Ahmed Marwan ProBaghdad - Productive City by Marwan Fatta

University of Architecture and Urbanism “Ion Mincu” - UAUIM Master of Urban Design September 2014 Bucharest, str. Academiei nr. 18-20, 010014

ProBaghdad Master Dissertation of Sustainable City

Author Arch. Ahmed Marwan Khalid Ahmed

Supervisors Dean: conf.dr.arch. Tiberiu FLORESCU Arch. Urb. Matei Bogoescu Arch. Urb. Alexandru Belenyi

English Edition

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: ď&#x201A;ˇ The concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and ď&#x201A;ˇ The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs."

IISD International Institute for sustainable Development

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Acknowledgement I cannot but think about my family, they are supporting me since I decided to move out and travel 9 years ago. Khalid, Nisreen, Zina, and Jumana are my shaded secure place that I can reach any second just by closing my eyes and think about them. My uncle Hilal and his lovely wife Yousra, have a big share of this studying result by considering me their son here in Romania. This thesis is the result of the valuable information and support of our Dean: Dr. Tiberiu Florescu, Arch. Matei Bogeosc and Arch. Alexandru Belenyi. They were always been there giving me directions about all the studying aspects. My beautiful friends and my colleagues that helped me all the time and treated me warmly, making me feel that Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m home again.

I do appreciate your support.

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Abstract This is guidance for those who are trying to raise the life standards of Iraqi people in Baghdad and the urban perspective of the city, in general, for Architects, urban planners, construction companies and governmental authorities of Iraq. The present situation of Iraq, especially Baghdad city needs real steps and full understanding for the city’s valuable aspects towards a sustainable development that fits the Baghdadis culture and requirements which this thesis is all about. The organic spontaneous spreading of the city since the first establishment in 762 by Abu Jaa’far Al Mansour discovering new challenges for those who try to plan any sustainable project in the city. Furthermore, the power status, economic orientation, policies, green cover, poverty, residential crisis and the neglecting of Tigris River are reflecting the bad situation of the city, which witnessed 3 great wars in the last 30 years. This thesis is about the heart of the city, it’s about the heritage and the history of the old city of Baghdad on both sides (Karkh and Resafa). According to my research, the sustainable development when will start in the old city of Baghdad, it will be the first start for all Baghdad zones to follow these steps of development. This research is based on four elements that will be determined in the case study: 1. River’s renovation and canals’ construction which will be the main solution for huge problems, like power generation and public transportation. 2. The economic production, by the rehabitation of the existed markets, new construction of commercial centers and the touristic areas on Tigris’s shoulders. 3. The housing crises: the case study will propose vertical residential complexes that the city needs nowadays. 4. The limited green zones which is less than 3% in some important zones of Baghdad at the present time. The case study of the old city of Baghdad contained two parts: 1. Urban Planning for the old city of Baghdad which focused on Zoning, proposal of project’s area, Power generation proposal, Project Staging and final composition of the old city of Baghdad. 2. Architectural detailed planning and analysis for each proposed urban part (Commercial, Residential and Touristic). The final conclusion shows that we can design a sustainable project in the heart of the Baghdad city (the old city), with the limited governmental support that is available in the moment, starting from solving the power generating crisis towards environmental, economic and residential sustainable improvement, which I Called “ProBaghdad”.

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Table of Content VII. List of Figures I. Introduction

1. Iraq

2. Baghdad

2. A. Urban History & Morphology

2. A. 1. The Foundation of Baghdad

2. A. 2. The increasing of Baghdad at the Abbasid Era

2. A. 3. River’s early flood and the irrigation projects

2. A. 4. River’s right side Resafa expansion

2. A. 5. Baghdad left side – Karkh

2. A. 6. Baghdad, British Mandate & Hashemite Kingdom

2. A. 7. Baghdad in the republic of Iraq – early establishment

2. A. 8. Baghdad at the time of dictatorship – Saddam Hussain

2. A. 9. Baghdad under the American invasion 2003

2. B. Baghdad’s problems description

2. B. 1. Unorganized Urban

2. B. 2. Power Generation – Electricity

2. B. 3. The Economy of Baghdad

2. B. 4. The Residential crisis of Baghdad

2. B. 5. Green Zones & Public Spaces of Baghdad

2. B. 6. Traffic Jam in Baghdad

2. B. 7. Baghdad’s Policies

2. B. 8. Tigris’s Pollution

2. B. 9. Historical Buildings of Baghdad

3. Dissertation’s Questions

3. 1. Main Questions

3. 1. A. Why Iraq?

3. 1. B. Why Baghdad?

3. 1. C. Why the Old City of Baghdad?

3. 2. Secondary Questions

3. 2. A. Why ProBaghdad Project?

3. 2. B. How can we start a productive project in Baghdad?

3. 2. C. What is the main challenge at the present time?

4. Proposed Objectives of the old city of Baghdad

4. A. Historical buildings preservation

4. B. Residential reconstruction

4. C. Economy Centers recreation

4. D. Integrated Communities

4. E. Public Spaces Reorganization

4. F. Economic Commercial Centers

4. G. Tourism and Tigris’s shoulders reconstruction

4. H. Clean energy production

5. Conclusion

II. Studies about Urbanism and Architecture

1. Periods of the Architectural and Urban expression of new and old in Expansion processes.

1. A. Pre-Modernism

2. B. Modernism

1. C. Post-Modernism

1. D. The Contemporary Expression

1. D. 1. Architecture of Imitation

1. D. 2. Architecture of shape of things

1. D. 3. Architecture of appropriateness

1. D. 4. Architecture of Possibilities

2. Some Modern Architectural and Urban Studies about Old and new intervention

2. A. Rowe’s Study 1975

2. B. Vidler’s Study 1978

2. C. Brolin’s Study 1980

2. D. Anthony Tugnutt’s Study 1987

2. E. Venturi’s Study 1996

III. Sustainability in Baghdad

IV. Case study: The Old City if Baghdad–Urbanism 36 1. General Proposed Typologies

2. Main Proposed Typologies

3. Proposed Electrical Solution

4. Proposal of the Area and Population in the old city

5. Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Stages

V. Case Study: The Old City of Baghdad-Architecture 43 1. The Commercial Centers

2. Residential Complexes

3. Touristic Zones

VI. Conclusion and Future Prospects

1. Conclusions

2. Recommendations

3. Future Studies

VII. Bibliography

List of Figures: 1. Iraq location (Source: http://www.naturalhistoryonthenet.com/Facts_Figures/Country_Facts/ir aq.htm). 2. Crude Oil Reserved (Source: Oil & Gas Journal)http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/Iran/images/prove p_reserves_holders_oil.png 3. Population increasing (Source: The National Iraqi Center Statistical Organization 2010) 4. Iraq population density (Source: The Library of Texas University) http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_middle_east/iraq_pop.jpg. 5. Baghdad City at the Abbasid era (Source: http://www.historyandcivilization.com/Maps---Tables---Islam--632).1350AD.html 6. Muslims Pilgrims (Source: Yehya bin Muhamed AlWasti 14 Century, German Edition). 7. Baghdad River’s Paths in 768 by Mohamed Makya – Baghdad. 2005. P. 120 8. The urban stages of Resafa (Source: Baghdad Mayoralty - 1984). 9. Baghdad increasing on the both sides in the Ottomans era 1854, (Source: Mohamed Makiya, Baghdad. 2005). Page 63 10. Baghdad zoning plan in 1944 by the library of the University of Texas at Austin http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/iraq.html 11. Faisal I at the celebrations of Iraq’s independence and acceptance into the League of Nations, October 1932, (Source: Financial times, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/472a4406-8813-11e3-8afa00144feab7de.html). 12. Baghdad 1958 US military corps. library of the University of Texas at Austin http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/iraq.html 13. Prime Minister Abdul Karim Qasim 1958 (http://s1.zetaboards.com/anthroscape/topic/4986201/1/). 14. Saddam Hussain 1979-2003 (Source: http://liberapedia.wikia.com/wiki/File:Saddam_Hussein.jpg). 15. Baghdad 1961 Bus Map – Ba’ath’s party time http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/iraq.html

16. Iraq invasion 10 years anniversary (Source: http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/iraq-war-10-years-gallery1.1292110?pmSlide=1.1292098). 17. Baghdad 2006 - USA Government University of Texas (Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/iraq.html). 18. Market in the Old Center of Baghdad (Source: http://hk0228.wordpress.com/author/hnk46/). 19. Generator Man, (source: http://www.energyburrito.com/tag/economy/page/6/ 20. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Iraq was worth 222.88 billion US dollars in 2013 (Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/iraq/gdp). 21. Solar Cell in UK and Germany (Source: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/23/uk-andgermany-break-solar-power-records). 22. Non-Oil Fiscal Balance, on percentage of non-oil GDP (Source: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13218.pdf). 23. Total Fertility Rate 1990-1995 (Source: United Nation Population Division, 1993 http://myweb.rollins.edu/jsiry/TFRWorldMap.html). 24. Iraq Population Density 2002 (Source: http://www.google.ro/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kokhavivpu blications.com%2Fhelp%2Fmaps%2Fimages%2Fspecial%2Firaq_pop.jpg &imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2FMapPorn%2Fcom ments%2F28jmer%2Fmap_of_syrian_c). 25. Poor House in Baghdad (Source: UN-Habitat, Country Programme Document 2009-2011, p.13). 26. Al-Zawraa Park, the main park in Baghdad , (Source:http://mawtani.alshorfa.com/ar/articles/iii/features/iraqtoday/ 2010/11/13/feature-03). 27. The Green Zone in Baghdad (Source: http://www.panoramio.com/photo/50377906). 28. :The Green Zone map in Baghdad with the location of the American Embassy 29. Traffic Jam in the Old City of Baghdad - 2005 (Source:http://www.goldenassay.com/2012/08/28/industrialstoppage/). 30. T-Walls High fences Isolating Baghdad Zones and generate an incredible traffic Jam in the name of the absence security (Source:

http://www.quora.com/Baghdad-Iraq/What-is-daily-life-like-inBaghdad#). 31. : Baghdad Old Center got isolated by the T-walls Systems. (Source: http://www.lynseyaddario.com/#/baghdad--after-thestorm/LA_110730Baghdad_005). 32. Traffic Jam when there is neither traffic light nor traffic police in the main streets (Source: http://www.shafaaq.com/sh2/index.php/news/iraq-news/69177-201312-16-11-08-29.html). 33. Iraqi Parliament explanation - Washington Post (Source: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A511222005Jan31.html). 34. Iraq parliament session ends in chaos as turmoil deepens (Source:http://news.asiaone.com/news/world/iraq-parliament-sessionends-chaos-turmoil-deepens). 35. Discharge from the Kirkh Wastewater Treatment Plant, which Bechtel says it is fixing, courses directly into the Tigris. (Sources: http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/481). 36. Waste and garbage from this Baghdad area refinery make their way directly into the Tigris (Source: http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/481). 37. Al-Mustanseriya School’s courtyard in Baghdad 1227 (Sources:http://www.irakuniversiteleri.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/09/AL-MUSTANS%C4%B0R%C4%B0YA%C3%9CN%C4%B0VERS%C4%B0TES%C4%B0.jpg). 38. Al-Qushla Watch Tower 1850 (Source: http://mediaroid2014.blogspot.ro/2014/03/blog-post_4076.html). 39. Al-Sufafeer Market for skilled copper products (Source: http://www.iq23.com/page-21.html). 40. Iraq's demographic divide 2014 (Sources: http://www.vox.com/a/maps-explain-crisis-iraq). 41. Baghdad City (Source: Google Earth N3317’49.67” N 4424’19.92” E eye alt 48.83 km) 42. Old City location in Baghdad (Source: Google Earth). 43. Baghdad's Old city - Detailed Map (Source: Google Earth). 44. Baghdad map showing people and Buildings density (Source: The Mayoralty of Baghdad 1980). 45. Explains the three main elements and the relationships between them.

46. ProBaghdad Elements towards sustainability. 47. Amanat Baghdad, Baghdad Mayoralty, in the old city of Baghdad (Source: http://alsayaad.com/archives/32694). 48. Iraq power consumption by the factbook (Source: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/rankorder/2233rank.html?countryname=Iraq&countrycode=i z&regionCode=mde&rank=45#iz). 49. Al Mustanseriya School, Baghdadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s old city (Source:https://www.flickr.com/photos/23843319@N04/6929182571/in/s et-72157629088424240). 50. Residential fabric of the old city in Baghdad, JCP Architects and Planners 1984, Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cover, Japan. 51. Shorja street market in the heart of the old city near by Baghdad Mayoralty, (Source: http://alakhbaar.org/home/2014/2/163527.html). 52. "Arabana" is the official transport system in the markets of the Old City, (Source: http://www.alhadi.se/?p=4270). 53. Integrated community imagination, (Source: http://www.redcapcards.com/posts?page=1). 54. Open public space proposal in the Old City of Baghdad, by JCP Architects and Planners 1984, Japan. P110. 55. Al-Sarai linear covered market, (Source: Al-Rasheed development project, Amanat Baghdad development center p.150). 56. Al-Mutanabi Street, Friday morning (Source: http://www.dw.de/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84% D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A9%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8). 57. Shows that Iraq position in area of over than 3000 yearly number of hours of bright sunshine, (Source: http://www.ipcbee.com/vol26/3ICPSD2011-P005.pdf). 58. Iraq's Solar Irradiation, The German Aerospace Center (DLR), Iraq Ministry of Electricity (Source: http://www.iraqidatepalms.net/Uploaded/file/SolarEnergyLeaderDAIDevelopmentsarti cle.pdf). 59. A worker fixes the solar panel powered light pole on a bridge in Baghdad. (Photo: Marko Georgiev for The New York Times),

http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/08/solar-power-lightsbaghdads-streets/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0). 60. St. Barbara’s 61. View of Eiffel Tower in Paris from the 689 foot tall (Source:http://www.allairports.net/paris/eiffel-tower-paris.shtm). 62. Aerial view of The Metropolitan Museum of Art from 2001, at left, and ca. 1920, at right, (Source: http://www.metmuseum.org/about-themuseum/now-at-the-met/features/2010/the-museum-constructed). 63. Sainsbury Wing of the National Gallery in London (Source: http://www.bdonline.co.uk/in-defence-of-the-sainsburywing/5021891.article). 64. : Explaining the essential expression directions for the relationship of old and new in the Adding operation, which is depended on two principles (Similarity and Contrast) most of these studies depended on the shape aspects. 65. Study zone 222 hectare in the old city of Baghdad (Source: Google Earth). 66. Chief Joseph Dam on the Columbia River near Bridgeport, Washington, USA, (Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Digital Visual Library). 67. : Proposed power generators table shows that the project will be an electrical producer for the other zones of Baghdad by over need producing 7.5 Megawatts in summer and 4.25 over need in winter. 68. Parking Area with Solar Panels in Germany, (Source: http://www.jamiiforums.com/jamii-photos/531478-parking-area-withsolar-panels-to-charge-electric-cars-germany.html). 69. Proposal of Baghdad old city 222 Hectare (Source: Google Earth). 70. High density - residential zone example, Rahova Bucharest. (Source: Google Earth). 71. : 1st step of the project's staging – white zones 72. Bridges and Dam construction 73. Residential implementations – yellow zones. 74. Commercial creation - red zones. 75. Touristic zones - White areas in the middle on the river's shoulders and green zones distribution. 76. Final proposal of the zones distributions. 77. Commercial center concept and elements. 78. Commercial Center - courtyard. 79. Central Shaded place in the commercial centers.

80. Transpire 3D Model of the commercial unite 81. Top view of a commercial unit 82. Residential Concept of UR 83. Time influence on building’s concept. 84. Residential Unit Proposal 85. Water recycling systems - Residential Unit 86. Proposed Building - Air Circulation. 87. Sun Exposure over the residential buildings 88. Shaded Corridors between residential buildings 89. Spaces distribution in the residential complex. 90. entrance, corridors and green spaces of the residential complex 91. Residential complex – sketch 92. Hanging Gardens of Babylon - 16th century engraving by Dutch artist Martin Heemskerck 93. Different viewers’' level 94. Elevation for part of the touristic zone - river view. 95. Air circulation between river's shoulders and the river on day and night time. 96. The tradition transport in Tigris "Guffa", (Sourc:http://khaledausy.blogspot.ro/2013/11/blog-post_688.html). 97. Final touristic proposal 98. Final city proposal for both sides Karkh and Resafa.

1. Introduction 1. Iraq Iraq is full of resources and natural materials such as mercury, phosphate, sulfur and petrol which attracted the world’s attention especially after the economic boom in 1972 and the discovering of Iraqi petrol fields which estimated that Iraq has 140 Billion Barrels of crude oil and the fifth biggest reserves in the world in January 2014. (according to the report of oil and gas Journal). At the First World War the Ottomans Lost the war sided with Germany, making Iraq under the British mandate that planned the Iraq’s borders and starting the Hashemite Kingdom in 1921.

Iraq has two big Rivers Tigris and Euphrates that located and moving along Iraq from north to south until they meet in the south creating what the Iraqis called “Shat Al Arab” which means the Arab’s river. Between these two rivers many ancient empires have been found what known as Mesopotamia. Iraq’s modern history full of wars that started in 1980-1988 with the Iranian regime followed by the Gulf War in 1991 with 31 allied country leaded by America ending with the American invasion in 2003. (Source: the Ministry of Planning, Iraq).

Figure 1: Iraq location (Source: http://www.naturalhistoryonthenet.com/Facts_Figures/Country_Facts/iraq.htm).

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the total housing stock of about 2.8 million units well below the minimum requirement for the current population. The quality of housing has decreased significantly over the past 15 years due to the overcrowding and inadequate maintenance. The average family size in Iraq is 6.9 and there are 2.8 person per bedroom in Baghdad.” (Source: UN Habitat Report 2009). Figure 2: Crude Oil Reserved (Source: Oil & Gas Journal) http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/Iran/image s/proven_reserves_holders_oil.png

The fast increasing of the population in Iraq started in the last 50 years and the immigration of people towards big cities make huge changes on Iraq’s demography according to the National report of the Planning ministry on the population of Iraq 2010.

Figure 3: Population increasing (Source: The National Iraqi Center Statistical Organization 2010)

“Iraq is currently experiencing a housing shortage of at least 1.5 million unites, with

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Figure 4: Iraq population density (Source: The Library of Texas University). http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_middle_east/iraq _pop.jpg

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2. Baghdad 2. A. Urban History & Morphology 2. A. 1. The Foundation of Baghdad Baghdad founded by the Abbasid ruler Abu Jaa’far AlMansour in 762. The location of the city has been chosen according to many aspects such as the location of the city on the Tigris river, the nature of the earth which has fertile soil as a result of Tigris Sediments, the moderate climate Etc. Baghdad established to be a circular city which was new form in the Arabic world with main four entrances, creating the main radial streets to the center of the city where the main mosque and the Caliph palace were. (Source: The City of Mansour the Builder, Ana Maria Negoita).

2. A. 2. The increasing of Baghdad at the Abbasid Era After the city establishment, Baghdad attracted people to immigrate as the capital of the Abbasid Empire was known at that time by the “Arabic World”.

Figure 6: Muslims Pilgrims (Source: Yehya bin Muhamed AlWasti 14 Century, German Edition).

Figure 5: Baghdad City at the Abbasid era (Source: http://www.historyandcivilization.com/Maps---Tables--Islam--632-).1350AD.html

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Gradually the city increased because of the new needs of the immigrants, further so Baths, Mosques, Educational centers, churches and markets have been added around the protected city which remained as the city government center, until it reached to the maximum population in the time of Caliph Haroon AL Rashid in 800 which was more than one million person has the biggest educational center in Middle east. (Source: The history of

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Baghdad Architecture, Wafa Jawad, Arabic edition).

2. A. 4. River’s right side Resafa expansion

2. A. 3. River’s early flood and the irrigation projects It’s still unknown exactly when the river changed his path but there is some theories suggested that two years after the city establishment, the river flooded and entered inside the city breaking its walls. After the flood the Caliphate ordered to build the main dam in the north west of Baghdad to control the river’s flowing. The Caliphate Abu Jaa’far was interested in the irrigation project he made many canals and dams in Baghdad to ensure the maximum benefits of river, now after 1252 years the history shows that Baghdad had the best irrigation project at that time according to the British expert William Bill Wilcox. (Figure 5), (Source: Mohamed Makiya, Baghdad 2005).

Figure 7: Baghdad River’s Paths in 768 by Mohamed Makya – Baghdad. 2005. P. 120

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Figure 8: The urban stages of Resafa (Source: Baghdad Mayoralty - 1984).

Resafa considered one of the important historic centers because of its architectural and urban values. The information indicate that it has been founded in the middle Abbasid ages in 946 which was a military camp at the Caliphate AL Mahdi who moved his Palace from the center to Resafa (right side), especially after the fading of Baghdad’s features (the circular city), and settled down with the present form in 1055. This period had many architectural achievements such as Mustanserya School that built in 1233 to be one of the important educational centers. The Abbasid Era finished after the Mongolian Invasion in 1258. (Source: Alan Faridoon, Master dissertation, University of Baghdad 2002 – Arabic Edition).

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2. A. 5. Baghdad Left Side â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Karkh At the Mongolian era Baghdad hadnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t urban development because of the political situation that the city were living in, but some architectural construction that still available at the present time such as Marjania School 1356 and Marjan hotel 1359.

surrounded by the high protection walls until 1869. (Source: Jabra 1987, p.108). 2. A. 6. Baghdad at the British Mandate and the Hashemite Kingdom

Figure 10: ): Baghdad zoning plan in 1944 by the library of the University of Texas at Austin http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/iraq.html

Figure 9: Baghdad increasing on the both sides in the Ottomans era 1854, (Source: Mohamed Makiya, Baghdad. 2005). Page 63

In 1638 the Ottomans entered Baghdad and ruled it for 3 centuries. At this period Baghdad extremely Deteriorated and lost its name as a capital but on the other hand, Baghdad preserved the general urban structure of the city and developed the Building construction technologies and expanded on the left side of the river which called it Karkh. The city remained

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The Ottomans lost the First World War when sided Germany giving England to have the chance to control Iraq. But in 1920 the Iraqis started a revolution against the British control ended by creating the Hashemite Kingdom by the king Faisal the first in 1921 who is a religious prince from Saudi Arabia in order to end the Iraqi revolution that started before.

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pic/485552/Abd-al-Karim-Qasim).

Figure 11: Faisal I at the celebrations of Iraq’s independence and acceptance into the League of Nations, October 1932, (Source: Financial times, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/472a4406-8813-11e3-8afa00144feab7de.html).

The Hashemite Kingdom had big interest in the urban development from its early establishment especially at the period of Faisal II, most of the infrastructure, transportation, hospital, universities, bridges, and residential construction that Baghdad has nowadays is built at the Hashemite time. (Source: Ali Alawi, Feisal I of Iraq, Yale University). 2. A. 7. Baghdad in the republic of Iraq early establishment Abdul Karim Qasim was a student in the Iraqi military academy, he advanced by ranking until he became the higher-office in the Iraq army. As many Iraqis Qasim did not like the forign policy of the kingdom period and the unclear control of british even after Iraq indepandace in 1932. In 1958 Qasim leaded a military coup which known as “ The revolution of 58” and transforming Iraq from Kingdom to Republic.(Source: Encyclopedia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/to

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Figure 12: ): Baghdad 1958 US military corps. Library of the University of Texas at Austin http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/iraq.html

When Qasim was prime minister, the biggest immigration from the south of Iraq towards Baghdad happend. They lived around baghdad near by Resafa side building Figure 13: Prime Minister Karim Qasim 1958 their houses Abdul (http://s1.zetaboards.com spotaniously /anthroscape/topic/49862 without any 01/1/). authorization document. Qasim Built a new city on the edge of Baghdad called “ AlThawra City” means the city of revolution, which is known at the present time as “Al Sader City”.

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He made many development projects and putted some strategic plans especially for transportation roads and universities, but most of these projects couldn’t see the light because of his execution in 1963. (Source: Thawra (=revolution), Sadder City , now, Sami, November 5 2011, http://saminkie.blogspot.ro/2011/11/revo revolu-now-sadr-city.html). 2. A. 8. Baghdad at the time of dictatorship – Saddam Hussain The first try to assassinate Qasim was in 1959 when he was in his car, The Ba’ath’s party members shouted him and run away, but Qasim survived. Saddam Hussain was Figure 14: Saddam Hussain 1979-2003 one of the assassins. (Source: The Ramadan http://liberapedia.wikia. com/wiki/File:Saddam_ Revolution coup in Hussein.jpg). 1963 threw over Qasim by the Military officers that tied to Ba’ath party and executed him. Saddam became the president of Iraq in 1979, he started numerous projects over all Iraq, even when the War with Iranian regime started, and the construction work never stopped making Iraq an isolated, 6th world’s best army and self-independent country.

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Figure 15: Baghdad 1961 Bus Map – Ba’ath’s party time http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/iraq.html

“it is true that Saddam Hussain is an ambitious man. Due to world oil boom in 1979 and 1980 Iraqi economy enjoyed unprecedented prosperity. Oil export revenues rose from $1 billion in 1972to $21 billion in 1979 and $26 billion in 1980. During the months preceding the war, these revenues were running at annual rate of $33 billion, enabling Saddam to carry out ambitious development programs. Numerous construction projects mushroomed throughout the country. Baghdad was grooming itself to host the summit of the non-aligned movement in 1982.the Living condition of many groups within Iraqi society were on the rise.” (Source: Saddam Hussain, a political biography, Efraim Karsh and Inari Rautsi 2002, p.136).

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2. A. 9. Baghdad under the American invasion 2003 In 1 May 2003 the American President George W. Bush announced “Mission Accomplished” displayed on the American aircraft carrier recording the American War on Iraq. The period after the American’s arrivals is to be considered the worst from the Ottomans era in the 19th century. Now it is 11 years after the invasion, the government of Baghdad announced that only 15% of the construction project had been finished.

Figure 16: Iraq invasion 10 years anniversary (Source: http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/iraq-war10-years-gallery-1.1292110?pmSlide=1.1292098).

The Iraqi elected government couldn’t construct 10% of what Abdul Karim Qasim did in 5 years (1958-1963). The level of corruption among the governmental institutions reaches to a high stage that ranked Iraq as the second corrupted country in the world according to the United Nation report 2013.

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Except some small bridges construction in Baghdad to solve the traffic crises and some military renovation training camps nothing important to mention.

Figure 17: Baghdad 2006 - USA Government University of Texas (Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/iraq.html).

Baghdadi Urban perspective view remains exactly like before the invasion expect blocking many roads in the name of security that Iraqis missed since 2003. These unpractical security policies that invented by the Americans generate a traffic crises and isolated areas, for example: you need like 1:30 – 2 hours in normal working days to pass 7 kilometers by car. On the other perspective the new government neglected the irrigation and energy maintenance the thing that make many villagers don’t have water not even the necessary power to operate the motors to irrigate their lands. That leaded to unexpected huge immigration towards Baghdad double times bigger than the one that happened when the Hashemite Kingdom eliminated. (Source: Author).

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2. B. Baghdad’s Problems Description 2. B. 1. Unorganized Urban Baghdad through the history increased spontaneously especially the old center of Baghdad (Resafa zone). Most of the urban development operations were about building new constructions. The renovation or rehabitation steps in the modern history of Baghdad were rare and limited on some buildings.

without any serious implementations, considering that this side has the main market for whole Baghdad and Iraq. Untreated narrow streets, limited transportation access, the increasing markets spaces, the absence of urban policies and the war situation participates as the main element of unorganized spatial perspectives in the old city of Resafa. 2. B. 2. Power generation – Electricity The power generation crisis started in Saddam’s period, especially after the Gulf War. The United nation leaded by America impost the economic blockade on Iraq. These sanctions on Iraq announced in 1990 4 days after Saddam’s invasion to Kuwait. As a result; Iraq became isolated has no right to export and import.

Figure 18: Market in the Old Center of Baghdad (Source :http://hk0228.wordpress.com/author/hnk46/).

The old city of Baghdad in Resafa has been neglected, even the big residential construction in the old city of Karkh side in 1982 as a preparation for the conference of non-aligned which supposed to be hold that year, the Resafa side remained

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Figure 19: Generator Man, (source: http://www.energyburrito.com/tag/economy/page/6/

Being self-independence country Iraq’s interior industry and agriculture issues got expand, but on the other hand the electrical production couldn’t offer the

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power for all people and facilities; so the government invented the electrical cutting program 2 - 4 hours per day in summer which usually considers as the maximum power’s consumption season. that program continued after the American arrivals but with another duration between 8 – 12 hours per day in summer, because of the demolitions of many generation power supplements over all Iraq at the invasion time as well as the new import policies that drown the country with new electrical equipment’s in that the population haven’t seen before, revealed on a real electrical crises in the last 10 years. That’s absence made the Iraqi people searching for another power generation represented by private electrical generator bought by some person to provide each 3-4 streets with electricity so people can buy electricity from that person. (Source: Generator Man, Aljazeera journal report (Source: http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/ witness/2012/06/2012618132430953572. html).

oil

products.

Figure 20: The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Iraq was worth 222.88 billion US dollars in 2013 (Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/iraq/gdp).

One direction of economy not a sustainable one, but it’s the easiest to have. As we know all the researchers over the world trying to find a new clean energy source especially in Europe, for example Germany government announced that they generate 50.3% in 9th of June 2014, from solar cell 1.4 PV systems, which means 23.1 GW, make us do believe that Germany will have self-sufficiency in few years. (Source: The Guardians, John Vidal, UK and Germany break solar power records, Monday 23 June, 2014).

2. B. 3. The Economy of Baghdad Baghdad the capital of Iraq dominates at the present time mainly by Crude Oil export, which is form 95% of the Iraq economic growth. By doing so, Iraq has GDP (Gross Domestic Product) surviving Figure 21: Solar Cell in UK and Germany (Source: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/ 23/uk-and-germany-break-solar-power-records).

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The Arab oil expenditure countries such as UAE and Qatar government realized the concept of oil production, so they started mega projects to make their countries as an international trading center and tourist attractive fancy cities. Iraq should find out another way to raise up non-oil GPD rates. (Source: International Monetary Fund 2013, Iraq Selected Issues).

and the village sided to high fertility rate more than 5 children per women. (Source: The Housing minister report, Cairo conference 2010).

Figure 23: Total Fertility Rate 1990-1995 (Source: United Nation Population Division, 1993 http://myweb.rollins.edu/jsiry/TFRWorldMap.html).

Figure 22: Non-Oil Fiscal Balance, on percentage of nonoil GDP (Source: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr1321 8.pdf).

The Conference of Cairo revealed that there is unequal geo-population distribution among provinces. 70.9% of People living in cities (41.5% in city centers) with significant dominant of Baghdad because being the center of government and economy.

2. B. 4. The Residential Crisis of Baghdad

Accompanied with the raising of Iraqâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s oil exports and the relative economic recovery in the middle of 70th, increasing in population numbers especially in consuming age groups which is under 15 years old, while the population quality getting down significantly which leaded to depression of the local investments and unable to realize the youth labor men thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s all leaded to double the immigrants of the villagers to the city centers to wok and increasing the gap between the city

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Indicates that almost 2 of each 5 person (39.8%) of Iraq population are children less than 15 years old, while the children with less than 5 years old forming (14.6%) of population. (Source: Ministry of Housing, Population Report 2010).

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2. B. 5. Green zones & Public Spaces of Baghdad

Figure 24: Iraq Population Density 2002 (Source: http://www.google.ro/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2F www.kokhavivpublications.com%2Fhelp%2Fmaps%2Fi mages%2Fspecial%2Firaq_pop.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A %2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2FMapPorn%2Fcomme nts%2F28jmer%2Fmap_of_syrian_c).

The result shows that one quarter of the population of Iraq live in Baghdad while Baghdad’s area less than 1% of total Iraq surface. Housing in Baghdad representing one of the largest challenges because of the whole estimated housing needs in ten years 2006-2016 almost 1.27 million unit in urban areas. (Source: UN-Habitat report, 2006). Also Iraq’s population expecting to reach by 2020 to 40 million people (Source: UN-Habitat, 2009).

The present situation of Baghdad’s Urban indicates that there is exceeded on Baghdad main urban plan which is done by the mayoralty of Baghdad for many reasons such as immigrants, illogical distributed green zones, typology of the green areas (most of the green zones are privet), unclear governmental policies and the general lack of public awareness. All these indicators caused the reduction of public spaces per person which is less than half square meter per person in Baghdad, which is too small compared with England for person, 23 square meter and America which is 46 square meter of public spaces per person. (Source: The Environmental and Economic impacts on Baghdad urban, Dr. Siham Kamel Mohammed, 2012,http://www.mracpc.uobaghdad.edu. iq/ArticleShow.aspx?ID=113).

Figure 26: Al-Zawraa Park, the main park in Baghdad , (Source:http://mawtani.alshorfa.com/ar/articles/iii/fe atures/iraqtoday/2010/11/13/feature-03).

Figure 25: Poor House in Baghdad (Source: UN-Habitat, Country Programme Document 2009-2011, p.13).

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The issue is after 2003 most of the green public spaces are in the middle of Baghdad specifically which they called it now “the Green Zone”. The Green Zone was the

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head quarter of the American operation in Iraq after 2003; it’s also contains the biggest American embassy in the world with 5.000 person.

2. B. 6. Traffic Jam in Baghdad Baghdad now suffers from extraordinary traffic jam that started after the American Invasion 2003. The Absence of modern traffic techniques in Baghdad as a result of partly powered city make the government depend on Police officers to arrange the traffic in connection points at the main big streets.

Figure 27:The Green Zone in Baghdad (Source: http://www.panoramio.com/photo/50377906).

After the Americans troops’ withdrawal, the Green Zone remained as the Iraqi government center surrounded by high walls and isolated from the public access for security issues. That security issues increased to contain even the river “Tigris”, so it’s forbidden to pass in the river near by the American Embassy which allocated exactly on the river shoulder

Figure 29: Traffic Jam in the Old City of Baghdad - 2005 (Source:http://www.goldenassay.com/2012/08/28/ind ustrial-stoppage/).

However, after the local war that happened in 2006-2007, the Iraqi government associated with the American Administration in Iraq, invented a new security strategy to control the city.

Figure 28:The Green Zone map in Baghdad with the location of the American Embassy Figure 30: T-Walls High fences Isolating Baghdad Zones and generate an incredible traffic Jam in the name of

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the absence security (Source: http://www.quora.com/Baghdad-Iraq/What-is-dailylife-like-in-Baghdad#).

This strategy is about Isolating Baghdad zones by Concert high fences (T-walls) for each area and neighborhood in Baghdad, with only one or two entrance point that controlled usually by military check point.

http://www.shafaaq.com/sh2/index.php/news/iraqnews/69177-2013-12-16-11-08-29.html).

2. B. 7. Baghdadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Policies The new federal elected Constitution of Iraq 2005 classifies the Iraqi Government into two major parts: Legislative Power (Iraqi Parliament which contains 275-325 elected person) and the Executive Authority of Iraq (The Iraqi President, Prime Minister, Minsters, and some other independent authorization). (Source: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/articles/A51122-2005Jan31.html).

Figure 31: Baghdad Old Center got isolated by the Twalls Systems. (Source:http://www.lynseyaddario.com/#/baghdad-after-the-storm/LA_110730Baghdad_005).

The Military check points are not at the main zones entrance, they are separated all over Baghdad, some zones (especially the center of Baghdad has a military check point every 500 Meters. (Source: http://www.quora.com/BaghdadIraq/What-is-daily-life-like-in-Baghdad#).

Figure 32: Traffic Jam when there is neither traffic light nor traffic police in the main streets (Source:

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Figure 33: Iraqi Parliament explanation - Washington Post (Source: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/articles/A51122-2005Jan31.html).

As a result of the Political chaos that the Iraqi parties have at the present time, Hundreds of laws still un-discussed yet, even so, there is no political partiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; law until now, the Issue about the Urban Laws that we concerned about, are the same urban laws of Iraq that belong to the Period of Saddam regime (1979-2003) or

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Abdul Karim Qasim Period (1958-1963), which are not efficient anymore for the urban situation of the city. After the authentication (voting) of the Iraq Parliament on the urban laws, each Mayoralty has the right to produce new partial laws depends on the first general laws of Iraq. (Source: http://www.amanatbaghdad.gov.iq/). Figure 35: Discharge from the Kirkh Wastewater Treatment Plant, which Bechtel says it is fixing, courses directly into the Tigris. (Sources: http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items /481).

Figure 34: Iraq parliament session ends in chaos as turmoil deepens (Source:http://news.asiaone.com/news/world/iraqparliament-session-ends-chaos-turmoil-deepens).

Water in Baghdad is the one of the essential element of existence, to preserve the humans grow, power generation, economic activities, industrial and agricultural. Water quality should reach the minimum Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s standards.

2. B. 8. Tigrisâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Pollution Tigris Providing Baghdad with 2900 Million Liter of water per day, the city Baghdad provided by water after conventional treatment (sedimentation, coagulation, filtration and chlorination) by 7 water treatment plants (Source: Janan N. Hamza, Impact of Tigris River Pollution on the performance of water treatment plants efficiencies in Baghdad city 2007).

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Figure 36: Waste and garbage from this Baghdad area refinery make their way directly into the Tigris (Source: http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items /481).

The Water Quality is maintains the ecosystem health to be able to resist efficiently the different challenges as well as the organic being over all the city of Baghdad (Source: Zahraa Zahraw AlJanabi, Assessment of Water quality of

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Tigris river, Journal of University, March 2012).

Al-Nahrain

The last UNICEF’s Report about Water quality shows that less of Iraqi’s population has access to portable water and approximately only 10 percentage of urban zones outside Baghdad have sewage systems connections, and where do exist its suffers from limited electrical power and sewage pumping stations, which causes floods neighborhood sides and pour waste water into Iraqi’s rivers.(Source: UNICEF external evaluation report, Water quality control and surveillance in Iraq, May 2010).

Baghdad’s Mayoralty consider as a Heritage building, more than 200 years old building considered as a Historical building with high cultural – architectural values. The history of Baghdad represented by each building that belong to certain era, such as Al-Mustansiryia School, Khan Marjan, The merjan school, Al-Qushla, Alsaray Etc. (Source: Rouya Project, Baghdad’s Mayoralty general report of urban and design studies 2010).

2. B. 9. Historical Buildings of Baghdad

Figure 38: Al-Qushla Watch Tower 1850 (Source: http://mediaroid2014.blogspot.ro/2014/03/blogpost_4076.html).

Figure 37: Al-Mustanseriya School’s courtyard in Baghdad 1227 (Sources:http://www.irakuniversiteleri.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/09/ALMUSTANS%C4%B0R%C4%B0YA%C3%9CN%C4%B0VERS%C4%B0TES%C4%B0.jpg).

The old city of Baghdad consists of different types of markets with organic fabric that increased spontaneously.

The old city of Baghdad in the right side Resafa has innumerous historical building that has more than 100 years old which is according to preservation rules of the

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There are some special heritage markets that produce skilled goods which got receded in the last four decades such as Al-Sufafeer market (skilled copper goods), Marjan Market (heritage fabrics), Mutanabi Market (books market), alGhazel market (animal market, al-Shorja market, Al-Rasheed street, The River street, Hafuth AL Kathy street Etc. (Source: Rouya Project, Baghdadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Mayoralty general report of urban and design studies 2010).

Figure 39: Al-Sufafeer Market for skilled copper products (Source: http://www.iq23.com/page-21.html).

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3. Dissertation’s Questions: 3. 1. Main Questions: 3. 1. A: Why Iraq? Iraq is rich of natural resources, multi ethnic country has 3 major different typologies of people (demographically distributed vertically along the country) which need full understand for each culture in order to have urban project. The country has 3 big wars (Qadisya with Iranian regime, golf war – Kuwait invasion and the American invasion) in the last 4 decades. For the for the last 41 years the Iraqi governments were losing the Iraqi wealth by arming the Military and the security authorities, neglecting the urban development that connected to peoples life and what they looking forward.

Its true people are people everywhere but they really related to the urban context of each zone and culture. People’s behavior all over the world different from place to another, even so their needs and habits are connected to essential values such as religion, education, culture, history, economy Etc. 3. 1. B: Why Baghdad? Baghdad is biggest city in Iraq with a distinctive urban fabric that formed over many centuries and increased in different morphological stages to create a mixxing situation between the hertaige fabric and the modern needs since the first establishment by the Abbasid Caliphat Abu Jaffar AL Mansour in 762.

Figure 41: Baghdad City (Source: Google Earth N3317’49.67” N 4424’19.92” E eye alt 48.83 km)

Figure 40: Iraq's demographic divide 2014 (Sources: http://www.vox.com/a/maps-explain-crisis-iraq).

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The context of the organic urban of Baghdad is reflexing people’s history, culture and needs and it’s the result of humans mentality, national culture and intellectual heritage.

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Baghdad has its share of the main damage over that last for decades because of the wars that Iraq was running through, on the other hand, developing Baghdadi urban view will be a strong start to develop all the country, by creating the essential motivation for the other cities to follow Baghdad’s urban steps, as well as selecting a case study in Baghdad has strong challenges concerning about its history and heritage especially the old city of Baghdad. 3. 1. C: Why the Old City of Baghdad? The old city of Baghdad grabs the attention by its urban fabric which is formed spontaneously according to people needs. As we observed in the urban history of Baghdad section, Baghdad founded as a circular city with clear limits, access and streets. The first planning of the city did not expect such a huge and fast increasing which timed with the Abbasid empire invasions. Gradually, the people moved and immigrate towards Baghdad as the empire’s capital searching for work opportunities and education.

Figure 42: Old City location in Baghdad (Source: Google Earth).

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After many centuries, the city of Baghdad got neglected especially after the economic boom and using cars in the transportation system, the old city couldn’t offer the comfortable life needs for modern people and its narrow street typology don’t have the suitable space for cars because, simply it didn’t design according to the modern aspects. Because of these new challenges, people searched for new areas that offer the modern daily desires out of the old city. They constructed new city with big main streets even if they used the same old way of building by using bricks and non-columns systems.

Figure 43: Baghdad’s Old city - Detailed Map (Source: Google Earth).

The center of Baghdad remains as the central market of Iraq, step by step most of residential areas in the center changed to shops or stores that work in daytime only. There are many reasons to choose the old center of Baghdad as a case study for this dissertation, such as: it reflects the heritage soul of the capital, the oldest parts of the city that has serious need of radical development projects, architectural values, special urban fabric and the greatest wars’ damage.

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Beside these reasons of choosing the old center, the main practical reason is that center has the largest building density with low population, the new demographic studies shows that most of the people prefers to stay outside the center in order to have good infrastructures.

This area has the lowest price of land per meter square as a result of being a workstation and noisy markets in day time. (Source: Amanat Baghdad, Baghdadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Mayoralty 1980).

Figure 44: Baghdad map showing people and Buildings density (Source: The Mayoralty of Baghdad 1980).

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3. 2. Secondary Questions: 3. 2. A. Why ProBaghdad Project? This thesis is part of urban Master studies about the possibilities of sustainable cities creation and trying to identify the meaning of sustainability. Throw the last two years in the University of Bucharest “Ion Mincu”, I tried to find an essential element or single definition by studying the history of sustainability throw the United Nations official conferences but I couldn’t. It is a flexible term that depends on many changeable elements and each city makes its own definition of sustainability. The main Idea that incepted my conclusion is that well known three main development elements (Environment, Economy, and social). Each element has a specific period, value and impact, for example the economy (Market) is the strongest element but depends on the financial budges which may change each year, that’s why the experts consider the economy as the shortest time term. On the other hand the environment is usually depends on the governmental policies which may change each 4-6 years depends on government and legislature authority. The third element which I tried to study the most is the social development, which normally depend on cultural and educational aspects that controlling the people’s values & visions. The last element usually needs from 2-3 decades to be changed.

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Figure 45: Explains the three main elements and the relationships between them.

Besides that, each city has its own priorities to reach sustainability; my studies showed that Baghdad is expecting some developments on some aspects which can be considered as sub-main elements or key concepts which will help Baghdad to be a productive city.

Figure 46: ProBaghdad Elements towards sustainability.

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3. 2. B. How can we start a productive project in Baghdad?

3. 2. C. What is the main challenge at the present time?

To start a productive project we sould understand the practical perspective of Bghadad city, detailed new urban analysis, historical knowledge and heritage, government abilities and the investment opurtunities that we could have. Such a big project should be adopted by the government and Baghdad Mayorality, in order to do so , it will need special meetings with the people wo incharge of Baghdad (Amanat Baghdad), who may have a share in this project as a fainancial supporters and adminstration managers. As we will see in the case study later, this project will try to depend on the minimum govermental participations according to the reallity of the Iraqi political situation in the present time.

The main challenge for such a project is the absence of electricity power. As we will see in the case study, studies revealed that Baghdadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s electricity power provided by the government only 12-16 hours per day in summer, which consider as the maximum power consumption season. The idea of ProBaghdad will show how we can create a city with the actual limited situation, by establish new systems that will change the power production in the city. According to the CIA electricty consumption table, Iraq consuming 204 of electricity in summer , with the current govermntal electricity production that leads us to a new calcultions shows that the consumption of electricity in Baghdad is double that number, its 408 watts per person. There is a special part about electricity calculation in the case study of Baghdadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s old city that we will see later.

Figure 47: Amanat Baghdad, Baghdad Mayoralty, in the old city of Baghdad (Source: http://alsayaad.com/archives/32694). Figure 48: Iraq power consumption by the factbook (Source: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/rankorder/2233rank.html?countryname=Iraq &countrycode=iz&regionCode=mde&rank=45#iz).

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4. Proposed Objectives of the Old City in Baghdad 4. A. Historical Buildings preservation The old city of Baghdad has many historical buildings distributed horizontally parallel to Tigris, the existence of these buildings creating new challenge for any urban development project, which needs to reanalyze the buildings and their location. The last study and survey happened in the September 1984 by JCP Planners and Architects, Japan. (Source: JCP Architects and Planners Baghdad’s project 1984, Japan.).

should rebuild in a modern vertical housing which reflect its heritage, in order to contain the housing crisis in the city and to be the first start for more residential urban project all over Baghdad. (Source: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of construction and housing, housing main report 2006).

Figure 50: Residential fabric of the old city in Baghdad, JCP Architects and Planners 1984, Project’s cover, Japan.

4. C. Economy Centers recreation

Figure 49: Al Mustanseriya School, Baghdad’s old city (Source:https://www.flickr.com/photos/23843319@N0 4/6929182571/in/set-72157629088424240).

4. B. Residential reconstruction The old horizontal housing forms the major part of the old city, which even transferred to shops and markets around the commercial areas or used as stores for the markets. There are still few houses which function but even these houses suffering from a miserable living condition and infrastructure. Baghdad nowadays has one of the heist population densities in the Arabic zone and the second after Cairo. The residential areas in the old city

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The old city has the biggest markets in Baghdad nowadays, which needs to urgent reestablishment and redistribution based on new urban methods of organization.

Figure 51: Shorja street market in the heart of the old city near by Baghdad Mayoralty, (Source: http://alakhbaar.org/home/2014/2/163527.html).

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These markets are unplanned even made personally by the owners or just being neglected as a result of bad infrastructure. They also don’t have the suitable access not even the request transport; the official transport system in these markets is kind of a cart to load the goods which locals call it “Arabana”.

have sustainable developments without integrated communities it’s like a reflected equation relationship. It’s also has the same main elements (environment, Economy and Social), even if the word “community” seems that it concerns more about the social issues , but the fact that it more related to common problems , which may classified under one of the previously mentioned elements. We can simply notice that by searching the meaning of “Integrated community” in the official website of United Nation Multilingual terminology database https://unterm.un.org/.

Figure 52: "Arabana" is the official transport system in the markets of the Old City, (Source:http://www.alhadi.se/?p=4270).

4. D. Integrated Communities The united nation identifies the community development as “a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems." (Source: community Development, UNTERM, Retrieved 7, July 2011). To build urban integrated communities we should has the full understanding of community’s parts and the relationship between its elements. Community development is kind of a synonym word for sustainable because of a simple reason, we cannot have integrated communities without sustainable developments and we cannot

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Figure 53: Integrated community imagination, (Source: http://www.redcapcards.com/posts?page=1).

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4. E. Public Spaces Reorganization: The limited open public spaces part of the urban perspective of the old city has a special privilege. There was cultural, religious, and security needs at the first time of establishment as well as the environmental needs which effected firstly by the hot climate of Baghdad city in general. At the present time there is an essential need for public spaces and green zones to fit the public desires of the modern city fabric. (Source: Al-Rasheed development project, Amanat Baghdad development center).

Figure 54: Open public space proposal in the Old City of Baghdad, by JCP Architects and Planners 1984, Japan. P110.

4. F. Economic Commercial Centers There are many types of the commercial centers in Baghdad, but most of them are not organized with a bad infrastructure as well as the limited streets and accesses. In general we can classified these types in to 3 main shapes: linear Markets in the main streets as Al-Rasheed street and Al-Sarai covered market, organic commercial center as Al-Shorja Market, and temporary

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street markets which open one or two days in the street such as Al-Mutanabi books market.

Figure 55: Al-Sarai linear covered market, (Source: AlRasheed development project, Amanat Baghdad development center p.150).

These non-designed markets increased by time, have no logical or physical connection generally, and are made of brick at different historical period. The renovation operations and reconstruction process will give the whole city a new way of life and better economic future. 4. G. Tourism and Tigrisâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shoulders reconstruction The old city has a tourist values in the modern history especially at the period 1960-1980, the old center was the place where most of the people of Baghdad and outside Baghdad going to. Theaters, The Baghdadi Museum, Cinemas, restaurants open green spaces and open markets were the logo of the nightlife in Resafa. At the present time, the tourist values is so limited, its contains of some cultural elements that happened each Friday in AlMutanabi book market which is the place

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where many cultivated people from Baghdad and outside Baghdad going there to see each other (specifically in AlShabender Coffee) and buying books. AlMutanabi Street is the only cultural reconstructed street in the old city of Baghdad after the American invasion by the Iraqi ministry of culture which has been rebuilt after a big car explosion in March 2007.(Source: Alyoum newspaper â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Arabic edition. http://www.alyaum.com/article/2502639)

Figure 57: shows that Iraq position in area of over than 3000 yearly number of hours of bright sunshine, (Source: http://www.ipcbee.com/vol26/3-ICPSD2011P005.pdf).

The energy problem is the biggest challenge that facing any urban project at the moment, this dissertation will try to find a way to provide the old city of Baghdad with the needed amount of energy as well as selling the energy to the other zones around it.

Figure 56: Al-Mutanabi Street, Friday morning (Source: http://www.dw.de/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9 %D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8% D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A9%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8).

4. H. Clean energy production Baghdad at the present time depends on electricity power that generated by oil or gas station which distributed in Iraq, on the other hand this is providing Baghdad by half of full time energy 12 hours per day at the maximum consuming season, Summer time.

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Figure 58: Iraq's Solar Irradiation, The German Aerospace Center (DLR), Iraq Ministry of Electricity (Source: http://www.iraqidatepalms.net/Uploaded/file/SolarEnergyLeaderDAIDe velopmentsarticle.pdf).

Baghdad may have one of the best climates in the world for the electricity solar generation, as a result of clear sky

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with full sun exposure in summer and winter, (source: Solar energy the suitable energy alternative for Iraq beyond oil, Alaa M. Abdullah Alasady, 2011 International Conference on Petroleum and Sustainable Development).

This thesis will try transfer the problem of electricity to an advantage point for the project. Focusing on the energy clean generation in the case study of the old city of Baghdad (as we will see later), not only to provide its own need, but to produce the electricity to the other areas around it, in order to create a productive old city center, to be a new remarkable symbol for the other zones in Baghdad and guidance for urban development in Baghdad.

Figure 59: A worker fixes the solar panel powered light pole on a bridge in Baghdad. (Photo: Marko Georgiev for The New York Times), http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/08/solar-power-lights-baghdadsstreets/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0).

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5. Conclusion Iraq is one of the biggest oil producers in the world nowadays, ranked as the 5th country over the world by the oil crude reservation (140 Billion Barrels), which attracted the world attention especially after the economic boom in the 70th. On the other hand, the Iraqi governments that ruled after the oil discovering did not know how to take the advantage of being an oil producer, nor reestablishing of stable productive economy, instead of the consuming economy that depend on single source (oil prices), which Iraq has until now. Iraq demographic distribution got changed and increased in the last 50 years according the UN-Habitat report, spotting light on the importance of reanalyzing and restudying the population rates and its distribution, in order to solve the present housing crises. As we discussed previously, Baghdad is an old city the witnessed many wars and demolitions along history (from 762 – present). The city’s context formed as geometric circular city which started to increase spontaneously to become an organic fabric 2 years later. The History of Baghdad’s urban that we read before, tried to understand the main reasons for each change in the city context, which most of the time had a real connections with anthropology, economic, social, governments policies and morphology. Baghdad best period was in Al-Rasheed

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era (The Golden Era) in 800, reached to one million people, has the biggest world education center, and controlling the Islamic empire from china in the east to the end of Spain in the west. Baghdad after that era, Baghdad got under the successive occupations which made Baghdad losing its identity and being in a flimsy situation most of the time until the independency announcement in 1932 from the British occupation in the Hashemite Kingdom era (1921-1958). The Hashemite era has the biggest share of Baghdad’s urban developments which ended by the revolution’s fire in 1958 and the announcement of transferring Iraq from kingdom to republican regime by the arrival of Qasim to the governmental power in Iraq. Qasim lived 5 years after the revolution; his period represented radical changes to the urban fabric of Baghdad city by establishing mega construction projects that even changed the demographic distribution in Baghdad for example Sadder City. Saddam’s period (1979-2003) witnessed the maximum construction project in Iraq in general, but being a criminal dictator who throw the country into the biggest 3 wars in the middle east in the modern history, erased his construction achievements. After the American Invasion (2003-present), the country entered into a political chaos, unstable situation and incredible corruption that ranked Iraq as the second corrupted country in the world (After Somali) in 2013. The thing is, the Ahmed Marwan 2014

construction projects that signed by the government in 11 years didn’t reach to 10 percentage of what Qasim did in 5 years, make Baghdad suffering from being neglected, and has major problems in housing, infrastructure, economy, transportation and power generation as I mentioned under the title “Baghdad’s Problems Description”. The Baghdad’s city main objectives explain the city essential needs according to the general problems that this thesis mentioned previously. It is also influenced by the history of the city’s fabric and the special needs of the people at the present time, reflecting the development urban operation that the projector could follow for planning a new sustainable project in such a heritage city like Baghdad. The main objectives of Baghdad’s development are important (Historical buildings preservation, Residential reconstruction, economy centers recreation, Etc.) in order to have a productive city in Baghdad (ProBaghdad), also depending on the main three elements that announced by the United Nation (Environmental development, Economic development, and Social development). Most of the information depends on UN database and the studies and reports of Baghdad city, In spite of the limited certificated information and maps for Baghdad and Iraq in general, these objectives trying to build a stable base for the next case study about the old city of

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Baghdad, mentioning that the present government of Baghdad don’t offer its own data in the internet intentionally, in order not to discover the corruption that is available in all Iraqi ministries. In order to start a project in Baghdad we should solve the Power generation problem, which is the biggest challenge that facing any planner or urban corporation at the present time in Baghdad. In order to do so under the sustainable aspects and values, Baghdad should start generating the clean energy from two main sources: the Solar cells panels’ generation, especially that Iraq located in the solar belt exposure and taking the advantage of Tigris existing in Baghdad by construct dames on the river and create new canals system that could renovate Baghdad city as the capital of Iraq.

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II. Studies about Urbanism and Architecture in the Modern History 1. Periods of the Architectural and urban expression of new and old in expansion processes 1. A. pre- Modernism The expansion started in the past as cumulative processes depend on the dominance of old buildings considering these buildings the values sources which should be analyzed, studied and developed (Source: Byard, 1988, p.12). by fast presenting of some increasing operations in this period we could understand the expression relationship between new and old, which the designs were detailed and harmonic. (Source: Papageorgiu 1971, P.119).

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Figure 60: St. Barbaraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

1. B. Modernism The Controversial addition to Paris city that represented by the weird shape for Eiffel Tower started new sign of expression abilities, and by the end of the 19th century many urban theories have been proposed, explaining the new interventions. This distinctiveness became one of the main principles in (Athens Charter) for renovation in 1931. By this announcement, the contrast between new interventions and historical fabrics was mentioned in more than one item in Athens Charter, (Source: Nesbitt, 1996, P.233).

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their idea was the new interventions should be in the present language.(Nesbitt, 1996, P.223).

Figure 61: View of Eiffel Tower in Paris from the 689 foot tall (Source:http://www.allairports.net/paris/eiffel-towerparis.shtm).

In the 20th century, Modernism became big supporter of the contrast concept. The urban and architectural writings started to use some new phrases such as (The striking juxtaposition) and (The sharp contrast between). (Source: Brolin, 1980, p.45). This new dominant direction in urban life made the members of CIAM (The International Congresses of Modern Architecture) to believe in the impossibility of accepting the history, and resorting to the spirit of present age to explain their designs,

CIAM adopted new expressions such as (Now), (this is the future) and (this is the time to forget everything else). By avoiding history and the old shapes, most the designs of the modernismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architects had no visual connection nor styles relationships, when they adding new building or zone to an old context. (Source: Brolin, 1980, P.45).

Figure 62: Aerial view of The Metropolitan Museum of Art from 2001, at left, and ca. 1920, at right, (Source: http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-museum/now-at-the-met/features/2010/the-museum-constructed).

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1. C. Post-Modernism As a reaction of the Modernism and it’s separation from the history and depending on the contrast, new direction appeared calling to relate with the buildings’ heritage. The Architects started to look at the history as essential source of inspiration. (Brolin 1980, p.140).

with depending on the old sources, (Byard 1998, P.161). 1. D. 2. Architecture in the shape of things Is the opposite of the Architecture of imitation that don’t applying the problem of similarity but the Compatibility of the big contrast between the old and the new, (Byard 1998, P.161). 1. D. 3. Architecture of appropriateness

Figure 63: Sainsbury Wing of the National Gallery in London (Source: http://www.bdonline.co.uk/indefence-of-the-sainsbury-wing/5021891.article).

The post-modernism depended in most of cases on the directed metaphor and for architectural elements and part of old architecture to the new designs, to create new visual and physical connection between the receiver and his cultural heritage. On the urban levels, it did confirm the importance of the connection between additives and the existence. 1. D. The Contemporary expressions 1. D. 1. Architecture of imitation Is trying to get back the old traditions by bringing the full expressions in buildings or breaking some parts into the new building,

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This architecture following a common approach of 1st and 2nd mentioned points of dealing with the old. It’s starting from the old to understand its meanings, and expressing itself later in a way that making the previous history’s understanding, obvious in order to reach the common architectural expression, (Byard 1998, P.161). 1. D. 4. Architecture of Possibilities This architecture is using technology and its abilities to open new prospects for dealing with old, (Byard 1998, P.161).

This previous study was fast summary to understand the expressional relationships between old and new according to additional process in the last period, and to understand this relationships more, this dissertation will spot the light on some architectural and urban studies.

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2. Some modern Architectural and Urban Studies about old and new intervention 2. A. Roweâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s study 1975 The author started his urban study by refusing the plans of modern cities and the dividing results that these plans produced and the appearance of two dominant directions, one searching for the urban scene and another looking for the scientific imaginations. After the analyzing of the two directions the author explaining that the idea of the research is to look for the perfect place, and instead of looking to the future he stated a kind of historic nostalgia, (Source: Jencks, 1997, 61). He also proposing the concept of collage for the first time in the architecture and urban studies in his book (Collage City) in order to solve the urban problems, which consider the collage city is the city that collecting parts of contrast architectural specifications. Collage is approach depending on: A. pulling subjects and elements out of its familiar contexts, (Source: Broadbent, 1990, P.266). B. Technique by mixing the contrasts in the present scene C. a strategy that adopting the changeable concepts, motion and history, (Source: Jencks and Kropf, 1997, P.61-64). Rowe confirms in his study to be directed to the past (history), to evoke the essential elements and reuse its meaning without time commitments. At the same time confirms depending on the city collages as a dialectical concept

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between past and future, considering it as a treatment for the spatial challenges in the 20th century. 2. B. Vidlerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Study 1978 Discussing Anthony Vilder in his study which is called (The Third Typology), two approaches that contained the architectural product. First one that developed by the logical philosophy in the enlightenment age by Abbe Laugier, proposing the primitive hut as a natural base for design. The second type that increased for the need of faceing the quantitic production at the end of the 19th centuray. Started obviously by Le Corbusier who proposed an example of architectural design from the same productâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s operation, (Source: Nesbit, 1990, P.260). Later, the author directed towards the city considering it the continous shape of history and facing all the retail operations that resulted from the past, (Source: Nesbit, 1990, P.260). the city in his point of view, realised as whole one community and shows past and present in its physical structure. (Jencks & Kropf, 1997, P.77). The three Typologies consist of: A. The heritage that came from the meanings of the previous existant of the shape. B Derived from the distinctive parts its limits (mixing). C. Proposal of recomposition these parts in new approach (breaking in the parts in new relationships), (Jencks & Kropf, 1997, P.78).

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2. C. Brolin’s study 1980 In his book (Architecture in Context), the author presenting the relations between the harmony and the contrast by comparing the visual specifications of the buildings elevations in one area which belong to different period in the architectural level approach. Brolin sees that there is many ways to design new building that may optimize with the neibourghs. On one side depends on copying of the atmospheric architectural elements, the other side by creating new shapes for evoke establishment that stronger the architectural visuality of the exisitant building. The book aiming to explain how the visual relations function between the harmonic buildings. (Brolin, 1980, P.5-6). 2. D. Anthony Tugnutt’s study 1987 The author aimed in his book (making townscape) to explain the contextual approach in design of new building in exist already in environmental urban, by providing it with philosophical background and practical guidance. He directed to the traditions more than the modernism and cares about understanding and application of the past lessons for the present challenges to reestablish the living tradition building, (Source: Tugnutt, 1987, P.7). The author proposed two directions to deal with the existent urban approach:

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A. (Keeping in Keeping) preservation direction, by creating a harmony between scales, shape and materials. The designer should adopt the existent architectural styles more than anything else, (Source: Tugnutt, 1987, P.101). B. (the Juxtaposition), which is the opposite of the first one, defined as a general contrast of a battle between the architectural styles and contrast mixing of parts, which also means the neglecting of the architectural approach, (Source: Tugnutt, 1987, P.108109). 2. E. Venturi’s Study 1996 The author discussing in his study the contrast of the urban theory and application in the present time, to approve this contrast, he proposing three directions: A. Direction of non-understood contrast, weird complication and the transcendence on the historical references. The author also warning of this direction that depends totally on the new expression, because if there is contrast everywhere, there will not be any style anywhere, “If contradiction in Architecture is everywhere, it is nowhere” (Venturi, 1996, P.260-261). B. direction aiming to create decoration architecture, the symbolic base is a sculptural expression. The architecture in it is a sculpture which aiming to decorate. The author refusing this direction and

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confirming that we should deal with the shapes by considering the atmospheric circumstances that connected with the first forming, (Venturi, 1996, P.171). C. the type of contrast that produced by aiming towards the symbolic architecture, he considering it as a traditional architecture more than being totally invented , having the shape originality from its visual content, (Venturi, 1996, P.260).

Figure 64: Explaining the essential expression directions for the relationship of old and new in the Adding operation, which is depended on two principles (Similarity and Contrast) most of these studies depended on the shape aspects.

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III. Sustainability in Baghdad

1. General Proposed Typologies:

Studies and researches that have been made in the last two years of master about Baghdad; reached to conclusion that the sustainable city of Baghdad is: “Productive, Compact, High Quality, High Density, Well-Diversified, Traditional, Integrated city, as a new Symbolic zone which will be the start for all Baghdadi zones by Re-establishing the Old city Of Baghdad - ProBaghdad”.

A. Activity Centers: Cultural, Commercial, Educational, Residential, Etc.

IV. Case Study: The Old City of Baghdad – Urban Part

F. Housing complexes.

B. Preservation Centers: Historical Areas and Buildings, Religious Buildings, Etc. C. Corridors: Streets, Sub-streets, Mahala, Etc. D. Public Green Centers: Parks, River-side. E. Renovation Centers: Old Street elevations, re-using old building in the main streets.

2. Main Proposed Typologies: 1. Residential Areas 2. Commercial Centers 3. Touristic Shoulders).

Green

Zones

(River’s

- How to design a productive city with electrical limited power?

Figure 65: Study zone 222 hectare in the old city of Baghdad (Source: Google Earth).

How can we start a productive project in Baghdad?

In order to start a productive project in Baghdad the studies showed that there are two types of typologies:

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In order to understand the electrical need for the old city of Baghdad we should look on some general electrical calculations. Average Power consumption per Capita = 204 watts per person. The government provides people by 65% of the electricity in summer (Maximum Consumption season).

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That’s mean the real needs of electricity will be as a minimum two times more than that, Which means the actual need = 408 watts per person. 408 Watts x 60.000 person = 24.480.000 Watts Full energy need for the Project zone. The Government will provide 65% of it, 24.480.000 – 15.912.000 = 24.48 – 15.91 = 8.57 Megawatts the project must product in summer time. In winter – the electrical needs of the population will be half of the summer need. 12.24 – 7.95 = 4.29 Megawatts in winter (total need of the project). 3. Proposed Electrical Solutions: 1. Tigris Hydro- electrical Dam Elec. Power = Head x Flow x Gravity P = 20 m x 27790 x 9.81 = 5.452.398 watts = 5.45 Megawatts = 63 % from the total need in summer. In summer when the water flow is the maximum 27790 Liter/second. P = 20 m X 1014 x 9.81 = 1.989.460 almost 2 Megawatts = 46% from the total need in winter in winter when the water flow of Tigris is the minimum.

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Figure 66: Chief Joseph Dam on the Columbia River near Bridgeport, Washington, USA, (Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Digital Visual Library).

2. Solar Panels Generators One Meter square of Solar panel generate 1000 watts per day with full Sun location, (4hours),That 4 hours generate almost 160 Watts ( electrical efficiency). In Baghdad in summer, Full exposure to sun is about min. 8 hours a day, that’s mean the electrical efficiency will be 320 watt per one meter square of electrical panel in Baghdad. Building coverage area is 83 hectare, with 40% construction coverage (Commercial, Residential, Services, Tourism, Parks and Historical building). 83.000 meter square X 40% = 33200 M (of Solar Penal). 33200 X 320 Watts per meter = 10624000 Watts generation in summer, which is 10.62 Megawatt. That is almost 80 % of project need in summer.

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In winter the one meter solar penal will be almost 200 (6 hours of sun). 33200 meters X 200 = 6640000 watts which is 6.64 Megawatts. These calculations prove that, the project with the previous power generators installations will be electrically productive. Figure 68: Parking Area with Solar Panels in Germany, (Source: http://www.jamiiforums.com/jamiiphotos/531478-parking-area-with-solar-panels-tocharge-electric-cars-germany.html).

Figure 67: Proposed power generators table shows that the project will be an electrical producer for the other zones of Baghdad by over need producing 7.5 Megawatts in summer and 4.25 over need in winter.

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The previous energy calculations based on a demographic proposal. 4. Proposal of the Area and Population in the old city Area: Total selected Area is 222 Hectare, the residential proposal has 50 hectare of vertical housing buildings, with a total of 75 – 600 meter square. Generally speaking we can design 3 apartments per level; excepting the ground floor we will have 7 levels for each building. So 7x3 = 21 apartments per building, 75 building x 21 Apartment = 1575 Apartment in the residential area.

Is 270 Person/Hectare exaggerated high density?

I tried to understand the project’s population density by studying a limited zone of vertical residential in local high density area in Bucharest – Rahova.

Figure 70: High density - residential zone example, Rahova Bucharest. (Source: Google Earth).

The allocated zone in figure 77, in Rahova showing that in area of 34 hectare living 12000 person, which giving a 353 person/hectare. In conclusion, the proposal density of the project in the old city of Baghdad is not over limits. Figure 69: proposal of Baghdad old city 222 Hectare (Source: Google Earth).

What are the project’s stages in the old city of Baghdad?

Population: 1575 App. X 5 person (medium rate of family’s member in Baghdad) = 7875 Person in the residential Area. The other zones (Commercial, Touristic and services) expected to have 52000 persons as the center of the capital city.

The concept of the Productive city depends on self-provided Idea, all the materials that will be used in this project should be from the Area as a result of the demolitions of the old buildings or river’s and canals excavations. In order to do so, it should be planned carefully with a high respect for time aspect.

52000 + Approx. 8000 = 60000 person for the proposed project

For sure that we cannot provide the project with the all materials and instruments, especially the ones that needs a high techniques, but this project is aiming to recycling the existing martials, firstly by considering all the project as one body.

60000/222 Hectare (Total Area) = 270 per. /hec.

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In order to do so; the practical Project’s Stages will be: 1. Old buildings preservation, canals and river’s excavations.

2. Dams Construction at the present time, the selected old city of Baghdad has 3 bridges, all of them connected the two sides of the capital. The biggest on located on the left in figure 72, which connected the medical city center with the veritical residential area on the othere side of the river. The middle (smallest one) is connected with the old city where are many of the historical buldings , markets and the museum of baghdad. The first one on the right in the map is on of the most crowded bridges in Baghdad, because of it is connecting the centeral market of the city. These three bridges is focntionally working nowadays.

Figure 71: 1st step of the project's staging – white zones

First of all there should be a full professional analysis and detailed survey for the old city, considering that the last official analysis has been done in 1980. This survey would help us to know exactly where the historical building and heritage area are. This operation will be followed by rivers and canals excavation, which will provide the project of the essential materials and preparing the project’s zone for Dam and bridges construction. The concept of river’s excavation before the dam is to create a water surface that will provide the dam with the needed pressure of water to generate electricity, making a water natural tank to control the river’s flowing as well as providing the area with a water body which is important for local transport and helping the dry climate in the studying zone to get more humidity.

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Figure 72: Bridges and Dam construction

The Dam will be located after the water surface, which is the second on the left. This dam will have the responsibility of generating electricity and provide transportation access, as well as it will be one of the main controllers on Tigris in Baghdad. It should be two semi-bridges up

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and down the dam to control water’s flow in the canals. The main problem the faced the concept of dam’s construction is the river path will be narrower than before and creating a high slop of the river shoulders up to 20 meters height. This case study will try to change this river’s problem to an advantage aspect as we will see later (Touristic zone of the old city).

residential areas in its won old fabric which is horizontally distributed, beside of it is representing a try to make people’s density equilibration with Karkh side which already has a vertical housing projects. More details about the residential area will be clarified later (residential area). 4. New commercial centers of Baghdad

In order to control the water after falling from the electrical dame edge, it should be another dam which will be responsible for the water controlling, beside o being another transportation access to the old city, without generating power. This second dam is located before canals remeeting (the second one on the right in figure 72). 3. Residential implementation

Figure 74: Commercial creation - red zones.

Figure 73: Residential implementations – yellow zones.

As the figure 73 showing, the residential areas is more concentrated in the Resafa parts (the area up the river), because of that Resafa essentially has more

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The new created zones are concentrated more in Karkh zone in order to reduce the traffic jam in day time in Resafa zone as well as, presenting a new markets redistribution. Most of the irregular markets where are in Resafa, will be transfer to modern arranged centers. The linier old markets, such as Mutanabi, AL Sarai, AL Rasheed, Al Sufafeer market etc. will be renovated and keep the old spirit of the buildings. The urban planning concept is trying to construct the same old fabric by creating linier markets around the residential areas. By doing so, the residential areas will guarantee the special harmony of the past besides providing the locals with their needs.

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5. Touristic zones establishment, Green zones creation and commercial markets around it.

Figure 75: Touristic zones - White areas in the middle on the river's shoulders and green zones distribution.

The distribution of the green zones depends on people density in the project and the neighbors around it (especially Karkh side). As well as being each part of the project (Commercial, residential, Etc.) has its own green coverage, there will be big parks connected with the invented canals system, to offset the huge missing of the green zones in Baghdad in general, and being new open public spaces for people who live in the vertical housing new systems. On the other hand, the linear markets that will be around it will have the same traditional elements that the old markets built on. The Touristic areas will represent the riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shoulders, between the new constructed dams. It will side the commercial zones to renovate the economy of the old city. This zone will attract the local people of Baghdad as a

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place which will be full of Restaurants, theaters, cinemas, public spaces, etc. The zone distribution showing that (Connectivity and identity) are the dominants aspects of the urban planning operation. Besides, creating transportations and services centers where there is high population density to make the project working as one body. This urban distribution tried in general to allocate the zones according to the relationship between its components as well as the areas around it. Huge spatial area will be demolished and replaced with contemporary modern zones which will reflect the historical spirit of old Baghdad and create the needed contrast to have its own identity as well.

Figure 76: Final proposal of the zones distributions.

In this case study I will try to dive more in the architectural aspects of the main three typologies (Commercial, residential and touristic) that the urban design depends on. According to the previous studies, the architectural aspects should respect the heritage and the history of Baghdad and Iraq.

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V. Case Study: The Old City of Baghdad â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Architectural Part In this case study try architecturally focus on the main typologies of the old city project, in order to do so, this dissertation will try to spot the light on some general main analysis and the main concepts of design.

climate of Baghdad is hot, dry and windless. The heritage houses of Baghdad have some architectural zonal issues that deal with the climate. The open courtyards is one of those issues, that trying to create a different air pressure between the courtyards and the narrow shaded streets, which make air circulation between them.

1. The Commercial Centers

Figure 78: Commercial Center - courtyard.

another famos element in the old ages of Baghdadi markets is having a central shaded place which usually ment to be a place for poets, politicians, scientests and cultivated people to meet and discuss about their issues.

Figure 79: Central Shaded place in the commercial centers.

Figure 77: Commercial center concept and elements.

The main concept of commercial centers is inspired by the old way of open courtyards of the Baghdadi house. As we know the

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The Proposal of the commercial center is about creating courtyard surrendered by linear shops (Market) consist of 2 levels, as the old markets of Baghdad used to be.

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Figure 80: Transpire 3D Model of the commercial unite

Generally, these commercial centers will have dominant relation between public, semi-public and privet, which specifically means the relation between courtyards, entrances and shops. Architecturally, the symbols of the old market represented in the proposal by the concept of semi open linear balconies in the first floor facing the courtyards with the use of the Baghdadi arches to give the historical smell of the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s zone. On the other hand these markets will have as well double face, one on the main street and the other on the courtyard.

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Each building will have an inside walking corridors for pedestrians with semi open or glass ceiling to provide the suitable natural lighting , especially in winter season. The limited heights of this proposal respect the old areas heights, to have a functional connection with the old fabric and the city skyline.

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2. Residential Complexes

Figure 81: Residential Concept of UR

The concept of residential building inspired generally by the Ziggurat of Ur, which was a religious temple in the old ages. The temple of Ur designed to be near the sky as well as an escape high point for the citizens when the flood coming, which usually happened two times a year back then.

The climate is one of the first aspects that changed extraordinary fast especially after the industrial revolution and oil discovering, which affected negatively our nature and grabbed the biggest rates of pollution that the earth ever had. We can notice that obviously on architecture, for Example, at the Time of Ur Iraq had one of the best climate for agricultural and living in general, that’s why we could notice that many old buildings in Iraq took a pyramids shape such as, the gardens of Babylon, Ziggurat of UR, Samarra’ mosque Etc. From the first beginning of the 20th century, the architectural style in Baghdad has been changed, in order to provide the suitable climate inside buildings, which has been developed over

Figure 82: Time influence on building’s concept.

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decades. One of the first treatments that Baghdadi builders concentrated on was shade and shadows. Iraq has one of the hottest climates in the world especially at the present time because of two reasons: the green coverage disappearing and the desertification phenomenon over the entire world in general, especially Iraq after the wars, and being in the radiation belt of the world. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s affected both architectural styles (small windows, thick brick walls, basements in houses, courtyards, Etc.) and urban planning which developed spontaneously (narrow roads, limited public open spaces, linear market, limited skyline height, Etc.).

Figure 83: Residential Unit Proposal

The proposed building of residential complexes has generally ground floor and another 7 levels, of different apartment size (each level has new type of apartments), by doing so each building will has different types of families which will make the residential unite has a multisocial mixture. As well as having an inverse pyramid shape which will provide maximum shadow for the building face, the building design depending on some

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climate approached to insure the air circulation, water reuse, limited sun exposure between the residential units and full green cover in the open public spaces.

Figure 84: Water recycling systems - Residential Unit

The proposed building ensure to find a way of water recycling for the limited rainy days in Baghdad, by collected rain water underground with a special tanks, that will ensure the planets living by using dotting aggregation in summer time, as well as reusing tanksâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; water for washing the solar panels that will be existed on building to have maximum power efficiency. Baghdad located in low air a pressure difference, thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s make it has windless climate most of the time, especially in the summer. The proposed building will have some architectural techniques in order to create air circulation day time of the summer, by create different sun exposure on the same building. By doing so, the air will move from the shaded corridors outside the buildings throw apartments to

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the full sun exposure roofs while getting heated.

Figure 85: Proposed Building - Air Circulation.

Inside the residential complex, there will be another designed air circulation between the shaded narrow pedestrian path ways and the open areas at the complex entrances. These two types of air circulation will ensure the air flow inside the residential buildings as well as outside. This design offering also some other advantage of having roofs with biggest surface filled with solar penal cells which will provide these cells with the proper sun exposure from the first beginning if the sun rise until the sunset. The outside corridors will be shaded most of the time with limited exposure from 10:00 Am to 2:00 Pm which is also important for plants growing.

ProBaghdad 47 Figure 86: Sun Exposure over the residential buildings

Even in the 4 hours of the limited sun exposure the walking paths for pedestrian will be partially shaded by the plants there should be specialized studies about the suitable plants for this case.

Figure 87: Shaded Corridors between residential buildings

Generally, Iraq was one of the biggest exporters for fruit dates and had the maximum number of palms after Saudi Arabia in the region, but the followed wars affected this fact especially in the south of Iraq. Using this kind of palms in the residential corridors as semi-public spaces will have full function, because on the other hand it will also create a kind of green wall between the high levels of the buildings, which is one of the major requirements for the Iraqi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Islamic culture of Baghdad.

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Figure 88: spaces distribution in the residential complex.

The urban system that has been created in the residential complexes depends on the relationships between the commercial (public spaces) and (semi-public) spaces between the residential and the commercial, (Semi-privet) spaces which are the narrow corridors and the open green zones between the residential buildings and (Privet) the residential buildings. These four spaces creating one commercial-residential unite.

The residential complexes will be one of the first elements towards compact- high density city that the project aiming to create in the old city of Baghdad. The project will change these zones in the old neglected un organized markets as well as the old houses which suffer that bad infrastructure and the limited living requirements for modern life, that most of them at the moment used as stores for the other shops and local markets.

Figure 90: Residential complex - sketch

Figure 89: entrance, corridors and green spaces of the residential complex

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3. Touristic Zones: As a result of the dams’ construction in the old city of Baghdad, the river will get narrow and reduce in the area between the dams. This water’s level reduction will cause a new strong slope on the rivers shoulders, which considered one of the project’s problem at the early beginning stages of old city redesign. This project will try to change this problem into advantage point by change this slope to a touristic zone on both rivers side. As well as being a new step towards the economic development, it will also increase the green coverage of Baghdad and improve the climate of the neighbors of the old city. In 603 B.C, the Babylonian leader Nabokhathnouser the second promised his lovely wife Ametes that he will build for her new types of gardens similar to the gardens that she had before nearby her home in the mountains, which known

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Later the hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the old world.

Figure 91: Hanging Gardens of Babylon - 16th century engraving by Dutch artist Martin Heemskerck

The high slope that will be created as a result of the dams’ construction will provide the required surface for the touristic zone, inspired by the old Babylon’s gardens. As we saw before, the inspiration that we depended on designing the three typologies was highly connected with the history, in order not to be isolated from the heritage, besides creating new contrast that will give the

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new spaces its own identity. These touristic areas will act as multi-functional gardens, creating new attractive points for all the Iraqi people in general and for Baghdadi people. As the Ziggurat of Ur, the hanging gardens of Babylon designed with a central high point (Pyramid shape), giving the building some aspects of greatness and singularly. The touristic zone concept is kind of remodeling for the gardens of Babylon, by using random levelsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; reorganization, we will have puzzled spaces that will create the elements of surprising and attraction for the pedestrian as much as they walking throw its spaces. It will also have manifold canal system that flow from the highest point of the zone (near by the entrances) towards the lowest and pouring in the river. The water resource of the canal system will be the same main canals that surrounding the old city of Baghdad. The difference of levels between the zone entrances and the river is about 20

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meters, which will be used to create multifunctional buildings with a river view at each level of buildings.

Figure 92: Different viewersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;' level

The variety of constructions in the touristic zones will create new work opportunities for all the people of Baghdad, in order to raise the economic situation of the city and a try to change its style from consuming economy to productive one. These zones will reflect as well different periods of Iraq, by creating huge monuments which will be pointed in open spaces on different levels, which will represent the history of Iraq from in all periods of civilization ( Ur, Babylon , Summer, the round city of Baghdad, the golden age, Hashemite kingdom, Etc.).

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Figure 94: Air circulation between river's shoulders and the river on day and night time.

Tigris giving the touristic zones specific limited natural treatments about creating air circulation in day time as well as night. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s widely known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Land and sea breezeâ&#x20AC;?. This physical phenomenon will ensure the air circulation in daytime from the river towards the shore bringing the humidity to the touristic zone, while in night time will be the opposite air circulation because of the water ability of getting warm needs more time than the air. Besides this natural treatment, there will be another designed one that will bring the humidity to the zone by creating water falls at the end of canals system in the touristic region. These water drops with the help of land and water breeze

phenomenon will change the climate in this area. The marketing studies showed that providing the proper circumstances and atmosphere by making this zone as one of the coolest zones in Baghdad in summer, which will make the suitable attraction for the locals to spend more time there and raise the economic efficiency in general. Baghdad before 2003 was known as one of the sleepless capitals (besides Cairo) in the Arabic region. This project is aiming to renovate this idea about Baghdad, by having day and night open multi-uses area that attracted visitors 24 hours a day.

Figure 93: Elevation for part of the touristic zone - river view.

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The touristic zone will have many ports allocated on the two sides of the river in order to create a water transportation system between the two sides of Baghdad by using the old tradition of boats what the Iraqi call “Guffa”.

their history and culture that got missed up in the 20th century. In order to create this aspect, the history of Iraqi buildings should be studied well, as well as the different architectural style from the first beginning of civilization 3500-3000 B.C., till the last Iraqi modern style in the last century. That’s need a special collaboration from the Iraqi architects who specialized in Iraqi architecture history and the Baghdadi architectural preservation that already made many conferences and researches about the history of architecture in Iraq.

Figure 95: The tradition transport in Tigris "Guffa", (Sourc:http://khaledausy.blogspot.ro/2013/11/blogpost_688.html).

This type of touristic city will reflect the city’s heritage by its own buildings. It will be a kind of spatial museum for the history of Iraq, which will provide the surprising elements for the people who will walking throw the zone and learn more about

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Figure 96: final city proposal - Both sides Karkh and Resafa

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VI. Conclusion, Recommendations and future studies. 1. Conclusion The pre-design studies show that the planning process should be special and limited for each city depending on the history, culture and heritage of the city. Theses studying oriented the design operation of the case study towards Venturi’s definitions of the contrast the deeply inspired by the city’s culture and heritage of the city in order to create the sensible contrast that fits such a special urban context as Baghdad. To start designing a productive city in Baghdad the case study proposed general and main typologies to follow on both sides of the river (Karkh and Resafa). The main typologies spotting the light on three parts of urban and architectural developments,(Commercial, Residential and Touristic). The first challenge for the project was the limited power generation that the government obtains especially in summer (maximum power consumption). In order to understand the electricity crisis in Baghdad now the research calculated the power consumption for each people in the city, as well as the estimated population for the project proposal. After these calculations to find out the total need of the electricity in the selected zone, the

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project proposed two clean energy generators in the old city (dams and solar cells panels) which leaded over need power generation (Production), that the old city can export for the other parts of Baghdad. Being a power producer, the old city will represent the first clean energy generator station in Iraq which will be the excellent proposal for the cities of Iraq to follow as well as the other zones of Baghdad city towards sustainable development. After figuring out the power solution, the project moving forward to project staging, depending on the previous calculations (area, population, electricity) and the three main typologies. The project phases are created to reach high level of recycling materials that will result from buildings demolition and canals excavation. The phases consist of: 1. Old building renovation, river’s and canals’ excavation. 2. Dams constructions. 3. Residential implementation. 4. New commercial centers of Baghdad. 5. Touristic zones establishments and green spaces creation. These 5 stages spotted the light on the management steps that should be followed by the urban planners or the governmental authorities (Baghdad’s mayoralty), in order to start a productive city in Baghdad with such a limited abilities and cooperation of the government at the present time (selfdepended project).

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The architectural part of the case study concentrated on what architecture abilities that zone has, respecting the history and intending to create a new modern city that contains people’s needs for better future. First part of architectural proposal reflects the old expression of local architectural styles on both sides planning and elevations. The commercial proposal refusing the malls idea that it’s fever spreading between Iraqis today because it will case a huge damages to the zone heritage as well as the urban visual aspects of the old city and its skyline. Instead of malls creation, the case study proposing to establish commercial centers by using the old way of Baghdadi builders, which will reduce the energy consumption that the city suffering from. The second part is about residential vertical complexes. The main concept of the proposal inspired of the Ziggurat of Ur. The present atmosphere and the hot existing climate of Baghdad need more shades and shadows. In order to do so, buildings of the residential complexes designed to be appropriate as much as possible without harming the cultural and the Islamic needs of Iraqi people. Besides of being housing project, each building will be a power station by having big roof that contains solar cells field. This design of buildings will ensure that the roof will ensure the maximum sun’s exposure, while the corridors and the green spaces that distributed between them have the minimum exposure. The building ProBaghdad 55

proposed some air treatments by creating different air pressure between inside and outside the building as well as between the surface and the ground. Another designed issue that the building taking care of is the rain water recycling. The limited rain water will be used effectively by storing it in special tanks underground for plans irrigation and washing the solar cell to ensure best power generation. These residential complexes based on relationship between four types of spaces: (Public) the commercial zones, (privet) the residential zones, (semi-public) the entrances between the commercial and the residential and (Semi-privet) the pedestrian corridors in order to have full connectivity between all previously mentioned spaces and establish a symbolic neighborhood unit for Baghdadi society. The third zone is about creating touristic city on the both sides of Tigris reflecting the old city heritage as an iconic area which will attract the local tourists and raising the economic power in Baghdad in general. It will have multi-function zones, hotels, cinemas, theaters, galleries, open public parks, restaurants and huge monuments representing the different periods of Iraqi history. The touristic areas transfer the problem of reducing Tigris’s water that falls from the new constructed dam to advantage point. The high resulted slop on rivers shoulders providing

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different levels for people to have a special view on Tigris River. Day and night breeze phenomenon produces an addition point of natural climate’s treatment for the touristic zone by obtaining day and night air circulation on the river’s shoulders. The project’s concept is inspired by the hanging gardens of Babylon 605 B.C. by using random levels’ reorganization planning in order to have the pleasure and surprising aspects for the visitors while walking in the project’s part. This thesis is based on logical mind line starting from Iraq and Baghdad’s history and morphological changes in urban and political aspects. The main approaches is to identify the city’s major problems at the present time, in order to allocate the main project objectives and identifying what is means a sustainable productive city of Baghdad – ProBaghdad. It is also shows that we can start a productive city in old cities such as Baghdad, with the limited governmental assistance at the moment. It’s also spotting the lights on some questions for the future of Baghdad mayoralty policies and the kind of collaboration and administration that should provide.

2. Recommendations 1. Paying attention to the urban and architectural properties of the Arabic Islamic fabric and fitting the old context with the modern needs that rapidly changed in the last 5 decades. Developing all the life’s aspects, but the improvement’s processes should be studied carefully to perverse the cultural heritage and historical monuments, not melting in the technological appearances. 2. Planners and urban designers should taking care about not involving intellectually in the western cities and ignoring the cities original fabric. They could depend on the technologies that they invented in order to obtain the abilities and choices that could the planner have. 3. Studying the city possibilities to improve the power generation part, and analyzing the suitable place to construct the dams, as well as searching for specialized electrical companies that could adopt supporting Baghdad with the solar cells panels and sign long term contracts. 4. Giving big attention to the cultural activities, traditional markets and tourism because of the importance of these activities to preserve the Baghdadi urban fabric and ensure its historical identity. 5. The old context renovation required some of urban process such as:

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A. Traffic and pedestrian pathways. B. Old Buildings analysis and open public space reorganization. C. Land use and proposed activities.

Future Studies: ď&#x201A;ˇ

6. Finding solutions for the problems and blockers of the project by:

ď&#x201A;ˇ

A. preparing the suitable urban policies to implement the renovation projects without damaging the special context of the city by the cooperation of Baghdad mayoralty and solve the privet ownership for the buildings that will demolished.

ď&#x201A;ˇ

The cultural changes on the Arabic and Islamic cities with the present technologies developments. The urban policies of Baghdad about (increasing, redevelopment, sustainability). Alternative Power generation possibilities in Baghdad.

B. Provide the financial supporters from the governmental authorities and open the partial investments market in order to create some strategic project. C. orients the investment towards cultural and touristic renovation projects, in order to renovate the cultural fabric of the city and present the governmental supports for such projects. D. Prepare the specialized team to administrate these project by establish a new urban council of Baghdad. C. Rising cultural awareness of the public for the importance of renovation process in the heart of the city.

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VII. Bibliography 1. UN-HABITAT, 2006. Iraq Housing Market Study, Baghdad, Iraq: UN-HABITAT. 2. UN-HABITAT, 2009. Iraq Housing Market Study, Baghdad, Iraq: UN-HABITAT. 3. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Construction & Housing, Iraq Housing Market Study, December 2006 Iraq. 4. Oday al Quoraishi, July 2012, UAE, Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion heightens country’s security, Oil and Gas Journal. http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/vol-110/issue5/transportation/iraq-crude-oil-export-expansion.html. 5. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization, Demographic report of Iraq 2010, Arabic Edition http://www.cosit.gov.iq/documents/statistics_ar/population/demographic/full_reports /%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9% 20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%202010.pdf. 6. U.S. Energy Information Administration,2013, Iraq Full Report, http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/Iraq/iraq.pdf. 7. Alan Faridoon, May 2002, Master dissertation, Baghdad University, the connection between the technological development and the cultural heritage of Baghdad old city, Arabic Edition. 8. Sarah Jaa’far Al-Asady, 2013, Master dissertation, AUS the American university of Sharjah, Public Spaces of Today: The case of Dubai’s Shopping Malls, English edition. 9. Saif Yaseen Rasheed, September 2012, Master dissertation, HafenCity University, Hamburg, Low-Cost, Energy-Efficient Housing in Iraq. English Edition. 10. Raffi Mossesian, July 2003, Master dissertation, Baghdad University, Baghdad, The Structural Analysis of the Old Markets of Baghdad, Arabic Edition. 11. Wafa Jwad, the newspaper of Mesopotamia, The Architectural History of Baghdad, Arabic Edition. 12. Ana Maria Negoita, September 2011, THE CITY OF MANSUR THE BUILDER BAGHDAD BETWEEN THE CALIPH’S WILL AND SHARI’AH NORMS, National Relations, http://journal.ispri.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/2011_9_negoita.pdf. English Edition. 13. Mohammed Makiya, 2005, London, Book, Baghdad, English Edition. 14. Jabra, Ibraheem Jebra and Dr. Ihsan Fethi, 1987, Baghdad Morality, Baghdad between yesterday and today, Arabic Edition. 15. Ali A. Alawi, 2014, Yale University, Book, Faisal I of Iraq, English Edition. 16. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014, Article, Abd al-Karim Qasim, English Edition http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/485552/Abd-al-Karim-Qasim.

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17. Sami, 5 November 2011, Article , Al-Thoura (sader city), English Edition http://saminkie.blogspot.ro/2011/11/revorevolu-now-sadr-city.html). 18. Efraim Karsh and Inari Rautsi, 2002, Book, Saddam Hussain, a political biography, English Edition. 19. Jarett Murphy, October 2003, Article, U.S Tries Again on Iraq at U.N., the Associated Press, English Edition. 20. Rashed Redman and Carmen Marques, June 2012, AlJazeera channel, Video report, Generator Man, As Iraq's national power grid struggles to provide electricity, a new form of entrepreneur has started to fill the gap. Arabic Edition http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2012/06/2012618132430953572.htm. 21. John Vidal, 23 June 2014, Article, UK and Germany break solar power records, the Guardians, English Edition, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/23/ukand-germany-break-solar-power-records. 22. IMF Country Report No. 13/218, July 2013, International Monetary Fund, Iraq: Selected Issues, English Edition, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13218.pdf. 23. Iraqi National Population Commission (INPC), February 2011, State of Iraq Population 2010, The First National Report on the state of population in the context of ICPD and MDGs, English Edition. 24. Siham Kamal Mohammed, May 2012, Baghdad University, Article, the environmental and economic impacts that caused by the urban increasing in Iraq, Baghdad as a case study, http://www.mracpc.uobaghdad.edu.iq/ArticleShow.aspx?ID=113, Arabic Edition. 25. Weal Al-Salami, Quora, article, what is daily life like in Baghdad? English Edition. 26. Jeffrey Marcus, January 2005, Washington Post, Article, What’s next for Iraq’s Democracy? English Edition. 27. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Construction & Housing, Studies Section, October 2010, Urban Housing Standards Manual, English Edition. 28. Janan N. Hamza, September 2007, Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Impact of Tigris River Pollution on the Performance of Water Treatment Plants efficiencies in Baghdad City, http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=4665, English Edition. 29. Zahraa Zahraw AlJanabi, March 2012, Journal of Nahrain University, Report, Assessment of Water Quality of Tigris River by using Water Quality Index (CCME WQI), English Edition, http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=39968. 30. World Health Organization, UNICEF, May 2010, External Evaluation Report, Water Quality Control and Surveillance in Iraq, English Edition, http://www.unicef.org/evaluation/files/Iraq_2010-01_Evaluation_report_E311_ME.pdf.

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31. Baghdad Mayoralty, 2010, General report of Urban design studies center, Roya Project, Arabic Edition. 32. Zack Beauchamp, Max Fisher and Dylan Matthews, August 2014, Report, Vox, 27 maps that explain the crisis in Iraq, English Edition, http://www.vox.com/a/maps-explaincrisis-iraq. 33. JCP Architects and Planners, 1984, Baghdad project, Japan, English Edition. 34. Ministry of Planning and Development cooperation, 2004, Iraq Living Condition Survey 2004, Volume II: Analytical Report, U.N. 35. Patrick Doyle and Khalidah Jaa’far, winter 2009-2010, Iraq Has an Opportunity to Become a Solar Leader, English Edition, and http://www.iraqidatepalms.net/Uploaded/file/SolarEnergyLeaderDAIDevelopmentsarticle.pdf. 36. Alaa M. Abdullah, 2011, international conference on Petroleum and Sustainable Development, Solar energy the suitable energy alternative for Iraq beyond oil. 37. Alexander Papageorgiu, 1971, CONTINUITY AND CHANGE: PRESERVATION IN CITY PLANNIN, English Edition. 38. Kate Nesbitt, 1996, Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture, An Anthology of Architectural Theory 1965 – 1995, English Edition. 39. Brent C. Brolin 1980, ARCHITECTURE IN CONTEXT, fitting new buildings with old, English Edition. 40. Paul Spencer Byard, 1998, the Architecture of Additions: Design and Regulation, English Edition. 41. Charles Jencks, 1997, The Architecture of the Jumping Universe: A Polemic: how Complexity Science is Changing Architecture and Culture, English Edition. 42. Geoffrey Broadbent, 1990, Design in Architecture, English Edition. 43. Francesco Venturi, 1996, FOUNTAINS OF ROME, English Edition.

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