seat t l ecent r alpubl i cl i br ar y oma+l mnar c hi t ec t s muni c i pal i t yofs eat t l e bui l ti n2004 362, 987s qf t s eat t l e,wa
01
m. f uhr ar ch450
cont ent s c ont ex t ual c hr onol ogy
di agr ammi ngt hei dea
t hehor s esmout h
c onc l us i on
02
cont ext ualchr onol ogymap 1977per s onal c omput er smas smar k et t ed 1979r i c har dmei er Beganwor k i ngont heNew Har mony ' sAt heneum.Thi s des i gni nc or por at est hei dea ofapl annedex per i enc eand pr oc es sofus i ngt hes pac e.
1982c d’ sbec omec ommer c i al l yav ai l abl e 1982mi c hael gr av es 1986nor manf os t er Des i gnedt hePor t l andBui l di ng us i nghi spos tmoder nphi l os ophy ofs c al epl ayandhi sc ol or f ul us e ofor nament .
Hadj us tf i ni s hedhi sdes i gnoft he HSBCheadquar t er si nHong Kong.Hi sdes i gnf eat ur espas s i v e day l i ght i ngs t r at egi est opr omot e hi si deal ogyofs us t ai nabi l i t y .
1973
mi esv anderr ohe
1973i bm pl az a
Tookhi sv al ueoft r ans par enc y andi mpl ement edi ti nt ohi s des i gnoft heCr y s t al Cat hedr al i nCal i f or ni a.
1980phi l i pj ohns on 1981f r ankgehr y 1979usener gyc r i s i s
03
m. f uhr ar ch450
Val uedf or m andus eda s c ul t ur al pr oc es st odev el op hi sbui l di ngs .Hebeganwor k ont hedes i gnf ort heCabr i l l o Mar i neAquar i um.
Dani el us edmanya c onc ept sandanal o s c hemat i cdes i gno J ewi s hMus eum i n
1989dani e
1986c her noby l nuc l eardi s as t er
1990t hei nt er netgoespubl i c
yabs t r ac t l ogi esi nt he oft he i nBer l i n.
i el l i bes k i nd
1997k y ot opr ot oc ol
1991c ommer z bank
nor manf os t er +par t ner s
2001s ept ember11t h
1999r enz opi ano
2001s ant i agoc al at r av a
Wor k edont heAur or aPl ac e Towerast hel eadar c hi t ec t .He us edf or mal c ons i der at i onst o t hebui k di ngsc ont ex tand i mpl ement edex pr es s i v ef or ms t or el at et ot heSy dneyOper a Hous e.
Wasaf or mal i s twhous edt he s t eel s t r uc t ur eofabui l di ngt o f or m anal mos tbonel i k es t r uc t ur e.Heus edhi ss t r uc t ur ei n t heMi l wauk eeMus eum ofAr t asex pr es s i on.
2003
Beganwor konherf i r s t pr oj ec t ,t heVi t r aFi r es t at i on wher es hei mpl ement edher dec ons t r uc t i oni s tandhi gh moder ni s tdes i gnpr i nc i pl es .
Waswor k i ngont he educ at or i um wher ehe al l owedt hepr ogr am t o gui det hef or m.
f r ankgehr y
1994z ahahadi d
1995r em k ool haus
2000 emp
1994nor t hr i dgeear t hquak e
1998i s sl aunc hedi nt oor bi t
2001ni s qual l year t hquak e
04
di agr ammi ngt hei dea i deas+val ues 01. hy perr at i onal pr oc es s 02. c ommuni t ydes i gn 03. def i neds pac es 04. c ompar t ment al i z edf l ex i bi l i t y 05. s oc i al r es pons i bi l i t y 06. pr ogr am dr i v esf or m 07. c ont ex tdr i v esf or m 08. c ont i nuem 09. uni f or ms k i n 10. s us t ai nabi l i t y
05
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hyperr at i onalpr ocess Rem Kool haasandOMAc l ai mt hatt hedes i gnoft heSeat t l epubl i cl i br ar yc amef r om ahy perr at i onal pr oc es s . Manyobs er v er smaybel i ev et hatt hef or mal c har ac t er i s t i c soft hebui l di ngwer edonemer el yt obepr ov oc at i v ebut i nr eal i t yi twast her es ul tofpr oc es swor k ,di agr ams ,anddat a.Thef i r mc ol l ec t eddat af r om t hepr ogr am t heywer e gi v enandbegant obr eakanal y z ei t .Ast heydi ds ot heybr ok et hepr ogr am upandc ons ol i dat edi twi t hot her c or r es pondi ngf unc t i ons .Thi st henwasr eor gani z edt opr ov i deeac hs pac ewi t hi t si deal l oc at i onandr el at i ont oone anot her .Thi sl ay er i ngofs l i di ngs t ac k st hatwes eef r om t hei ri ni t i al dat aanddi agr amsmani f es t edi t s el fi nt ot he ac t ual ar r angementoft hes pac es .Thi sar r angementofpr ot r udi ngc omponent st hengui dedt hef or m oft heex t er i or . Asar es ul tOMAwasl ef twi t haf i nal bui l di ngt hatl ook edv er ys i mi l art oi t ’ sor i gi nal dat aanddi agr ams .Whi l emany ofOMA’ sear l i erwor k shav ebeenpr ogr am dr i v endes i gnst hi si st hef i r s tt hatf or mal l yembodi est heac t ual r aw di agr amsandut i l i z est hi sc ompar t ment al i z at i on. dat aanddi agr amsmani f est edi nt ot hebui l di ng’ sar r angementandf or m hq
=
spi r al
meet i ng st af f par ki ng
OMAdat aands pac ebr eak down
par t i andf or m oft hedes i gn 06
communi t ydesi gn OneofOMAandRem Kool haas ’ sphi l os ophi esi shav i ngnodi s c er ni bl eaut hor s hi pf ort hei rbui l di ngs .Theybel i ev e i nt hepr i nc i pl esofc ommuni t ydes i gnandi mpl ement edi tear l yoni nt hes c hemat i cdes i gnpr oc es s .OMAwor k ed v er yc l os el ywi t hl i br ar i ans ,c i t yof f i c i al s ,andal l us er soft hes pac et of i l t eri deasandc r eat et hemos tus abl es pac es . Ast heywor k edasac ommi t t eet heywer eabl et opr opos ei deasandhav eeac hpar t yf i l t ert hem appr opr i at el y . Eac hpar t yhadt oc ompr omi s ei nc er t ai nas pec t soft hedes i gnbutt her es ul twasal i br ar ydes i gnedf orhowi twi l l be us ed.Anot abl eex ampl eoft hi sc anbes eeni nt hewayt hatt hel i br ar i an’ sbookr et ur nands or t i ngs y s t em wor k s .A c onv ey orbel teas i l yt r ans por t st hem upt ot hebooks pi r al t obec at egor i z edands or t ed. concer nsofuser s,l i br ar i ans,andar chi t ect sshapet hebui l di ng
user ’ s concer ns
l i br ar i an’ s concer ns
ar chi t ect ’ s concer ns
07
m. f uhr ar ch450
bookr et ur nconveyor
def i nedspaces Anot herc or ev al uet hati sappar enti nt heSeat t l eCent r al Publ i cLi br ar yi st heus eofbot hdef i nedandl oos el y def i neds pac es .Wi t hi nt hepr ogr am t hec r i t i c al s pac ess uc hast heof f i c es ,books pi r al ,meet i ng/ c onf er enc er ooms , s t af ff ac i l i t i es ,andpar k i ngar eal l r ec t i l i nearbox ess epar at edf r om oneanot herv er t i c al l y .Thi sal l owseac honet obe t i ght l ydef i nedandhav eas pec i f i cf unc t i on.Themeet i ngr oom f l oorf orex ampl ei sdef i nedwi t habr i ghtr edor gani c f or mst hatmak ei ti mmedi at el ydi s t i ngui s habl ef r om t heot herpar t soft hel i br ar y .Thear r angementoft hes es pac es al s oc r eat esmor ei r r egul arl oos el ydef i nedar easwhi c hbec omemor eoft hepubl i cands oc i al as pec t soft hel i br ar y s uc hast hel i v i ngr oom,r eadi ngr oom,andk i dsz one.
t hebui l di ngi sast ackofseper at eddef i nedspaceswi t hl oosel ydef i nedspacesi nbet ween
VS def i neds pac eswi t hs pec i f i cf unc t i ons
l oos el ydef i neds pac eswi t hf l ex i bl ef unc t i ons 08
compar t ment al i z edf l exi bi l i t y Li k emanyar c hi t ec t sRem Kool haashasl ear nedf r om t hef ai l ur esofmoder n ar c hi t ec t ur e.Rem andOMAr ej ec tt hec onc eptofuni v er s al s pac ey ett hey embr ac et henot i onoff l ex i bi l t yandt heabi l i t yofas pac et oc hangeov ert i me. Thei rv al ueofc ompar t ment al i z edf l ex i bl ehasbeens t r ongl yi nt egr at edi nt o t hedes i gnoft heSeat t l ePubl i cLi br ar y .Eac hs pac ei sdef i nedandhasa s pec i f i cf unc t i ony ett hepl ani sopenandal l owsi tt oc hangeandev ol v eov er t i me.Thel i v i ngr oom f orex ampl ei sanopenat r i um wi t hmov eabl es hel v es andf ur ni t ur e.Thi sal l owsf ort hes pat i al ar r angementwi t hi nt hel i v i ngr oom t o c hangei fneeded. moder nar chi t ect ur e’ suni ver salspacevscompar t ment al i z edf l exi bl espace
VS onel ar geopenf l oorpl at ewi t hnos pec i f i cf unc t i on 09
m. f uhr ar ch450
mul t i pl edef i neds pac eswi t hs pec i f i cf unc t i ons butopenf l oorpl at esf orf l ex i bi l i t y
soci alr esponsi bi l i t y Dur i ngt hedes i gnoft heSeat t l eCent r al Publ i cLi br ar y ,OMAmadeef f or t st oens ur et hatt hebui l di ngwasbei ngs oc i al l yr es pons i bl e.Thi sv al ueofs oc i al r es pons i bi l i t ydr ov eOMAt odedi c at enear l yt heent i r egr oundf l oort opubl i c s pac e.Theyal s omades ur et hatt hi spubl i cs pac eaddr es s edandwasopent ot hes t r eets i deandc r eat edawel c omi ngpubl i cl i v i ngr oom,f r eeandopent oev er y one.Thi spubl i cl i v i ngr oom hasc omf or t abl es eat i ngandameni t i esf orev er y onet ous eandi sac onv er genc ez onebet weent hes t af fandt hepubl i c .Thi sc r eat esoppor t uni t i esf or t hes t af ft oi nt er ac tands oc i al i z ewi t ht hei rpat r onsal l owi ngs t r ongc ommuni t ybondst of or m.
soci alr esponsi bi l i t ydr ovet hecr eat i onofal ar gepubl i cgr oundf l oor st r eetsi de
publ i cl i vi ngr oom
of f i ces
publ i c
ar ea of so ci al i za t i on +i nt er ac t i on empl oyees
l i v i ngr oom l i esbet weent hes t r eetandof f i c es enc our agesi nt er ac t i onst ooc c ur
t hepubl i cl i v i ngr oom 10
pr ogr am dr i venf or m Thedes i gnoft hel i br ar yus est hei deol ogyt hatf or ms houl df ol l owf unc t i on.Des pi t et hei r r egul arex t er i orf or mt hati s c r eat ed,t het hef l oorpl ansr emai nv er ys i mpl eandr ec t i l i near .I ns t eadofhav i ngani nt ent i onal ex t er i orf or msf oraes t het i c sandc ompr omi s i ngt hei nt er i ors pac est of i t ,t heex t er i orf or mshav ebeendi c t at edbyt hef l oorpl ansandt he s pac eswi t hi n.Ther es ul thasbeenanenv el opeandf or mt hatc l ear l ydi s pl ay seac hmai npr ogr ammat i cas pec tof t hebui l di ngandl i nk st hem t oget herwi t hs har pangl esandc ant i l ev er s .Thepr ogr am andar r angementofi nt er i or s pac eshasdr i v ent hef or m andc r eat edt heuni queaes t het i ct hathasmadet hel i br ar ys oi c oni c .
t hel i br ar y’ sf or mi snotascul pt ur almovebutani nt er i ordr i venone
hq
spi r al
meet i ng st af f par ki ng s i mpl er ec t al i nearpor gr am el ement sl i nk edt oget herc r eat esf or m 11
m. f uhr ar ch450
t hepr ov ac at i v eaes t het i ci spor gam dr i v en
cont ext ualdr i venf or m Whi l et hepr ogr am dr ov et hef or m oft hebui l di ngi nt er msoff l oorpl anandt hev er t i c al s epar at i onbet weenpr ogr am el ement s ,OMAal s oi nc or por at edi t sv al ueofc ont ex ti nt hedes i gn.Thepr ogr am el ement swer es l i dhor i z ont al l yt o addr es sk eys i t ef eat ur es .Topr ov i dev i ewsofEl l i otBayf r om t hebooks pi r al t hebui l di ngpr ot r udesout war ds t owar dst hewat er f r ont .I naddi t i on,t hebui l di ngt hent ak esadv ant ageoft hes unangl esandpus hest hemeet i ng s pac esev enf ur t heroutt oal l owf orc ont r ol l eds unl i ghtt oent ert hes t af fof f i c esbel ow.Whi l et heenv el opeandf or m s eemst obeadi s c er ni bl ebl obi ti si nr eal i t ydes i gnedbas edons pec i f i cc ont ex t ual i s s uess uc hasv i ews ,s hadi ng andday l i ght i ng.
cont ext ualf eat ur esl edt ot heshi f t edpr ogr am el ement sandt heshar pangl edcant i l ever s
mtr ai ni er
hq
spi r al
meet i ng
sun
el l i otbay shadow
st af f par ki ng
08
cont i nuem Li k eRem Kool haas ’ sear l i erwor ki nt heEduc at or i um,t heSeat t l eCent r al Publ i cLi br ar yf eat ur est hei deaofac ont i nuem.Howev er ,unl i k et heEduc at or i um wher ec ei l i ngandgr oundpl aneswer ef ol dedt owr apt hebui l i dng,t hei dea oft hec ont i nuem hasmani f es t edi t s el fi nt ot hewayt hatt hel i br ar i esmos ti mpor t antf unc t i onwor k s .I ns t eadofhav i ng s t ac k sofbook st hatr equi r esonet oc ont s t ant l ywal kt ot heendt henbac kt hedes i gnf eat ur esas pi r al ofbook st hat r ampupwar dsal l owi ngf oronec ont i nuousbooks t ac k .Thebooks pi r al us est hedeweydec i mal s uy s t em andwi nds i t swayupwaqr dswi t hnumber spl ac edont hegr oundf oreac hr owt oi mpr ov ewayf i ndi ngandbooks ear c hes .
t hel i br ar y’ sbookspi r alof f er suni nt er upt edandeasysear chi ng
t hes pi r al s t ar t sat999andwor k si t swayupt o000 13
m. f uhr ar ch450
numberont hef l ooral l owf oreas yway f i ndi ng
uni f or m ski n Thes hi f t edpr ogr am el ement soft hel i br ar yc r eat euni queangl esandov er hangs .OMA’ ss ol ut i ont ot hi swasa s i ngl eenv el opet owr apandenc l os et hes t r uc t ur e.Thi sc onc eptofhav i ngas i ngl ewr appi ngmembr anes k i nof gl az i ngwasanewc onc eptf ort hem ands omet hi nguns eeni nt hei rpr ev i ouspr oj ec t s .Theunus ual c ant i l ev er sal s o r equi r edac ompl exs t r uc t ur al s y s t em s oOMAdev el opedt heenv el opet obei nt egr at edi nwi t hs t eel wi def l anges . Bec aus et heent i r es t r uc t ur ei swr appedi ngl as st hegl az i ngneedst obet r i pl epanedwi t hi mbeddeds t eel mes ht o hel ppr ov i deaddi t i onal s hadi ngi ns out her nex pos edf ac ades .Thec onc eptandi deaofhav i ngf r eef l oat i ngpr ogr am el ement senc l os edi nas i ngl es k i nofs t eel andgl as shadapr of oundi mpac tont hef ac adeandaes t het i coft he bui l di ng. t hedesi r ef orauni f or m ski npr esent edmanyst r uct ur alcompl exi t i es
t hef ol dsoft hebui l di ngsenv el ope
gl az i ngdi agr am s howi ngt heex pens i v eenv i r onment al c ont r ol s 14
sust ai nabi l i t y Thedes i gnoft heSeat t l eCent r al Publ i cLi br ar ywasdes i gnedwi t ht hev al uesofs us t ai nabi l i t yandenv i r onment al s t ewar ds hi pi nmi nd.OMAai medf ort hedes i gnt oex c eedt heex i s t i ngc i t yener gyc odesby10per c ent .Thebui l di ng i ss hapedbyt hi sv al uet hr ought heus eofday l i ght i ng.Theex t er i orenv el opei sal l gl az i ngwi t hembeddeds hadi ng al l owi ngmuc hoft hes pac est onat ur al l ybel i t .Thel i v i ngr oom al s of eat ur esanat r i um t hatal l owst hel i ghtt openet r at edeepl yi nt ot hec or eoft hel i br ar y .Thi sal s oac t sasaheats t ac kf orv ent i l at i onandpas s i v ec ool i ng.
t hel i br ar yconser vesener gybyusi ngdayl i ght i ngandpassi vecool i ng
at r i um us est hes t ac kef f ec tt opas s i v el yc ool t hes pac e 15
m. f uhr ar ch450
t heat r i um andenv el opepr ov i deday l i ght i ng
t hehor sesmout h
16
j ust i f yi ngt hef or m " Al t hought hel i br ar yi ss c ul pt ur al ,i ti snoti nanywayanat t empt t omak eaf or m.Thel i br ar y ' sappear anc ec omesf r om pus hi ng box esar oundt os t aywi t hi nt hehei ghtands et bac kr es t r i c t i ons andz oni ngc odes . " — Ar chi t ectJ os huaRamus ,par t neratt heRem Kool haas l edOf f i cef orMet r opol i t anAr chi t ect ur e,quot edi nAr chi t ect ur eWeek
Whi l et her ei sas t r ongar gumentt hatt hel i br ar i esf or mc omesf r om pus hi ngbox esar oundi twoul dappeart hat al otoft hos emov eswer edonenotpr i mar i l yf orac ont ex t ual orpr ogr ammat i c al r eas on.Thebui l di ngsc oul d hav emai nt ai nedv i ewsofMt .Rai ni er ,El l i otBay ,andpr ov i deds hadi ngwi t houtneedi ngt opr ot r udeeac hboxas muc hasi twasdone.I ts eemsast hought her ewasas c ul pt ur al at t emptt omak eauni quef or mt hatwast hen pos tr at i onal i z edandc l ai medt obef orpr ogr ammat i candc ont ex t ual r eas ons .
17
m. f uhr ar ch450
14
j ust i f yi ngt hepr ogr ammat i csepar at i on " Ourf i r s toper at i onwast o" c omb"andc ons ol i dat et hel i br ar y ' sappar ent l yungov er nabl e pr ol i f er at i onofpr ogr amsandmedi a.Wei dent i f i edf i v e" s t abl e"pr ogr ammat i cc l us t er s ( par k i ng,s t af f ,meet i ng,BookSpi r al ,HQ)andar r angedt hem onov er l appi ngpl at f or ms , andf our" uns t abl e"c l us t er s( k i ds ,l i v i ngr oom,Mi x i ngChamber ,r eadi ngr oom)t ooc c upy i nt er s t i t i al z ones .Eac har eai sar c hi t ec t ur al l ydef i nedandequi ppedf ordedi c at ed per f or manc e,wi t hv ar y i ngs i z e,f l ex i bi l i t y ,c i r c ul at i on,pal et t e,ands t r uc t ur e. " — Of f i ci al OMApr es sr el eas equot edi onOMA’ swebs i t e
Thedes i gnoft heSeat t l eCent r al Publ i cLi br ar yf eat ur esv er ydi s t i nc tandc ons ol i dat eds pac esf oreac h pr ogr amat i cf unc t i onoft hel i br ar y .Themai nf unc t i onsar ewel l def i nedands epar at edv er t i c al l yf r om one anot her .Wi t hi neac hdef i nedpr ogr am s pac ehowev ert her ei sanopenf l oor pl ant hatal l owsf ort hes pac et o c hangeov ert i me.Thi sgi v est hes pac esc ompar t ment al i z edf l ex i bi l i t ywhi l eal l owi ngl oos el ydef i neds oc i al s pac est oex i s ti nbet ween.Thedes i gni ss uc c es s f ul atc ar r y i ngoutt hes ev al ues .
18
j ust i f yi ngt heawkwar dspaces " Thei nbet weens pac esar el i k et r adi ngf l oor swher el i br ar i ans i nf or m ands t i mul at e,wher et hei nt er f ac ebet weent hedi f f er ent pl at f or msi sor gani z ed-s pac esf orwor k ,i nt er ac t i on,andpl ay . ( Andr eadi ng) . " — Of f i ci al OMApr es sr el eas equot edi onOMA’ swebs i t e
Thebui l di ngf eat ur esmanyawk war dandi r r egul ars pac ef or medf r om t hes hi f t i ngpr ogr amat i cbox es . Thes es pac est hatar edef i nedbyt heout erwal l soft hos ebox esandt hebui l di ngsenv el opemak et hes e “ i nbet weens pac es . ”Duet ot hei ropennat ur eandhi ghc ei l i ngst heyhav ebec omes oc i al s pac est hats er v e aspl ac esofi nt er s ec t i onf orpeopl emov i ngf r om ones pac et oanot her .Theor gani z at i onoft hef i r s tf l oor , f ur t her mor e,enc our agesl i br ar i anst owal kar oundandi nt er ac twi t ht hel i br ar i espat r ons .Howev er ,t he pr ogr ammat i cbox est hems el v esar es os t r ongl ydef i nedt hatt her ei sl i t t l ei nt er ac t i onbet weent hem andt he i nbet weens pac es .Thi smak ess omeoft hes mal l eri nbet weens pac esf eel i s ol at edanduni nv i t i ng.
19
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concl usi on Thewor k sofOMAandRem Kool haasal l pl ac eex t r emev al uei nhy perr at i onal pr oc es s . TheSeat t l ePubl i cl i br ar yi snodi f f er entandhasal otofi t sf or m andor gani z at i onbei ng der i v edf r om anar r angeds t ac kofpr ogr amat i cf unc t i ons .Thef i r m pr i desi t s el foni t ’ s l ac kofaut hor s hi pandemphas i sonc ommuni t ydes i gn.I nt hi ss pec i f i cpr oj ec tl i br ar i ans andus er swer ei nv ol v edt hr oughoutt hewhol edes i gnpr oc es s .Thebui l di ngal s o f eat ur est hef i r msc onc eptofc ompar t ment al i z edf l ex i bi l i t ywhi c hi sadi r ec tr ej ec t i ont o moder ni s m.Soc i al r es pons i bi l i t yf ur t hers hapedt hebui l di ngbyt hepl ac ementofal ar ge publ i c“ l i v i ngr oom”ont hegr oundf l oor .Thear c hi t ec t sc l ai mt hatt hef or m wasnots c ul pt ur al butar es pons et ot hepr ogr am andc ont ex t ,Thei deasofac ont i nuem f oundi nt he Educ at or i um ar eal s of oundi nt hel i br ar yt hr ought hedes i gnoft hebooks pi r al .The env el opei sac ont i nuouss k i nwhi c hi ss omet hi ngnotc ommonl ys eeni nOMA’ s pr ev i ouswor k .Thedes i gnal s os howss omeef f or tt oaddr es ss t ai nabi l i t yt hr ought he us eofhi ght ec hgl as s ,day l i ght i ng,andpas s i v ec ool i ng. The des i gnoft hebui l di ngi sdes c r i bedashy perr at i onal y eti nr eal i t yi ts eemst hatt hec onc ept ual di agr amsdr ov et oomuc hoft he f or m.I ti snotr at i onal t ohav eac ompl exs t r uc t ur et hatper f or mspoor l yi near t hquak eses pec i al l yi nSeat t l e.Fur t her mor et hef or m oft hebui l di ngi sc l adi nas i ngl eenv el ope.Thi smuc hgl az i ngi snots us t ai nabl eandi sex t r emel yex pens i v eanddi f f i c ul tt or epai r . Thebui l di ngspr ot r udi ngbox esi sj us t i f i edasbei ngc ont ex t ual y ets i mpl es hadi ngdev i c esors el ec t i v egl az i ngwal l swoul ds uf f i c e. Pr ot r udi ngandc ant i l ev er i ngbox esi snott hemos tef f i c i entor“ r at i onal ”wayt oac hi ev et hos es l i ghtc ont ex t ual r el at i ons hi ps .Fur t her mor e,t hel i br ar yhasbeenc r i t i c i z edbynotaddr es s i ngmuc hoft hes t r eet s c apebyhav eonl yaf ewent r anc esandnos pac es t hatc anopenupori nt er ac twi t ht hes t r eet .Thebui l di ngt houghhasv er ys uc c es s f ul l yac hi ev edt hegoal ofc ompar t ment al i z ed f l ex i bi l i t y .Eac hpr ogr am el ementf eel sl i k eadi s t i nc tanddef i neds pac e.t hec ont i nuem oft hebooks pi r al al s os er v eswel l and ac hi ev est hegoal ofi mpr ov edway f i ndi ng.Ov er al l ,OMAc l ai mst ohav ear at i onal r eas onf ort hei rf or mal dec i s i onsy ett her es ul ti s ac ompl et el yunr at i onal bui l di ngt hati st oomuc hofanabs t r ac t i onofdi agr amst obeav i abl er at i onal s ol ut i ont ot hei rpr obl ems .
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sour ces " Hi s t or i cNewHar mony-TheAt heneum. "Hi s t or i cNewHar mony-TheAt heneum.N. p. ,n. d.Web.10Apr .2013. " Cr y s t al Cat hedr al . "Mi ni s t r i es:Aboutt heAr tandAr c hi t ec t ur e.N. p. ,n. d.Web.10Apr .2013. Wei ner ,Ed( Oc t ober18,1981) ." Themos tf amousbui l di ngi nSeat t l ei si nPor t l and:Mi c hael Gr av es ' newbui l di ngi sanar c hi t ec t ur al mi l es t oneandi sany t hi ngbutbor i ng" .TheSeat t l eTi mes ,p.E1/ E4. " Gehr yPar t ner s ,LLP: :Home. "Gehr yPar t ner s ,LLP: : .N. p. ,n. d.Web.10Apr .2013. " Uni queHeadquar t er s . "Uni queHeadquar t er s .N. p. ,n. d.Web.10Apr .2013. " Renz oPi anoBui l di ngWor k s hop. "Renz oPi ano.N. p. ,n. d.Web.10Apr .2013. " J 端di s c hesMus eum Ber l i n. "J di s c hesMus eum Ber l i n.N. p. ,n. d.Web.10Apr .2013. " ADCl as s i c s :Educ at or i um /OMA. "Ar c hDai l y .N. p. ,n. d.Web.10Apr .2013. " Mi l wauk eeAr tMus eum Ar c hi t ec t ur e. "Mi l wauk eeAr tMus eum | Ar tLi v esHer e.N. p. ,n. d.Web.10Apr .2013.
" Seat t l ePubl i cLi br ar y-Rem Kool haas-Gr eatBui l di ngsAr c hi t ec t ur e. "Gr eat Bui l di ngs .N. p. ,n. d.Web.10Apr .2013. " J os huaPr i nc eRamusonSeat t l e' sLi br ar y . "TED:I deaswor t hSpr eadi ng.N. p. ,n. d.Web.10Apr .2013. " OMA-SEATTLECENTRALLI BRARY. "Of f i c eofMet r opol i t anAr c hi t ec t ur e.N. p. ,n. d.Web.10Apr .2013. " Seat t l eCent r al Li br ar y/OMALMN. "Ar c hDai l y .N. p. ,n. d.Web.10Apr .2013.
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i magesour ces ht t p: / / bomael ev at or s peec h. f i l es . wor dpr es s . c om/ 2012/ 08/ mai nv i ewnar r ow1. j pg ht t p: / / www. f l i c k r . c om/ phot os / hawai i anv i r t ual t our s / 5919515417/ ht t p: / / f ar m8. s t at i c f l i c k r . c om/ 7069/ 6944411357_01d20d097c _z . j pg ht t p: / / f ar m4. s t at i c . f l i c k r . c om/ 3008/ 2786282088_59c 50f f 35d. j pg ht t p: / / wi k i ar qui t ec t ur a. c om/ es / i mages / 5/ 52/ BI BLI OTECA_SEATTLE_pbaj a. j pg ht t p: / / s eat t l et i mes . nws our c e. c om/ ar t / news / l oc al / s eat t l epubl i c l i br ar y / wi ndows . j pg ht t p: / / www. ar c hdai l y . c om/ 11651/ s eat t l ec ent r al l i br ar y omal mn/ 792220180_s eat t l ec ent r al l i br ar y f doher r er a015/ ht t p: / / www. ar c hdai l y . c om/ 11651/ s eat t l ec ent r al l i br ar y omal mn/ 887383014_s pl pr ogr amdi agr ami r ex / ht t p: / / www. ar c hdai l y . c om/ 11651/ s eat t l ec ent r al l i br ar y omal mn/ 1376179271_s pl pl at f or mdi agr amr ex / ht t p: / / www. ar c hdai l y . c om/ 11651/ s eat t l ec ent r al l i br ar y omal mn/ 1620486007_s pl openmodel r ex / ht t p: / / www. ar c hdai l y . c om/ 11651/ s eat t l ec ent r al l i br ar y omal mn/ 2138020950_s pl i nbet weens di agr amr ex / ht t p: / / www. ar c hdai l y . c om/ 11651/ s eat t l ec ent r al l i br ar y omal mn/ 1364604415_s pl book s pi r al di agr amr ex / ht t p: / / www. ar c hdai l y . c om/ 11651/ s eat t l ec ent r al l i br ar y omal mn/ 1739357218_s pl aer i al ex t er i or day pr at /
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