Main Ideas • Coal and steam replaced wind and water as new sources of energy and power. • Cities grew as people moved from the country to work in factories.
Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution… • was a long, slow, uneven process in which production shifted from simple hand tools made and used by an individual to complex machines run by many people. • The rural way of life began to disappear. • Travelers moved rapidly between countries and continent • Country villages grew into towns and cities. • People bought goods in stores and lived in
Industrial Revolution • What was the Industrial Revolution? •Innovations in agriculture and industry lead to changes in economies of Europe and the United States. • Emergence of urban industrial economies. • Power-driven machinery replaced work done in the homes.
Before the Industrial Revolution • Before the Industrial Revolution = people lived on farms, hand crafted goods were made at home, power supplied by humans and animals – AGRICULTURAL LIFESTYLE
• First, agricultural practices changed. • Second, with more food, the population grew. • Third, Britain had a ready supply of money. • Fourth, natural resources were plentiful in Britain.
Why Was Britain the Starting Point for the Industrial Revolution?
•Britain had plenty of skilled mechanics who were eager to meet the growing demand for new, practical inventions.
Manchester, England
•Britain had large supplies of coal and iron, as well as a large labor supply.
Great Britain Slater’s Mill - 1793 Industrial Leader
• Laws were passed restricting people from taking inventions and machinery to other countries. • Samuel Slater smuggled idea of “spinning wheel” to the United States from Great Britain. He is considered to be the “father of American Manufacturing
Industrial Revolution Early Changes Spawned a Revolution… •Private lands were fenced off to prevent cattle from grazing on public and private lands. “enclosure movement.” •By tradition some lands and privileges were share by all.
The Enclosure Movement • The enclosure movement forced many peasants to move to town to work in new factories. ď Ź New methods of crop-rotation were developed and different mixes of soils were experimented with.
“Enclosed” Lands Today
The Industrial Revolution was made possible by:
•an agricultural revolution •a population explosion •the development of new technology.
The Agricultural Revolution Meanwhile, rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure movement, the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers. As millions of acres were enclosed, farm output rose.
Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill
Enabled farmers to plant seeds in orderly rows instead of scattering.
• The Population ExplosionThe agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth of population that continues today. The population boom of the 1700s was due more to declining death rates than to rising birthrates. • The agricultural revolution reduced the risk of famine. • Because they ate better, women were healthier and had stronger babies. • In the 1800s, better hygiene and sanitation, along with improved medical care, further limited deaths from disease.
New Technology •The quest for knowledge and learning led to the Scientific Revolution during the Renaissance. These new inventions are a result of society being willing to accept new ways of thinking.
Especially if it was profitable! •New sources of energy, along with new materials, enabled business owners to change the way work was done.
New Technology • AN ENERGY REVOLUTION During the 18th and 19th centuries, people began to harness new sources of energy. • Water = Steam Coal = run the factories and heat iron into steel. A material needed for construction of machines, steam engines and eventually skyscrapers • Electrical Power = Batteries & Lights • Fossil Fuels = Gasoline & Natural Gas
Changes in Cotton Production • In 1700’s, Great Britain had surged ahead in the production of cotton goods. • The two step process of spinning and weaving had been done by individuals in their homes, a production method called cottage industry.
Changes in Cotton Production • A series of inventions made both spinning and weaving faster. • First, the invention of the “Flying shuttle” made weaving faster.
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
Changes in Cotton Production • James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, which made the spinning process much faster.
James Hargreaves’ “spinning jenny” 1764
Enabled one person to spin 6 to 7 threads at a time.
Changes in Cotton Production • The cotton industry became more productive after James Watt improved the steam engine so it could drive machinery. • Steam power was used to spin and weave cotton.
James Watt’s Steam Engine
Coal and Iron Industries • The steam engine drove Britain’s Industrial Revolution, and it ran on coal. • Coal transformed the iron industry. • Using the process developed by Henry Cort called puddling, industry produced a better quality of iron
Richard Arkwright’s Water Frame 1768
Spinning machine that ran continuously on water power
Flying Spinning Frame •Introduced by Richard Arkwright in 1769, the flyer spinning frame (also called the throstle or rolldrawing machine) reflects the move toward automation that characterized the Industrial Revolution. The machine is powered by the drive wheel at the bottom, drawing out the fiber into thread, then twisting it as it is wound onto the bobbins.
Changes in Cotton Production 400 350 300 250 200
raw cotton
150 100 50 0
1760
1787
1840
George Stephenson’s Steam Locomotive The English inventors George and Robert Stephenson, the famous father and son who pioneered the steam railway. George built one or the first steam locomotives.
Railroads • Since they were efficient way to move resources and goods, railroads were crucial to the Industrial Revolution. • The rocket was used on the first public railway line. • The rocket pulled a 40-ton train at 16 miles per hour.
Railroads • Within 20 years trains were going 50 miles per hour. • Building railroads was a new job for farm laborers and peasants. • The less expensive transportation lowered the price of goods and made for larger markets.
Railroads
Railroads
Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom 1787 A loom that ran on horse, water, or steam power. Created a market for cotton.
Eli Whitney Cotton Gin, 1793
•Cotton is one of the most important and versatile fibers used in industry today, but until the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, mass production of the crop was too difficult and time consuming to be profitable.
Eli Whitney Cotton Gin, 1793 •The cotton gin enabled one person to do the work previously done by 50 handpickers. The design remains virtually unchanged to the present day.
Robert Fulton •A talented artist and developer of naval warfare tools, Robert Fulton is best known for designing the first commercially successful steamboat, the Clermont.
Robert Fulton
•Launched in 1807, the Clermont became an immediate success when it made the trip from New York City to Albany in one-third the time required to sail that distance. •Important also to the transportation of goods and people.
• Britain became the world’s greatest industrial nation. • The Industrial Revolution hit the United States. • From 1800 to 1860 the population grew from 5 to 30 million people, and a number of large cities developed.
• The railroad turned the United States into a massive market. • Labor came from the farm population. Many factories used women and the entire family to work in these factories.
Social Impact in Europe •
The Industrial Revolution spurred the growth of cities and created two new social classes. 1. The Industrial middle class 2. The Industrial working class
Social Impact in Europe • 1750 population of Europe = 140 million • 1850 population of Europe = 266 million • The chief reason was a decline in death from diseases. • Many inhabitants of these rapidly growing cities lived in miserable conditions.
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
The Emergence of Factories •Increased need for power existed to increase efficiency and production. •Workers and machines moved into factories needed to be under one roof. •Increased productivity required larger work facilities.
The Emergence of Factories • By 1913 assembly line at the Ford plant; product totally assembled piece by piece!
Working the “line” year after year… Ford Engine Assembling early 1910
1890 Edison Factory – “Talking Dolls”
Ford Plant 1957
Working the “line” year after year… • What conclusions do you discover from your assembly line or domestic system experience? • Speed vs. Quality • Task Skill vs. Whole Process -Worker Knows One Skill • Domestic vs. Factory Costs -Domestic Costs More
Quality and Quantity
•As the illustration shows, one person performing all five steps in the manufacture of a product can make one unit in a day. •Five workers, each specializing in one of the five steps, can make 10 units in the same amount of time.
The Factory System The heart of the new industrial city was the factory. There, the technology of the machine age imposed a harsh new way of life on workers. Workers hated the clock.
WHY?
The Factory System •Working hours were long, sometimes 12 to 16 hours a day. •Workers suffered injuries from unsafe machines.
•Workers were exposed to other dangers, such as breathing coal dust in the mines or lint in the textile factories. •If a worker was sick or injured, they would lose their job.
ry
•Factory jobs took women out of their homes for 12 hours or more a day. System •Factories and mines employed children as young as five years old. Employers often hired orphans. •Division of labor, each worker did a specialized task.
How would you feel after a day’s work?
The Factory System
Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions.
Textile Factory Workers in England
Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers�
Social Impact in Europe • In Britain women and children made up 2/3 of the cotton industry’s workforce. • The Factory Act of 1833 = set 9 as the minimum age to work
Employment of Women
•During the 18th as the Industrial Revolution developed.Goods that had been produced by hand in the home were manufactured by machine in factories. English Seamstresses - Their Voice
Employment of Women •Women competed more with men for some jobs, but were concentrated primarily in textile mills and clothing factories.
Women’s Dress Reform & Industry
Rational Dress Reform - From America with love...
Hope Webbing Company - 1918
The Laborers •People faced a very strict schedule by working in factories and mills. They worked long hard hours and did not get paid very much. •Women were preferred over men because they were thought to have the ability to adapt easily to machines.
The Laborers •Children were hired because they are nimble-fingered and quick-moving. •Parents approved of the idea of child labor because in times past they helped with the farming
The Working Class and the New Middle Class Working Class • Farm families felt lost when they moved to the cities but, in time, they developed their own sense of community. • Many found comfort in the Methodist Church, which promised a better life to come. • Workers protesting low pay and harsh working conditions were met with repression.
MIDDLE CLASS • Entrepreneurs benefited most from the Industrial Revolution. • Families lived in nice homes and ate and dressed well. • Women were encouraged to become “ladies.” • People valued hard work and the determination to “get ahead.” • Many believed the poor were responsible for their own misery.
Guglielmo Marconi
Pontecchio, Italy, In this small town in 1895, a young and almost unknown inventor named Guglielmo Marconi and a farm worker from a local villa were discussing the timing of a rifle shot.
Guglielmo Marconi • Two kilometers away from the men stood a bizarre apparatus that was supposed to transmit electric pulses through an antenna made from a long cable. Next to the farmer, an equally bizarre device was to receive those pulses. Guglielmo told the farmer to watch the nearer machine and shoot his rifle if it received any signals. The test began, the signals were sent and the farmer fired his rifle, a successful transmission had been achieved.
Wireless Trans-Atlantic Transmission – The Radio is Born!
"It was shortly after midday on December 12th 1901 that I placed the single ear phone to my ear and started listening. The receiver on the table in front of me was very crude with few coils, no valves, no amplifiers, not even a crystal!"
Wireless Trans-Atlantic Transmission – The Radio is Born! Those are the words of Italian inventor and electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi. His receiver may have been crude but without it, modern technology as we enjoy it would not exist. Guglielmo wins the Nobel Prize in 1909!
Alexander Graham Bell
Thomas Edison
Horseless Carriage •The original “horseless carriage” was introduced in 1893 by brothers Charles and Frank Duryea. It was America’s first internal-combustion motor car, and was followed by Henry Ford’s first experimental car that same year.
Henry Ford’s Model T It has never been proven that Henry Ford ever said, "You can paint it any color...," but the phrase has survived for 3/4 of a century and does indicate something about America's beloved Model T: its "steadfastness," its enduring and endearing "sameness." The first production Model T Ford was assembled at the Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit on October 1, 1908. Over the next 19 years, Ford would build 15,000,000 automobiles with the Model "T" engine, the longest run of any single model apart from the Volkswagen Beetle. From 1908-1927, the Model T would endure with little change in its design. Henry Ford had succeeded in his quest to build a car for the masses.
Henry Ford’s Model T With the development of the sturdy, low-priced Model T in 1908, Henry Ford made his company the biggest in the industry. By 1913, the moving assembly line enabled Ford to produce far more cars than any other company. The Model T and mass production made Ford an international celebrity.
Because of the amazing run of this model, we decided not to focus on just one year of the "T." Instead, the selected materials will follow the automobile through its entire production.
The Wright
Brothers
•The Wright brothers created a motorized aircraft in 1903 and flew it from Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Wright Flyer Pictures.
Great Minds Produce Great Results Pierre Curie
Marie Curie
Marie “Madam� Curie Researches radioactivity with her husband, Pierre. They share the 1903 Radioactivity Nobel Prize 1911 Isolates Radium - Noble Prize Won two Nobel Prizes, no one had ever won two Nobel Prizes before.
Was the Industrial Revolution a Blessing or a Curse? The Industrial Revolution created social problems: • Low pay • Unemployment • Dismal living conditions • Pollution • Focused on the wants of society; not the needs The Industrial Revolution brought material benefits: • The increasing demand for mass-produced goods led to the creation of more jobs. • Wages rose; standard of living increases of many. • Travel times cut! • Opportunities increased; social mobility. What is it?
Industrialization Spreads Impacts on the World Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Give three examples of the effects of industrialization on the world.
Widened gap between industrialized and non-industrialized countries
Strengthened economic ties between countries
Worldwide Effects
Promoted colonizatio n
“Laissez-faire” and Capitalism •In his famous treatise, The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argued that private competition free from regulation produces and distributes wealth better than governmentregulated markets. •Since 1776, when Smith produced his work, his argument has been used to justify capitalism and discourage government intervention in trade and exchange.
Adam Smith
“Laissez-faire� and Capitalism REVIEW:
Adam Smith
French for “let things alone, in economics, policy of domestic nonintervention by government in individual or industrial monetary affairs. The doctrine favors capitalist self-interest, competition, and natural consumer preferences as forces leading to optimal prosperity and freedom. It arose in the late 18th century as a strong liberal reaction to trade taxation also known as mercantilism.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Karl Marx, along with Friedrich Engels, defined communism. 窶的n the Communist Manifesto, which they wrote and published themselves in London in 1848, Marx and Engels portrayed the natural evolution of a communist utopia from capitalism.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels – In Das Kapital, Marx explained that objects have value only in so far as human labor is used to make them. – In Marx’s conception of utopia, communism, there is no capitalism and no state, just a working society in which all give according to their means and take according to their needs.
Karl Marx and “Scientific Socialism” 1.The entire course of history was a class struggle between the “haves” and the “have-nots.” 2. The modern class struggle pitted the bourgeoisie against the proletariat, or working class.
Karl Marx outlined a new economic theory:
Karl Marx and “Scientific Socialism” 3.In the end, the proletariat would take control of the means of production and set up a classless, communist society. In such a society, wealth and power would be equally shared.
4. Despite a number of weaknesses, Marx’s theory had a wide influence on industrial Europe.