not only instruction materials for model-making process, but also to integrate the model-making as a whole learning experience for the urban and architectural project development. Later on, published as a design and pedagogical research project at the Colombian Architectural Faculties Research book (ACFA).
I produced manuals and protocols to develop different types of models, like working models, exhibition models, 1:1 scale models, constructiond etails, section models, etc. considering two main techniques: digital or technological tools such as: lasercut, 3D printing and CNC. And also, analogical techniques, specially for students of first semesters, using manual tools to built wood and rammed earth models.
