Space Today
Are there other lifefroms out there?
The Mystery of “DARK ENERGY”
Mission Statement
READ MORE INSIDE
Our mission is to explore more through a variety of articles, fun than what the human race facts, and mini games that will expects, to go beyond our convey the messege quickly and understanding and explore.
efficiently.
Here we try to go beyond earth and our understanding of it by exploring the space and beyond. Scientists strive to know who we
Omar Ihab Salama
are and where we came from, our
Youssef Ezzat Magdi
job is to present these findings
Omar Ibn El Khattab Ezz
in manner that would cater for the average human being. They too deserve to grasp an understanding of the universe and how it all began. We strive to present theses facts, findings,
scientific
debates
Moataz Hossam El Din Shokeir Marwan Abdel-Moniem
1- Where and When we Stand in THE UNIVERSE 2- Solar System Exploration 3- DARK ENERGY 4- DARK ENERGY V.S. Matter 5-Hubble Space Telescope 6- Is There An Edge To The Universe? 7- Black Holes 101 8- Where did it all start? 9- Are there any life forms outhere?
Where and When we Stand in THE UNIVERSE
almost two thirds about the universe.
stein’s theory, till our time, has not been fully
More is unknown than is known. We know challenged by a better theory that could dehow much dark energy there is because we scribe more correctly. know how it affects the Universe›s expansion.
One could consider the theory that agrees
Other than that, it is a complete mystery. But with his beliefs, disagree with them all and it is an important mystery. There are so many think of the dark energy as a mysterious force explanations for that mystery but nothing of beyond man’s capability of understanding or them has y been taken into account as a fact even propose a new prediction of the dark enyet.
ergy. But till this moment there is no predic-
The first explanation is the property of space; tion or hypothesis that can be fully corrobospace has many spectacular properties and rated to be considered as a scientific fact. And one of them that space has its own energy and in front of such strong forces a human canas more space comes to existence more energy not but be humble and I quote Albert Einstein comes with it. Another explanation is derived when he said” Everyone who is seriously infrom the quantum theory of matter. This the- volved in the pursuit of science becomes conory states that the space is full of temporary vinced that a spirit is manifest in the laws of particles that keep on appearing and disap- the Universe-a spirit vastly superior to that of pearing but when this is tried to be put equa- man, and one in the face of which we with our
Omar Ibn El Khattab Ezz After hundreds of years of observations, speculations and researches, astronomers have managed to reach an acceptable ratio of information about the universe we live in. a lot of mysteries are now facts that we study in our test books. But all in all we have only managed to know and study normal matter correctly and that occupies only 5% of our universe. The other 95% is made up of 70% dark energy and the other 25% is dark matter. Our universe is 13.7 years old; so if one sim-
ply considers the vast amount of large masses
tion result came out wrong by large portions. modest powers must feel humble.”
in galaxies, stars and planets; shouldn’t we rec-
Yet another one which that Einstein’s theory of Citation for this article:
ollapse already due to all of those gravitational
gravity is not correct and that gravity cannot http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-
forces. I believe that 13.7 billion years is more
effect the expansion of the universe but Ein- areas/what-is-dark-energy/
than enough to slow down the forces from the big bang or even worse recollapse again but we are living proof that the gravitational forces have not yet taken its toll on the universe. After all who am I to have a belief when I know very little about astronomy and cosmology. All of my questions were answered when I have learnt about the dark energy which occupies
Solar System Exploration
no life on Earth. The sun is the closest star to
Molecular cloud: A molecular cloud, some-
Earth, at a mean distance from our planet of times called a stellar nursery if star formation 149.60 million km (92.96 million miles). This is occurring within, is a type of interstellar distance is known as an astronomical unit (ab- cloud whose density and size permits the forbreviated AU), and sets the scale for measur- mation of molecules, most commonly molecing distances all across our solar system.The ular hydrogen (H2). Molecular cloud. 2012. . sun, a huge sphere of mostly ionized gas, sup-
Solar mass: The solar mass is a standard unit
ports life here on Earth. Seasons, ocean cur- of mass in astronomy, used to indicate the rents, weather and climate are all derived from masses of other stars, as well as clusters, nebuthe connection and interactions between the lae and galaxies. It is equal to the mass of the sun and our home planet,»Sun».
Sun, about two nonillion kilograms: 1 solar
Our solar system planets were the only known mass = 1.9891 × 1030 kilograms Solar mass. planets to mankind, until the year 1991 when 2012. . radio astronomers detected the first extra solar
By Omar Ihab Salama
comets. The Solar system’s mass is approxi-
planets orbiting a dying pulsar star, Since then
For thousands of years people believed that mately 1.0014 solar masses, the majority of the
more than 450 planets have been found orbit-
the Earth was the center of the universe, but system’s mass is in the Sun and almost all the
ing other stars.According to NASA («Beyond
as time passed philosophers, scientists and as- remaining mass is in the planet Jupiter. There
Our Solar System.») there›s a chance to find
tronomers have proved with evidence that the are eight planets in the Solar System so far, the
«Earth-type» planets if a search of the nearest
Earth isn’t the center of the universe and that four smaller inner planets are Mercury, Venus,
1,000 stars to our sun is achieved, and if these
are other planets that revolve around the sun Earth and Mars which are also called the ter-
planets are found they must be solid bodies
like our planet, and therefore the solar system restrial planets , the two largest planets are Ju-
with masses roughly between 0.5 - 10 Earth
piter and Saturn which are mainly composed
masses. These planets need to be found at
The Solar system was formed 4.6 billion of hydrogen and helium, the two outermost
distances from their parent star such that the
years ago from the collapse of a giant molecu- planets are Uranus and Neptune which are
planets temperature and atmospheric pressure
lar cloud.The solar system is located local In- mostly formed from ices such as water, «Our
are supportive of the existence of liquid water. Works Cited
was discovered.
terstellar Cloud, Local Bubble,Orion-Cygnus Solar System». Arm, Milky Way Galaxy. Our Solar System
The Sun is the center or rather the heart of our
United States. NASA. Solar System Exploration, Our
There›s yet more to explore in the solar sys- Solar System. 2012. Web. <http://solarsystem.nasa. gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=SolarSys>.
tem, and with the aid of modern technology United States. NASA. Solar System Exploration, Beyond Our Solar System. 2012. Web. <http://solarsys-
is occupied mainly by the Sun, planets and Solar system, without this hot ball of glowing
and further intensive research the secrets of tem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Beyond>.
thousands of small bodies like asteroids and gases and it’s enormous energy there would be
the solar system and the universe will be re- 2012. Web. <http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/pro-
United States. NASA. Solar System Exploration, Sun.
vealed.
file.cfm?Object=Sun>.
FIND YOUR PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE EXPLORE WITH
Be up to date, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/news/index.html
FUN FACTS There is still so little known about outer space by modern science, but of that little we do know, there are some extraordinarily amazing things. This is a list of the top 10 cool facts about Space.
4. The Big Dipper is not a constellation
Fact: The Big Dipper is not a constellation, it is an asterism Many people consider the big dipper to be a constellation but, in fact, it is an asterism. An asterism is a pattern of stars in the sky which is not one of the official 88 constellations; they are also composed of stars which are not physically related to each other and can be vast distances apart. An asterism can be composed of stars from one or more constellations – in the case of the Big Dipper, it is composed entirely of the seven brightest stars in the Ursa Major (Great Bear) constellation.
8. Lightweight
3. Solar Diet
Fact: If you put Saturn in water it would float The density of Saturn is so low that if you were to put it in a giant glass of water it would float. The actual density of Saturn is 0.687 g/cm3 while the density of water is 0.998 g/cm3. At the equator Saturn has a radius of 60,268 ± 4 km – which means you would need an extremely large glass of water to test this out.
Fact: The Sun loses up to a billion kilograms a second due to solar winds Solar winds are charged particles that are ejected from the upper surface of the sun due to the high temperature of the corona and the high kinetic energy particles gain through a process that is not well understood at this time. Also, did you know that 1 pinhead of the sun’s energy is enough to kill a person at a distance of 160 kilometers? [Sourced from Planet Science]
6. Farewell old friend! Fact: The moon is drifting away from Earth Every year the moon moves about 3.8cm further away from the Earth. This is caused by tidal effects. Consequently, the earth is slowing in rotation by about 0.002 seconds per day per century. Scientists do not know how the moon was created, but the generally accepted theory suggests that a large Mars sized object hit the earth causing the Moon to splinter off.
7. Constantly Moving Fact: We are moving through space at the rate of 530km a second Our Galaxy – the Milky Way is spinning at a rate of 225 kilometers per second. In addition, the galaxy is travelling through space at the rate of 305 kilometers per second. This means that we are traveling at a total speed of 530 kilometers (330 miles) per second. That means that in one minute you are about 19 thousand kilometers away from where you were. Scientists do not all agree on the speed with which the Milky Way is travelling – estimates range from 130 – 1,000 km/s. It should be said that Einstein’s theory of relativity, the velocity of any object through space is not meaningful.
5 Ancient Light
Fact: The light hitting the earth right now is 30 thousand years old The energy in the sunlight we see today started out in the core of the Sun 30,000 years ago – it spent most of this time passing through the dense atoms that make the sun and just 8 minutes to reach us once it had left the Sun! The temperature at the core of the sun is 13,600,000 kelvins. All of the energy produced by fusion in the core must travel through many successive layers to the solar photosphere before it escapes into space as sunlight or kinetic energy of particles.
2. Extra Moons Fact: Earth has at least 4 moons Okay – that is not actually true – but it is very close. In 1986, Duncan Waldron discovered an asteroid (5km across) that is in an elliptic orbit around the sun with a period of revolution virtually identical to that of Earth. For this reason the planetoid and earth appear to be following each other. The periodic planetoid is named Cruithne(pronounced krin-y?) after an ancient group of Scottish people (also known as the Picts). Because of its unusual relationship with Earth, it is sometimes referred to as Earth’s second moon. Cruithne, is fainter than Pluto and would require at least a 12.5 inch reflecting telescope to attempt to be seen. Since its discovery, at least three other similar asteroids have been discovered. These types of objects are also found in similar relationships to other planets in our Solar System. In the image above (courtesy of Paul Wiegert), the earth is the blue circle with a cross in it, and Cruithne’s orbit is shown in yellow.
1. George’s Star Fact: Uranus was originally called George’s Star When Sir William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781, he was given the honor of naming it. He chose to name it Georgium Sidus (George’s Star) after his new patron, King George III (Mad King George). This is what he said: In the fabulous ages of ancient times the appellations of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were given to the Planets, as being the names of their principal heroes and divinities. In the present more philosophical era it would hardly be allowable to have recourse to the same method and call it Juno, Pallas, Apollo or Minerva, for a name to our new heavenly body. The first consideration of any particular event, or remarkable incident, seems to be its chronology: if in any future age it should be asked, when this last-found Planet was discovered? It would be a very satisfactory answer to say, ‘In the reign of King George the Third.’ Uranus was also the first planet to be discovered with the use of a telescope.
QUIZ YOURSELF 1. What is the closest planet to the Sun?
11. Have human beings ever set foot on Mars?
2. What is the name of the 2nd biggest planet in our solar system?
12. What is the name of a place that uses telescopes and other scientific equipment to research space and astronomy?
3. What is the hottest planet in our solar system? 4. What planet is famous for its big red spot on it? 5. What planet is famous for the beautiful rings that surround it? 6. Can humans breathe normally in space as they can on Earth? 7. Is the sun a star or a planet?
13. What is the name of NASA's most famous space telescope? 14. Earth is located in which galaxy? 15. What is the name of the first satellite sent into space? 16. Ganymede is a moon of which planet? 17. What is the name of Saturn's largest moon?
8. Who was the first person to walk on the moon? 18. Olympus Mons is a large volcanic mountain on which planet? 9. What planet is known as the red planet? 19. Does the sun orbit the Earth? 10. What is the name of the force holding us to 20. Is the planet Neptune bigger than Earth? the Earth?
ANSWER KEY
Timeline and Events
Dec 10-11 - 2nd Australian Exoplanet Workshop, Canberra, Australia Dec 10-12 - Workshop: The Next Generation of Hemispheric Redshift Surveys and the Prospect for TAIPAIN, Sydney, Australia Dec 10-13 - 5th International Workshop on Astronomical X-Ray Optics, Prague, Czech Republic Dec 10-17 - Winter School on Astronomical and Cosmological Surveys, Mumbai, India Dec 11 -[Dec 06] X-37B OTV-1 F-2 Atlas 5 Launch Dec 11 - Asteroid 1168 Brandia Occults HIP 18805 (5.7 Magnitude Star) Dec 11 - Asteroid 2009 BS5 Near-Earth Flyby (0.022 AU) Dec 11 - Asteroid 43844 Rowling Closest Approach To Earth (1.655 AU) Dec 11-14 -[Dec 03] Meeting: The Search for Quantum Gravity - CDT and Friends, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Dec 12 - Moon Occults Mercury Dec 12 - Comet P/2011 N1 (ASH) Closest Approach To Earth (2.262 AU) Dec 12 - Comet 129P/Shoemaker-Levy Closest Approach To Earth (3.078 AU) Dec 12 -[Dec 05] Asteroid 2012 XA Near-Earth Flyby (0.037 AU) Dec 12 - Asteroid 4179 Toutatis Near-Earth Flyby (0.046 AU) Dec 12 - Asteroid 2187 La Silla Closest Approach To Earth (1.550 AU) Dec 12 - Asteroid 10792 Ecuador Closest Approach To Earth (2.164 AU) Dec 12 - 45th Anniversary (1967), Pioneer 8 Launch Launch Dec 12-14 - Cosmological Radiative Transfer Comparison Project Workshop IV, Austin, Texas Dec 12-14 - 2012 DoD Commercial SATCOM Users' Workshop, Arlington, Virginia Dec 12-15 - ALMA First Science Workshop, Santigao, Chile Dec 12-15 - Conference: Compact Stars in the QCD Phase Diagram III, Guaruja, Brazil
1. Mercury - 2. Saturn - 3. Venus - 4. Jupiter - 5. Saturn 6. No - 7. A star - 8. Neil Armstrong - 9. Mars - 10. Gravity 11. No - 12. An observatory - 13. Hubble Space Telescope 14. The Milky Way Galaxy - 15. Sputnik 16. Jupiter - 17. Titan - 18. Mars - 19. No - 20. Yes
DARK ENERGY Omar Ibn El Khattab Ezz
After hundreds of years of observations, speculations and spectacular properties and one of them that space has its own
DARK ENERGY V.S. DARK MATTER Youssef Ezzat Magdi
researches, astronomers have managed to reach an acceptable energy and as more space comes to existence more energy ratio of information about the universe we live in. a lot of comes with it. Another explanation is derived from the quanmysteries are now facts that we study in our test books. But all tum theory of matter. This theory states that the space is full in all we have only managed to know and study normal mat- of temporary particles that keep on appearing and disappearter correctly and that occupies only 5% of our universe. The ing but when this is tried to be put equation result came out other 95% is made up of 70% dark energy and the other 25% wrong by large portions. Yet another one which that Einstein’s is dark matter.
theory of gravity is not correct and that gravity cannot effect
Our universe is 13.7 years old; so if one simply considers the expansion of the universe but Einstein’s theory, till our the vast amount of large masses in galaxies, stars and planets; time, has not been fully challenged by a better theory that shouldn’t we recollapse already due to all of those gravitational could describe more correctly. forces. I believe that 13.7 billion years is more than enough to
One could consider the theory that agrees with his be-
slow down the forces from the big bang or even worse recol- liefs, disagree with them all and think of the dark energy as lapse again but we are living proof that the gravitational forces a mysterious force beyond man’s capability of understanding have not yet taken its toll on the universe. After all who am I or even propose a new prediction of the dark energy. But till to have a belief when I know very little about astronomy and this moment there is no prediction or hypothesis that can be cosmology. All of my questions were answered when I have fully corroborated to be considered as a scientific fact. And in learnt about the dark energy which occupies almost two thirds front of such strong forces a human cannot but be humble and about the universe.
I quote Albert Einstein when he said” Everyone who is seri-
More is unknown than is known. We know how much dark ously involved in the pursuit of science becomes convinced energy there is because we know how it affects the Universe›s that a spirit is manifest in the laws of the Universe-a spirit expansion. Other than that, it is a complete mystery. But it is vastly superior to that of man, and one in the face of which we an important mystery. There are so many explanations for that with our modest powers must feel humble.” mystery but nothing of them has y been taken into account as Citation for this article: a fact yet.
http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-
The first explanation is the property of space; space has many dark-energy/
About one-quarter of the universe consists of dark matter, which releases no detectable energy, but which exerts a gravitational pull on all the visible matter in the universe. Because of the names, it’s easy to confuse dark matter and dark energy. And while they may be related, their effects are quite different. In brief, dark matter attracts, dark energy repels. While dark matter pulls matter inward, dark energy pushes it outward. Also, while dark energy shows itself only on the largest cosmic scale, dark matter exerts its influence on individual galaxies as well as the universe at large.
particle, although there is little evidence of one. Instead, dark matter and dark energy appear to be competing forces in our universe. The only things they seem to have in common is that both were forged in the Big Bang, and both remain mysterious.
In fact, astronomers discovered dark matter while studying the outer regions of our galaxy, the Milky Way. The Milky Way is shaped like a disk that is about 100,000 light-years across. The stars in this disk all orbit the center of the galaxy. The laws of gravity say that the stars that are closest to the center of the galaxy — which is also its center of mass — should move faster than those out on the galaxy’s edge. Yet when astronomers measured stars all across the galaxy, they found that they all orbit the center of the galaxy at about the same speed. This suggests that something outside the galaxy’s disk is tugging at the stars: dark matter. Calculations show that a vast “halo” of dark matter surrounds the Milky Way. The halo may be 10 times as massive as the bright disk, so it exerts a strong gravitational pull. The same effect is seen in many other galaxies. And clusters of galaxies show exactly the same thing — their gravity is far stronger than the combined pull of all their visible stars and gas clouds. Are dark matter and dark energy related? No one knows. The leading theory says that dark matter consists of a type of subatomic particle that has not yet been detected, although upcoming experiments with the world’s most powerful particle accelerator may reveal its presence. Dark energy may have its own
A ring of possible dark matter highlights this Hubble Space Telescope image of a distant galaxy clus])ter. [NASA/ESA/M.J. Jee/H. Ford (Johns Hopkins
Test your space knowledge 1) What is a blue moon? a) A wheat-based beer distributed by the craft brewing division of Miller Coors b) Europe, ice moon of Jupiter c) The second full moon in the same month d) The painted bare bottom of a North Carolina Tar Heels’ fan 2) What is a shooting star? a) A distant super nova b) A meteor that incinerates itself in Earth’s atmosphere c) An actor with a brief but notable career d) A meteor that incinerates itself in Earth’s atmosphere 3) Bolide refers to: a) A particularly elliptical orbit b) A boron-rich asteroid c) A blemish on a part of the body that you’d rather not discuss d) Whatever it was that fell out the sky and made that hole in the ground
Cool Facts
Goodbye Moon Due to tidal acceleration, the moon is moving away from the Earth at a rate of 3.8 centimeters per year. But don’t say your goodbyes just yet. At that rate, it will take a long time before the moon makes any headway in its path toward Venus. No Burping Allowed Astronauts cannot burp in outer space. No, they’re not just being polite. Because there is no gravity in outer space to separate liquids from gas in their stomachs, they cannot burp like we do on Earth. Their burps would come out "wet." Forever Footprints Footprints last forever on the surface of the moon. Because the moon does not have wind or water like the Earth, the footprints left by astronauts on its surface will remain unchanged for millions of years. Space Travel The Milky Way is traveling through space at a rate of 305 kilometers per second. It is also spinning at a rate of 225 kilometers per second. This means that we humans
4) Mars is called the red planet because: on Earth are shooting through space at a rate of 530 kilometers per second. Are you dizzy yet? The Silent Cosmos If you shouted in outer space, even the person right next to you would not be able to hear what you said. Sound travels as pressure waves through air. Because there is no air in outer space, there is also no sound. So don’t bother trying to tell your astro-buddy his fly is down, he ain’t gonna hear you. Liquids in Outer Space The lack of gravity in outer space combined with the inherent surface tension of liquids causes them to form into free-floating spheres. That’s why astronauts often drink water out of a straw in a tightly sealed container. Although they can suck free-floating water bubbles in the weightlessness of zero-gravity space if they want to! Speed of Light Believe it or not, the light that we see each morning when the sun comes up only took 8 minutes to get here. Yep, that’s even quicker than your daily commute. Booyah!
a) The Soviet Union made an ambitious effort to explore it b) Of the bloody reputation of its namesake, the Roman god of war c) “Blue moon” was already taken d) It looks kinda red 5) The first Mars landing by an object launched from Earth occurred in what year? A) 1965 b) 1981 c) 1971
D) 1997 6) What is Earth’s most distant active spacecraft? a) Sputnik 1 b) Mariner 4 c) Probably a kardashian D) Voyager 1 7) Where do we live in our galaxy? a) The Orion Spur b) The Perseus Arm c) Hector’s Toga d) On the back of a roaming giant turtle, with our sun orbiting us 8) How big is our galaxy? Pick the closest answer. a) 1,000 light years across b) 10,000 light years across c) 100,000 light years across d) 1,000,000 light years across 9) What is the color of our sun? a) red b) Yellow C) orange d) Purple 10) How will our soon die? a) Slow death (white dwarf) b) Quick death (super nova) c) Heart attack
Hubble Space Telescope
they cannot be detected by instruments on the Earth’s as soon as possible. JWST’s orbit will roughly be 1.5 surface, but they can be detected by a space telescope. million km away from Earth; JWST will unveil secrets Take off!
about the birth of stars, solar systems and galaxies by
NASA originally planned to launch in 1983, but peering through the dust that blocks visible light. The the program experienced a considerable delay. telescope is scheduled to launch this decade. All the pieces of Hubble were in place by 1985, so NASA planned for a launch in October 1986, but unfortunately a tragedy occurred when the space shuttle Challenger lifted off in Florida but only minute later it exploded into a million pieces. When shuttle flights resumed in 1988, Hubble was finally launched aboard Discovery on April 24, 1990. After a few weeks of operation the images sent from Hubble were Fuzzy, after a fruitful investigation scientists finally revealed a spherical aberration in the primary mirror, due to a miscalibrated measuring instrument that caused the edges of the mirror to be ground slightly too flat. Engineers were able to come up with a way to fix to the
By Omar Ihab Salama
1990, but the first serious concepts of a space-based
problem in time for Hubble’s first scheduled servicing
For more than 22 years now Hubble Telescope has been optical observatory began just after World War II.
mission which was in 1993. In December, 1993, the
providing scientists and the public with extraordinary
There were many reasons which lead to this unique
crew of STS-61 embarked on a service mission to
images of deep space. The Telescope has been in invention. Lyman Spitzer, a professor and researcher
replace a number of Hubble’s parts, the problem was
orbit since 1990, and it is considered to be one of the at Yale University believed that space-based optical
fixed and Hubble began sending sharp and spectacular
most advanced equipments that have ever been sent
observations are much more accurate and useful
images. Hubble Telescope was supposed to retire by
to space. Hubble helped in making new significant
than ground-based observations. He explained in
the end of the last decade, but servicing mission 4
discoveries; it has also helped astronomers in their his paper Astronomical Advantages of an Extra-
which took place in May 2009 is expected to extend Works Cited Okolski , Gabriel. United States. NASA. A Brief History of the Hubble Space Telescope. NASA, 2008. Web. <http://history.nasa.gov/hubble/index.html>.
search to understand the history of the universe and
Terrestrial Observatory that Earth’s atmosphere blurs
Hubble’s life into at least 2013.
its fate.
and distorts light coming from stars, in addition that
Future Space Telescopes
Why it was built?
the atmosphere blocks X-rays emitted from high-
Although the Telescope has been in orbit since
temperature phenomena in stars and other objects, so
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Hubble’s “Hubble Essentials.” Telescope. Web. 8 Dec 2012. <http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essensuccessor, is currently in the works to be launched tials/>.
Is There An Edge To The Universe? Youssef Ezzat Magdi
order to prove such a theory.
Once in a while, a really big idea comes along. If you stand in a room that has these characterOne that completely changes our concept of who istics, you would have a torch or a light emitting we are. In 1543, Nicoulas Copernicus proved that object. If you light at one side of the room, the earth is not at the center of the cosmos. In the light will reach the end of the room and the light 1920s, Edwin Hubel observed that all the stars is teleported to the other side of the room and you and galaxies were rushing away from each other, see an image of your back on the side where the sparking the idea that the universe has not been light comes from. The room would appear as if it here forever but was created in one explosive mo- had mirrors everywhere, whatever side you look ment. The Big Bang. We have long imagined the at, there is a picture of you. This is what happens universe to be infinite in size. But maybe cosmol- in the universe. And since we cannot totally difogists now think that the universe is finite. Some ferentiate between all galaxies and star, maybe believe they even know its chain. If we do discov- most of them are just an illusion to others that al-
Black Holes 101 Moataz Hossam El Din Shokeir
er an edge to the universe, we will have to find an ready exist. answer to another unsettling question: “what lies Another scientist claims he knows the exact beyond the edge?”
shape of the universe. He states that the universe
If you play a game of asteroids, every time your is a twelve sided, football shaped universe. This spaceship reaches the top, it re-appears again at is because each side has a correspondent on the the bottom. This cycle continues infinitely. This is other side where the light is teleported to when more or less what happens to our universe. The it exits from the opposing side. With so many universe is all together linked just like the aster- work and equations, he was able to prove his oids game. That is why we feel it is never ending. theory. Each edge is identical to every other edge If a light beam exits the universe from one side, it but with a small twist of 36 degrees. If the earth re-enters again from the other side. But to prove was surrounded by this football shape with all the this, it needs billions of years for the light beam properties, you would see images of the earth all to take a loop around the universe. That’s why it around us but in different angles and views. But if is not testable and needs a lot of work, equipment the edges are billions of light years apart, it would and technology that we have not yet reached in have escaped even the most careful astronomers.
If you did not know about black holes, you came to the right of its body mass might become a black hole. This is only done place. “Black holes are objects so massive that nothing could es- in things such as stars because its extreme power can make an cape the grasp of their gravity” according to NASA. Black holes object be squeezed into enough volume using that much powwere long believed to be an entrance to other dimensions. But er. Now black holes basically defy most laws of physics in our Einstein’s theory of relativity concludes that black holes suck ev- earth, but they follow Einstein’s theory of relativity and other erything out even light. In short black holes are believed to suck various theories. Black holes in general are collapsing stars that everything that comes in contact with it. Observation of the first take a much smaller mass. Black holes absorb light because its black hole was in the 1700s. That observation was very brief. A sucksion speed is extremely high even higher than the speed of lot of scientist took Einstein’s theory and then improved on it light! We call something a black hole when we send light to it and made other discoveries. Einstein first stated that in theory and don't recive light back. It also has to have planets revolving anything can become a black hole if squeezed into a tiny enough around it which proves that it was once a star and collaped on its volume, even a rock. The question you might ask is that how self and became into a tiny mass with a huge gravitational pull. can something get squeezed into an enough volume. It is pre- Each year hundereds of thousands of stars were created. Black dicted that a white dwarf collapses into supernovae and a part holes are belived to be a one way trip into space time. http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/black-holes-article/
Where did it all start?
Moataz Hossam El Din Shokeir
all of the universe started evolving. In the first few seconds
When we read such words as “Where did it all start” we
of the universe, primitive atoms were created. these atoms
usually refer to something that happened recently or when
contained only protons and neutrons. After is three hunderd
we are reading a history text book. But in this article you
million years electrons came together and they formeded
should know that it will talk about how “everything” started.
the first primative atoms. This occured when stars started to
This is something strange to try to come by. When we ask
from and they started to explode. When the universe created
ourselves where did our world or our universe appear as it
atoms, it started to build upon them and then atoms became
is today? A lot of us would say that it came together because
one. The first atoms were hydrogen atoms. This is because
god created it. But, to not get religion and science misdi-
they contain 1 proton and 1 neutron and 1 electron. After
rected we should say that scientists try to find an explanation hydrogen was created, hydrogen atoms from the debries of to everything that matters to us. Well, if you did not know
stars and then two hydrogen atoms came together to create
about the scientific explanation you should know it. Scientist
helium. This started the creation of all of the atoms of all the
believe that the entire universe was created by something
elements that we know on earth today. This helped the uni-
referred to as the Big Bang. The Big Bang is a theory which
verse extremely in creating the atoms. Then after a long time,
states that space and time both were created with a massive
earth was created when the nessisary elements were formed
explosion of energy. This energy was extremely immense that in the universe. So our existance is soley made because of the it created space and time. For this emense energy to start
big bang and how elements were created.
http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/bigbang.htm
Are there any life forms outhere?
By Marwan Abdel-Moniem
exist in space.
Many have claimed to witness UFO sightings all over
Other scientists believe that extraterrestrial is plau-
the world, others have claimed to see aliens wonder-
sible, but they refute the notion of the existence of
ing in their crop fields. But are these claims true? No
aliens and other intelligent life forms in space. Some
scientific evidence can support these claims; how-
bodies in the Solar System have been suggested as
ever, life forms do exist in space.
having the potential for an environment that could
Many hypotheses, some proven, say that life forms
host extraterrestrial life, particularly those with pos-
such as bacteria do exist in our solar system and
sible subsurface oceans. Though due to the lack of
throughout the universe. These hypotheses do rely on
habitable environments beyond Earth, should life be
many observations as well as studies relevant to the
discovered elsewhere in the Solar System, astrobiolo-
physical laws. Both Carl Sagan and Stephen Hawk-
gists suggest that it will more likely be in the form of
ing argued that it would be improbable for life not to
extremophile microorganisms.
http://www.space.com/15089-life-building-blocks-young-sun-dust.html
List of Solar System objects
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