Stitching Spaces Making Places
Stage
Package
Masterplanning
3 The Time Dimension
Prepared by Martin Fleischmann, Taina Lund-Ricard, Poppea Daniel Urban Design Studies Unit, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Jan-May 2017
Stitching Spaces Making Places
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Authors Taina Lund-Ricard
Architecture, University of Strathclyde
Martin Fleischman
Architecture and Urbanism, Czech Technical University in Prague
Poppea Daniel
Economics, Edinburgh University and Community Enthusiast
Masterplan
Contents 01 PRELIMINARIES 02A MASTERPLAN 02B MASTERPLAN 03 THE TIME DIMENSION The Time Dimension
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Beyond the Masterplan
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Snapshots of Resilience
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Opening it Up
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Conclusion 48
04 APPENDIX HOW TO NAVIGATE THESE BOOKLETS Where we refer to other parts of our work, we use the booklet number and page number. For example, b01;p6 refers to page 6 in the booklet 01 Preliminaries
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Stitching Spaces Making Places
The Time Dimension “A city is more than a place in space, it is a drama in time� Patrick Geddes Time is a dimension frequently left out of blueprint masterplanning. But this is masterplanning for change, where time is integral - enabling pathways, rather than dictating exact development. People are born, grow up, grow old and die, all the time making places - and if change is a participatory game, places become theirs and adapt and grow with them. Much of the masterplan must be allowed to develop at its own speed, according to the community, old and new, and according to the framework we’ve laid down. Serviced plots should be released in batches according to this rough timeline, which mimics historical urban development with reference to growth along a street hierarchy. Not everything can or should happen at once - gradual change is not only more realistic, but is also more sustainable and durable. Time is what will make this materplan work, and time will also bring the changes it must adapt to. The Masterplan we presented in 02A and 02B Masterplan is a snapshot of an imagined future. In these next pages, we imagine how we got there, before considering what might happen beyond this time horizon.
Fig. 1 : People make places and both grow and change over time
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Masterplan
Existing Recently completed Current
t This is where Milton starts from. Even now Milton is not unchanging, with new development almost complete, in progress, or in planning stages. Vacant land is concentrated in the north-east of Milton and along the south of Liddesdsale Road.
Fig. 2 : Time dimension snapshot 0
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Stitching Spaces Making Places
The first development happens on vacant or undeveloped land. Vacant land on the southside of Liddesdale Road is developed, as is land running opposite the tenements on Castlebay Street.
This high density development, plus the continued presence of the Castlebay / Liddesdale tenements, provides a solid population level to support the beginnings of ground floor shops and services on some plots.
In the north-east, lower-rise flatted housing is built along the edges of two local main streets, Scaraway and Egilasay.
The council must invest in services upfront, including transport, the much needed health and leisure centre, and a community centre on Egilsay Street. Fig. 3 : Time dimension snapshot 1
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Masterplan
Existing Recently completed Current
t The neighbourhood centre continues to expand west and eastwards onto available land. Tenements on Liddesdale and Castlebay come down. Their population is rehoused in new housing opposite, keeping the community together. In the quiet residential area, development extends along north-south residential streets, linking development on local main streets. On the canalside, fabrication units are built to house new and consolidate old industrial uses (pX). Fig. 4 : Time dimension snapshot 2
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Stitching Spaces Making Places
As the centre fills out, housing begins to appear closer to the edges. Canalside housing is built, and with it comes the development of the canalside linear park. The Raasay Street extension, which makes it a northsouth local main street, is completed, with development on either side.
Housing continues to be built along edges in the quiet residential area, with a critical mass needed to warrant the construction of Malacleit Community Primary. Housing on the city edge is developed simultaneously with allotments, and colony housing (see pX) is built in front of the tower blocks on Scaraway Street.
Fig. 5 : Time dimension snapshot 3
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Masterplan
Existing Recently completed Current
t Demand for new housing in the neighbourhood centre forces remaining industrial units to relocate, so residential development can expand on to all the remaining undeveloped land west of the centre. The quiet residential area fills out, now with enough population to support local hubs of everyday shops and services. Fig. 6 : Time dimension snapshot 4
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Stitching Spaces Making Places
Fig. 7 : Time dimension snapshot 5
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Masterplan
Existing Recently completed Current
t The holes in Milton’s urban fabric have been filled - a clear urban centre has been established, supplying the densities needed to properly support a full range of everyday shops and services so sorely needed. Milton is full of life. What was new becomes established and then old. The masterplan doesn’t stop here - as old housing stock expires, Milton will continue to gradually transform itself over time. Fig. 8 : Time dimension snapshot 6
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INDUSTRIAL (RE)GENERATION Our strategy for the industrial area is one of concentration and connect, achieved through a mixture of refurbishment and new purpose built accommodation. Its development is inextricably connected to that of the neighbourhood centre, which achieves fully sustainable densities when it expands to the west over land currently occupied by industrial sheds.
Though much of the industrial area is apparently occupied, occupancy is not concentrated, and there is scope for consolidation. Areas of particularly low occupancy include the area around the canal, which immediately creates opportunities to enhance this area.
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Masterplan
Existing unit, occupied Existing unit, to let Refurbished unit New unit
t Balmore Industrial Estate votes to create a Business Improvement District, through which they can access partnership and grant funding to relocate some units and construct new purpose-built smaller industrial and fabrication units opposite Allied Bakeries. As part of this, the extension of Glentanar Road south to Lambhill is completed, enhancing connectivity. Some units are refurbished, creating cheap space for young business.
As the neighbourhood centre expands, more and more land previously occupied by standalone industrial units is bought and cleared for residential development. If the area’s regeneration as a fabrication hub for north Glasgow shows promise, some of these residential units may be live-work spaces. Housing is also built along the canal, behind the recently built small industrial units. This prompts the development of the linear park along the canal. Refurbished industrial spaces continue to offer a diversity of spaces for different occupants.
Fig. 9 : Industrial regeneration schemes
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TOWERBLOCKS THROUGH TIME
The towerblock typology (known in housing association terminology as Multi-Storey Flats - MSFs) was often misplaced by planners in post-war peripheral housing estates. In Milton, they are positioned right on the edge, failing to interact with surroundings, and residents suffer from a severe lack of nearby amenities and poor connections elsewhere. We know from GHA that the towerblocks have been recently refurbished, and will be retained for at least 30 years. We therefore look to better integrate them, reduce the amount of undefined land surrounding them, and generate activity in a new enclosed space. With limited room to manoeuvre, we propose adapting the Edinburgh colony house typology - these are traditionally double-flat buildings, each flat having access from a different side, the upper flat via stairs from the rear. The idea is that both sides of the building interact actively with the public space, given a lived-in feel to the undefined land in front of the towers. The cottage flat typology common in Milton and around Glasgow is based on a similar principle, but is usually found in a semi-detached, 4-in-a-block format. Colony housing is always found in a terrace, making better use of space, and ensuring that entrances are at the back and front, and not the sides. The residents of the towers fought for a long time to have a playpark built. We keep this well-used space, and new housing looking onto the space increases natural surveillance over the area. To create the feel of a ‘home-zone’ without complete street edges on all sides, we create pedestrian priority shared surfaces at the level of surrounding pavements. Fig. 10 :(top) Masterplan extract - towerblocks and colonies Fig. 11 :(middle) Victorian colony housing in Edinburgh Fig. 12 :(bottom) Colony housing reinterpreted at Leith Fort, Edinburgh
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Masterplan
A large expanse currently separates low rise housing from the towerblocks. Space is undefined, though residents fought a successful campaign to install a childrens’ play park
Colony housing encloses the space on the other side of Scaraway Street, allowing space in between the colonies and towers to act as an internal courtyard
If and when the towerblocks eventually reach the end of their lifespan, the colony housing remains a successful typology choice - making sure fronts face the countryside
t
Fig. 13 :Sections through the city edge over time
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BEYOND THE MASTERPLAN We have produced a masterplan which could be realised over a 25-year time horizon. But beyond that, there is still much work to do. As existing housing stock becomes tired or expires, or as owners move on, new pockets of land will become available for redevelopment. This second phase of development is likely to be much more piecemeal than the first, relying as it does not on bountiful vacant land, but on individual plots becoming available. Still, there can be a framework for this phase of redevelopment, just as there was for the first. While absolute desired densities may change, the hierarchy of streets should still dictate a relative hierarchy of densities, with denser typologies and more active uses concentrated along the most important streets. Plot passports in 2a Masterplan provided to owners of existing plots act as an automatic grant of planning permission if followed, enabling us to skew development in favour of our framework. In some cases, negotiated or compulsory purchase may be necessary to enable the creation of new road connections through old urban fabric - this enables the largest blocks to be subdivided, maximising Milton’s internal connectivity.
THE FATE OF MILTON PARK The countryside is Milton’s park. As Milton develops, access to the countryside is improved, and smaller but high quality green spaces take shape, a park of this size will be much less relevant. In the second phase of our foundation masterplan (opposite), more than 25 years on the horizon, Milton Park is not sacrosanct. Its proximity to the newly accessible countryside means it loses its value. The overall plan for the area improves synergy between people, city and nature. We want to provide local access to a diversity of quality green spaces which do much more for interaction with the environment, and to health and wellbeing, than any green space in Milton currently does, whether it is officially called a park or not.
t Fig. 14 :Average overall block size in Milton decreases (and therefore walkability increases) as development progresses
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Fig. 15 :Street edge coding in the foundation masterplan for future phases of development
100m
Density Highest
Lowest
Neighbourhood main street Civic
New street
Local main street
Urban main street Industrial
Masterplan
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Stitching Spaces Making Places
Industrial
Urban main street
Civic
Neighbourhood main street Local main street
Density Highest
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Lowest
New street
Masterplan
Fig. 16 :A foundation masterplan for an infinite time horizon - showing the first (masterplanned) and second stages of development. The result is an interconnected, hierarchical street network from which densities and concentration of activities follow 100m
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Snapshots of Resilience
Places develop over time; places change over time. Resilient places adapt to change, expected or not, without trauma.
The city’s Our Resilient Glasgow Strategy identifies 4 strategic ‘pillars’, under which sit more specific goals, aimed at creating a resilient city:
Few changes can be fully anticipated, few can be reasonably forecast - most are beyond our power to predict.
Empower Glaswegians
This means the form of places needs to be sufficiently robust and adaptable that unexpected, sometimes cataclysmic external factors don’t result in places falling apart.
Innovate to support fair economic growth
Particularly since the 1950s and driven partly by technology, change has been happening at a blistering pace: changes in the way people live, the places people migrate from and to, the way we work and how the economy functions. If development is tied to large financial institutions, large development corporations - Jane Jacobs’ “cataclysmic money”, then when things go wrong, particularly in the economy, places aren’t well equipped to cope. A recent example of non-resilient urban development can be found in Ireland - the global financial crisis of 2008 burst a property bubble, leaving hundreds of “ghost estates” across the country - housing developments lying empty, many of which are not even economically viable prospects, lacking basic infrastructure such as roads and lighting - not to mention amenities.
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Unlock place-based solutions
Foster civic participation Our vision for Milton and the plot-based approach works within spatial parameters to support these goals. The plot-based masterplanning approach moves away from a large scale “creationist” approach towards one which is evolutionary, with a focus on creating resilient forms. The plot, as the smallest unit of developable land, is the unit in a system which maintains its integrity even when part of greater wholes change and increase in complexity. In this section, we explore the concept of resilience in more detail, from a social, urban and ecological perspective (pX). We then look at how bits of the urban fabric might develop over time, responding to changing needs (pX).
Masterplan
Fig. 17 :Priniciples of urban resilience (Feliciotti et al)
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resilience n. the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness. In ecology, resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a perturbation or disturbance by resisting damage and recovering quickly. Urban resilience has conventionally been defined as the “capability to prepare for, respond to, and recover from significant multi-hazard threats with minimum damage to public safety and health, the economy, and security” of a given urban area.
RESILIENCE TRANSCENDS SCALES Addressing resilience means reflecting at all scales (individual buildings, communities, and larger regional and ecosystem scales) as well as reflecting on different time scales - from immediate to long-term. Milton’s regeneration has been thought extensively through social and economic lenses and the impact of urban form. Our masterplan deals with the urban fabric within Milton but its regeneration rests on action at much larger scales.
Social resilience is defined as ”the ability of groups or communities to cope with external stresses and disturbances as a result of social, political, and environmental change”. The re-design of Milton should be approached through a holistic understanding of resilience. There are many varying and competing goals in this project and each should be addressed with resilient design principles. The following design priniciples are suggested by the Resilient Design Institute, a US non-profit.
SIMPLE, PASSIVE, AND FLEXIBLE SYSTEMS ARE MORE RESILIENT Manual-override systems are more resilient than complex solutions that can break down and require ongoing maintenance. Flexible solutions are able to adapt to changing conditions both in the short- and long-term. A perfect example of this is Milton’s current flooding issues. The area has been developed with little concern of the topographical affect on rain water run-off. The sewer system is often overwhelmed and large puddles form in poorly designed areas.
Fig. 18 :Illustrations (this page and next) of resilient design principles
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Our masterplan introduces vegetation in these areas and implements a network of sustainable drainage systems which can radically transform spaces, tackling the water issue without filling the sewers and creating more enjoyable spaces for Milton’s residents.
Masterplan
RESILIENT SYSTEMS PROVIDE FOR BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
DIVERSE SYSTEMS ARE INHERENTLY MORE RESILIENT
These include occupant health, food, sanitation, energy, potable water, liveable conditions (temperature and humidity), lighting, safe air ; these should be equitably distributed.
Diverse communities, ecosystems, economies, and social systems are better able to respond to interruptions or change, making them inherently more resilient. So-called redundant systems may appear to duplicate and are not always in use, but are there to be used as needed. While sometimes in conflict with efficiency and green building priorities, redundant systems for such needs as electricity, water, and transportation, improve resilience.
Milton’s residents have not had access to these basic human needs in the way that they ought to. They have suffered from poor health (and health access), poor access to fresh produce (there is no supermarket, market or small fresh produce shop), fuel poverty, and damp and moulding houses. These needs must be addressed first. Our masterplan focuses carefully on bringing in sufficient people to support an essential range of services, accessible to all. Public investment is also a key part of this process
Milton has no stand-by systems. Our masterplan seeks to transform the environment to support a diversity of communities (economic, social, ethnic), a diversity of services and shops, access to effective public transport, a diversity of techniques for managing rain run-off, a diversity of green spaces and movement to and from those spaces.
DURABILITY STRENGTHENS RESILIENCE Strategies that increase durability enhance resilience. Durability involves not only building practices, but also building design (beautiful buildings will be maintained and last longer), infrastructure, and ecosystems. Our masterplan has re-imagined Milton as an area of varying character traits: a medium density core able to support public transport, shops and services, a calmer residential setting, a clean industrial zone, improved connections to the country side, the canal and the nearby nature reserve. Building a strong identity with beautiful streets and green spaces as well as getting the community involved in these transformations are all ways to increase Milton’s durability.
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LOCAL, RENEWABLE & RECLAIMED RESOURCES ARE MORE RESILIENT
RESILIENCE ANTICIPATES INTERRUPTIONS AND A DYNAMIC FUTURE
Reliance on abundant local resources, such as solar energy, annually replenished groundwater, and local food provides greater resilience than dependence on non-renewable resources or resources from far away.
Adaptation to a changing climate with higher temperatures, more intense storms, sea level rise, flooding, drought, and wildfire is a growing necessity, while non-climate-related natural disasters, such as earthquakes and solar flares, and anthropogenic actions like terrorism and cyberterrorism, also call for resilient design. Responding to change is an opportunity for a wide range of system improvements.
Milton’s residents have little access to fresh produce. They must take a 15 minute bus to the nearest supermarket. Efforts have been made through the creation of a community garden and the involvement of a community group’s fresh food initiative but this simply isn’t enough. Emphasis on growing local food and re-using rain water are simple things that can make a huge different, both in terms of sustainability and community well being. Our masterplan seeks to provide the framework for a network of interconnected open spaces, many of which are suitable for food growing.
Glasgow has vowed to bring more housing into the city. The city wants to improve the level of life of its residents and reduce inequality. It wants to tackle growing flooding issues. It wants to renew the inner city industrial zones. Both of these goals are supported by our masterplan, which looks carefully at industrial regeneration and how more people could be housed within Glasgow’s limits.
FIND AND PROMOTE RESILIENCE IN NATURE Natural systems have evolved to achieve resilience; we can enhance resilience by relying on and applying lessons from nature. Strategies that protect the natural environment enhance resilience for all living systems. Nature has always re-invented itself to retain a balance between its many interconnected players. The area around Milton used to be a marsh and a series of Lochs, after years of drainage and development, that habitat has been lost, and what it has been replaced with is an urban environment prone to flooding. The sewers are overflowing and the water is polluted. Our masterplanned apply’s nature’s lessons on water retention, absorption and purification to mitigate this problem - spaces in nature which thrive in conditions which humans don’t (like wetlands) are reintegrated so that all environments can thrive.
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Masterplan
SOCIAL EQUITY AND COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTE TO RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE IS NOT ABSOLUTE
Strong, culturally diverse communities in which people know, respect, and care for each other will fare better during times of stress or disturbance. Social aspects of resilience can be as important as physical responses.
Recognize that incremental steps can be taken and that total resilience in the face of all situations is not possible. Implement what is feasible in the short term and work to achieve greater resilience in stages.
Milton’s community is not very diverse. Its population is mostly white and largely poor. The housing stock consists entirely of social housing. Bringing new people in of varying socio-economic status whilst helping to build a stronger community by engaging residents and encouraging the already existing community activity, are all ways to help create a more cohesive and self-supporting environment. If this masterplan is to succeed, local people and prospective residents must have a sense of ownership over it.
This point is crucial when aiming to implement large scale change to an area. The reality of our world means that many of these projects will have to be completed in stages if they are completed at all. In Section X we discuss the time dimension - the plot-based approach and hierarchical realisation of development means that should for some reason the masterplan and Milton’s redevelopment be started but not completed, it will still leave a coherent, compact urban form which is robust on its own.
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RESILIENCE IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD CORE The plot-based approach allows the urban fabric around the neighbourhood core to develop, react and adapt to gradual changes. The plot-based perimeter block form is robust enough to react to ebbs and flows in economy and migration without needing significant structural change. Here we show how different actors get involved at different stages of development as demand for different types of space, temporary and permanent, arises - demonstrating how flexibility built into plot passports allows demand to be satisfied in ways which support longer-term resilience.
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Masterplan
t GHA buys and converts existing buildings to re-house residents from demolished tenements Several plot owners build upwards Community housing cooperative borne out of community garden buys plot and extends over lane Small enterprises and workspaces appear along access lane
Health centre and pool completed nearby Demand for plots here increases Some buildings extend up or out More shops and services demanded and needed ground floor uses fill Council agrees to extend meanwhile use on community garden plot
Plots around centre released for development Diversity of small developers and HAs build up plots Small number of shops appear on ground floors, for everyday needs Successful negotiation with council to construct a midblock access lane Agreement between council and community group for a meanwhile community food growing project, with benefits for skills, wellbeing and access to fresh food
Fig. 19 : Neighbourhood core block changing in time
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Council funds a new community centre Plots released on vacant land Some plots bought by a mix of selfbuilders, small developers, and small housing associations
More plots are bought and built up on the north side Some existing corner plot owners build upwards to absorb increased demand for smaller units Across the street, some housing stock is replaced Council negotiates with private owners to extend Raasay Street south, improving connectivity Low-rise flats are built on the south side, echoing new development opposite Shops open on ground floors as area becomes more populated, serving everyday needs Further housing stock expires, and Levenburgh Street expanded south, improving connectivity
Existing plot owners build upwards to match corner plo heights.
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An access lane behind Egilsay takes cars off the stree
Masterplan
RESILIENCE IN THE INTERACTION OF OLD AND NEW Here we show how a place of interaction between old and new Milton might develop over time as housing needs change and existing housing stock reaches the end of its life. The community centre is an upfront investment from public authorities which provides space to build social resilience and for new and old residents to interact.
is
ot
ets
t
Fig. 20 :Interaction between old and new changing in time
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Stitching Spaces Making Places
adaptability n. the ability to adjust to changing external conditions without radically departing from previous conditions
Within the structure of a robust urban form, plot passports provide the flexibility necessary to react to changing daily realities. Here, we start with an ordinary two-storey house. What starts as home-working is formalised as an office with a direct entrance from the street. As the business becomes successful, the occupants decide to move to a larger house. They sell to a new owner, who transforms the ground floor into a restaurant, building an extra floor to accommodate their family. Fig. 21 :Ground floor change in time
REFLECTING THE DEMAND Cities are never the same in one moment or another moments, but the change doesn’t have to be on the scale of the neighbourhood or the street. Very common is the change of ground floor use as the character of the area is changing. From fully residential use through partially residential and office or commercial use to fully commercial and back. The masterplan reflects these changes and encourages them by developing two categories of active frontage regulations - required and possible. These regulations are also expecting to be regularly updated to suit the actual demand.
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Masterplan
DOWNGRADES?
FLEXIBLE DESIGN How will look the design actually implemented on the site is affected by various factors, from (the most important) budget, to change of building codes or change of lifestyle and priorities. We are trying to propose design principles which are flexible enough to react to possible changes. Principles are illustrated with two examples - parking in residential streets and tree planting on neighbourhood man street. Fig. 22 :(top right) Ideal parking scheme in residential street - on the level of pavement, narrowing the street (traffic calming) and while empty offering its space for pedestrians Fig. 23 :(right) Downgrade of the design as can happen the parking is painted in bold colour on the road surface Fig. 24 :(right) Minimal solution - parking is still clearly identified, but only by standard white dashed line Fig. 25 :(bottom left) Ideal amount of trees planting on the street, both sides with 2 parking spots spacing (approx. 12m) Fig. 26 :(bottom right) As we are aware of the high cost of tree planting, in our snapshot of masterplan are trees with the same spacing to keep the feeling of continuity but only on one side. Minimum would be one side of trees with 20 metres spacing
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Opening it up MAPPING NEIGHBOURHOODS
WHAT WE FOUND
Neighbourhood’s like Milton are plentiful in the United Kingdom and the western world in general. Post-war development followed the modernist ideals of towers in the park and garden cities, leading to the proliferation of mass produced housing articulated around car centric developments. We wanted to know if the work we were doing for Milton might be applied to similar neighbourhoods.
Similar neighbourhoods are dotted across the British landscape. The common presence of these neighbourhoods is highlighted in a series of maps of English cities on the following pages.
By overlaying building period (1945-1972) and an index of multiple deprivation, we managed to crudely map these kinds of housing estates in England.
These neighbourhoods share the same: social and economic issues These include, among others: a concentration of marginalised people, such as disabled, single-parents households and multi-unemployment households; a high level of benefit dependency; health problems; crime, including drug abuse and vandalism; poor educational achievement and a lack of recreational opportunities; social stigmatisation by outsiders, particularly from employers. periphery location Peter Hall defines peripherality as referring not only to a neighbourhood’s location but also to a range of phenomena, including spatial isolation, long travel-to-work distances, social stigma amongst non-residents, insularity amongst residents and marginalisation from employment opportunities. and built form This is a direct product of planning and construction policies applied during the 1950s and 1960s. The following pages while introduce seven randomly selected neighbourhoods and compare them with Milton to highlight some of their recurrent physical traits.
Fig. 27 : Residents of Orchard Park, Hull, England. Fig. 28 : Orchard Park, Hull, built form looking very similar to Milton, Glasgow
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Masterplan
ENGLAND
Fig. 29 : Map of England showing neighbourhoods built between 1945 and 1972 and showing high levels of deprivation
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LONDON, ENGLAND
Fig. 30 : Map of London, England showing neighbourhoods built between 1945 and 1972 and showing high levels of deprivation
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Masterplan
NEWCASTLE, ENGLAND
Fig. 31 : Map of Newcastle, England showing neighbourhoods built between 1945 and 1972 and showing high levels of deprivation
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LEEDS, ENGLAND
Fig. 32 : Map of Leeds, England showing neighbourhoods built between 1945 and 1972 and showing high levels of deprivation
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Masterplan
BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND
Fig. 33 : Map of Birmingham, England showing neighbourhoods built between 1945 and 1972 and showing high levels of deprivation
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND
Fig. 34 : Map of Manchester, England showing neighborhoods built between 1945 and 1972 and showing high levels of deprivation
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Masterplan
COMPARING NEIGHBOURHOODS
Fig. 35 : (Following pages) Snapshots of 8 identified neighbourhoods, showing key similarities
These neighbourhoods share high levels of social and economic deprivation. As urban designers we are interested in how the physical form of these areas might have contributed to these failings.
WHAT WE FOUND Recurrent physical attributes shared with Milton were identified in the seven randomly selected neighbourhoods we extracted from the previously detailed mapping. They are as follows: •
Periphery location
•
Important presence of man-made and natural barriers (highways, train tracks, canals..)
•
A car centric environment (wide roads, utilitarian road lamps)
•
A convoluted street network (ring road systems, poor walkability)
•
Limited and repeating housing typologies (2 storey semi-detached houses and towers in the park)
•
Lack of clear centre
•
High amounts of vacant, derelict or undefined land
Some of these similarities have been mapped in the following pages. Boundary definitions are approximate.
8 COMPARED NEIGHBORHOODS Milton, Glasgow Orchard Park, Hull Stockbridge, Liverpool Balderstone, Rochdale
PHYSICAL BARRIERS Highways, train tracks and canals tend to hug these developments, physically disconnecting them from their surroundings. Their periphery location is further emphasized by this lack of connection.
CONVOLUTED STREET NETWORK Ring roads and dead-ends are extremely common. These developments were built with cars in mind, facilitating motorised movement to the detriment of pedestrian flow. The convoluted aspects of these networks makes way-finding extremely difficult and further undermines pedestrian movement.
UNDEVELOPPED LAND The neighbourhoods share vast expanses of undeveloped land, sometimes derelict, sometimes vacant, rarely landscaped. This further undermines pedestrian movement and creates a sense of isolation. Derelict land is also being linked to mental health issues. This is also good news however since the open land means that there is flexibility in transforming these neighbourhoods, increasing density and repairing the street network.
LIMITED TYPOLOGIES
Milbrook Estate, Southampton Leigh Park, Havant North Lynn, King’s Lynn Bournville, Weston-super-Mare
Typologies tend to be limited to two storey semi-detached houses and a hand-full of towers in the park. They tend to face onto open land instead of relating to their streets. Indeed, the street view screen-shots show a large amount of blanc façades.
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Milton Glasgow Scotland
Orchard-Park Hull England
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Masterplan
Stockbridge Village Liverpool England
Balderstone Rochdale England
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Milbrook Estate Southampton England
Leigh Park Havant England
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Masterplan
North Lynn King’s Lynn England
Weston-super-Mare Bournville England
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PHYSICAL BARRIERS
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Masterplan
CONVOLUTED STREET NETWORK
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UNDEVELOPPED LAND
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Masterplan
LIMITED TYPOLOGIES
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Conclusion A PLAN FOR MILTON The four vision statements detailed at the beginning of our booklet have influenced and inspired every design decision taken through this process. Our masterplan for Milton cultivates diversity, connects place and context, creates living neighbourhoods and promotes synergy between people, city and nature. This has been done through overarching strategic moves right down to the detailing of chosen materials in public places. Milton’s strengths have been celebrated and its existing fabric improved without destroying the substance of the existing place.
A PLAN FOR NORTH GLASGOW This masterplan could not be implemented without the radical transformation of the North of Glasgow which suffers from many of the same physical problems as Milton: poor road networks, low densities and vast amounts of vacant and derelict land. Possilpark has been identified as a district node for the north due to its central location and existing shops and services. All the undefined land that surrounds the existing fabric means new housing at higher densities could easily be introduced. Public transport must be rethought for the whole of Glasgow to improve citywide connectivity and reduce costs for those who need it the most.
A PLAN FOR ELSEWHERE The implications of our work are multiple. The masterplan extends over all of Milton’s aspirational character areas, meaning that the guidelines detailed in the booklet can be successfully applied to the rest of the neighbourhood. We have also identified a large number of similarities between Milton and numerous neighbourhoods across the UK, both in terms of socio-economic problems and in terms of urban form. These neighbourhoods would greatly benefit from the application of the process and principles detailed in this work.
Fig. 36 :Selection of axonometric drawings of special places in the masterplan
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Masterplan
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Stitching Spaces Making Places
References
GLASGOW CITY COUNCIL. 2016. Our Resilient Glasgow Strategy. Glasgow: GCC GLASGOW CITY COUNCIL. 2016. Allotments Strategy. Glasgow: GCC GUNDERSON, L. H. and HOLLING, C. S. (eds.) 2002. Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Washington D.C.: Island press.
ALEXANDER, C. et al. 1977. A Pattern Language. New York: Oxford University Press BARBOUR, ROMICE, PORTA. 2016. Plot-Based Regeneration for Inner-City Neighbourhoods: Lessons from Traditional Masterplanning Practice in Glasgow. BAKER C. KELHAM A. (URBED & GATEWAY FINDERS). 2006. Orchard Park Photography Book. Yorkshire and the Humber. CARMONA, HEALTH, OC, TIESDELL. 2012. Public Spaces, Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design. 1st ed. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Print CABE. 2055. What Home Buyers Want: Attitudes and decision making amongst consumers. CABE: London CULLEN, G. 1961. Townscape. London: The Architectural Press. DRAMSTAD, WENCHE E, James D Olson, and Richard T. T Forman. Landscape Ecology Principles In Landscape Architecture And Land-Use Planning. 1st ed. [Cambridge? Mass.]: Harvard University Graduate School of Design, 1996. Print. FELICIOTTI, Alessandra. 2015. ”Masterplanning For Change: Lessons And Directions”. Presentation.
HALL, P. 1997. Regeneration Policies for Peripheral Housing Estates: Inward- and Outward- looking Approaches. Urban Studies, 34. HAWKEN, Paul, Amory B Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins. Natural Capitalism. 1st ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1999. Print. JACOBS, J. 1965. The Death and Life of Great American Cities: The Failure of Town Planning. Harmondsworth: Penguin LLEWELYN-DAVIES (FIRM), ALAN BAXTER & ASSOCIATES, ENGLISH PARTNERSHIPS, & HOUSING CORPORATION. (2000). Urban design compendium: English Partnerships, the Housing Corporation. London, English Partnerships. MAANTAY, J. 2013. Derelict Land, Deprivation, and Health Inequality in Glasgow, Scotland: The Collapse of Place. 1st ed. [ebook] Glasgow: University of Glasgow, pp.17,21-22. Available at: http://www.gsa. ac.uk/ media/530191/180113_the_collapse_of_place_ maantay_2013_fnal.pdf [Accessed 13 March. 2017]. Map.sepa.org.uk. 2016. Flood Risk Management Maps. [online] Available at: http://map.sepa.org.uk/floodmap/ map. htm [Accessed 10 Oct. 2016].
FELICIOTTI, Alessandra. (Year Unspecified) “What is a masterplan”. Presentation.
MEYERRICKS, S. and PLAYLE, R. North Glasgow Community Food Initiative, (2016). Milton Talks: People, Place and Priorities. Glasgow.
GEHL, J. 1987. Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space (transl. by Koch, J.), New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
PARVIN, A, SAXBY, D, CERULLI, C and SCHNEIDER, T. 2011. A Right to Build: The Next Mass
GLASGOW CITY COUNCIL. 2010. City Plan 2. Glasgow: GCC
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Pražské stavební předpisy s aktualizovaným odůvodněním. (2016). 1st ed. Prague: IPR Praha.
Masterplan
Housebuilding Industry. University of Sheffield, Available at: www.ISSUU.com [Accessed 13 March. 2017]
Vale Of Leven Industrial Estate”. West-dunbarton.gov.uk. N.p., 2017. Web. 27 Apr. 2017.
PETEREK, M., and BURKLIN T. 2008. Urban Building Blocks. 1st ed. Basel: Birkhäuser, Print.
Vale Of Leven Industrial Estate Green Network”. Central Scotland Green Network. N.p., 2017. Web. 27 Apr. 2017.
PORTA, S and ROMICE, O. 2014. Plot-Based Urbanism: Towards Time-Consciousness in Placemaking. in Mackler, C and Sonne, W (eds.). New Civic Art (Dortmund Lectures on Civic Art), Dortmund: Deutches Institute fur Stadtbaukunst
WHYTE, William H. (William Hollingsworth). The Social Life Of Small Urban Spaces. 1st ed. Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1980. Print.
PRAGUE INSTITUTE OF PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT, Urban design Section, Public Space Office. 2014. Prague Public Space Design Manual. IPR Praha. ROGERS, R. (2005). Renaissance. 1st ed.
Towards
A
Strong
Wilson (2012). [online] Available at: http://www. resilientdesign.org/the-resilient- design-principles/ [Accessed 16 Nov. 2016].
Urban
Regeneration: Capital Investment For Regeneration - Gov. Scot”. gov.scot. N.p., 2017. Web. 27 Apr. 2017. TARBATT, J. 2012. The Plot: Designing Diversity in the Built Environment. London: RIBA Publishing Understanding Glasgow. (2012). Glasgow North East Open Space Provision, Vacant and Derelict Land and Core Paths. [online] Available at: http://www.understandingglasgow. com/assets/0001/3843/Glasgow_ Open_Space__VDL_ and_Core_Paths_NE_lores.pdf [Accessed 13 Nov. 2016]. Understandingglasgow.com. (2016). Understanding Glasgow | The Glasgow Indicators Project. [online] Available at: http://www.understandingglasgow. com/ [Accessed 16 Nov. 2016]. URBAN TASK FORCE. 1999. Towards an Urban Renaissance. London: DETR/ E & FN Spon UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE. 2013/14. Local Urban Code. Glasgow UK Makerspaces: The Data”. Nesta.org.uk. N.p., 2017. Web. 27 Apr. 2017. Vale Of Leven BID”. Voliebid.co.uk. N.p., 2017. Web. 27 Apr. 2017.
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Stitching Spaces Making Places
Figure List
both cases, 1/3 of buildings were removed. Fig. 15 : Masterplan shape highlighting the five identified character areas Fig. 16 : Masterplan shape highlighting the eleven coding areas Fig. 17 : Look and feel character areas
Every figure (including photographs) unless specified otherwise was produced by the authors. Icons were sourced from the noun-project. Illustrations of people were sourced from
01 PRELIMINARIES Fig. 1 : Stitching spaces making place - Hebridean islands and their ferry ports Fig. 2 : New dwellings per year, average house price [sourced: Parvin, 2011] Fig. 3 :Housing crisis and multifaceted poverty Fig. 4 :Place Standard Assessment score wheel (Booklet 8) Fig. 5: Map showing Milton’s identified strengths and weaknesses Fig. 6 : Design through research, research by design. Fig. 7 : Milton’s community in action [sourced: Milton Talks Facebook Page, Milton Community Garden and Food Hub Facebook page] Fig. 8 : Historical photo [sourced: Milton Glasgow Memories Facebook page] Fig. 9: Conversation extracts [sourced: Milton Glasgow Memories Facebook page] Fig. 10: Strategy diagram for Milton Fig. 11: Strategy diagram Fig. 12: Existing concept plan Fig. 13 :Proposed concept plan Fig. 14 : When times change, the difference between a plot-based place and a block-based approach is clear. In
52
Fig. 18 : Active use of space with temporary market stalls [sourced: http://www.publicspace.org/ca/obres/ e048-mercado-de-las-flores-en-la-plaza-de-tirso-demolina] Fig. 19 : Representative public space for multi-purpose use [sourced: https://urbangrit.wordpress.com/tag/streetdesign-2/] Fig. 20 : Segregated bike lane is enhancing the comfort and safety of cyclists [sourced: http://sf.streetsblog. org/2012/06/29/envisioning-protected-bike-lanes-andpedestrian-islands-for-second-street/] Fig. 21 : Bike racks prioritised over parking spots [sourced: google street view screenshot of Albert Drive, Glasgow] Fig. 22 : Historical tenement building with privacy enhanced by setback [sourced: http://www.rightmove. co.uk/property-for-sale/property-49792096.html] Fig. 23 : Modern adaptation of similar typology with setback [sourced: Housing by Collective Architecture, Govan (google earth)] Fig. 24 : Quiet residential area with low-storey housing evoking sense of home [http://urbankchoze.blogspot. co.uk/2015/05/traditional-euro-bloc-what-it-is-how-it.html] Fig. 25 : Community event on street junction [http://www. milwaukieoregon.gov/citymanager/ardenwald-johnsoncreek-nda] Fig. 26 : Pond in countryside is working also as bio-retention for potential flood water [http://www.christineduffield. co.uk/nature2016.html] Fig. 27 : Riverside water access by large-scale steps [sourced:http://www.hypeandstuff.com/coney-islandpark-singapore/] Fig. 28 : Allotments on the edge of countryside [sourced: http://www.sustainablebungay.com/bungay-allotmentsociety/] Fig. 29 : Scottish hilly countryside allows similar views also from Milton [Paris-Rpubaix on Flickr https://www. flickr.com/photos/23666168@N04/6172278916] Fig. 30 : Milton-based Allied Bakeries
Masterplan
Fig. 31 : Mixed-use fabrication hub [sourced: http:// baltictriangle.co.uk/baltic-creative/] Fig. 33 : Character areas within the design area Fig. 32 : Strategy plan within the design area Fig. 34 : Section through industrial area to canal, showing how topography helps the transition Fig. 35 :Industrial units occupied and to let, showing scope for concentration and consolidation Fig. 38 : Map of Glasgow’s makerspaces and college / universities showing potential in north Glasgow Fig. 36 :Vale of Leven - a large industrial estate north of Dumbarton [sourced: http://www.heronbros.com/whatwe-do/construction-projects/industrial/] Fig. 37 :Baltic Creative CIC [sourced: http://baltictriangle. co.uk/baltic-creative/]
Fig. 56 :Foundation masterplan for the design area Fig. 57 :Urban coding for a block in Milton - bounded by Stornoway St, Egilsay St and Raasay St Fig. 58 :Urban coding for a block in Milton - bounded by Liddesdale Road, Castebay St, Egilsay St, and Torogay St. Fig. 59 :Urban coding for a block on Albert Drive - bounded by Albert Drive, Kenmure St, Leslie St and Kier Street Fig. 60 :Albert Drive block in context - the tenemental typology predominates in this area Fig. 61 :Street density
edge passports for 6 different tiers of
Fig. 62 :Map of active frontages (required, possible, none) following street edge passports. Fig. 63 :Map of setbacks following street edge passports.
Fig. 39 :Milton’s existing fabric has not been built on flat landscape; undeveloped land is not flat either Fig. 40 : Map classifying streets based on their steepness. Fig. 41 :Betweenness centrality Fig. 43 :Closeness centrality Fig. 42 :Straightness centrality Fig. 44 : Betweenness centrality, before. Fig. 46 :Closeness centrality at 400m, before. Fig. 48 :Straightness centrality, before. Fig. 45 :Betweenness centrality, after. Fig. 47 :Closeness centrality at 400m, after. Fig. 49 : Straightness centrality, after. Fig. 50 : No clear hierarchy of streets and lots of dead ends Fig. 51 : Clear hierarchy of streets which directs traffic towards certain routes Fig. 52 :5 minute pedshed - the current street network is sparse, even with pedestrian paths Fig. 54 :Blocks are large and take time to walk around Fig. 53 :5 minute pedshed - the new street network is much more interconnected Fig. 55 :More interconnected streets make walking journeys more direct
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Stitching Spaces Making Places
Fig. 14 : There is one lane of vehicle traffic, with turnouts provided so cars can pass each other Fig. 18 :Extracts from the masterplan - (Left) Strathmore Road and Kirkwall Street - (Top right) Cathay Street (Bottom right) Malaceit Street Fig. 19 :Current situation: curves are wide and dangerous for vulnerable road users
02A MASTERPLAN
Fig. 20 :Ideal situation: Curves are tight and protect vulnerable road users
Fig.1: Cyclical thinking for the key elements of the masterplan
Fig. 21 : Existing junctions have wide corner radii and no formal or informal crossing points
Fig. 2 : Masterplan of Milton
Fig. 22 : At intersections between busier streets, pedestrian and cycle desire lines are maintained but crossings are at the level of the road bed
Fig. 3 : 50 sections overlayed showing the relationship between topography and Milton’s masterplanned urban fabric looking from the countryside Fig. 4 : 50 sections overlayed showing the relationship between topography and Milton’s masterplanned urban fabric looking from the beyond the canal Fig. 5 : Streets are the foundation of public realm Fig. 6 : Ideal layout for neighbourhood main streets - wide pavements for public life, parking on both sides, frequent trees and segregated cycling Fig. 8 : On the wide pavements, there is room for all sorts of life Fig. 7 : Existing streets are undifferentiated, with narrow pavements and frequent speed bumps Fig. 9 : Neighbourhood main street Fig. 10 :Ideal layout for local main streets Fig. 12 : Secure bike parking can be provided in the place of on street car parking Fig. 11 : Existing streets are undifferentiated, with narrow pavements and frequent speed bumps Fig. 13 :Extracts from the masterplan - (Far left) Glentenar Road - (Middle) Castebay Street and Egilsay Street - (Top right) Scaraway Street Fig. 17 : Ideal layout for residential streets Fig. 16 : Public life extends into the streetscape Fig. 15 : Existing streets are undifferentiated, with narrow pavements and frequent speed bumps
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Fig. 23 : At intersections between traffic calmed streets and busier ones Fig. 24 : Extracts from the masterplan - (Top left) Junction at Castlebay St and Egilsay St - (Bottom left) Junction of Liddesdale Rd and Raasay St - (Top right) Junction of Shapinsay St and Malacleit St - (Bottom right) Junction of Ronay St and Mingulay St. Fig. 25 : Speed bumps do little to change driver behaviour, and make the streetscape unfriendly. Cars frequently park half on the pavements, further narrowing the already narrow pedestrian space Fig. 26 : Speed bumps are removed and parking is formalised, freeing up pavement space for pedestrians and acting as low-tech traffic calming Fig. 27 : Intersections have wide curves, so cars travel at higher speeds and pedestrian freedom is inhibited Fig. 28 : Corner radii are tightened, making cars travel slower, and pedestrian crossings are painted on where appropriate Fig. 29 : Adaptation of existing Egilsay Street and interaction with new fabric Fig. 31 : Car dominated street forming corridors whit minimal relationship to pedestrian movement [sourced: h t t p: / / w w w. f r e a k i n g n e w s . c o m / F B I - U n d e r c o v e rSurveillance-Vehicle-Pictures-33814.asp] Fig. 30 : Limited amount of parking spaces incorporated in wholesome street design in Sutton. Fig. 33 paving
:Paving slabs example for general [sourced: https://s-media-cache-ak0.
Masterplan
p i n i m p.c o m /o r g i n a l s / 7 7/ 2 2 / 8 d / 7 7 2 2 8 d 5 5 d e d e261084a541e36e157442.jpg]
restoring-san-francisco-s-urban-watersheds b http://iubiree.tumblr.com/post/27696476304
Fig. 34 :Big-scale slabs for important places [sourced: https://landarchs.com/how-to-use-trees-the-10-bestprojects-that-show-you-how/]
c https://landarchs.com/the-best-way-to-improve-a-wetmeadow-site/
Fig.32 :Specific style tiling [sourced: http://www. yourlocalguardian.co.uk /resources/images/4288320. jpg?type=article-full]
d https://muralmouth.wordpress.com/2011/07/21/ roadside-garden-bioswale-projects-to-restore-watercycle-in-portland-oregon/
Fig. 35 :Connectivity and circuitry
e http://www.statecollegepa.us/2502/Allen-Street-RainGardens
Fig. 36 : Integrated and continuous green and blue networks help to maximise ecosystem services Fig. 38 :Masterplan - Milton Park, showing entrances from all sides Fig. 37 :Map showing ownership of buildings around Milton Park, used to selectively reclaim GHA land to create more entrance points. Fig. 40 :A SuDS rainwater pond in Milton Park, which could easily be connected to the wider SuDS network Fig. 39 :Map showing key areas of flood risk in and around Milton Park Fig. 41 :Flood risk in Milton and an existing fragmented green network. A comprehensive networked SuDS strategy is applied to at risk areas. Fig. 42 :An integrated approach to SuDS - public and private rights and responsibilities - map showing SuDS streetscapes and private plots which border the public SuDS network Fig. 43 : Neighbourhood main street SuDS treatment Fig. 44 : Local main street SuDS treatment Fig. 45 : Residential street SuDS treatment Fig. 46 : Concrete-supported grass paving for on-street parking Fig. 47 :Collection, surface run-off and attenuation can be used to create more climate resilient urban landscapes Fig. 48 :SuDS plots and on-street swales work together Fig. 49 :Sustainable drainage takes many forms, most of which do not at first glance appear to be systems dealing with overtaxed sewer systems. Incorporating the management of water back into landscape can have a huge, positive impact on placemaking [sourced:
a
http://www.spur.org/news/2013-05-23/
f https://landarchs.com/the-best-way-to-improve-a-wetmeadow-site/ g http://hicarquitectura.com/2014/02/lola-domenechremodelacion-del-passeig-sant-joan-barcelona/ h https://www.villesetpaysages.fr/] Fig. 50 :When green and blue networks are truly integrated, there are many direct and indirect benefits Fig. 51 :Greater than the sum of its parts - green network extracted from the masterplan, showing nodes and connections between them Fig. 52 :Streets are the foundation of public realm Fig. 53 :An urban block at Albert Drive and Kenmure Street, [sourced: google earth, Albert Drive Glasgow] Fig. 54 : Urban coding on Albert Drive Fig. 55 : Width and depth of plots and the buildings on them should react to orientation to maximise daylighting Fig. 56 : Extracts from the masterplan - Variations in height within the same typology (Top) on Vallay St facing Milton Park and (Middle) Where Liddesdale meets Scalpay Place - Variations in plot width and resulting unit sizes within the same typology (Bottom) where Castlebay St meets Torogay Terrace Fig. 57 : Apparent monotony of red Fig. 58 : Horizontal diversity along the street and vertical differentiation within buildings provide units suitable for a whole range of household shapes and sizes as well as ground floor business uses Fig. 59 :Maps showing heights across the design area. The majority of existing housing is 2 storey - some of our intervention matches that, while building up at key points Fig. 62 :Cumulative shadows casts over the course of the day at Winter Solstice.
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Stitching Spaces Making Places
Fig. 61 :Cumulative shadows casts over the course of the day at Winter Solstice. Fig. 60 :From the relatively light shadows here you can see that Monica Square receives a good amount of natural daylight throughout the year Fig. 64 : Cumulative shadows cast over the course of the day at Spring Equinox Fig. 63 : Cumulative shadows cast over the course of the day at Summer Solstice
02B MASTERPLAN
Fig. 65 :Plot Passport for plot L.04 Fig. 67 : Building on plot L.04 as designed by Fraser Yardley Fig. 66 : Building on plot L.04 as designed by Lauren Izzett Fig. 68 : Building on plot L.04 as designed by Eliška Martínková Fig. 69 :Building on plot L.04 as designed by Mariana Hanková Fig. 71 :Building on plot L.04 as designed by Zdeňka Havlová Fig. 70 :Building on plot L.04 as designed by Martina Veronesi Fig. 73 : Building on plot L.04 as designed by Finlay Geddes Fig. 72 : Building on plot L.04 as designed by Mantas Skirma Fig. 75 : Building on plot L.04 as designed by David Fořt not following the supplementary guidance Fig. 74 : Building on plot L.04 as designed by Craig Higgins
Fig. 1 : Desirable and maximum walkable catchments for different shops and services Fig. 2 : Glasgow’s current population, now and projected to 2014 (NRS Demographic Factsheet, 2017), and necessary growth in Possilpark and Milton to support services and amenities Fig. 3 : Households are ageing and shrinking Fig. 4 : 200m and 400m walkable catchment areas around proposed neighbourhood centres, plus 200m walkable catchments around small local hubs Fig. 5 : Gross density represented in units per hectare in the existing urban fabric. Fig. 6 : Gross density represented in units per hectare in the proposed urban fabric. Fig. 7 : 300m (around 3 minute) walkable catchment areas around existing equipped play areas Fig. 8 : 300m (around 3 minute) walkable catchment areas around proposed equipped play areas Fig. 9 : Equipped play park in Milton Park - one of only two in Milton at the moment, both in the north east Fig. 10 : The masterplan has more children’s play areas, more evenly spread across the area Fig. 13 : 150m (<2 minute) and 300m (3 minute) walkable catchment areas for existing green space (of varying quality and acessibility) Fig. 12 : The existing quality of open green space is poor Fig. 11 : Proposed green spaces interact with the existing green network and create value for biodiversity and humans where it was lacking Fig. 14 : 150m (<2 minute) and 300m (3 minute) walkable catchment areas for proposed green space, all accessible of value for humans and nature
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Masterplan
Fig. 15 : 400m (5 minute) and 800m (10 minute) walkable catchments around existing primary schools Fig. 16 : 400m (5 minute) and 800m (10 minute) walkable catchments around proposed / possible primary schools Fig. 17 : Existing schools are ‘fortress’ schools, which need reintegrating into the everyday fabric of Milton Fig. 18 : The new Malacleit Community Primary is well integrated into the urban fabric, supported by a walkable street network Fig. 19 : 200m (2 minute) and 400m (5 minute) walkable catchment areas around existing nursery schools Fig. 20 : Scaraway Nursery School is one of two statefunded nurseries in Milton Fig. 21 : Flexibility in use built into the masterplan allows acessible nurseries to develop where there is a need Fig. 22 : 200m (2 minute) and 400m (5 minute) walkable catchment areas around proposed / possible nursery schools Fig. 23 : 200m (2 minute) and 400m (5 minute) walkable catchment area around existing doctor’s surgery. Fig. 24 :200m (2 minute) and 400m (5 minute) walkable catchment area around proposed and possible GP practices Fig. 25 :800m (10 minute) walkable catchment area around the proposed health centre and swimming pool at St Monica Square Fig. 26 :300m (3 minute) and 600m (< 7 minute) walkable catchments around existing community facilities, including churches Fig. 27 :Milton needs to get back the community space it once had [sourced: Booklet 02] Fig. 28 :A new community hub around the doctor’s surgery in the residential area Fig. 29 :300m (3 minute) and 600m (< 7 minute) walkable catchments around proposed community spaces, including shared spaces wtihin existing and new schools Fig. 30 : Transforming Milton’s urban fabric from endless corridors to a connected series of framed public spaces Fig. 31 :Figure ground of Masterplan showing the public realm Fig. 32 : Special Places Location Plan Fig. 33 : Pompidou Square slope, Paris, France [sourced: https://radinito.wordpress.com/2010/12/19/un-paseo-por-
chatelet/] Fig. 34 : St Monica Square - we work with the topography, not against it Fig. 35 : St Monica Square Plan, showing active ground floor uses and how they relate to the public realm Fig. 36 : St Monica Square axonometric Fig. 37 : St Monica Square sections Fig. 39 :Sketch of Liddesdale Rd approaching St. Monica Sq Fig. 38 :Sketch of Liddesdale Rd Fig. 40 :Sketch of St. Monica Square Fig. 41 :Extract from masterplan - approaching and arrival views of St Monica Square Fig. 42 :Location plan showing sketch position Fig. 43 :Zoomed axonometric showing detail of stepping platforms Fig. 44 :Topography represented by contour lines (0,5m) Fig. 45 :Sketch of stepping platforms Fig. 49 :Two spaces facing on to their respective streets Fig. 46 :The green strip block is part of a longer green and ecological corridor extending down to Ruchill and up to the countryside Fig. 48 : Plan of the green strip block, showing material treatment and activating spaces at the backs of plots Fig. 47 : An 1860s map of Milton showing the historic tree line and (annotated) the location of the redirected green strip block Fig. 50 : Allotments on the city edge, divided into 2 distinct areas Fig. 52 : Craigtinny Telferton Allotments, Edinburgh. Long-standing, community owned- and fought for growing space providing a mix of individual and group plots [sourced: https://www.facebook.com/ CraigentinnyTelfertonAllotments/] Fig. 53 :Possilpark’s Concrete Garden, just down the road from Milton, shows how derelict land can be transformed into community growing spaces which are socially and enviornmentally productive [sourced: http://www. erzstudio.co.uk/projects/the-concrete-garden-possil] Fig. 51 :Section through north Milton to the countryside Fig. 54 :The canal is part of a key blue-green corridor into the city and beyond.
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Stitching Spaces Making Places
Fig. 55 :The bridge connects both sides of the canal and provides the setting for a stepped bank, where people can linger
Fig. 76 : Ashgill Road is downgraded and its north-eastern section becomes a key component of the green network 54
Fig. 56 :Sections through the canal
Fig. 75 : Ashgill Road in its current state, with 4 lanes of traffic.
Fig. 57 : The next closest moorings are at Cadder, beyond Bishopbriggs [sourced: http://www.livingonwater.co.uk/ index.php/homepage/show/home/home] Fig. 58 : Sketch of area showing particularly how the space is made to feel more manageable and takes on a function Fig. 59 : The wedge, connecting old and new Fig. 60 :Axonometric of the wedge Fig. 61 :The wedge plan showing the relationship between public space and the ground floor of adjacent buildings Fig. 62 :Extract from masterplan - the informal space creates a break in the unity and a place to do something different Fig. 63 : Kids in Birmingham on National Play Day show how streets can be used - permanent calmed traffic and layout of space make the kick-a-bout space year-round [sourced: http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/kingsheath-national-play-day-7564619] Fig. 64 : Kick-a-bout place axonometric Fig. 66 : If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it. The GPs surgery is integrated into a new public space Fig. 67 : Doctor’s corner new public space axonometric Fig. 65 : The Doctor’s Corner is also part of a green route heading north, also passing through the Crescent Fig. 68 : Parking for the surgery is relocated on-street, and to the rear. Fig. 69 :The crescent is a moment of interest in a quiet, unified residential area. Fig. 70 :Zoomed axonometric of the crescent area Fig. 71 :Axonometric of the crescent area Fig. 72 : A park of Milton Park’s size needs definition and good natural surveillance. Fig. 73 :Axonometric of public space interacting with existing park and new development. Fig. 74 :Axonometric of Milton park in relation to new development.
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Fig. 77 : Ashgill road transformed into a green walkway, with much lighter traffic flow Fig. 78 : Reflections on character areas after masterplanning - from left to right, Canalside, Industry, Neighbourhood Centre (medium density residential), Quiet Residential (low density residential), City Edge
Masterplan
Fig. 20 : Interaction between old and new changing in time Fig. 21 :Ground floor change in time Fig. 22 : Ideal parking scheme in residential street Fig. 23 : Downgrade of the design as can happen Fig. 24 : Minimal solution
03 TIME DIMENSION
Fig. 25 : Ideal amount of trees planting on the street, both sides with 2 parking spots spacing (approx. 12m)
Fig. 1 : People make places and both grow and change over time
Fig. 26 : As we are aware of the high cost of tree planting, in our snapshot of masterplan are trees with the same spacing to keep the feeling of continuity but only on one side.
Fig. 2 : Time dimension snapshot 0 Fig. 3 : Time dimension snapshot 1 Fig. 4 : Time dimension snapshot 2 Fig. 5 : Time dimension snapshot 3 Fig. 6 : Time dimension snapshot 4 Fig. 7 : Time dimension snapshot 5 Fig. 8 : Time dimension snapshot 6 Fig. 9 : Industrial regeneration schemes Fig. 10 : Masterplan extract - towerblocks and colonies Fig. 11 : Victorian colony housing in Edinburgh [sourced: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_houses] Fig. 12 : Colony housing reinterpreted at Leith Fort, Edinburgh [sourced: http://www.collectivearchitecture. com/projects/leith-fort] Fig. 13 : Sections through the city edge over time Fig. 14 : Average overall block size in Milton decreases (and therefore walkability increases) as development progresses
Fig. 27 : Residents of Orchard Park, Hull, England [sourced: Orchard Park Photography Book] Fig. 28 : Orchard Park, Hull, built form looking very similar to Milton, Glasgow [sourced: Orchard Park Photography Book] Fig. 29 : Map of England showing neighborhoods built between 1945 and 1972 and showing high levels of deprivation Fig. 30 : Map of London, England showing neighborhoods built between 1945 and 1972 and showing high levels of deprivation Fig. 31 : Map of Newcastle, England showing neighborhoods built between 1945 and 1972 and showing high levels of deprivation Fig. 32 : Map of Leeds, England showing neighborhoods built between 1945 and 1972 and showing high levels of deprivation Fig. 33 : Map of Birmingham, England showing neighborhoods built between 1945 and 1972 and showing high levels of deprivation
Fig. 15 : Street edge coding in the foundation masterplan for future phases of development
Fig. 34 : Map of Manchester, England showing neighborhoods built between 1945 and 1972 and showing high levels of deprivation
Fig. 16 : A foundation masterplan for an infinite time horizon - showing the first (masterplanned) and second stages of development.
Fig. 35 : Snapshots of 8 identified neighrbouhoods, showing key similarities
Fig. 17 : Principles of urban resilience [sourced: Feliciotti et al]
Fig. 36 :Selection of axonometric drawings of special places in the masterplan
Fig. 18 : Illustrations of resilient design principles Fig. 19 : Neighbourhood core block changing in time
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04 APPENDIX Fig. 1 : 581 unique plots Fig. 2 : Unique IDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s for every block Fig. 3 : Coding key Fig. 4 : Neighbourhood core area snapshot of regulatory masterplan 1:1000 Fig. 5 : Regulatory masterplan plot code key Fig. 6 : Quiet residential area snapshot of regulatory masterplan 1:1000 Fig. 8 : Plots selected for passport examples