The Society of Light and Lighting
LIGHT LINES
VOLUME 15 ISSUE 3 MAY/JUNE 2022
SPECIAL ISSUE: ROLAN 2022 CONFERENCE World experts come together to discuss actions on responsible lighting
ROLAN 2022 Conference: Introduction 1
May/June 2022
SECRETARY Brendan Keely FSLL bkeely@cibse.org EDITOR Jill Entwistle jillentwistle@yahoo.com COMMUNICATIONS COMMITTEE: Eliot Horsman MSLL (chair) James Buck Iain Carlile FSLL Jill Entwistle Chris Fordham MSLL Rebecca Hodge Stewart Langdown FSLL Luke Locke-Wheaton Rory Marples MSLL Linda Salamoun MSLL All contributions are the responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the society. All contributions are personal, except where attributed to an organisation represented by the author.
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oday, there is an awareness of water, air and soil pollution and its impact on the entire biosphere, including humans, flora and fauna. However, artificial lighting as a pollutant has been neglected for a long time and it’s only recently that it has even been considered a potential pollutant. There are several reasons for this. First, the subject is new and multifaceted, and it has not been treated as such with a proper comprehensive approach. Secondly, it takes time to perform research to obtain reliable results, and interdisciplinary research in artificial lighting is still in the early stages of development. Thirdly, there is a lack of communication between the various stakeholders involved – for example, discussions between researchers and the lighting practitioners who design exterior illumination, or researchers and lighting industry partners to develop appropriate lighting products. Also, researchers tend to work in isolated silos, and speak their own language using specialised vocabularies and metrics which are not translated for those who design exterior illumination. Fourthly, there are often conflicting interests. The majority of the lighting industry wants to sell their lighting products; many architects and light artists, supported by many lighting professionals, want to ensure that their buildings and objects or artworks will be visible through the night, and be spectacular; safety groups and researchers concerned with street lighting want to support pedestrian safety at night; environmentalists and light pollution researchers want to protect flora and fauna; astronomers want to make sure they can still observe the night sky; responsible lighting advocates want to protect the nightscape here on Earth for future generations, and want safer, healthier lighting; lastly, clients want to make a profit on investments into various night-time activities. Finally, existing methods for environmental lighting assessments and monitoring do not always work, because they are complex, plus there are no easily available tools to use or they do not exist. Moreover current research knowledge often has
not been translated into soft and hard laws for a proper reduction in light pollution from outdoor illumination to minimise its impact. With the recent climate change emergency and environmental degradation, it is now urgent to apply different than traditional, people-centred development approaches. To protect the future of humanity and planet Earth, and in order to transform our world into a healthier environment, it is clear that a new paradigm shift is also needed for exterior illumination connected to responsible outdoor light at night. The immense challenge for the implementation of this goal will be skilful lighting design based on a solid foundation, so that the negative environmental, public health and wellbeing aspects of outdoor lighting are minimised. In view of the above, the idea of educating lighting professionals by starting a dialogue with artificial light at night (ALAN) experts and by translating scientific research and complex knowledge into easy-to-understand information came to my mind. The concept of the ROLAN 2022 conference, that would include a live panel discussion about the topic of responsible outdoor lighting which connects both research and practice, was born shortly afterwards. I would like to thank all of our international speakers for taking time from their busy schedule and for their immense contribution. I am also very thankful to Dr Ruth Kelly Waskett, president of the Society of Light and Lighting, and Brendan Keely, SLL secretary, who both immediately understood my vision and offered their ongoing support in co-organising this important event for the UK and international lighting community. Lastly, I would like to thank our Founding Partners: the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA), Institute of Lighting Professionals (ILP), International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD), and the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) for their support in beginning this important paradigm shift together. Asst Prof Dr Karolina M ZielinskaDabkowska, IALD, IES, CIE, MSLL, RIBA, is conference chair of ROLAN 2022. A trained architect, she is a practising lighting designer, researcher and educator. Since 2019, she has also been head of ILLUME, an interdisciplinary research group, part of the EcoTech research centre at Gdańsk Tech, Poland, created to minimise the impact of artificial light pollution. She is engaged in the technical committee work of international organisations such as the CIE, IES and IDA on guidelines for night-time illumination
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ROLAN 2022 Conference: Introduction 2
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Contents
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cover diverse topics, bringing the opportunity to hear about fields of study which are highly relevant to lighting but have historically not been shared within the lighting community. The rarity of this opportunity is all the more reason to harness it; we have to begin to speak to each other and find a common language and framework for action. The programme brings together more than 30 speakers from 12 countries, with insights from the worlds of lighting design, environmental science, biology, astronomy, medical science and law. There are four dedicated sessions: 1 2 3 4
Losing our dark nights Best lighting practice(s) to reduce light pollution Light pollution legal aspects The impact of light exposure at night on the environment and humans
The ROLAN 2022 conference offers an unparalleled opportunity to come together and hear the latest findings from researchers in this field, who represent a range of disciplines that do not often share a platform. There are also some great opportunities to network with individuals from across the lighting industry and the built environment, as well as ecologists and policy makers. I am proud of what we have planned and excited to be able to offer this opportunity, not just to members, but to anyone with an interest in this subject. I hope to see many of you there. Ruth Kelly Waskett, FSLL, is the current president of the SLL and senior associate in the lighting team at Hoare Lea. She is a regular contributor to SLL guidance and a visiting lecturer at UCL, with involvement in the MSc Light and Lighting, and the MEng Architectural and Engineering Design courses
ROLAN INTRODUCTION 1 Karolina M Zielinska- Dabkowska on the need for a paradigm shift in exterior lighting
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ROLAN INTRODUCTION 2 Ruth Kelly Waskett explains why the conference is an unparalleled opportunity for change
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DARK SKIES: WHY EVERYONE SHOULD CARE Will we be the first generation to break the never-ending cycle of increasing light pollution? asks Ruskin Hartley
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EVERYTHING MUST CHANGE Mark Major suggests 10 ways that lighting practitioners in the public realm can help ensure responsible lighting at night
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LED STREET LIGHTING: THE HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS The arguments for solid-state lighting are powerful, says Dr Mario E Motta, but there are compelling reasons for more care in its use
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LIGHT POLLUTION: A GLOBAL PROBLEM The natural night is at risk without tougher measures to curb exterior artificial lighting, argues Fabio Falchi
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SPOTLIGHT ON NATURE A bright future should not necessarily be brighter, contends Franz Hölker
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ROLAN CONFERENCE PROGRAMME
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CONFERENCE PARTNERS
COVER: From humans to fragile fauna, every aspect of life on Earth is affected by ill-considered or excessive artificial light: fireflies cannot 'see' each other, and therefore procreate, because of light pollution
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t is not an overstatement to say that artificial light at night is now one of the biggest threats to our ecology. We are already seeing a global decline in insect populations which will ultimately harm the pollination of plants, threatening biodiversity and food security. Though the use of pesticides and other atmospheric pollutants may be partly to blame, it is now recognised that artificial light at night can be a significant factor. There is also mounting evidence of the negative impacts of artificial light at night on many other species, including endangered bats, marine life, and indeed humans. Added to this catalogue is the fact that light pollution prevents us from seeing the night sky in its natural form, depriving us of an important primeval connection. The good news is that we can reverse the damage if we act now. Nature has a wonderful way of recovering itself once conditions allow, and we have seen many success stories of species numbers that were in decline increasing once more as a result of conservation efforts around the world. What’s more, the impacts of these interventions can be seen very quickly. As lighting professionals, we have the power to undo the damage, but we cannot do it alone. The lighting industry has already started to respond, but this is bigger than us, and it is a global problem. Tackling it requires collaboration between policy makers, scientists, urban planners and others, as well as international cooperation. When Dr Zielinska-Dabkowska approached the Society of Light and Lighting with her proposal for an international conference on the subject of Responsible Outdoor Lighting at Night, we knew that this was an important opportunity to act. This conference is a significant first step in creating a platform for speakers from a range of disciplines, so that we can both understand the scale of the problem and agree solutions. The presentations
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DARK SKIES
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n 3 February 1879 someone flipped a switch and Moseley Street, Newcastle, became the first public street in the world to be lit by an incandescent bulb. Since then, the world has never been the same. There is a reason the light bulb quickly became a universal symbol for innovation. Electric light at night has revolutionised the way we live, work and play. It has fundamentally transformed our relationship with the night. In addition to the many benefits, there have been tremendous costs, many of which we are only just beginning to understand. Over the past 140 years, each successive innovation in the lighting industry has reduced the costs and increased the efficiency of lighting products. What was once rare has become ubiquitous. A recent study by Alejandro Sanchez Miguel estimated that light pollution has increased by between 49 per cent and 270 per cent over the past 25 years, and in some regions as much as 400 per cent. Today 83 per cent of the people in the world, and 99 per cent in Europe and North America live under light polluted skies, many in a state of perpetual twilight. It is now darkness, not light, that is rare. And with light pollution growing globally at an estimated
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rate of two to six per cent per year, we may be the last generation to experience naturally dark skies near where we live and work. What have the unintended consequences of this transformation been? What are the projections for the next decade? And, most critically, will we be the first generation to uncouple the link between the use of light at night and its unintended consequences? Unlike even a generation ago, we now have the technology and understanding to do this. The question is, do we have the collective will? Since the 1950s, cities such as Los Angeles and London have reversed the most egregious forms of air pollution, and 'pea soup' smogs
are now a distant memory, demonstrating that it is possible to address pollution and have thriving cities. And despite our failure to reverse climate change, there is at least broad consensus that it is an environmental issue that we must tackle as a society.
WHAT IS LIGHT POLLUTION? But light pollution is different. If you ask the average person what it is, they will likely scratch their head. We often define it in terms of what it is not. In other words, light pollution is commonly defined as any light that does not serve a useful purpose – in other words, wasted light.
www.darksky.org/our-work/lighting/lighting-principles/
Will we be the first generation to break the never-ending cycle of increasing light pollution? asks Ruskin Hartley
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WHY EVERYONE SHOULD CARE
The Five Principles for Responsible Outdoor Lighting (IES/IDA 2020)
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DEE, Australian Government
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The ability to perceive different light wavelengths in humans and wildlife
But there is also another way of thinking about it. At the core, light pollution is any change in the light environment over natural background levels. Since we are concerned with light pollution at night, this means any photons present in the environment over those from natural sources, which include sunlight reflected off the moon, starlight, airglow, and other natural occurring sources such as spectacular aurarae. In general, these sources have an upper limit of around 0.2 lux – the levels measured under a full moon on a clear night. We also know that light is both a particle and a wave. When we consider light pollution, we must consider both properties. The wavelengths of visible light are from violet (380-450nm) to red (620750nm). Over the course of a day, the type of sunlight bathing the earth changes with a predictable rhythm. At dawn and dusk, long wavelengths predominate – it’s why sunsets are rich oranges and reds. And at noon, the sky overhead is blue as short wavelengths predominate. Every living thing on Earth has evolved with these natural cycles of day and night, light and dark, dawn and dusk dominated by red light, and daylight by cool blue light. And while every plant and animal responds differently, many mammals in particular are sensitive to shorter wavelength, blue light. For humans, our circadian rhythm is keyed into this cycle, with peak sensitivity occurring at 459-484nm in the blue part of the spectrum. Since around 2010, there has been a transformation in outdoor lighting technology with a shift to blue-rich white LED light sources. Not only are we flooding the earth with more light, but we are flooding it with unprecedented quantities of blue-rich light at
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night. On a lumen-to-lumen basis, one unit of light from a 4000K blue-rich source has at least twice the sky glow factor as that of an 1800K HPS source.
WHY DOES IT MATTER? This transformation of the night-time environment over large portions of the Earth is having profound effects across many areas. For the astronomy community, sky glow from distant cities is threatening their ability to use the network of ground-based telescopes. These observatories contribute immeasurably to science, and are also on the front-lines of planetary defence, detecting orbiting objects that may hit the Earth. Light pollution negatively affects most flora and fauna, and impacts entire ecosystems. Many indigenous and traditional communities around the world look to the stars for cultural connections, navigation and to pass on their culture and heritage. Researchers have found a significant connection between increased light pollution and indoor light at night, and mental and physical health problems, including sleep problems, diabetes, obesity and various types of cancer. Finally, wasted light is wasted energy. In the city of Tucson, Arizona, they saved $2.16m a year in energy by transitioning to a new street lighting system that also reduced skyglow.
management – we now have the tools to reverse the trends of the past 140-plus years. Fortunately, unlike many types of pollution, this one is readily solved and there are no lingering pollutants left once the source is dealt with. In 2020, IDA joined forces with the IES to codify a set of principles for responsible lighting. We believe that by following these principles, we can have lighting that is beautiful, healthy, safe and functional. We need to adopt these principles for outdoor lighting installations and combine them with regional lighting plans that establish reasonable, acceptable illumination budgets that meet people’s needs, while protecting remaining dark places. For too long, light has been an afterthought in the built environment. Most lighting installations are not designed by trained professionals. And where professionals are involved, they have often lacked an awareness and understanding of these principles. That is why this conference, and this publication, is so important. It is bringing together practitioners across multiple disciplines to develop a new common language for lighting that respects the needs of people, while also acknowledging the very real impact that light pollution has on the planet. I believe we will be the first generation to break the never-ending cycle of increasing light pollution, and demonstrate to the world that we can come together across disciplines to solve complex environmental problems. Then the light bulb can reclaim its place as a symbol of innovation.
HOW CAN WE SOLVE THIS? Fortunately, the solution is better light, not no light. The same technology that brought us the blue-rich light has the potential to transform the way we light the world so we can both serve our needs, while greatly reducing the impact on the planet. Because LEDs can be controlled – in terms of where the light is directed, dimming and spectral
Ruskin Hartley is CEO and executive director of the International Dark-Sky Association
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ROLAN 2022 Conference
Speirs Major scheme for Queen Elizabeth II Olympic Park: 'We need to find ways to use less light with confidence'
EVERYTHING MUST CHANGE Mark Major questions the role and responsibilities of lighting practitioners, especially in the public realm – how can they work more progressively?
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uring his short acceptance speech for an award last year, the celebrated US academic and writer Donald A Norman mused on the future of design: he suggested that given the many considerable challenges our society faces, 'everything must change'. As a guest at the event, this left an impression on me. Here was a veteran of the design world advocating the need for a total re-think.
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His suggestion chimed with the way that I have been thinking for some while; questioning my role and responsibilities as a lighting practitioner and asking how I can work more progressively in a world that is threatened by the existential crisis that is climate change. I too have been asking myself whether ‘everything must change’. While I have always subscribed to the view that 'if it ain’t broke don’t fix it', likewise I
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know that change can be positive. It’s not that I think that lighting design is ‘broken’, but if we are to move forward in a responsible manner there are certainly things that we need to ‘fix’. Ever since the industrialisation of artificial light, the developed world has enjoyed the seemingly unlimited availability of affordable electric light. I say the ‘developed world’ as there are still many communities that suffer from what we refer to as ‘light poverty’ – a lack of sufficient electric light to support social, financial and educational development after dark. In most places, however, lighting now delivers way beyond the actual amount of light that we need, particularly in the public realm. If municipally controlled street and amenity lighting is the base layer, this has now been joined by architectural lighting, landscape lighting, permanent and temporary event and entertainment lighting, the illumination of public art, and illuminated media and signage... the list goes on. Combined with light spilling from shopfronts and offices, all these lighting types coalesce in our urban, suburban and even extra-urban environments to create a visual cacophony. Light being additive means that the net result is not simply that we have more light than is required, but often so much that it damages the planet. This is not just through light pollution but also other impacts. Stray light spills through bedroom windows interrupting sleep patterns. Upward light obscures our view of the stars. Light trespasses into natural and man-made landscaped environments that should otherwise remain dark, disrupting the delicate and interconnected breeding, migration and feeding patterns of a wide range of flora and fauna. Such over-illumination wastes valuable energy, creates excess CO2, and depletes the world of valuable fossil fuels. Tonnes of nonrecyclable toxic electronic waste is the result of lighting equipment not designed to last. Yet despite this we all agree that our society needs electric light for our continued social and economic wellbeing. Certainly, turning the clock back to a time before electric lighting is impractical and impossible, unless we are forced to do so, either by a lack of resources or the onset of a dystopian, post-industrial future. So that is all a very long way of saying that if electric light is here to stay, we need to change things such that we use it as
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responsibly as possible. But how do we go about that? The following are 10 things that I think we can do to help as lighting practitioners:
1 BETTER THAN BEST What is often regarded as ‘best practice’ is frequently based on ideas, processes, guidance and standards that by their very nature are out of date in so far that their formulation, acceptance and adoption happened many years ago. We don’t simply need to find ways to properly re-evaluate best practice but find better ways to base it on the latest thinking and evidence.
2 USE LESS NOT MORE We all need to learn to live with less light. There is no quicker way to reduce energy use, light pollution and unwanted environmental impacts than to limit our reliance on cheap, instantly available, artificial light. Whether this comes down to better design, modifying standards or simply promoting lower levels of illuminance, we need to clearly communicate that ‘brightest is not best’ and ‘less is more’.
3 SUBTRACT RATHER THAN ADD Light is an additive medium. Darkness is the natural condition after the sun sets. We should not only be retaining darkness but also subtracting light, creating a world that does not try to extend the day but allows us to coexist with the night. While we were raised to fear the dark, we need to find ways to use less light with confidence.
4 PRACTISE AS WELL AS PREACH Becoming a more responsible lighting designer is difficult. Prevailing trends and attitudes, and the wish to create joy, excitement and entertainment can often work against environmentally led thinking. The lighting profession needs to reward good design in new and progressive ways. Responsible lighting should be feted even if it doesn’t produce great ‘eye candy’. How do we make low-impact schemes pleasing while still minimising light?
5 TECHNIQUE AS WELL AS TECHNOLOGY The lighting industry has long been driven by the reinvention of technology in the name of progress. Greater emphasis should be placed on lighting technique, where the visual
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and perceptual outcome become the focus. Creativity, interpretation and composition are the key to taking a more responsible approach to lighting design. Light sources and fittings are the tools for the delivery of those ideas.
6 EXERCISE SELF-CONTROL Better and more effective regulation and guidance that promotes a more holistic and well-balanced approach is needed. This should come from within the lighting design profession rather than from other parties who sometimes believe that lighting design is ‘easy’. Very few outdoor lighting schemes are actually designed by properly qualified and experienced lighting professionals. Commissioning clients and facilities managers need to better understand the value of good lighting.
7 WASTE NOT WANT NOT While output, efficiency and flexibility of lighting equipment are important, so are embodied energy and the ability to reuse, upgrade and recycle. Tonnes of unwanted, prematurely redundant lighting equipment are wasted each year. End users really need to appreciate value rather than just cost, and factor in the real environmental consequences of using cheap, badly designed, poor-quality equipment over properly optically designed, well-constructed, robust and locally sourced luminaires.
8 GOING IN CIRCLES Lighting systems are still developed with builtin obsolescence. We used to replace just the lamp. Now we often have no choice but to throw the whole fitting away. While things are improving, greater attention needs to be paid to circular design. Regulatory frameworks that control the waste of valuable materials need tightening. New ways of making and reusing luminaires and their supporting infrastructure need to be explored.
to rapidly embrace change to remain relevant.
10 REGENERATION NOT PROCRASTINATION There needs to be a greater sense of urgency. Climate change demands action now, not in the future. The time has come to act and take more progressive and environmentally responsible measures immediately rather than wait for consensus-driven change. We need to find a place for lighting as part of regenerative design. The title of this article was inspired by Don Norman’s suggestion that ‘everything must change’. While both impractical and unlikely it sometimes takes a bold call to action to help emphasise the importance and urgency of the need for a paradigm shift. Movements like Responsible Outdoor Lighting at Night (ROLAN) and Artificial Light at Night (ALAN), combined with organisations such as the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) and others are now beginning to get their voices heard. The 10 suggestions I have made as to how we can further improve things are one practitioner’s way of trying to take more responsibility for the outcome of his approach to lighting design. Whether adopting such measures will prove to be enough only time will tell. We know, however, that even small incremental moves by a large community of people can bring about meaningful results. Certainly, if we all work hard and fast together, I have faith that ‘everything will change’… and much for the better.
9 SPREAD THE WORD Education about the importance of responsible outdoor lighting at night needs to be accelerated. Clear and concise communication about the problems of light pollution and impacts on human health and biodiversity need to be better disseminated to the general public through campaigns supported by practising lighting designers and other experts. The lighting community needs
Mark Major is senior partner and co-founder of lighting design practice Speirs Major
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Nearly a third of the emission of most 4000K LED street fixtures is blue light: 'blue-rich lighting should be minimised and controlled'
LED STREET LIGHTING:
THE HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS The arguments for switching to solid-state luminaires are powerful, but there are also compelling reasons for more care in their design and specification, says Dr Mario E Motta
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ith the advent of LEDs, there are strong economic and climate-related arguments for a major overhaul of street lighting around the world. Their inherent energy efficiency, plus their dimmability, brightness, longevity and low maintenance, are all compelling reasons to proceed with the conversion from conventional to LED lighting.
SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS Not all LED light is optimal, however, when used as street lighting. For one thing, the spectral characteristics can be problematic. LED lighting is inherently narrow bandwidth, with 'white' achieved by adding phosphor coatings to a highenergy LED, such as blue. Depending on the manufacturer, some LED lighting fixtures produce excess blue emission, harmful to human health and the environment. In general, the higher the colourcorrelated temperature (CCT), the more blue emission is produced. This is the reason the American Medical Association (AMA) strongly recommended in 2016 that outdoor LED luminaires be 3000K or lower. Nowadays, with technological
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advances, an even lower CCT is achievable and desirable. The common spectrum of most 4000K LED lighting fixtures has 29 per cent of the emission as blue light (this varies by manufacturers), which the human eye perceives as a harsh white colour. Due to the point source nature of LED lighting, studies have shown that this intense blue leads to discomfort and disability glare. At 3000K there is around 21 per cent emission in the blue-appearing part of the spectrum which the human eye still perceives as 'white' but as slightly warmer in tone. This is still very blue for the night-time environment, but a significant improvement. By comparison, 2700K LED lighting emits around 15 per cent of blue-appearing wavelengths, and is slightly amber in colour, but not as harsh to the human eye. The energy efficiency of 3000K lighting is only three per cent less than 4000K due to the coatings used, but this very small efficiency loss is more than compensated for by light emission that is more pleasing and more environmentally friendly. In many localities in the US where 4000K-plus lighting has been installed, there have been
community complaints of glare from highintensity, blue-rich lighting. Many areas (Seattle, Washington; Davis, California, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, for instance) have replaced 4000K lighting with 3000K and lower CCT LED lighting.
GLARE Improperly designed luminaires can result in glare, and thus create a road hazard condition. In fact, although LED lighting is cost efficient, and inherently directional, paradoxically it can lead to worse glare than conventional lighting. This can be greatly mitigated by proper design, shielding and installation so that no light shines above 80 degrees from the horizontal. Effective shielding should also be used to prevent light trespass into homes alongside the road. The visual discomfort that can be created by these very intense point sources, especially for older drivers, is magnified by higher colour temperature LEDs because blue light scatters more in the human eye, leading to increased disability glare. This occurs when the introduction of stray light into the eye reduces the ability to resolve spatial detail. It is an objective impairment
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in visual performance. It produces a veiling luminance over the retina, which effectively reduces the contrast of stimulus images formed on the retina. The disabling effect of this may have serious implications for nighttime driving visibility.
DETRIMENTAL HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS Much has been learned over the past two decades of the potential adverse health effects of electric light exposure, particularly at night. The core concern is with the disruption of circadian rhythmicity through suppression of melatonin production by the pineal gland. Melatonin has been shown to be an important adjuvant to the human immune system, and thus when suppressed has detrimental human health effects. As discussed above, many white LED street lights have a spectrum that contains a strong spike in the blue wavelength, which is most effective at suppressing melatonin during the night. In the absence of electric lighting, humans begin the transition to night-time physiology at about dusk when melatonin begins to rise in the blood, body temperature begins to drop, sleepiness grows and hunger abates. These 4000K luminaires may well contribute to delay in the night-time transition, which could, at a minimum, reduce sleep quality. Of particular importance is the now voluminous data showing a higher risk of hormonally linked cancers with melatonin suppression, such as breast carcinoma (an increase risk of about 15 per cent) and also prostate carcinoma. One particularly large, landmark study from Harvard University: Outdoor Light at Night and Breast Cancer Incidence in the Nurses’ Health Study II, Environmental Health Perspectives, 2017, followed 110,000 nurses from 1989-2013. The researchers linked data from satellite images of Earth taken at night-time to residential addresses for each study participant. Women exposed to the highest levels of outdoor light at night – those in the top fifth – had an estimated 14 per cent increased risk of breast cancer during the study period, as compared with women in the bottom fifth of exposure, the researchers found. As levels of outdoor light at night increased,
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so did the rates of breast cancer. There are now more than 20 large, peer-reviewed papers in world literature, in addition to a host of smaller studies, all showing consistent and similar results. Artificial lighting at night (ALAN) has also been associated with sleep disturbances, depression, psychiatric disorders, obesity and an increased incidence of diabetes. A study published in the journal Cancer in 2013 by Richard Stevens, myself, and et al, Breast Cancer and Circadian Disruption From Electric Lighting in the Modern World, also documents the risk of breast carcinoma with increasing night-time light exposure.
emission of blue light possible should be used, for glare, public safety, environmental, light pollution and human health reasons. The AMA encourages the use of 3000K or lower lighting for outdoor installations such as roadways. All LED lighting should be properly shielded to minimise glare, and detrimental human and environmental effects. Consideration should be given to using the inherent ability of LED lighting to be dimmed at off-peak times.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS The detrimental effects of poor lighting are not limited to humans. Some 60 per cent of animals are nocturnal and potentially affected adversely by exposure to nighttime electrical lighting. Many birds are known to navigate by the sky at night, and get confused by excessive lighting, leading to large numbers of bird kills. Many insects need a dark environment to procreate, the most obvious example being fireflies, that cannot 'see' each other because of light pollution. Many other beneficial insects are drawn to the blue-rich lighting, and circle under them until they become exhausted and die. Unshielded lighting on beach areas has led to a massive drop in turtle populations as the hatchlings are disoriented by electrical light and sky glow, preventing them from reaching the water safely. Even bridge lighting that is 'too blue' has been shown to inhibit upstream migration of certain fish species such as salmon returning to spawn. The growth of light pollution along the borders of the national parks in the USA spills light into the parks, leading to detrimental effects on their bioenvironment. Recognising the adverse impact on nocturnal species, parks now require minimal and shielded lighting whenever installed.
CONCLUSIONS Conversion to LED lighting, if properly done, is a good thing because of its inherently more efficient use of energy. However, blue-rich lighting should be minimised and controlled. The lowest
Dr Mario E Motta, MD, FACC, is a trustee of the American Medical Association and past president of the Massachusetts Medical Society. He is also well known as an astronomer. Working with the American Association of Variable Star Observers, Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and MIT, he has numerous observations and publications Further Reading • 2012 paper describing human health and environmental effects of poor lighting: www. mariomottamd.com/wpcontent/uploads/AMAHealth-Effects-Light-atNight.pdf • CSPH report advising municipalities to limit all LED lighting to below 3000K 2016: www.mariomottamd. com/wp-content/uploads/ CSAPH_Report_02-A-16.pdf • Article published in Cancer magazine on breast cancer risk from melatonin suppression 2013: www. mariomottamd.com/ wp-content/uploads/ cancer2013.pdf
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LIGHT POLLUTION: A GLOBAL PROBLEM The natural night is at risk without tougher measures to curb exterior artificial lighting, argues Fabio Falchi
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ight pollution is a real threat to the environment. Unfortunately, it is not an issue related solely to astronomers or people who want to preserve the majestic beauty of the natural night landscape and the starry sky. In fact, artificial light at night (ALAN) is a pollutant with negative consequences in a great variety of fields. It influences animal behaviours (foraging, hunting, mating, migrating) and physiology (alteration of circadian rhythms, for example). It contributes to the fragmentation of ecosystems (with light barriers even where apparently there are no other physical barriers) and to biodiversity loss (the decline of insects and pollinators, for example). In addition, there are issues related to energy consumption and climate-altering gases when producing electric energy for lighting. The carbon footprint of nighttime outdoor artificial light is of the order of 200bn kg of CO2 globally every year1,
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equivalent to more than 0.5 per cent of global emissions2 . This is the figure arising just from the production of electric energy to make lights work, leaving out of the computation all the CO2 emissions due to the production, installation, maintenance, and recycling or disposal of all the infrastructures connected to every lighting fixture (excavation, cable laying, stainless or concrete poles and so on). ALAN may surpass the usual natural
lighting levels in uncontaminated places by hundreds of thousands of times. In fact, in pristine conditions the illuminance given by a starry sky is about 0.0005 lux (much less if the sky is cloudy). The illuminance given by the brightest natural light source at night, the Moon when full, is about 0.25 lux. By contrast, the illuminance of artificially lighted roads, gardens, city parks and monuments is in the range of five to 200 lux or even more. While life has been subject to several chemical and physical stressors even before humans, the threat of artificial light is completely new on Earth. These other stressors and pollutants (CO, NO2, O3, SO2, PM10, PM 2.5, PM1) have been steeply dropping over the years due to the environmental legislation enforced in the developed world (SO2 has fallen 80 per cent in the US since 19903, for example). But light pollution and ALAN have increased by in the range of 49 per cent to 270 per cent in the 25 years from 1992 to 20174. This is due to a rise in installed power, an increase of the average efficiency of light sources and to the variation of the spectral composition of the light, with a substantial increase in the blue light in white LEDs compared to high pressure sodium lamps. The New World Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness5 (Fig 1) shows that more than 80 per cent of the world population (more than 99 per cent of the US and European citizens) live under light-polluted skies. More than one-third of humanity cannot see the Milky Way. In some parts of the world actions have been taken to try to solve the problem. To take Italy as an example, in the years 1997 to 2000 six of the country's regions adopted laws against light pollution. The best measures were those of Lazio and Lombardia. The Lombardia regulations were driven by 25,000 signatures collected
Fig 1: the artificial night sky brightness at zenith. The colours indicate the fraction of it compared to the natural uncontaminated sky
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ROLAN 2022 Conference
by citizens. That petition convinced the politicians of their importance. For the first time a law against light pollution imposed full shielding for both public and private outdoor lights in all its territory (not just in some ‘protected areas’). And this happened in one of the most developed and industrialised regions of the world, with around 10m inhabitants and 22 per cent of Italy's GDP (comparable to the GDP of Norway or Israel). If it works there, it must work everywhere. In fact, Lombardia’s law was the forerunner of most other Italian regional laws6 approved since, as well as the Slovenia one, the Starlight Initiative prescription rules, the Chilean norma luminica and others. Its adoption shaped the market and helped stop the increase in night sky brightness because all new installations were fully shielded and consequently less polluting, and a huge number of old, highly polluting installations were replaced. Besides the shielding, the law also limits maximum lighting levels (based on the minimum levels indicated by standards such as EN 13201). Historic buildings can be uplit (but not other buildings), though with a curfew (at midnight). There are restrictions on luminance or illuminance (for example, 15 lux), and also limits on luminance, and a curfew, for illuminated advertising signs. Since the approval of the law, the night sky seems not to be worsening, despite a doubling in the ALAN produced, but light pollution has not decreased as most other pollutants are doing. This demonstrates that this ‘single installation’ approach is not sufficient to decrease light pollution in the long term. What we need, in addition to the strong prescriptions on single installations, is a red-line approach7 based on indicators8 such as average sky radiance and irradiance from the sky. From all this, it follows that, to control light pollution in the long term, two complementary strategies are both needed9: •
•
Control at the level of a single light source or single light installations (as in the above-mentioned existing Italian regional laws) Control over the territory by allocating an admissible quota of ALAN, driven by the fulfilment of red-line targets of light pollution
Twitter: @sll100
Adapted from Fabio Falchi, The New World Atlas of Light Pollution, ISBN 9781534642560, 2016
May/June 2022
Fig 2: preliminary projected situation for 2040 assuming a conservative 2 per cent yearly increase and adding a 10 per cent baseline contribution due to satellites and space debris in low Earth orbits
indicators (the allocable emission of light must depend on the environmental target indicators, imposing a strong reduction over a certain time) The ways to make these controls effective will depend on the general strategies that are used at country level (top-down laws imposing rules with fines for those who will not comply: incentives to shut-off, reduce, remove, change installations toward less impacting ones; photon-tax: who pollutes pays, and so on). In the absence of the control and reduction of the total amount of ALAN produced, all the efforts in trying to abate light pollution and its negative consequences will be in vain. A simulation (Fig 2) for the year 2040 of the artificial night sky brightness at zenith in Europe gives the idea of the loss of the natural night environment that we’ll face if today’s inaction continues.
Fabio Falchi is a professor of physics at Istituto Superiore Enrico Fermi in Mantua, Italy, now on leave to complete a PhD at the Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia. He was a co-author of the First Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness and led the development of the World Atlas of Artificial Sky Brightness
References 1 www.iau.org/static/science/ scientific_bodies/working_ groups/286/dark-quiet-skies-2working-groups-reports.pdf 2 https://ourworldindata.org/co2emissions 3 https://gispub.epa.gov/air/ trendsreport/2021/#introduction 4 Sánchez de Miguel, et al, First Estimation of Global Trends in Nocturnal Power Emissions Reveals Acceleration of Light Pollution. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 311 https://doi.org/10.3390/ rs13163311 5 Falchi, Fabio; Cinzano, Pierantonio; Duriscoe, Dan; Kyba, Christopher CM; Elvidge, Christopher D; Baugh, Kimberly; Portnov, Boris A; Rybnikova, Nataliya A; Furgoni, Riccardo. The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness. Science Advances, June 10, 2016; 2 (6): e1600377 6 https://cielobuio.org/ articolo-874/ 7 Falchi F and Bará S, A linear systems approach to protect the night sky: implications for current and future regulations, Royal Society Open Science, 7201501 (2020) http://doi.org/10.1098/ rsos.201501 8 Falchi, F, Bará, S, 2021. Computing light pollution indicators for environmental assessment. Natural Sciences, e10019. DOI: 10.1002/ntls.10019 9 Bará S, Falchi F, Lima RC, Pawley M, 2021. Keeping light pollution at bay: a red-lines, target values, topdown approach, Environmental Challenges vol.5 100212. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.10021
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May/June 2022
SPOTLIGHT ON NATURE
A bright future should not be brighter if we are to avoid challenging life on Earth, contends Franz Hölker
A
s light has positive connotations associated with safety and security, wealth and modernity, as well as with aesthetics, humans tend to illuminate their environment. But artificial light also has its dark side: many organisms, and even entire ecosystems, are adversely affected by artificial light at night (ALAN) because people often use artificial light uncritically and without regard for the diverse environmental effects. As a result, the rapid increase in artificial light has fundamentally changed our nightscapes in recent decades1,2,3, which poses an unprecedented challenge to life on Earth. ALAN has been introduced at places, times, spectra and intensities that do not occur naturally and many organisms have had little chance to adapt to this new situation3. Increasing evidence shows that the interference of ALAN with natural cycles of light and darkness is now a serious threat to all levels of biodiversity – from genes to ecosystems – and can be considered as a driver behind the erosion of ecosystem functions such as nocturnal pollination, seed dispersal, or decomposition of dead organic material4,5. A substantial proportion of global biodiversity is nocturnal, for example,
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30 per cent of all vertebrates and 50 per cent of all insects5. This article therefore addresses a selection of ALAN-induced impacts on vertebrates and insects, and suggests ways in which transdisciplinary solutions can be found.
SUPPRESSION OF MELATONIN PRODUCTION IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS Most organisms, including humans, have evolved molecular circadian clocks controlled by natural day-night cycles. These clocks play key roles in metabolism, growth and behaviour. Organs, tissues and cells set their internal clock depending on the concentration of the so-called 'dark hormone' melatonin. In this way melatonin is involved as a daily and annual time-keeping hormone in the temporal organisation of physiological and behavioural functions, specifically in relation to daily and seasonal environmental changes6. Through photoreceptors that are, for example, located in the retina of the eye, such as melanopsin, vertebrates and humans perceive differences in the brightness of their environment. Compared to daytime, significantly more melatonin is normally secreted in natural darkness. However, when
ALAN is strong enough to stimulate the photoreceptors, the secretion of melatonin is suppressed and the differences between daytime and night-time concentrations become more blurred. In a systematic review, in which we identified studies on melatonin under typical light-polluted conditions in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans, it has been shown that even very low light intensities can suppress the secretion of melatonin. In fish, for example, the threshold is 0.01 lux, in rodents 0.03 lux, and in sensitive humans 6 lux (for monochromatic blue light even lower, see Fig 1, Grubisic et al 2019). But what kind of nocturnal light can produce equivalent light emissions at night? Here, a distinction must be made between (1) natural light created by stars (approximately 0.001 lux) and the moon (< 0.3 lux), (2) direct artificial light produced by outdoor lighting such as street, architectural or advertising lighting (up to 150 lux) and (3) skyglow (Fig 1). Skyglow is a form of light pollution caused by ALAN being scattered in the atmosphere and reflected back to the Earth's surface. It causes a diffuse glow over illuminated areas such as cities and extends over large areas. The skyglow of a city can produce illuminance levels of around 1 lux. Because the melatonin pathway has its highest sensitivity in the blue spectral range, exposure to blue light has a higher potential to suppress melatonin. The increasing use of energy-efficient lighting technologies such as LEDs that contain high levels of short-wave light therefore poses a significant ecological problem for wildlife and a health concern for humans6.
LIGHT POLLUTION AND INSECT DECLINE Climate change, pesticides and land use changes alone cannot fully explain the current decline in insect populations worldwide. There is growing evidence that ALAN also contributes to this development7,8. One of the most striking ecological effects is the strong attraction of ALAN to flying insects, known as positive phototaxis. The attraction of many artificial light sources to nocturnal flying insects is sufficiently strong (especially in the UV and blue spectral range) that the light acts like
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a vacuum cleaner drawing the insects away from their natural habitats. But the effect not only disrupts the insects' behaviour directly. Because insects play a vital part in many terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, there are many pathways through which ALAN can also indirectly affect them7. In illuminated habitats, these include altered plant growth and phenology, effects on feeding pressure by predators, altered host-parasite interactions, and disrupted plant-pollinator interactions. As insect communities provide important ecosystem services (for example, natural pest control, pollination, maintenance of soil structure and fertility, and nutrient cycling), the increased environmental pressure on insects through ALAN can impact biodiversity and ultimately human wellbeing7.
SPECTRAL RESPONSIVITIES IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS The light conditions in water are not the same as on land. The body of water acts like an optical filter and changes the light spectrum and intensity when there is organic material in the water, and it thus becomes more turbid. Short-wave, blue light in particular is then attenuated with increasing distance from the light source. For many aquatic organisms in turbid coastal and freshwater systems, sensitivity therefore depends on the optical water properties in which they have typically evolved – in other words, they are often not preferentially responsive to short-wave light, but rather to long-wave light6,9.
Adapted from Grubisic et al (2019) Sustainability 11:6400
May/June 2022
*indicates minimum level of monochromatic blue light that suppressed melatonin in controlled laboratory conditions
Fig 1: minimum levels reported in the literature to suppress melatonin in different vertebrate groups relative to light levels by natural and artificial light sources
concerns, but this potential still remains largely untapped10. In addition, lighting practitioners and ALAN researchers typically attempt to develop sustainable lighting solutions in their respective fields without dialogue between research and practice. Furthermore, there is a large gap in translating research findings into applicable solutions for lighting practice. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a lighting research transdisciplinary framework to address how lighting can be improved to have fewer negative impacts10. This approach requires the involvement of multiple disciplines, including ecology, physiology, chronobiology, sociology, economics, architecture, remote sensing, astronomy, lighting design and lighting engineering. This will enable us to develop improved technologies and management strategies, and to better adapt policies4.
Reducing light pollution could actually be straightforward. Although there is already evidence of readily available and costeffective light pollution reduction strategies that work (better light orientation, proper shielding, intensity and spectral tuning adapted to the intended use), there is still uncertainty about which approaches are best suited to reduce the ecological impacts of ALAN in which socio-ecological context. Current technological advances in outdoor lighting, particularly LEDs, in principle enable the development of light pollution reduction strategies that balance conflicting societal needs and environmental
Twitter: @sll100
Manu Theobald
THE NEED FOR TRANSDISCIPLINARY SOLUTIONS
Dr Franz Hölker is head of the research group Light Pollution and Ecophysiology at the Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) in Berlin, and associate professor (Priv-Doz) for Zoology at Freie Universität Berlin
References 1 Longcore, T, and Rich, C (2004). Ecological light pollution. Front Ecol Env 2:191–198. 2 Hölker, F et al. (2010). The dark side of light: a transdisciplinary research agenda for light pollution policy. Ecol Soc 15(4):13. 3 Gaston, KJ et al (2015). The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge. Philos Trans R. Soc B 370:20140133. 4 Hölker F et al (2021) 11 pressing research questions on how light pollution affects biodiversity. Front Ecol Evol 9:767177. 5 Hölker, F et al (2010). Light pollution as a biodiversity threat. Trends Ecol Evol 25:681–682. 6 Grubisic, M et al (2019). Light pollution, circadian photoreception, and melatonin in vertebrates. Sustainability 11:6400. 7 Grubisic, M et al (2018). Insect declines and agroecosystems: does light pollution matter? Ann Appl Biol 173, 180–189. 8 Owens, AC et al (2020). Light pollution is a driver of insect declines. Biol Cons, 241, 108259. 9 Kühne, JL et al (2021). Impact of different wavelengths of artificial light at night on phototaxis in aquatic insects. Int Comp Biol, 61:1182-1190. 10 Pérez Vega, C et al (2021). Urban lighting research transdisciplinary framework – a collaborative process with lighting professionals. Int J Env Res Publ Health, 18:624.
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ROLAN 2022 Conference: Programme
May/June 2022
ROLAN 2022 RESPONSIBLE OUTDOOR LIGHTING AT NIGHT INAUGURAL INTERNATIONAL ONLINE CONFERENCE
12-13 MAY 2022 All times are listed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) = GMT+1 https://www.worldtimebuddy.com/
12 May 2022, PART 1
8:00-8:10 UTC
8:10-9:00 UTC
Welcome address Dr Karolina Zielinska-Dabkowska/PL Conference chair Head of ILLUME/assistant professor, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology Dr Ruth Kelly Waskett/UK President of the SLL and senior associate at Hoare Lea Opening address Ruskin Hartley/US CEO and Executive director, International Dark-Sky Association
11:00-12:00 UTC
12:00-12:20 UTC
9:00-9:05 UTC
9:05-9:25 UTC 9:25-9:40 UTC
9:40-10:00 UTC
10:00-10:20 UTC
Losing our dark nights
12:20-12:40 UTC
Setting limits to light pollution: a change (in strategy) is going to come
Dan Oakley/UK Lead ranger and dark skies lead, South Downs National Park Authority The importance of dark skies: perspective from the South Downs IDSR
Dr Andreas Jechow/DE Scientific researcher, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB)
10:40-11:00 UTC
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13:00-13:20 UTC
Dr John Barentine/US Dark Sky Consulting, LLC The Consortium for Dark Sky Studies at the University of Utah Past IDA international director of public policy
Dr Richard Green/US Research professor and assistant director for government relations,Steward Observatory/University of Arizona Past president of the Commission for Site Protection of the International Astronomical Union
13:20-13:45 UTC
PANEL DISCUSSION
13:45-14:00 UTC
Coffee break (sponsors meet conference participants) 12 May 2022, PART 2
SESSION 2:
Best lighting practice(s) to reduce light pollution
14:00-14:05 UTC
Introduction Dr Karolina Zielinska-Dabkowska/PL Head of ILLUME/assistant professor, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology
Why should we manage outdoor light at night as a pollutant?
Progression of the blue light pandemic from space
Above and below: lessons from light pollution observations from the ground and stratosphere
Dimming our view of the universe: the threat to astronomy and paths to mitigation
Prof Dr Salvador Bará/SP Professor emeritus, University of Santiago de Compostela Dr Alejandro Sanchez de Miguel/SP Scientific researcher, Complutense University of Madrid
Ken Walczak/US Senior manager, Adlers Planetarium
Municipal lighting design for dark skies: what works, and how do we know?
Coffee break (sponsors meet conference participants)
Skyglow: origin, extent and potential impacts 10:20-10:40 UTC
12:40-13:00 UTC
Introduction Dr Karolina Zielinska-Dabkowska/PL Head of ILLUME/assistant professor, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology Dr Raul Cerveira Lima/PT Scientific researcher, Polytechnic Institute of Porto
Fabio Falchi/IT Scientific researcher, Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute President of CieloBuio Light pollution: a global problem
How light pollution hurts the planet, and why better lighting can help save it SESSION 1:
Lunch break (sponsors meet conference participants)
14:05-14:25 UTC
Allan Howard/UK Technical director lighting, WSP Past president of the Institution of Lighting Professionals What are the obtrusive lighting issues with media displays and how can we effectively manage them?
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ROLAN 2022 Conference: Programme
May/June 2022
14:25-14:45 UTC
14:45-15:05 UTC 15:05-15:20 UTC 15:20-15:40 UTC 15:40-16:00 UTC
16:00-16:20 UTC
16:20-16:40 UTC 16:40-17:15 UTC
Annukka Larsen/FI Head of WSP Lighting Finland Tools for the city to guide the design of public and private area lighting
Inessa Demidova/UK Senior lighting designer, Arup Intriguing questions from a lighting designer to an ecologist Coffee break (sponsors meet conference participants)
10:15-10:35 UTC
Nancy Clanton/US Founder and principal, Clanton and Associates Designing beautiful healthy lighting… for all
James (Jim) Benya/US and Deborah Burnett /US Founders and principals, Benya Burnett Consultancy Stop pitching value via 'lighting speak' and start selling benefits anyone can understand
Dr Linnaea Tillett/US Founder and principal, Tillett Lighting Design Associates
PANEL DISCUSSION
11:00-12:00 UTC
Lunch break (sponsors meet conference participants)
13 May 2022, PART 2 SECTION 4:
The impact of light exposure at night on the environment and humans
12:00-12:05 UTC
Introduction Dr Karolina Zielinska-Dabkowska/PL Head of ILLUME/assistant professor, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology
12:05-12:25 UTC
12:25-12:45 UTC
8:00-8:10 UTC
8:10-8:30 UTC
Light pollution legal aspects
Introduction Dr Karolina Zielinska-Dabkowska /PL Head of ILLUME/assistant professor, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology Yana Yakushina/BE Director of legal research and special projects at The Space Court Foundation PhD candidate, Ghent University Significant evidence of legal recognition of light pollution. An overview of existing legal and policy frameworks
8:30-8:50 UTC
8:50-9:10 UTC
9:10-9:30 UTC 9:30-9:55 UTC 9:55-10:15 UTC
12:45-13:05 UTC
Benedikt Huggins/DE Scientific researcher, University of Heidelberg The good, the bad and the ugly: searching for adequate legislative techniques to regulate ALAN in Germany
Dr Sibylle Schroer/DE Scientific coordinator for sustainability research, LeibnizInstitute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Towards insect-friendly road lighting
13:05-13:25 UTC
Andrew Bissell/UK Director, Cundall President elect of the Society of Light and Lighting Designing for eco tourism, designing for everybody
13:25-13:40 UTC
13:40-14:00 UTC
Dr Martin Morgan-Taylor/UK Associate professor, Leicester De Montfort Law School Justifications for and recent attempts at light pollution legislation in the UK
Dr Franz Hölker/DE Research group leader, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Associate professor, FU Berlin Catherine Perez Vega/DE PhD candidate, FU Berlin Towards collaborative interfaces between ecology and lighting design
13 May 2022, PART 1 SESSION 3:
Dr Kellie Pendoley/AU Director and principal scientist, Pendoley Environmental board member, Australasian Dark Sky Alliance Monitoring and managing the impacts of ALAN on wildlife
Seahorses and kestrels, quiet walks and basketball: Pier 26, a case study PANEL DISCUSSION
The public-law aspects of sustainable outdoor lighting policy in Poland
10:35-11:00 UTC
Mark Major/UK Senior partner, Speirs Major Everything must change
Dr Katarzyna Szlachetko/PL Assistant professor, University of Gdańsk Attourney-at-law, SZLACHETKO prawnicy and urbaniści
14:00-14:20 UTC
14:20-14:40 UTC
Coffee break (sponsors meet conference participants)
Dr George C Brainard/US Professor of neurology, director of the Light Research Program, Thomas Jefferson University Exploring the power of light and darkness: from the International Space Station to cancer risk
Dr Mario E Motta, MD/US Board of Trustees, American Medical Association (AMA) Human health effects of ALAN
Dr Travis Longcore/US Associate adjunct professor, University of California, Los Angeles Lighting better for nature
Andrej Mohar/SL Founder, Dark-Sky Slovenia
14:40-15:05 UTC
PANEL DISCUSSION
Slovenian decree on limiting values of light pollution: results after 15 years
15:05-15:25 UTC
INTRODUCING FOUNDING PARTNERS AND SUMMING UP
Coffee break (sponsors meet conference participants)
15:25 -15:30 UTC
FAREWELL SPEECH AND ANNOUNCEMENTS
Dr Nicolas Houel/FR Founder and principal, l'Observatoire de la nuit Regulations for the reduction of light pollution in France: the framed evolution of urban and rural night-time environments
Twitter: @sll100
The programme is correct at time of going to press but might be subject to change. For the latest information, please go to: https://go.cibse.org/ROLAN22
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ROLAN 2022
CONFERENCE PARTNERS FOUNDING PARTNERS
International Association of Lighting designers (IALD)
International Dark-Sky Association (IDA)
Illuminating Engineering Society (IES)
ILLUME/Gdańsk University of Technology, (Gdańsk Tech)
Institute of Lighting Professionals (ILP)
Society of Light and Lighting (SLL)
SUPPORTING PARTNERS
Skills Army
Women in Lighting
The ROLAN 2022 organising committee is delighted to acknowledge Thorn Lighting as the conference Diamond Sponsor
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