BY: MARIANA OBANDO
MODAL + VERB (BASE FORM)
MODAL + BASE FORM
Use can or be able to to decribe present ability. EX: She can sing, but she can´t dance We aren´t able to get Channel 11
Use could or was/were able to for past ability. EX: Before she took lessons, she could sing, but she wasn´t able to dance very well.
Use should and ought to to give an advice (SHOULD is more formal) EX: You should watch Survivor tonight Terri ought to watch it too Use had better for an urgent advice. EX:You´d better stop watching so much TV or your grades will suffer. Use should to ask for advice EX: Should I buy a new TV? Use shouldn´t or had better not for negative EX: You shouldn´t get your old TV repair You´d better not stay up too late
Have got to strong feeling EX: You´ve got to see this. It´s really funny Must urgent necessity (spoken english) EX: You must see a doctor about that cough. Must not To express prohibition EX: They must not leave the house Don´t have to something that is not necessary EX: They don´t have to leave the house. Can´t To express prohibition in spoken English EX: He can´t leave
These
modals show how certain we are about something. AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
Must
Can´t / Couldn´t
Have (got) to
Must not
May
May not
Might / Could
Might not
Must / have (got) to almost 100% certain that something is true EX: It must be 10:00. Mystery Time just came on May, might, could less certain EX: He may be the murderer. He looks guilty Can´t, couldn´t 100% certain someting is impossible EX: They can´t be guilty. They weren´t even in the city when the crime ocurred. Must not slightly less certain EX: You must not know them very well. You´ve only met them twice May not, might not even less certain EX: We may not have enough evidence. No one saw the suspect
Future possibility EX: The show may start at 10:00. I´m not sure May not, might not something possibly will not happen EX: It may not make people laugh Couldn´t something is impossible EX: It couldn´t start at 10:00. Mystery Time is on then. May, might, could short answers EX: A: Is he going to be in the show next year? B: She may. She hasn´t decided yet.
1. _________ I have more cheese on my sandwich? a) Must b) Could c) Would d) Have to 2. You _________ eat more vegetables. a) should b) might c) may d) could
3. I _________ like to buy the same television for my house. a) could b) must c) would d) have to 4. _________ I have a coffee please? a) Must b) Have to c) May d) Would
5. You _________ smoke near children. a) have to b) may c) shouldn't d) couldn't
7. We _________ go to the concert if the rain stops. We don't know for sure. a) mustn't b) might c) have to c) wouldn't
6. The passengers _________wear their seatbelts at all times. a) could b) must c) can d) may
8. I _________ ice skate very well. a) can b) may c) must d) should
9. The boys _________wake up earlier than 7:30 am. They have class at 8:00 am. a) would b) can't c) could d) have to 10. The rock band _________play very well last year. Now they are much better. a) must b) couldn't c) can c) should
Check
information you believe to be true EX: Y/N. Q. doesn´t Anton live in Seul? T.Q Anton lives in Seul, doesn´t he?
Comment
on a situation EX: Y/N. Q. isn´t it a nice day? T.Q it´s a nice day, isn´t it?
Negative
Y/N questions begin with a form of be or an auxiliary verb such as: have, do, will, can or should EX: Aren´t you Paulo Lopez? Don´t you like the weather here? Won´t you be sorry to leave? Can´t you stay longer? Didn´t you move here last year?
1)
She is collecting stickers,_________? 2) We often watch TV in the afternoon,____________? 3) You have cleaned your bike,____________? 4) John and Max don't like Mathew,___________? 5) Peter played handball yesterday,___________?
6)
They are going home from school,___________? 7) Louis didn't do her homework last Monday,____________? 8) He could have bought a new car,___________? 9) Kevin will come tonight,______________? 10) I'm clever,_______________?
- ING
Is often used as the subject of a sentence EX: Eating fast food con be fun Not caring about calories is a mistake The gerund is often used after certain verbs as the object of the verb EX: I deslike eating fast food every day Preposition followed by a gerund EX: I read an article about counting calories
TO + VERB (BASE FORM)
Explain the purpose of an action EX: Doug eats fast food to save money Noun can be followed by an infinitive EX: It´s time to take a break Adjective often followed by an infinitive EX: She was glad to hear that it was low in calories
“TO” CAN BE PART OF THE INFINITIVE OR IT CAN BE A PREPOSITION. IF IT IS A PREPOSITION, YOU HAVE TO USE A GERUND!
1)
I can't imagine Peter _________ (go) by bike. 2) He agreed ___________ (buy) a new car. 3) The question is easy ____________ (answer). 4) The man asked me how ___________ (get) to the airport. 5) I look forward to ___________ (see) you at the weekend.
6)
Are you thinking of ____________ (visit) London? 7) We decided ______________ (run) through the forest. 8) The teacher expected Sarah ___________ (study) hard. 9) She doesn't mind ___________ (work) the night shift. 10) I learned ___________ (ride) the bike at the age of 5.
(VERB BE + PAST PARTICIPLE)
Are
similar but with different focus
ACTIVE
focus on the agent EX: Millions of people read the magazine
PASSIVE
focus on the object EX: The magazine is read by millions of people
OBJECT + VERB BE + PAST PARTICIPLE EX: It is written in more than 20 different languages
ONLY TRANSITIVE VERBS (VERBS THAT CAN HAVE OBJECTS) HAVE PASSIVE FORMS! EX: Ed Bly wrote that article (ACTIVE) That article was written by Ed Bly (PASSIVE)
When
the agent is unknown or not important EX: The magazine was started in 1888 (I don´t know who started it)
When
you want to avoid mentioning the
agent EX: Some mistakes were made in that article (I know who made the mistakes, but I want to blame the person)
don´t
USE “BY” IF YOU HAVE TO MENTION THE AGENT. ONLY MENTION THE AGENT WHEN IT´S IMPORTANT TO KNOW WHO IS IT.
WRITE THE PASSIVE VOICE OF EACH SENTENCE 1)
Julia rescued three cats. ____________________________________ 2) The students handed in the reports. ____________________________________ 3) Maria crashed into the blue car. ____________________________________ 4) Alex learned the poem. ____________________________________ 5) Steven has forgotten the book. _____________________________________
6) The mechanic has not repaired the DVD recorder. _________________________________________ 7) They play handball. _________________________________________ 8) Sue puts the rucksack on the floor. _________________________________________ 9) The girls had lost the match. _________________________________________ 10) The teacher is not going to open the window. _________________________________________
States the exact words that a speaker used.
In writing you have to use quotation marks. EX: “The check is in the mail”, he said
The quotation can go at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. EX: He said, “The traffic is bad” (AT THE END) “The traffic is bad”, he said (AT THE BEG.)
Reports
words The
what a speaker said without using the exact
word “that” can introduce indirect speech EX: She told him she liked his tie She told him that she liked his tie
DON´T
USE QUOTATION MARKS IN REPORTED
SPEECH EX: She said she had to work (CORRECT) She said “she had to work” (INCORRECT)
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Simple Present
Simple Past
Present Progressive
Past Progressive
Simple Past
Past Perfect
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Will
Would
Can
Could
May
Might
Must
Had to
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Now
Then
Today
That day
Tomorrow
The next day
Yesturday
The day before
This week / month / year
That week / month / year
Last week / month / year
The week / month / year before
Next week / month / year
The following week / month / year
Should,
could, might, and ought to
Past
Perfect
The
present and past unreal conditional
Past
modals
COMPLETE WITH REPORTED SPEECH 1)
Emily: "Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow." Emily said that ____________________________. 2) Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday." Helen told me that___________________________. 3) Robert: "My father flew to Dallas last year." Robert told me that___________________________. 4) Lisa: "Tim went to the stadium an hour ago." Lisa said that_________________________________. 5) Patricia: "My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend." Patricia said that_____________________________.
6) Michael: "I am going to read a book this week." Michael said to me that________________________. 7) Jason and Victoria: "We will do our best in the exams tomorrow." Jason and Victoria told me that _________________. 8) Andrew: "We didn't eat fish two days ago." Andrew remarked that_________________________. 9) Alice: "I spent all my pocket money on Monday." Alice complained that__________________________. 10) David: "John had already gone at six." David said that_______________________________.
With
this project it´s easier for me to understand better each topic. In general, now I can write and speak english in a better way without a lot of grammatical mistakes that I used to have. Now, for me it´s easier to explain someone else the tenses (past tenses, future tenses, present tenses). These topics always gave me problems and if someone ask me to explain them it would be so dificult to me, but now it´s another story.
MERRY CHRISTMAS!!