Datascape

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01 Datascape: An Infographic Study of Macclesfield 2012 Edited by Greg Keeffe and Des Fagan Leeds Metropolitan University Published by Infra Press, Leeds, UK. Broadcasting Place, LS2 9EN www.infrapress.org.uk Š infrapress No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any form or manner without permission from the authors except in the case of brief quotations embodied in the articles.

ISBN: 978-1-908562-06-7

01 Datascape: An Infographic Study of Macclesfield 2012 Edited by Greg Keeffe and Des Fagan Leeds Metropolitan University Published by Infra Press, Leeds, UK. Broadcasting Place, LS2 9EN www.infrapress.org.uk Š infrapress No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any form or manner without permission from the authors except in the case of brief quotations embodied in the articles.

ISBN: 978-1-908562-06-7

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11

10

11 9

2 3

6

8 5 7

4

Macclesfield’s Wards

6

Macclesfield Central

1

Prestbury

7

Sutton

2

Broken Cross & Upton

8

Macclesfield East

3

West & Ivy

9

Hurdsfield

4

Gawsworth

10

Bollington

5

Macclesfield South

11

Tytherington

Datascape is a collaborative research and analysis document between Leeds School of Architecture & Macc2020. It aims to explore Macclesfield’s historical context, current urban fabric & potential for change through the extrapolation of data into a variety of visual forms. This study provides the bridge for Macclesfield’s 2020 vision to be a sustainable, low carbon society.

I 001

1

11

10

11 9

2 3

6

8 5 7

4

Macclesfield’s Wards

6

Macclesfield Central

1

Prestbury

7

Sutton

2

Broken Cross & Upton

8

Macclesfield East

3

West & Ivy

9

Hurdsfield

4

Gawsworth

10

Bollington

5

Macclesfield South

11

Tytherington

Datascape is a collaborative research and analysis document between Leeds School of Architecture & Macc2020. It aims to explore Macclesfield’s historical context, current urban fabric & potential for change through the extrapolation of data into a variety of visual forms. This study provides the bridge for Macclesfield’s 2020 vision to be a sustainable, low carbon society.

I 001

Contents 1.0 Foreword 2.0 History

A Colourful History. 013 - 015 ...Makes a Rainbow. / A History Worth Protecting. 017 From Quiet Settlement to Boom & Bust. 019 - 021 From Silt to Silk. 027 The Rise of the Smoke. 029

9.0 10.0

11.0

3.0 Geology/Geomorphology

The Wheels on the Bus. 097 - 099

Density

Social Statistics

How do you Splash your Cash. 111 Space-Scape. / Red Tops Vs Blue Tops. 113 Macc Crime Behind Bars. 115 Similar Interests. / The Many Colours of Macclesfield. 117 A Mixed Bag. 119

Energy

Macclesfield from the dawn of time. 033 Macclesfield from the dawn of time cont. 035 The Ground Beneath. 037

4.0 Biodiversity

100 Years Makes a Difference. 041 Holy Cow. 043 Food for Thought. 045 How will your Garden Grow? 047 Where have all the animals gone? 049 Macc Animals. / Protect the Weak. 051 Bird Migration Cheshire. 053

12.0

5.0 Typologies

6.0

7.0

Allocating the Share. 057 Home Sweet Home. 059 Protected Spaces. 061 Bored...? 063 Bored...? cont. 065

Material Flows

Material Flow - A Brief History. 069 The Waste footprint. / It’s All Piling Up. 071 Waste of Space. 073 Space of Waste. 075

Networks

Scoring High on the World Stage. 079 Spider-Macc. / Public Transport Networks. 081 Good for Business. / Commuter Volumes. 083 Getting from A - B. 085

8.0

13.0

14.0

Feel the squeeze. 103 Feeling old? 105 Multiplying Macc. 107

Water

The Future and Now. 121 Sustainable Energy Locations. 123 Catch some Rays. 125 Feel the Breeze. / The Windy City. 127 Location of Potential Wind Farms. / Wind Speeds across Macc. 129 Plant Biomass. / Heat Pumps. 131 Walk, Bus...Drive? / Hydropower. 133 Throw-away Energy. 135 Man-made Water. 141 Following the Canal. 143 The River Bollin. 145 How is the water used? 147 Input/Output. 149

Climate Change

An Abundance of Excess Energy. 153 But how much reaches Macclesfield? 155 Comfortable? 157 From Hot & Dry to Warm & Wet. 159 Floods of Potential. 161 The Windy Revolution. 163 Macclesfield 2080. 165

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements. 169 Research Sources. 171 - 179

Mobilities

Commuters. / Car World. 089 Park your Car. / How far in How Long. 091 Travel by Train 093 Time for the Bus. 095 I 003

Contents 1.0 Foreword 2.0 History

A Colourful History. 013 - 015 ...Makes a Rainbow. / A History Worth Protecting. 017 From Quiet Settlement to Boom & Bust. 019 - 021 From Silt to Silk. 027 The Rise of the Smoke. 029

9.0 10.0

11.0

3.0 Geology/Geomorphology

The Wheels on the Bus. 097 - 099

Density

Social Statistics

How do you Splash your Cash. 111 Space-Scape. / Red Tops Vs Blue Tops. 113 Macc Crime Behind Bars. 115 Similar Interests. / The Many Colours of Macclesfield. 117 A Mixed Bag. 119

Energy

Macclesfield from the dawn of time. 033 Macclesfield from the dawn of time cont. 035 The Ground Beneath. 037

4.0 Biodiversity

100 Years Makes a Difference. 041 Holy Cow. 043 Food for Thought. 045 How will your Garden Grow? 047 Where have all the animals gone? 049 Macc Animals. / Protect the Weak. 051 Bird Migration Cheshire. 053

12.0

5.0 Typologies

6.0

7.0

Allocating the Share. 057 Home Sweet Home. 059 Protected Spaces. 061 Bored...? 063 Bored...? cont. 065

Material Flows

Material Flow - A Brief History. 069 The Waste footprint. / It’s All Piling Up. 071 Waste of Space. 073 Space of Waste. 075

Networks

Scoring High on the World Stage. 079 Spider-Macc. / Public Transport Networks. 081 Good for Business. / Commuter Volumes. 083 Getting from A - B. 085

8.0

13.0

14.0

Feel the squeeze. 103 Feeling old? 105 Multiplying Macc. 107

Water

The Future and Now. 121 Sustainable Energy Locations. 123 Catch some Rays. 125 Feel the Breeze. / The Windy City. 127 Location of Potential Wind Farms. / Wind Speeds across Macc. 129 Plant Biomass. / Heat Pumps. 131 Walk, Bus...Drive? / Hydropower. 133 Throw-away Energy. 135 Man-made Water. 141 Following the Canal. 143 The River Bollin. 145 How is the water used? 147 Input/Output. 149

Climate Change

An Abundance of Excess Energy. 153 But how much reaches Macclesfield? 155 Comfortable? 157 From Hot & Dry to Warm & Wet. 159 Floods of Potential. 161 The Windy Revolution. 163 Macclesfield 2080. 165

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements. 169 Research Sources. 171 - 179

Mobilities

Commuters. / Car World. 089 Park your Car. / How far in How Long. 091 Travel by Train 093 Time for the Bus. 095 I 003

1.0

Foreword I 005

1.0

Foreword I 005

Towns are often seen as an object, or at most a collection of objects, however this objectification of the town creates issues with the way we perceive it. Towns are contextual and ecological, they are not static, but sit in dynamic equilibrium with the forces that their hinterland, and more so globalisation, press onto them.

Macclesfield is no different. This book provides a snapshot view, a single frame in the real life movie that is Macclesfield’s future and past. This frame shows a town in transition: at a crossroads. In its past, Macclesfield has continually engaged with global forces, that have at times threatened its very existence, and at other created a boom-time. Today things have reached a watershed: Globalisation has led to a new fragmentation in the town: both physically through the collapse of industry and the over-zealous engineering of traffic-based solutions, and also socially, through the increased mobility of townsfolk, leading to a ghettoisation of estates of rich and poor.

These issues will be compounded in the next generation by climate change and resource depletion, in particular oil. To combat this Macclesfield has become a Transition Town, aiming to develop a strategy for carbon descent, but the path is not easy and the way contested.

This book aims to present the background and benchmark to that process. In collating a range of indicators (social, spatial and geographic), we provide the first steps in creating trajectories that create new futures for Macclesfield. These futures are neither utopic nor dystopic, or completely developed like a masterplan; they are new fictional stories about the town. And, like all fictions, they have their roots in the present, and create blueprints for the future.

These need to be debated, championed, opposed and contested: towns have always been a place for public debate, and this must continue if towns are to flourish in the new Century.

Greg Keeffe Professor of Sustainable Architecture Crash Test Leeds School of Architecture

I 007

Towns are often seen as an object, or at most a collection of objects, however this objectification of the town creates issues with the way we perceive it. Towns are contextual and ecological, they are not static, but sit in dynamic equilibrium with the forces that their hinterland, and more so globalisation, press onto them.

Macclesfield is no different. This book provides a snapshot view, a single frame in the real life movie that is Macclesfield’s future and past. This frame shows a town in transition: at a crossroads. In its past, Macclesfield has continually engaged with global forces, that have at times threatened its very existence, and at other created a boom-time. Today things have reached a watershed: Globalisation has led to a new fragmentation in the town: both physically through the collapse of industry and the over-zealous engineering of traffic-based solutions, and also socially, through the increased mobility of townsfolk, leading to a ghettoisation of estates of rich and poor.

These issues will be compounded in the next generation by climate change and resource depletion, in particular oil. To combat this Macclesfield has become a Transition Town, aiming to develop a strategy for carbon descent, but the path is not easy and the way contested.

This book aims to present the background and benchmark to that process. In collating a range of indicators (social, spatial and geographic), we provide the first steps in creating trajectories that create new futures for Macclesfield. These futures are neither utopic nor dystopic, or completely developed like a masterplan; they are new fictional stories about the town. And, like all fictions, they have their roots in the present, and create blueprints for the future.

These need to be debated, championed, opposed and contested: towns have always been a place for public debate, and this must continue if towns are to flourish in the new Century.

Greg Keeffe Professor of Sustainable Architecture Crash Test Leeds School of Architecture

I 007

01

01

2.0

History I 011

2.0

History I 011

A Colourful History.

The Macclesfield Canal, which was opened in 1831, was one of the last in the British network

1. The church of All Saints (later St Michael’s) built by Queen Eleanor in 1278.

2. Macclesfield Grammar School, founded in 1503 until 1748.

3. Macclesfield ‘Castle’, a fortified town house built

by John de Macclesfield on four burgage plots at the end of the 14th century and later extended by the Buckingham family in the 15th century.

1. The first being located at the heart of the medieval town in a dominant position overlooking the river.

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61

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2. The second is located on the site of the later administrative centre.

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7 2 3 1

5

5. As goods and produce were brought to the manorial centre, Park Green, where the Congleton Road meets the Leek Road, may have originated as a market place.

1. Charles Roe’s silk throwing mill of 1743, followed by the larger Daintry and Ryle’s Mill, in 1785.

6. A market was accommodated by the widening of the north-south road to form a wedge-shaped market place 7. The site of the medieval Guildhall, replaced by the Town Hall, which was built in 1823.

There was expansion on all sides of the town: to the north along Beech Lane as far as Beech bridge; to the west along Chester Road and over the former town fields; to the south along the Bollin valley into Sutton township; and to the east over the former common land (enclosed in 1804), as far as the Macclesfield Canal, and into Hurdsfield township.

Keep Going...

4. The medieval manor house. May also have been the site of a motte and bailey castle, perhaps of an 11th or 12th century date.

Again hindered by its undulating terrain, did not get a station until 1873.

8. 120 burgesses properties

Early Medieval There are two possible sites for the original settlement at Macclesfield. Both sites are at road junctions and could have been located close to a river crossing.

Tudor - 1500’s The new town seems to have been largely focused upon the north-south route (Jordangate, Mill Street) and the road to the west (Chestergate), which may have been deliberately laid out at this time.

Post Medieval circa.1787

Victorian 1838

1870s

Expansion to the north along Jordangate and to the west along Chestergate perhaps took place in the first half of the 18th century, as did the newly settled areas to the north of King Edward Street and to the south of Great King Street, which included the building of the new Grammar School in 1768 and Christ Church in 1774. Expansion to the south in the vicinity of Park Green probably dates to the second half of the 18th century. This was the first area to undergo industrial growth, and it was here that the first mill was built.

This phase sees the greatest period of growth in the town before the modern era due to the industry that sprang up around the towns silk throwing. During the period between 1800 and 1831 the population of Macclesfield expanded from 8,743 to 23,129, and over 700 workers cottages were constructed to accommodate them.

The town continued to expand on all sides, with an increasing number of satellite housing clusters.

I 013

A Colourful History.

The Macclesfield Canal, which was opened in 1831, was one of the last in the British network

1. The church of All Saints (later St Michael’s) built by Queen Eleanor in 1278.

2. Macclesfield Grammar School, founded in 1503 until 1748.

3. Macclesfield ‘Castle’, a fortified town house built

by John de Macclesfield on four burgage plots at the end of the 14th century and later extended by the Buckingham family in the 15th century.

1. The first being located at the heart of the medieval town in a dominant position overlooking the river.

8

1

61

2

2. The second is located on the site of the later administrative centre.

4

7 2 3 1

5

5. As goods and produce were brought to the manorial centre, Park Green, where the Congleton Road meets the Leek Road, may have originated as a market place.

1. Charles Roe’s silk throwing mill of 1743, followed by the larger Daintry and Ryle’s Mill, in 1785.

6. A market was accommodated by the widening of the north-south road to form a wedge-shaped market place 7. The site of the medieval Guildhall, replaced by the Town Hall, which was built in 1823.

There was expansion on all sides of the town: to the north along Beech Lane as far as Beech bridge; to the west along Chester Road and over the former town fields; to the south along the Bollin valley into Sutton township; and to the east over the former common land (enclosed in 1804), as far as the Macclesfield Canal, and into Hurdsfield township.

Keep Going...

4. The medieval manor house. May also have been the site of a motte and bailey castle, perhaps of an 11th or 12th century date.

Again hindered by its undulating terrain, did not get a station until 1873.

8. 120 burgesses properties

Early Medieval There are two possible sites for the original settlement at Macclesfield. Both sites are at road junctions and could have been located close to a river crossing.

Tudor - 1500’s The new town seems to have been largely focused upon the north-south route (Jordangate, Mill Street) and the road to the west (Chestergate), which may have been deliberately laid out at this time.

Post Medieval circa.1787

Victorian 1838

1870s

Expansion to the north along Jordangate and to the west along Chestergate perhaps took place in the first half of the 18th century, as did the newly settled areas to the north of King Edward Street and to the south of Great King Street, which included the building of the new Grammar School in 1768 and Christ Church in 1774. Expansion to the south in the vicinity of Park Green probably dates to the second half of the 18th century. This was the first area to undergo industrial growth, and it was here that the first mill was built.

This phase sees the greatest period of growth in the town before the modern era due to the industry that sprang up around the towns silk throwing. During the period between 1800 and 1831 the population of Macclesfield expanded from 8,743 to 23,129, and over 700 workers cottages were constructed to accommodate them.

The town continued to expand on all sides, with an increasing number of satellite housing clusters.

I 013

1. This period also sees the redevelopment of the abandoned railway into the A523 duel carriageway, providing better vehicular links through the town.

1

2. On the same day Hibel Road station closed.

2

1

1

1. The refurbished Central station, now renamed simple Macclesfield, opened on 7 November 1960

1900s

1930s

1960s

1990s

1. Macclesfield Hibel Road railway station opened as a joint station by the North Staffordshire Railway and the London and North Western Railway with the opening of the NSR route to Uttoxeter. It replaced an earlier, temporary, LNWR station at Beech Bridge.

The town expanded in urban corridors reaching out to the satellite housing clusters, with notable development to the south and west.

Infill developments took place in the areas between urban corridors surrounding the town.

This period sees a great deal of infill housing estates, developing out the town to its boundary.

In 1960 the decision was taken by British Rail to concentrate services on a redeveloped Central station.

It was constructed at the point where the track of the two companies made an end-on junction.

source: Cheshire Historic Towns Survey & Digimap Ancient Roam I 015

1. This period also sees the redevelopment of the abandoned railway into the A523 duel carriageway, providing better vehicular links through the town.

1

2. On the same day Hibel Road station closed.

2

1

1

1. The refurbished Central station, now renamed simple Macclesfield, opened on 7 November 1960

1900s

1930s

1960s

1990s

1. Macclesfield Hibel Road railway station opened as a joint station by the North Staffordshire Railway and the London and North Western Railway with the opening of the NSR route to Uttoxeter. It replaced an earlier, temporary, LNWR station at Beech Bridge.

The town expanded in urban corridors reaching out to the satellite housing clusters, with notable development to the south and west.

Infill developments took place in the areas between urban corridors surrounding the town.

This period sees a great deal of infill housing estates, developing out the town to its boundary.

In 1960 the decision was taken by British Rail to concentrate services on a redeveloped Central station.

It was constructed at the point where the track of the two companies made an end-on junction.

source: Cheshire Historic Towns Survey & Digimap Ancient Roam I 015

...Makes a Rainbow.

A History Worth Protecting.

source: Cheshire Historic Towns Survey & Digimap Ancient Roam

source: British Listed Buildings Online, English Heritage At Risk Register

Macclesfield’s rich historical tapestry

Listed buildings

I 017

...Makes a Rainbow.

A History Worth Protecting.

source: Cheshire Historic Towns Survey & Digimap Ancient Roam

source: British Listed Buildings Online, English Heritage At Risk Register

Macclesfield’s rich historical tapestry

Listed buildings

I 017

I 019

Commons Rights extended by the introduction of self government

Church of All Hallows or All Saints (now St Michaels) is founded by Queen Eleanor in 1278 on part of the site of the modern church. Core of present tower was part of original church.

All Hallows

King Henry III takes the earldom for the crown following the death of the 7th Earl of Chester in1238 and the Manor of Macclesfield becomes crown property. He gave it to son Prince Edward I who in 1261 grants a further charter.

Crown Ownership

The Borough & an increase in Commons Rights

12thC

In 1066 William the Norman gives Earldom of Cheshire to nephew leading to the start of the Manor Estate belonging to a Norman Overlord with access to fields and commons.

Tenants have to cultivate land in part payment for their rights.

1066: Start of Manor Estate

Pre-commons land but the land was worked and cultivated as a way of life

Anglo Saxon settlement - corn growing and animal husbandry In Germanic homeland had developed a type of settlement which required a considerable acreage of ploughable land, access to pasture for their cattle, and proximity to woodland for timber for their houses, for fuel to provide food for their pigs. All present at Macclesfield. Bollin provided water without which habitation would be impossible.

A History of Macclesfield, Davis, C.S., 1961

“...a relatively small but ancient community which started as a village settlement and became in turn a medieval market town with a limited amount of self government, a fully incorporated borough, and an industrial unit whilst at the same time retaining and expanding its functions as a shopping centre.”

Macclesfield, noun [mac-uls-feeld]:

Medieval Settlement

Pre 11thC

Common Rights

Industrial Encroachment

Changes to the Built Fabric

Political / Governmental Changes

A History of Commons Rights in Macclesfield

London

Derby

Macclesfield

11thC

Some time before 1233 a charter was made which granted freedom from the Earl of the Manor in return for an annual payment of twelve silver pennies. A type of community was created which as well as freeing men from serfdom or villeinage, also gave them self government: The Borough.

Introduction of Self-Government

Start of the Commons

In the 11thC a hall belonging to the Earls of Mercia – where Macclesfield was then situated – was added.

Start of the Earldom (& Commons).

Historical Importance of Location

Chester

Manchester

Scotland

Macclesfield’s Common started as part of a manor estate and later was owned by the Corporation (a group of leading tenants/landholders (or burgesses) who ran the town until 1835. Throughout this time Common rights were becoming less and less important and industrial interests were becoming more important leading to the enclosure of the common land for industrial purposes and the expansion of the town ‘overspill’ into the surrounding open land.

Common land (a common) is land owned collectively or by one person, but over which other people have certain traditional rights, such as to allow their livestock to graze upon it, to collect firewood, or to cut turf for fuel.

Originally in medieval England the common was an integral part of the manor, and was thus legally part of the estate in land owned by the lord of the manor, but over which certain classes of manorial tenants and others held certain rights.

From Common Rights to Industrial Interests

From Quiet Settlement to Boom & Bust

I 019

Commons Rights extended by the introduction of self government

Church of All Hallows or All Saints (now St Michaels) is founded by Queen Eleanor in 1278 on part of the site of the modern church. Core of present tower was part of original church.

All Hallows

King Henry III takes the earldom for the crown following the death of the 7th Earl of Chester in1238 and the Manor of Macclesfield becomes crown property. He gave it to son Prince Edward I who in 1261 grants a further charter.

Crown Ownership

The Borough & an increase in Commons Rights

12thC

In 1066 William the Norman gives Earldom of Cheshire to nephew leading to the start of the Manor Estate belonging to a Norman Overlord with access to fields and commons.

Tenants have to cultivate land in part payment for their rights.

1066: Start of Manor Estate

Pre-commons land but the land was worked and cultivated as a way of life

Anglo Saxon settlement - corn growing and animal husbandry In Germanic homeland had developed a type of settlement which required a considerable acreage of ploughable land, access to pasture for their cattle, and proximity to woodland for timber for their houses, for fuel to provide food for their pigs. All present at Macclesfield. Bollin provided water without which habitation would be impossible.

A History of Macclesfield, Davis, C.S., 1961

“...a relatively small but ancient community which started as a village settlement and became in turn a medieval market town with a limited amount of self government, a fully incorporated borough, and an industrial unit whilst at the same time retaining and expanding its functions as a shopping centre.”

Macclesfield, noun [mac-uls-feeld]:

Medieval Settlement

Pre 11thC

Common Rights

Industrial Encroachment

Changes to the Built Fabric

Political / Governmental Changes

A History of Commons Rights in Macclesfield

London

Derby

Macclesfield

11thC

Some time before 1233 a charter was made which granted freedom from the Earl of the Manor in return for an annual payment of twelve silver pennies. A type of community was created which as well as freeing men from serfdom or villeinage, also gave them self government: The Borough.

Introduction of Self-Government

Start of the Commons

In the 11thC a hall belonging to the Earls of Mercia – where Macclesfield was then situated – was added.

Start of the Earldom (& Commons).

Historical Importance of Location

Chester

Manchester

Scotland

Macclesfield’s Common started as part of a manor estate and later was owned by the Corporation (a group of leading tenants/landholders (or burgesses) who ran the town until 1835. Throughout this time Common rights were becoming less and less important and industrial interests were becoming more important leading to the enclosure of the common land for industrial purposes and the expansion of the town ‘overspill’ into the surrounding open land.

Common land (a common) is land owned collectively or by one person, but over which other people have certain traditional rights, such as to allow their livestock to graze upon it, to collect firewood, or to cut turf for fuel.

Originally in medieval England the common was an integral part of the manor, and was thus legally part of the estate in land owned by the lord of the manor, but over which certain classes of manorial tenants and others held certain rights.

From Common Rights to Industrial Interests

From Quiet Settlement to Boom & Bust

I 021

The enclosure of the commons land in Macclesfield was the most considerable reorganisation of the town since it was created a Borough in the 13thC and is comparable with the present building of housing estates. The management of the Commons land had been one of the main concerns of the Corporation; with the extinction of Commons Rights the sense of community in Macclesfield (previously centred on the Corporation) passed to the inhabitants.

A History of Macclesfield, Davis, C.S., 1961

Industry begins to encroach on the Commons and enclosures begin to be made

The town was largely rebuilt in the late 16thC and early 17thC. There was a considerable amount of new building and rebuilding in the 16thC. Newgate is evidence of the town’s expansion in late 16thC records, and many extensions to houses were recorded in a 1653 survey. A number of hamlets had been built grouped around a well or pool and a few isolated farms with labourers cottages were built in the 17thC Ivymeade, Hill top, Bostocks, Harkett Heys and Bollington Park are examples. It would be about this period that farming the land by farmers living in the town began to be discontinued.

Begin: Commons Rights Extinction

16thC

14thC

Plague 1349-51 kills a third of the country’s population. Black Prince orders the Chamberlain of Chester to install new tenants in lands left vacant be victims of Plague in 1354.

1349-1351: Plague

Before end of 16thC only 14 enclosures had been made.

Enclosures on the Common

Before enclosed and divided in 1804 persons with rights could exchange rights for an area of ground with equal or less value that they could enclose and use as pleased.

Records show coal was mined as early as 16thC.

Coal Mining to the Common

Beginning of 16thC a commission of enquiry was sent to Macc. Forest in order to ascertain to what extent the forest land was being enclosed and cultivated.

Enclosures and houses had been made in all different parts of the forest and Common north of the town for farming.

In 15thC the demesne was leased – the land ceased to be worked directly for the Crown and was instead let to copyholders.

Crown Control Ceases

15thC

By 15thC Market Place was becoming congested – three tenements occupied the site of one burgage. 3 underground taverns are recorded.

Congestion

13thC

I 021

The enclosure of the commons land in Macclesfield was the most considerable reorganisation of the town since it was created a Borough in the 13thC and is comparable with the present building of housing estates. The management of the Commons land had been one of the main concerns of the Corporation; with the extinction of Commons Rights the sense of community in Macclesfield (previously centred on the Corporation) passed to the inhabitants.

A History of Macclesfield, Davis, C.S., 1961

Industry begins to encroach on the Commons and enclosures begin to be made

The town was largely rebuilt in the late 16thC and early 17thC. There was a considerable amount of new building and rebuilding in the 16thC. Newgate is evidence of the town’s expansion in late 16thC records, and many extensions to houses were recorded in a 1653 survey. A number of hamlets had been built grouped around a well or pool and a few isolated farms with labourers cottages were built in the 17thC Ivymeade, Hill top, Bostocks, Harkett Heys and Bollington Park are examples. It would be about this period that farming the land by farmers living in the town began to be discontinued.

Begin: Commons Rights Extinction

16thC

14thC

Plague 1349-51 kills a third of the country’s population. Black Prince orders the Chamberlain of Chester to install new tenants in lands left vacant be victims of Plague in 1354.

1349-1351: Plague

Before end of 16thC only 14 enclosures had been made.

Enclosures on the Common

Before enclosed and divided in 1804 persons with rights could exchange rights for an area of ground with equal or less value that they could enclose and use as pleased.

Records show coal was mined as early as 16thC.

Coal Mining to the Common

Beginning of 16thC a commission of enquiry was sent to Macc. Forest in order to ascertain to what extent the forest land was being enclosed and cultivated.

Enclosures and houses had been made in all different parts of the forest and Common north of the town for farming.

In 15thC the demesne was leased – the land ceased to be worked directly for the Crown and was instead let to copyholders.

Crown Control Ceases

15thC

By 15thC Market Place was becoming congested – three tenements occupied the site of one burgage. 3 underground taverns are recorded.

Congestion

13thC

I 023

Trade Confined

1750: Population boom starts

In 1750 Charles Roe’s premises were enlarged and water rights on the Bollin were obtained from the Manorial Mill at Mill Green. Then in the township of Sutton, a small reservoir or dam was constructed.

Silk Industry

In 1742 Charles Roe paid £2 admittance fine – both influential in developing Macclesfield’s primary industry silk. John Brocklehurst is also admitted as honorary burgess by this point, even though he lived in Hurdsfield.

About 340 enclosures were made in all.

By 1740: 146 enclosures

Throwing silk by machinery powered by water was an Italian invention introduced in Macclesfield by Charles Roe after 1732

An attempt to protect the manufacture of silk buttons by an Act of Parliament was made in 1720 – the purpose of which was defeated by the manufacture of horn and metal buttons elsewhere.

Protection of Trade

Early 18thC many enclosures were made on the common along banks of the Bollin and in the Waters – sometimes these were made by people who did not have rights – sometimes allowed sometimes not.

Encroachment on the Common

New method of mining coal deeper when surface sources were gone came about 18thC. Required more capital and labour and so a lease to a specialist was more economic and easier.

First Industrial Lease on Common

With the population increase, the number of original burgesses increased to 280 by the 18thC – majority of which from the end of the 17thC were either in trade or industry – silk throwers, blacksmiths, saddlers etc - leading to the expansion of the local government under an industry oriented leadership. The silk industry also spread to the country districts around Macclesfield by the beginning of the 18thC and industry throughout the century began to move in to Macclesfield on a much larger scale, leading to a considerable amount of building and the demolition of nearly all medieval buildings by the 19thC.

Industrial Town

18thC

Sited on the Common in 1696. This can be sited as the split between the use of the common for purposes of agriculture and its invasion for industrial use of the 18thC. Its establishment is reflection of growing population and need for more houses.

Brickworks on the Common

Laid out on the Common for the enjoyment of the town in 1692.

Bowling Green

Granted by Prince Charles II and under this charter the town was governed until 1835. Gave the Corporation more power. A most valuable concession gave the Corporation right to carry water through pipes to the borough. This brought many advantages the town well was polluted, running water from the Bollin was laborious, in contrast water from the Common was soft and could be used for dyeing process/preparation of textiles, and proved to be a great boon later in industrialised Macclesfield.

Charter of 1684

The forest of Macc had by the 17thC lost much of its medieval character as a game preserve and there were many settlements within it especially in the valleys and on the shoulders of the hills.

Forest

1619 records make clear that mining was an established industry.

In 1604 (true to the Corporation’s previous fears of foreigners bringing Plague or other unwanted side effects) a law was made confining the trade of the town to burgesses and prohibiting any foreigner to settle therein, unless formally approved by the Mayor and Aldermen and burgesses etc.

1603: Population growth rate starts increasing

Charter granted Corporation right to carry water. Public ownership and control over the water supply and waterworks, though not unique, was exceedingly rare at this period. The decision of the Macclesfield Corporation was therefore unusual, enterprising and far-seeing.

146 enclosures were made between end of 16thC and 1740 - mostly gardens, orchards etc but some were industrial - two silk works, a dye house, stables and barns.

As part of the 1796 Act Waters Green and Parsonage Green were reserved as open spaces forever to be used for fairs and markets. The bowling green was vested in the corporation to be kept as an open space.

Unenclosed land at the end of the 18thC amounted to 750 acres on the east of the town, 80 acres at Whirley and 36 at Longmoss.

1796 Inclosure Act

The Macclesfield Inclosure Act 1796 referred to the Charter of Charles II and the commissioners allotted to the Corporation certain lands in lieu and satisfaction of certain rights and privileges. These included the springs and streams from which the borough drew its water.

1796 Act passed ‘An act of Parliament for Dividing, Allotting and Inclosing the Commons and Waste Grounds within the Manor and Borough of Macclesfield.’ (George III)

1796 Inclosure Act

Cotton manufacture introduced in 1785 (spinning and weaving). By late 18th Century water powered cotton mills found in the town. Numbers of people migrated to Macclesfield during the cotton boom and the industry prospered.

As the weaving moved to Macclesfield numbers of work people learned the trade and there was an influx of people from outside the town to meet the demand for labour.

As a result of unrest in Spitalfield (from weavers) an Act of Parliament was passed in 1773 to regulate wages and limit apprentices – only applied to Spitalfield weavers supporting subsequent migration of weaving trade to Macclesfield, where work people were not protected.

Weaving

Canal Bill presented to House of Commons in 1766, but opposed by Duke of Bridgewater in order to gain a more extensive and lucrative monopoly.

After 1760 to end of century 180 were made majority large and for industrial purposes. Making the total In 1765 House of Commons around 340 enclosures in all. estimated around 12,000 and 15,000 people employed in working up the waste – indicating a silk industry of considerable size.

1758-1801, founded by Charles Roe. Was one of the first examples of invasions of the Common pasture by industry. Originally a third of an acre but expanded until 12 acres.

Copper Works

Industry and population growth lead to the development of many enclosures.

Macc of 1800 contained about 8743 – some people would be tight packed. The situation has never been so bad statistically – rate of house building was very rapid during first half of 19thC and subsequently the population did not increase. Housebuilding was at a rate of over 1000 a decade until 1851. When there were 6,199 houses for nearly 30,000. About 5 per house, but many would have more (not equally distributed).

As the population growth rate increases areas of north east Cheshire and south east Lancashire become the most densely populated in England outside of London. Macclesfield and the district around were affected by the general trend – population increased, new houses were built, new buildings and new farms were established on previously uncultivated land. New industries were introduced and the spinning and weaving of woollen cloth which was already practiced as a cottage industry increased and became more organised. Markets and fairs selling the new industry produce attracted buyers and sellers from a very wide area. The small Medieval Borough expanded and developed into a country town.

A Country Town

17thC

I 023

Trade Confined

1750: Population boom starts

In 1750 Charles Roe’s premises were enlarged and water rights on the Bollin were obtained from the Manorial Mill at Mill Green. Then in the township of Sutton, a small reservoir or dam was constructed.

Silk Industry

In 1742 Charles Roe paid £2 admittance fine – both influential in developing Macclesfield’s primary industry silk. John Brocklehurst is also admitted as honorary burgess by this point, even though he lived in Hurdsfield.

About 340 enclosures were made in all.

By 1740: 146 enclosures

Throwing silk by machinery powered by water was an Italian invention introduced in Macclesfield by Charles Roe after 1732

An attempt to protect the manufacture of silk buttons by an Act of Parliament was made in 1720 – the purpose of which was defeated by the manufacture of horn and metal buttons elsewhere.

Protection of Trade

Early 18thC many enclosures were made on the common along banks of the Bollin and in the Waters – sometimes these were made by people who did not have rights – sometimes allowed sometimes not.

Encroachment on the Common

New method of mining coal deeper when surface sources were gone came about 18thC. Required more capital and labour and so a lease to a specialist was more economic and easier.

First Industrial Lease on Common

With the population increase, the number of original burgesses increased to 280 by the 18thC – majority of which from the end of the 17thC were either in trade or industry – silk throwers, blacksmiths, saddlers etc - leading to the expansion of the local government under an industry oriented leadership. The silk industry also spread to the country districts around Macclesfield by the beginning of the 18thC and industry throughout the century began to move in to Macclesfield on a much larger scale, leading to a considerable amount of building and the demolition of nearly all medieval buildings by the 19thC.

Industrial Town

18thC

Sited on the Common in 1696. This can be sited as the split between the use of the common for purposes of agriculture and its invasion for industrial use of the 18thC. Its establishment is reflection of growing population and need for more houses.

Brickworks on the Common

Laid out on the Common for the enjoyment of the town in 1692.

Bowling Green

Granted by Prince Charles II and under this charter the town was governed until 1835. Gave the Corporation more power. A most valuable concession gave the Corporation right to carry water through pipes to the borough. This brought many advantages the town well was polluted, running water from the Bollin was laborious, in contrast water from the Common was soft and could be used for dyeing process/preparation of textiles, and proved to be a great boon later in industrialised Macclesfield.

Charter of 1684

The forest of Macc had by the 17thC lost much of its medieval character as a game preserve and there were many settlements within it especially in the valleys and on the shoulders of the hills.

Forest

1619 records make clear that mining was an established industry.

In 1604 (true to the Corporation’s previous fears of foreigners bringing Plague or other unwanted side effects) a law was made confining the trade of the town to burgesses and prohibiting any foreigner to settle therein, unless formally approved by the Mayor and Aldermen and burgesses etc.

1603: Population growth rate starts increasing

Charter granted Corporation right to carry water. Public ownership and control over the water supply and waterworks, though not unique, was exceedingly rare at this period. The decision of the Macclesfield Corporation was therefore unusual, enterprising and far-seeing.

146 enclosures were made between end of 16thC and 1740 - mostly gardens, orchards etc but some were industrial - two silk works, a dye house, stables and barns.

As part of the 1796 Act Waters Green and Parsonage Green were reserved as open spaces forever to be used for fairs and markets. The bowling green was vested in the corporation to be kept as an open space.

Unenclosed land at the end of the 18thC amounted to 750 acres on the east of the town, 80 acres at Whirley and 36 at Longmoss.

1796 Inclosure Act

The Macclesfield Inclosure Act 1796 referred to the Charter of Charles II and the commissioners allotted to the Corporation certain lands in lieu and satisfaction of certain rights and privileges. These included the springs and streams from which the borough drew its water.

1796 Act passed ‘An act of Parliament for Dividing, Allotting and Inclosing the Commons and Waste Grounds within the Manor and Borough of Macclesfield.’ (George III)

1796 Inclosure Act

Cotton manufacture introduced in 1785 (spinning and weaving). By late 18th Century water powered cotton mills found in the town. Numbers of people migrated to Macclesfield during the cotton boom and the industry prospered.

As the weaving moved to Macclesfield numbers of work people learned the trade and there was an influx of people from outside the town to meet the demand for labour.

As a result of unrest in Spitalfield (from weavers) an Act of Parliament was passed in 1773 to regulate wages and limit apprentices – only applied to Spitalfield weavers supporting subsequent migration of weaving trade to Macclesfield, where work people were not protected.

Weaving

Canal Bill presented to House of Commons in 1766, but opposed by Duke of Bridgewater in order to gain a more extensive and lucrative monopoly.

After 1760 to end of century 180 were made majority large and for industrial purposes. Making the total In 1765 House of Commons around 340 enclosures in all. estimated around 12,000 and 15,000 people employed in working up the waste – indicating a silk industry of considerable size.

1758-1801, founded by Charles Roe. Was one of the first examples of invasions of the Common pasture by industry. Originally a third of an acre but expanded until 12 acres.

Copper Works

Industry and population growth lead to the development of many enclosures.

Macc of 1800 contained about 8743 – some people would be tight packed. The situation has never been so bad statistically – rate of house building was very rapid during first half of 19thC and subsequently the population did not increase. Housebuilding was at a rate of over 1000 a decade until 1851. When there were 6,199 houses for nearly 30,000. About 5 per house, but many would have more (not equally distributed).

As the population growth rate increases areas of north east Cheshire and south east Lancashire become the most densely populated in England outside of London. Macclesfield and the district around were affected by the general trend – population increased, new houses were built, new buildings and new farms were established on previously uncultivated land. New industries were introduced and the spinning and weaving of woollen cloth which was already practiced as a cottage industry increased and became more organised. Markets and fairs selling the new industry produce attracted buyers and sellers from a very wide area. The small Medieval Borough expanded and developed into a country town.

A Country Town

17thC

I 025

Opened for traffic in 1831 Many of the navvies settled in Macclesfield

Weaving firms in Macclesfield fell.

Depression

Industry and population growth lead to the development of many enclosures

? 21stC ?

16thC

Industry begins to encroach on the Commons and enclosures begin to be made

? 20thC ?

15thC

19thC

The following population boom leads to a housing boom and further large scale encroachments

14thC

18thC

Large scale industrial growth spills over the towns boundaries and into the Commons on a large scale with 340 enclosures in all. Enclosure Act shows changing attitude

...?

17thC

Commons Rights extended by the introduction of self government

13thC

After boom years of 1841-51 industry contracted, mainly as a result of changes in fashion, competition from cotton and preference for French silk. Silk manufacture was distributed to many towns inc Manchester and Stockport Macclesfield no longer had the monopoly.

What approach might be taken towards the Commons land in the next few centuries?

Re-introduction?

Central Station was constructed and opened in 1873. It was ill-equipped and proved to be too small and was later enlarged.

After 1831 house building had outstripped demand until in 1861 there were over a thousand empty houses in the borough. Very few houses were built in Macclesfield between 1861 and the end of the century. The 1958 density was 2.85 persons per house.

Too much housing...

Emigration characteristic of the second half of the 19thC acted as safety valve for increasing population. John Ryle moved to Paterson New Jersey and started a silk business. In 1900 there were 3,000 Macclesfield men in Paterson.

Emigration

In the middle of the 19thC total daily consumption of water in Macclesfield was approx. ¾ million gallons, over 3x as much for a population not greatly different in size. One of the main factors which have produced this increase is the introduction of water closets, another is the installation of baths in private houses.

The Macclesfield Borough Waterwoks Act 1849 gave powers to the corporation to construct Ridgegate and Bottoms impounding reservoirs and a service reservoir in Buxton Road. With completion of these undertakings Macclesfield had sufficient water for contemporary demands.

Water Act

After middle of 19thC Cumberland St and district around was built upon– Victorian family houses, roomy accommodation. The well to do began to move outside of the town in 19thC – manufacturers moved out to Beech Lane, Upton Byrons Lane and further afield.

Start of the Commons

source: A History of Macclesfield, Davis, C.S., 1961

Population Peak 39,048 in 1851 End of housing boom

Even More Building

Pre-commons land - but the land was worked and cultivated as a way of life

12thC

1841-51

First railway to reach Macclesfield – Macclesfield Branch of Manchester and Birmingham Railway, built in 1845.

During next five years workers employed in silk fell to 4,000 and many firms went bankrupt. Only forty factories in 1832. Numbers of people left the town and returned to their native villages in the surrounding countryside and went to work in farming.

There was a period of good trade in 1820s. Between 1819-1826 about twenty new silk throwing mills were erected.

Town Overspill

19thC Population of Macclesfield, which had grown slowly in the preceding centuries, increased rapidly between 1750-1850. In 1720 there were 925 families/4,000 persons recorded living in the town. In 1801 this became 8,743 which doubled again in 1821 and again in 1851. In 18thC town spilled over into the Common and up towards Sutton, Tytherington and Upton. The Common offered excellent provision for building sites.

11thC

The London and North-western Railway Company purchased the Macc canal from the shareholders as part of their policy with regard to the canal companies. The canal became govt property when the railways were nationalised in 1946.

Charles Roe supported building of Canal at estimated cost of £30,000.

It was intended to carry coal, lime, salt stone etc. It brought coal for a few years from Adligngton and Poynton mines before the railway.

After Napoleonic wars in 1815 silk entered depression. Many manufacturers failed and many workers were unemployed. Wages fell.

Cotton manufacture suffers heavily.

Intermittent war with France and continuous between 1793-1815 removed France as main competition for silk manufacture and the trade expanded. There was a great silk depression following the end of the war.

Bust

Pre 11thC

Where next...

1848 Public Health Act established a General Board of Health. Macclesfield’s annual mortality was higher than the required figure, so in 1849 two govt inspectors made a survey of the town and directed that a Local Board of Health should be established

Public Health Act

No significant amount of the towns commodities were carried along it after 1850 and it was a financial failure, for the subscribers did not recover their capital.

In 1835 borough boundaries were enlarged to include the most populous parts of the adjoining Townships of Sutton and Hurdsfield that had grown towards Macclesfield by direction of the Municipal Borough. There was little alteration within the old boundaries after 1835 until recent times, when considerable clearances of the town centre have reduced people living in inner ring.

Boundary Changes

By the municipal reform act of 1835 the old Corporation of Macclesfield was replaced by the administration which, with some modifications, serves the town at present (1961).

Municipal Reform Act

After 1831 house building had outstripped demand

1825 records show eleven mines on Macclesfield Common. Stone from Common quarries used to pave all the towns streets.

Coal on the Common

In first 30 years of 19thC a lot of building was done – most terraced cottage property to house silk mill workers.

This area was the New Town and was included into the boundary of the borough in 1835 along with the previously mentioned Sutton and Hurdsfield areas.

More Building

Produce from the farms came into the Market and helped to feed the growing population.

The 1811 census recorded 244 families who earned their living in agriculture.

Despite the industrial revolution Macclesfield in the 19thC was still a town with many farms connected within its boundaries and many people who worked on the land.

Boom Bust Boom Bust Boom

Farming

55 1860

Boom & Bust

30 1886

1800: Start of Housing Boom

further...

I 025

Opened for traffic in 1831 Many of the navvies settled in Macclesfield

Weaving firms in Macclesfield fell.

Depression

Industry and population growth lead to the development of many enclosures

? 21stC ?

16thC

Industry begins to encroach on the Commons and enclosures begin to be made

? 20thC ?

15thC

19thC

The following population boom leads to a housing boom and further large scale encroachments

14thC

18thC

Large scale industrial growth spills over the towns boundaries and into the Commons on a large scale with 340 enclosures in all. Enclosure Act shows changing attitude

...?

17thC

Commons Rights extended by the introduction of self government

13thC

After boom years of 1841-51 industry contracted, mainly as a result of changes in fashion, competition from cotton and preference for French silk. Silk manufacture was distributed to many towns inc Manchester and Stockport Macclesfield no longer had the monopoly.

What approach might be taken towards the Commons land in the next few centuries?

Re-introduction?

Central Station was constructed and opened in 1873. It was ill-equipped and proved to be too small and was later enlarged.

After 1831 house building had outstripped demand until in 1861 there were over a thousand empty houses in the borough. Very few houses were built in Macclesfield between 1861 and the end of the century. The 1958 density was 2.85 persons per house.

Too much housing...

Emigration characteristic of the second half of the 19thC acted as safety valve for increasing population. John Ryle moved to Paterson New Jersey and started a silk business. In 1900 there were 3,000 Macclesfield men in Paterson.

Emigration

In the middle of the 19thC total daily consumption of water in Macclesfield was approx. ¾ million gallons, over 3x as much for a population not greatly different in size. One of the main factors which have produced this increase is the introduction of water closets, another is the installation of baths in private houses.

The Macclesfield Borough Waterwoks Act 1849 gave powers to the corporation to construct Ridgegate and Bottoms impounding reservoirs and a service reservoir in Buxton Road. With completion of these undertakings Macclesfield had sufficient water for contemporary demands.

Water Act

After middle of 19thC Cumberland St and district around was built upon– Victorian family houses, roomy accommodation. The well to do began to move outside of the town in 19thC – manufacturers moved out to Beech Lane, Upton Byrons Lane and further afield.

Start of the Commons

source: A History of Macclesfield, Davis, C.S., 1961

Population Peak 39,048 in 1851 End of housing boom

Even More Building

Pre-commons land - but the land was worked and cultivated as a way of life

12thC

1841-51

First railway to reach Macclesfield – Macclesfield Branch of Manchester and Birmingham Railway, built in 1845.

During next five years workers employed in silk fell to 4,000 and many firms went bankrupt. Only forty factories in 1832. Numbers of people left the town and returned to their native villages in the surrounding countryside and went to work in farming.

There was a period of good trade in 1820s. Between 1819-1826 about twenty new silk throwing mills were erected.

Town Overspill

19thC Population of Macclesfield, which had grown slowly in the preceding centuries, increased rapidly between 1750-1850. In 1720 there were 925 families/4,000 persons recorded living in the town. In 1801 this became 8,743 which doubled again in 1821 and again in 1851. In 18thC town spilled over into the Common and up towards Sutton, Tytherington and Upton. The Common offered excellent provision for building sites.

11thC

The London and North-western Railway Company purchased the Macc canal from the shareholders as part of their policy with regard to the canal companies. The canal became govt property when the railways were nationalised in 1946.

Charles Roe supported building of Canal at estimated cost of £30,000.

It was intended to carry coal, lime, salt stone etc. It brought coal for a few years from Adligngton and Poynton mines before the railway.

After Napoleonic wars in 1815 silk entered depression. Many manufacturers failed and many workers were unemployed. Wages fell.

Cotton manufacture suffers heavily.

Intermittent war with France and continuous between 1793-1815 removed France as main competition for silk manufacture and the trade expanded. There was a great silk depression following the end of the war.

Bust

Pre 11thC

Where next...

1848 Public Health Act established a General Board of Health. Macclesfield’s annual mortality was higher than the required figure, so in 1849 two govt inspectors made a survey of the town and directed that a Local Board of Health should be established

Public Health Act

No significant amount of the towns commodities were carried along it after 1850 and it was a financial failure, for the subscribers did not recover their capital.

In 1835 borough boundaries were enlarged to include the most populous parts of the adjoining Townships of Sutton and Hurdsfield that had grown towards Macclesfield by direction of the Municipal Borough. There was little alteration within the old boundaries after 1835 until recent times, when considerable clearances of the town centre have reduced people living in inner ring.

Boundary Changes

By the municipal reform act of 1835 the old Corporation of Macclesfield was replaced by the administration which, with some modifications, serves the town at present (1961).

Municipal Reform Act

After 1831 house building had outstripped demand

1825 records show eleven mines on Macclesfield Common. Stone from Common quarries used to pave all the towns streets.

Coal on the Common

In first 30 years of 19thC a lot of building was done – most terraced cottage property to house silk mill workers.

This area was the New Town and was included into the boundary of the borough in 1835 along with the previously mentioned Sutton and Hurdsfield areas.

More Building

Produce from the farms came into the Market and helped to feed the growing population.

The 1811 census recorded 244 families who earned their living in agriculture.

Despite the industrial revolution Macclesfield in the 19thC was still a town with many farms connected within its boundaries and many people who worked on the land.

Boom Bust Boom Bust Boom

Farming

55 1860

Boom & Bust

30 1886

1800: Start of Housing Boom

further...

From Silt to Silk.

The evolution of Macclesfield’s industry

source: Macclesfield Silk Heritage Centre

I 027

From Silt to Silk.

The evolution of Macclesfield’s industry

source: Macclesfield Silk Heritage Centre

I 027

The Rise of the Smoke.

source: Macclesfield Silk Heritage Centre

Macclesfield’s fast industrial growth

Mills that are still present in the town Mills that have since been demolished

I 029

The Rise of the Smoke.

source: Macclesfield Silk Heritage Centre

Macclesfield’s fast industrial growth

Mills that are still present in the town Mills that have since been demolished

I 029

3.0

Geology I 031

3.0

Geology I 031

Macclesfield from the dawn of time...

A geological history

The Cheshire landscape is a low and flat plain with a series of prominent sandstone ridges. It extends from the broad Mersey valley to the north to the Shropshire hills to the south. To its west it is bordered by the Welsh hills and on its north-east, the foothills of the Pennines. The geology of Cheshire has been shaped by natural processes over millions of years with the majority of the region comprising of Triassic mudstone and sandstone, deposited on its once wide desert plain. These rocks are found throughout Cheshire and overlain by glacial deposits consisting largely of boulder clay, silt, peat, sand and gravel. The oldest rocks in the region are from the Carboniferous period (some 350 million years ago) and comprise of marine shales with thin limestones and sandstones, which contain distinctive fossil brachiopods, corals and trilobites.

Some of the more elevated tracts of moorland have been influenced by the buildup of hard quartzite rocks (sandstone which has been converted into quartzite under intense pressure). Prehistoric deltas, swamps and waterways resulted in the deposition of layers of coal (the compressed remains of marine vegetation), which can be found to the east of Cheshire.

source: naturalengland.org.uk, Wikipedia & Wikimedia I 033

Macclesfield from the dawn of time...

A geological history

The Cheshire landscape is a low and flat plain with a series of prominent sandstone ridges. It extends from the broad Mersey valley to the north to the Shropshire hills to the south. To its west it is bordered by the Welsh hills and on its north-east, the foothills of the Pennines. The geology of Cheshire has been shaped by natural processes over millions of years with the majority of the region comprising of Triassic mudstone and sandstone, deposited on its once wide desert plain. These rocks are found throughout Cheshire and overlain by glacial deposits consisting largely of boulder clay, silt, peat, sand and gravel. The oldest rocks in the region are from the Carboniferous period (some 350 million years ago) and comprise of marine shales with thin limestones and sandstones, which contain distinctive fossil brachiopods, corals and trilobites.

Some of the more elevated tracts of moorland have been influenced by the buildup of hard quartzite rocks (sandstone which has been converted into quartzite under intense pressure). Prehistoric deltas, swamps and waterways resulted in the deposition of layers of coal (the compressed remains of marine vegetation), which can be found to the east of Cheshire.

source: naturalengland.org.uk, Wikipedia & Wikimedia I 033

Macclesfield from the dawn of time...cont.

A geological history

The red mudstone and sandstone which represents the majority of the Cheshire geology were deposited during the Triassic period (some 250 million years ago) under arid, desert conditions. The Sherwood sandstone group, located in the east and central parts of Cheshire form prominent ridges with pebbles scattered through much of its sequence. The smoothness and roundness of these pebbles indicates that they were transported by a large and powerful river system long since disappeared. Shallow salt lakes, which formed through the evaporation of mineral-rich water under the intense desert sun, left behind numerous layers of salt which have been commercially extracted.

Over the last two million years the UK has seen tremendous differences in its climate with periods of temperate weather interrupted by repeated advances and retreats of glaciers and ice sheets (known as an Ice Age). These glaciers have been responsible for shifting large amounts of till (boulder clay) throughout much of Cheshire. During the last Ice Age (some 20,000 years ago) the deposition of till, sands, boulders and gravel from the Irish Sea and Lake District gave rise to an undulating landscape which includes a number of lakes, ponds and wetland habitats.

source: naturalengland.org.uk, Wikipedia & Wikimedia I 035

Macclesfield from the dawn of time...cont.

A geological history

The red mudstone and sandstone which represents the majority of the Cheshire geology were deposited during the Triassic period (some 250 million years ago) under arid, desert conditions. The Sherwood sandstone group, located in the east and central parts of Cheshire form prominent ridges with pebbles scattered through much of its sequence. The smoothness and roundness of these pebbles indicates that they were transported by a large and powerful river system long since disappeared. Shallow salt lakes, which formed through the evaporation of mineral-rich water under the intense desert sun, left behind numerous layers of salt which have been commercially extracted.

Over the last two million years the UK has seen tremendous differences in its climate with periods of temperate weather interrupted by repeated advances and retreats of glaciers and ice sheets (known as an Ice Age). These glaciers have been responsible for shifting large amounts of till (boulder clay) throughout much of Cheshire. During the last Ice Age (some 20,000 years ago) the deposition of till, sands, boulders and gravel from the Irish Sea and Lake District gave rise to an undulating landscape which includes a number of lakes, ponds and wetland habitats.

source: naturalengland.org.uk, Wikipedia & Wikimedia I 035

The Ground Beneath.

Strata makeup & four borehole samples taken at locations around Macclesfield. The general geographical lay is of brown boulder clay with pockets of sand.

source: British Geological Survey National Environment Research Council. 2012 I 037

The Ground Beneath.

Strata makeup & four borehole samples taken at locations around Macclesfield. The general geographical lay is of brown boulder clay with pockets of sand.

source: British Geological Survey National Environment Research Council. 2012 I 037

4.0

Biodiversity I 039

4.0

Biodiversity I 039

100 Years Makes a Difference.

Green space in Macclesfield

Agricultural Land Classification The majority of the land in Macclesfield is agriculturally classed as Grade 3 which is good to moderate quality agricultural land.

It has moderate limitations which affect the choice of crops, timing and type of cultivation, harvesting or the level of yield.

The Allotment Lottery Cheshire East has 1553 allotments on 45 sites, however there is a waiting list of 598 people. Food4Macc provides alternatives such as Community Gardens and Garden Sharing.

Where more demanding crops are needed Macclesfield has some grade 2 land that could be used.

source: cheshireeast.gov.uk, maps.google.co.uk I 041

100 Years Makes a Difference.

Green space in Macclesfield

Agricultural Land Classification The majority of the land in Macclesfield is agriculturally classed as Grade 3 which is good to moderate quality agricultural land.

It has moderate limitations which affect the choice of crops, timing and type of cultivation, harvesting or the level of yield.

The Allotment Lottery Cheshire East has 1553 allotments on 45 sites, however there is a waiting list of 598 people. Food4Macc provides alternatives such as Community Gardens and Garden Sharing.

Where more demanding crops are needed Macclesfield has some grade 2 land that could be used.

source: cheshireeast.gov.uk, maps.google.co.uk I 041

Holy Cow.

Macclesfield's Agricultural History

Agricultural land was mostly pastoral with Friesian cows. As Macclesfield grew as an industrial town from the mid 18th century it responded to the opportunity to sell milk and other dairy produce.

Predominant industries in Macclesfield

As an industry, agriculture has remained relatively constant, only decreasing as agricultural land is gradually taken over by urban sprawl.

However manufacture based industry began to significantly decrease after the economic transformation which has led to a predominantly service based industry.

source: visionofbritain.co.uk I 043

Holy Cow.

Macclesfield's Agricultural History

Agricultural land was mostly pastoral with Friesian cows. As Macclesfield grew as an industrial town from the mid 18th century it responded to the opportunity to sell milk and other dairy produce.

Predominant industries in Macclesfield

As an industry, agriculture has remained relatively constant, only decreasing as agricultural land is gradually taken over by urban sprawl.

However manufacture based industry began to significantly decrease after the economic transformation which has led to a predominantly service based industry.

source: visionofbritain.co.uk I 043

Food For Thought

Supermarkets vs locally grown produce

Food4Macc Food4macc is a voluntary group that aims to have more food produced locally in the Macclesfield area as part of a planned transition from today's oil dependency, to a low-carbon sustainable community. They encourage and support many local food growing schemes such as Community Gardens, Garden Share, Grow Your Own and Local Food from Local Producers. www.maccinfo.com/Food4Macc

source: maccinfo.com/Food4Macc, maps.google.co.uk I 045

Food For Thought

Supermarkets vs locally grown produce

Food4Macc Food4macc is a voluntary group that aims to have more food produced locally in the Macclesfield area as part of a planned transition from today's oil dependency, to a low-carbon sustainable community. They encourage and support many local food growing schemes such as Community Gardens, Garden Share, Grow Your Own and Local Food from Local Producers. www.maccinfo.com/Food4Macc

source: maccinfo.com/Food4Macc, maps.google.co.uk I 045

How Will Your Garden Grow?

10 easiest fruit and vegetables to grow

Seasonal fruit & vegetable chart

source: localfoodalliance.co.uk, nationaltrust.org.uk, eatseasonably.co.uk I 047

How Will Your Garden Grow?

10 easiest fruit and vegetables to grow

Seasonal fruit & vegetable chart

source: localfoodalliance.co.uk, nationaltrust.org.uk, eatseasonably.co.uk I 047

Where have all the animals gone?

The coloured map represents the historical and current urban boundaries of Macclesfield town throughout its development. The darker the colour the more recent the encroachment of the land by Macclesfield's urban sprawl.

As the town's urban area has grown, the rural, biodiverse land around its perimeter has been reduced.

source: Cheshire Historic Towns Survey I 049

Where have all the animals gone?

The coloured map represents the historical and current urban boundaries of Macclesfield town throughout its development. The darker the colour the more recent the encroachment of the land by Macclesfield's urban sprawl.

As the town's urban area has grown, the rural, biodiverse land around its perimeter has been reduced.

source: Cheshire Historic Towns Survey I 049

Macc Animals.

Number of species recorded for broad biological groups

Protect the weak.

Scarce and threatened native species: 2005

42.20% Insects 29.13% Plants 19.19% Fungi & lichens

Seed plants & ferns

3.85% Spiders, mites & false scorpions

1,600 Species Assessed

3.56% Vartebrates 1.65% Molluscs and worms

Reptiles, amphibians & freshwater fish

0.45% Other inverterbrates

77 Species Assessed

Invertebrates (Non-marine)

15,000 Species Assessed

The audit clearly shows that Macclesfield supports an enormous variety of species, many of which are considered to be threatened or rare. On the one hand, it is a positive indication that Macclesfield as a whole is a biodiverse area with a lot of wildlife. On the other, the small but significant number of species that are rare or becoming endangered means that much work needs to be done over the coming years, to ensure that these species do not disappear from the borough.

The audit contains a total of 69,502 species records, which reveal the presence of 5,273 different species in the area.

source: Borough of Macclesfield Biodiversity Audit 2006

Mammals (non-marine) & Birds 577 Species Assessed

Lichens, mosses, Liverworts & stoneworts 3,000 Assessed

Threatened Nationally scarce Not at risk

source: Scarce and threatened native species 2005 - archive.defra.gov.uk I 051

Macc Animals.

Number of species recorded for broad biological groups

Protect the weak.

Scarce and threatened native species: 2005

42.20% Insects 29.13% Plants 19.19% Fungi & lichens

Seed plants & ferns

3.85% Spiders, mites & false scorpions

1,600 Species Assessed

3.56% Vartebrates 1.65% Molluscs and worms

Reptiles, amphibians & freshwater fish

0.45% Other inverterbrates

77 Species Assessed

Invertebrates (Non-marine)

15,000 Species Assessed

The audit clearly shows that Macclesfield supports an enormous variety of species, many of which are considered to be threatened or rare. On the one hand, it is a positive indication that Macclesfield as a whole is a biodiverse area with a lot of wildlife. On the other, the small but significant number of species that are rare or becoming endangered means that much work needs to be done over the coming years, to ensure that these species do not disappear from the borough.

The audit contains a total of 69,502 species records, which reveal the presence of 5,273 different species in the area.

source: Borough of Macclesfield Biodiversity Audit 2006

Mammals (non-marine) & Birds 577 Species Assessed

Lichens, mosses, Liverworts & stoneworts 3,000 Assessed

Threatened Nationally scarce Not at risk

source: Scarce and threatened native species 2005 - archive.defra.gov.uk I 051

Bird Migration Cheshire.

Number of species recorded for broad biological groups

The index of wild bird populations is one of the Government’s key indicators for sustainable development in the United Kingdom. Bird populations are considered a good indicator of the broad state of wildlife and countryside because they occupy a wide range of habitats and they tend to be near or at the top of the food chain.

UK Biodiversity Indicator: populations of wild birds, 1970 to 2009

source: British Trust for Ornothology, Developing bird indicators, Cheshire & Wirral Bird Report - bto.org I 053

Bird Migration Cheshire.

Number of species recorded for broad biological groups

The index of wild bird populations is one of the Government’s key indicators for sustainable development in the United Kingdom. Bird populations are considered a good indicator of the broad state of wildlife and countryside because they occupy a wide range of habitats and they tend to be near or at the top of the food chain.

UK Biodiversity Indicator: populations of wild birds, 1970 to 2009

source: British Trust for Ornothology, Developing bird indicators, Cheshire & Wirral Bird Report - bto.org I 053

5.0

Typologies I 055

5.0

Typologies I 055

Allocating the Share.

A breakdown of land use

Residential Ladders

4%

Community Space

mobile homes

financial & professional

detached

flats

24,000 homes

61.6%

Total Demand for New Homes: 318 Total Built: 58

of the total urban area

32%

Parks, conservation areas & open spaces

22.4% of the total urban area

food / drink outlets

business / industry / storage & distribution

8.4%

other

public admin

21%

finance

?

510 shop units

25,800 jobs

5.1%

10.9%

of the total urban area

manufacturing

construction

23% 44%

comparison shops Community

3%

of the total urban area

15%

vacant

semi-detached

Residential

32%

15.3%

33%

terraced

12%

8%

18% 10%

Industrial Ladders

12.4%

community Space

3%

bungalows

Commercial Ladders

Commercial

6%

other

distribution

?

0.82 jobs per working age head 10 of every 100 jobs are at AstraZeneca

Industrial

source: Cheshire East Macclesfield Snapshot report, maps.google.co.uk, Pope, A., Ladders, 1996, maps.google.co.uk, I 057

Allocating the Share.

A breakdown of land use

Residential Ladders

4%

Community Space

mobile homes

financial & professional

detached

flats

24,000 homes

61.6%

Total Demand for New Homes: 318 Total Built: 58

of the total urban area

32%

Parks, conservation areas & open spaces

22.4% of the total urban area

food / drink outlets

business / industry / storage & distribution

8.4%

other

public admin

21%

finance

?

510 shop units

25,800 jobs

5.1%

10.9%

of the total urban area

manufacturing

construction

23% 44%

comparison shops Community

3%

of the total urban area

15%

vacant

semi-detached

Residential

32%

15.3%

33%

terraced

12%

8%

18% 10%

Industrial Ladders

12.4%

community Space

3%

bungalows

Commercial Ladders

Commercial

6%

other

distribution

?

0.82 jobs per working age head 10 of every 100 jobs are at AstraZeneca

Industrial

source: Cheshire East Macclesfield Snapshot report, maps.google.co.uk, Pope, A., Ladders, 1996, maps.google.co.uk, I 057

Home Sweet Home.

Residential ladders and house typologies by area

detached semi-detatched terraced flat bungalow Street typologies by residential ladder

source: Cheshire East Macclesfield Snapshot report, Pope, A., Ladders, 1996, maps.google.co.uk, images: google.com/streetview

House type by area

other

I 059

Home Sweet Home.

Residential ladders and house typologies by area

detached semi-detatched terraced flat bungalow Street typologies by residential ladder

source: Cheshire East Macclesfield Snapshot report, Pope, A., Ladders, 1996, maps.google.co.uk, images: google.com/streetview

House type by area

other

I 059

Protected Spaces.

Rural & urban conservation

source: Cheshire East Macclesfield Snapshot report, maps.google.co.uk

I 061

Protected Spaces.

Rural & urban conservation

source: Cheshire East Macclesfield Snapshot report, maps.google.co.uk

I 061

Bored...?

Facilities, services and things to do in Macclesfield

Traffic and pedestrian nodal points

Public services

Cultural facilities

Educational facilities

Traffic Node

Community Hall

Library

Cinema/Theatre

Childcare

Further

Pedestrian Node

Post Office

Transport Interchange

Library

Primary

Special

Museum

Secondary

Other

source: Cheshire East Macclesfield Snapshot report, maps.google.co.uk

I 063

Bored...?

Facilities, services and things to do in Macclesfield

Traffic and pedestrian nodal points

Public services

Cultural facilities

Educational facilities

Traffic Node

Community Hall

Library

Cinema/Theatre

Childcare

Further

Pedestrian Node

Post Office

Transport Interchange

Library

Primary

Special

Museum

Secondary

Other

source: Cheshire East Macclesfield Snapshot report, maps.google.co.uk

I 063

Bored...? continued

Facilities, services and things to do in Macclesfield

Healthcare facilities

Sports and fitness facilities

Religious places of worship Christian Church

Agricultural & horticultural spots

Dentists

Hospital

Fitness Suite

Cricket Club

Opticians

Doctor’s Surgery

Sports Hall

Golf Club

Garden Centre

Football Club

Rugby Club

Farm

Pharmacy

source: Cheshire East Macclesfield Snapshot report, maps.google.co.uk

Tennis Club

Allotment

I 065

Bored...? continued

Facilities, services and things to do in Macclesfield

Healthcare facilities

Sports and fitness facilities

Religious places of worship Christian Church

Agricultural & horticultural spots

Dentists

Hospital

Fitness Suite

Cricket Club

Opticians

Doctor’s Surgery

Sports Hall

Golf Club

Garden Centre

Football Club

Rugby Club

Farm

Pharmacy

source: Cheshire East Macclesfield Snapshot report, maps.google.co.uk

Tennis Club

Allotment

I 065

6.0

Material Flows I 067

6.0

Material Flows I 067

Material Flow - A Brief History.

International Raw Silk

Thrown Silk

Horse and Cart

Horse and Cart

Shipped in to London/Liverpool

Exports

China

Horse and Cart

Stone Brick Products Produce Goods

International Raw Silk China

Horse and Cart

Shipped in to London/Liverpool then horse and cart

Timber Stone Brick Produce Products Coal

Regional Slate Stone Coal Iron

Horse and Cart Horse and Cart to nearest canal (20+miles)

to nearest canal (20+miles)

International Raw Silk China Italy

Shipped in to London/Liverpool then horse and cart

Timber Stone Brick Produce Products Coal

Regional Iron Slate Coal Stone

Horse and Cart

to nearest canal (16 miles) before 1831

Canal

1814: 30 mills Cottage Industry producing silk buttons

Silk throwing before the mills

lower quality ‘tram’ thread used for weft produced alongside buttons

Charles Roe’s Watermill (1744)

meant higher quality organzine for warp threads produced. Half of all silk lost during spinning of “staples” on cotton machinery

Rail

after 1831

Produce Products Timber Coal

Steel Slate Stone Iron Coal Aluminium

Canal & Rail Road, Rail & Canal

after 1845

Early 20thC

Mid 20thC (road 1960 onwards)

International Raw Silk Synthetic Fibres (Rayon) Timber

International Local

Regional

Produce >10%

Produce >15% Stone

Road

All types of goods, raw materials and wares imported

Road

Late 20thC

very little via Rail

Changing Fashions, Changing Industry

1830: 70 mills

Silk Industry Advances

Due to developments in early 19thC (particularly unrest from Spitalfield’s weavers) dyeing and weaving all move to Macclesfield

Mechanical - Water Powered

Local

Between 1870-1920 there was a stagnation in the silk market due to preference for French silk & changing fashions.

This was followed by an inter-war boom in silk and artificial rayon.

The 60’s, 70’s & 80’s saw the collapse of manufacturing due to cheaper imports and a move towards tertiary employment.

Very little manufacturing anymore

Light Industry (Bodycote & Ciba Chemicals), Pharmaceutical R&D & production (Astra Zeneca), Financial Services (Cheshire Building Society), IT, Paper, Creative Industries, Retail, Plastics

Mechanical - Coal Fired During WWII silk cocoons were secretly sourced from African coast for parachutes.

Hand powered

Regional

National

International

Regional

National

International

Regional

National

International

Regional

National

International

Regional

National

International

Regional

National

International

Timber Products Produce

Products Silk Buttons to London

None

Stone Brick Timber Produce Goods Coal

Silk Thread & Buttons to London

No direct export connections

Stone Brick Timber Products Goods Coal

Coal Stone Silk Thread to...

London Bath Bristol Edinburgh

Europe

Timber Products Produce Stone Coal Silk Wares

Sand Gravel Paving Stones Brick Clay Coal Limestone Rubble Ashlarstone Goods Silk Wares

Silk Wares to...

Europe America Asia

Timber Products Produce Stone Coal Silk Wares

Products Produce Silk Wares

Silk Wares Chemicals Light Industry

Financial

Financial Light Industry Products Chemicals IT Creative Industry

Pharmaceuticals Financial Chemicals Intellectual exports Biotechnology

16thC

Thread was died then woven in London before being exported elsewhere

17thC

source: A History of Macclesfield, Davies, C.S.,1961, Cheshire Historic Towns Survey, Macclesfield Silk Heritage Centre, macclesfieldcanal.org.uk, penninewaterways.co.uk, information-britain.co.uk, fibre2fabric.blogspot.com

18thC

Horse and cart export was insufficient. Growth of Macclesfield was stunted by the lack of Canal proposals were blocked

by Duke of Bridgewater who had interest invested in nearby canal companies

19thC

Arrival of canal quickly followed by rail in 1845 finally allowed growth

20thC

Imports

Stone Brick Goods

Stone Brick Timber Product Goods Coal

Regional

Method of Transport

International

Local

Exports

Imports Method of Transport

Regional

Method of Manufacture

Macclesfield Industry

Timber Stone Clay Produce Gravel

Local

Regional

Method of Manufacture

Local

Local

China France Italy Turkey Dyes Logwood Mexico Seashells Mediterranean

Macclesfield Industry

The evolution of material flows in Macclesfield

21stC I 069

Material Flow - A Brief History.

International Raw Silk

Thrown Silk

Horse and Cart

Horse and Cart

Shipped in to London/Liverpool

Exports

China

Horse and Cart

Stone Brick Products Produce Goods

International Raw Silk China

Horse and Cart

Shipped in to London/Liverpool then horse and cart

Timber Stone Brick Produce Products Coal

Regional Slate Stone Coal Iron

Horse and Cart Horse and Cart to nearest canal (20+miles)

to nearest canal (20+miles)

International Raw Silk China Italy

Shipped in to London/Liverpool then horse and cart

Timber Stone Brick Produce Products Coal

Regional Iron Slate Coal Stone

Horse and Cart

to nearest canal (16 miles) before 1831

Canal

1814: 30 mills Cottage Industry producing silk buttons

Silk throwing before the mills

lower quality ‘tram’ thread used for weft produced alongside buttons

Charles Roe’s Watermill (1744)

meant higher quality organzine for warp threads produced. Half of all silk lost during spinning of “staples” on cotton machinery

Rail

after 1831

Produce Products Timber Coal

Steel Slate Stone Iron Coal Aluminium

Canal & Rail Road, Rail & Canal

after 1845

Early 20thC

Mid 20thC (road 1960 onwards)

International Raw Silk Synthetic Fibres (Rayon) Timber

International Local

Regional

Produce >10%

Produce >15% Stone

Road

All types of goods, raw materials and wares imported

Road

Late 20thC

very little via Rail

Changing Fashions, Changing Industry

1830: 70 mills

Silk Industry Advances

Due to developments in early 19thC (particularly unrest from Spitalfield’s weavers) dyeing and weaving all move to Macclesfield

Mechanical - Water Powered

Local

Between 1870-1920 there was a stagnation in the silk market due to preference for French silk & changing fashions.

This was followed by an inter-war boom in silk and artificial rayon.

The 60’s, 70’s & 80’s saw the collapse of manufacturing due to cheaper imports and a move towards tertiary employment.

Very little manufacturing anymore

Light Industry (Bodycote & Ciba Chemicals), Pharmaceutical R&D & production (Astra Zeneca), Financial Services (Cheshire Building Society), IT, Paper, Creative Industries, Retail, Plastics

Mechanical - Coal Fired During WWII silk cocoons were secretly sourced from African coast for parachutes.

Hand powered

Regional

National

International

Regional

National

International

Regional

National

International

Regional

National

International

Regional

National

International

Regional

National

International

Timber Products Produce

Products Silk Buttons to London

None

Stone Brick Timber Produce Goods Coal

Silk Thread & Buttons to London

No direct export connections

Stone Brick Timber Products Goods Coal

Coal Stone Silk Thread to...

London Bath Bristol Edinburgh

Europe

Timber Products Produce Stone Coal Silk Wares

Sand Gravel Paving Stones Brick Clay Coal Limestone Rubble Ashlarstone Goods Silk Wares

Silk Wares to...

Europe America Asia

Timber Products Produce Stone Coal Silk Wares

Products Produce Silk Wares

Silk Wares Chemicals Light Industry

Financial

Financial Light Industry Products Chemicals IT Creative Industry

Pharmaceuticals Financial Chemicals Intellectual exports Biotechnology

16thC

Thread was died then woven in London before being exported elsewhere

17thC

source: A History of Macclesfield, Davies, C.S.,1961, Cheshire Historic Towns Survey, Macclesfield Silk Heritage Centre, macclesfieldcanal.org.uk, penninewaterways.co.uk, information-britain.co.uk, fibre2fabric.blogspot.com

18thC

Horse and cart export was insufficient. Growth of Macclesfield was stunted by the lack of Canal proposals were blocked

by Duke of Bridgewater who had interest invested in nearby canal companies

19thC

Arrival of canal quickly followed by rail in 1845 finally allowed growth

20thC

Imports

Stone Brick Goods

Stone Brick Timber Product Goods Coal

Regional

Method of Transport

International

Local

Exports

Imports Method of Transport

Regional

Method of Manufacture

Macclesfield Industry

Timber Stone Clay Produce Gravel

Local

Regional

Method of Manufacture

Local

Local

China France Italy Turkey Dyes Logwood Mexico Seashells Mediterranean

Macclesfield Industry

The evolution of material flows in Macclesfield

21stC I 069

The Waste Footprint.

Comparing the UK & Macclesfield’s waste

It’s All Piling Up. UK recycling tracking

6% of waste was recycled in the UK between 1996-97

source: defra.gov.uk

source: defra.gov.uk

I 071

The Waste Footprint.

Comparing the UK & Macclesfield’s waste

It’s All Piling Up. UK recycling tracking

6% of waste was recycled in the UK between 1996-97

source: defra.gov.uk

source: defra.gov.uk

I 071

Waste of Space.

Plastics 155

Tonnes of waste collected from recycling centres 2010-11

Paper 1,102

Scrap metal 2,633

Car Batteries 90

Cars 44

Processed for Bio Diesel

Glass 794

Re-Use

Timber 2,432

Recovery

Electrical 1,930

Composted

Landfill 11,761

Chipboard 3,982

Chipped

Textiles 809 Fibre Reclamation

Card 1,856

Processing

To ta

l3

5,0 77

Cooking Oil 3

Cardboard 1,856

Garden Waste 7,520

Domestic Batteries 11

Over 32.5 million tonnes of waste collected by local authorities in the UK in 2009-10

75% Recycled

Recycled Compost 23,313 source: nwriu.co.uk, cheshireeast.gov.uk, defra.gov.uk I 073

Waste of Space.

Plastics 155

Tonnes of waste collected from recycling centres 2010-11

Paper 1,102

Scrap metal 2,633

Car Batteries 90

Cars 44

Processed for Bio Diesel

Glass 794

Re-Use

Timber 2,432

Recovery

Electrical 1,930

Composted

Landfill 11,761

Chipboard 3,982

Chipped

Textiles 809 Fibre Reclamation

Card 1,856

Processing

To ta

l3

5,0 77

Cooking Oil 3

Cardboard 1,856

Garden Waste 7,520

Domestic Batteries 11

Over 32.5 million tonnes of waste collected by local authorities in the UK in 2009-10

75% Recycled

Recycled Compost 23,313 source: nwriu.co.uk, cheshireeast.gov.uk, defra.gov.uk I 073

Space of Waste.

Tonnes of waste collected by roadside collections 2010-11

Electronics 3,314

Fine Grain Silt 5,175

Textiles 7,349

AlcanLtd.

Liquids 1,250

Sewage

Sorting

Plastic Film 9,190

Misc. Combustables 29,396

Paper 20,209

Landfill

UPMLtd.

Hazardous, Clinical and Batteries 1,450

Composted

Landfill 93,674

Garden Waste 1,300 Incineration & Recovery for further recycling

Misc. Non Combustables 5,512

Dense Plastic 11,024

Processing

Non-ferrous Metals 1,840

EU Waste Framework Directive requires UK to recycle, compost & Re-Use 50% of waste from households by 2020

Cheshire wide 3952 tonnes of aluminium Recycled per annum - ÂŁ3.1million

Organic Kitchen Waste 60,629

What other materials will be valuable when resources depleted?

Ferrous Metals 3,674

Macc on Target!

49%

Recycled 90,053

source: defra.gov.uk I 075

Space of Waste.

Tonnes of waste collected by roadside collections 2010-11

Electronics 3,314

Fine Grain Silt 5,175

Textiles 7,349

AlcanLtd.

Liquids 1,250

Sewage

Sorting

Plastic Film 9,190

Misc. Combustables 29,396

Paper 20,209

Landfill

UPMLtd.

Hazardous, Clinical and Batteries 1,450

Composted

Landfill 93,674

Garden Waste 1,300 Incineration & Recovery for further recycling

Misc. Non Combustables 5,512

Dense Plastic 11,024

Processing

Non-ferrous Metals 1,840

EU Waste Framework Directive requires UK to recycle, compost & Re-Use 50% of waste from households by 2020

Cheshire wide 3952 tonnes of aluminium Recycled per annum - ÂŁ3.1million

Organic Kitchen Waste 60,629

What other materials will be valuable when resources depleted?

Ferrous Metals 3,674

Macc on Target!

49%

Recycled 90,053

source: defra.gov.uk I 075

7.0

Networks I 077

7.0

Networks I 077

Scoring High on the World Stage.

National and international connections

Warrington Trafford

Wirral

Stockport

Halton

Ellesmere Port

Vale Royal

Chester Macclesfield

High Connectivity

Medium-High Connectivity

Congleton

Medium Connectivity

Scores given are based on the connectivity performance of several districts within and around Cheshire. The connectivity score is based on an areas proximity to (and presence of) airports; number of rail stations (excluding the underground); ports and motorway junctions. The number of these services in the area was calculated, weighted by proximity to major transport services as a proportion of land area and indexed to the UK average. Macclesfield’s score of 30.68 means it is in the middle 20% of districts and is in a sub region that is in the middle 20% of sub regions nationally.

Low-Medium Connectivity

Low Connectivity

Crewe & Nantwich source: makeitmacclesfield.co.uk, www.nwriu.co.uk

I 079

Scoring High on the World Stage.

National and international connections

Warrington Trafford

Wirral

Stockport

Halton

Ellesmere Port

Vale Royal

Chester Macclesfield

High Connectivity

Medium-High Connectivity

Congleton

Medium Connectivity

Scores given are based on the connectivity performance of several districts within and around Cheshire. The connectivity score is based on an areas proximity to (and presence of) airports; number of rail stations (excluding the underground); ports and motorway junctions. The number of these services in the area was calculated, weighted by proximity to major transport services as a proportion of land area and indexed to the UK average. Macclesfield’s score of 30.68 means it is in the middle 20% of districts and is in a sub region that is in the middle 20% of sub regions nationally.

Low-Medium Connectivity

Low Connectivity

Crewe & Nantwich source: makeitmacclesfield.co.uk, www.nwriu.co.uk

I 079

Spider-Macc.

Public Transport Networks.

Local connectivity

The spider chart shows Macclesfield’s connectivity rating against the national median. Data for every district in Great Britain is converted into a percentile score, with the top ranking area scoring 100 and the bottom zero. Macclesfield scores around the national median.

Macclesfield’s regional train connections

Manchester Wilmslow

Stockport

100

Work travel by public transport

75

Net Commuting

4.46%

50

126.84

The proportion of residents who travel to work within Macclesfield by public transport.

25

14.81%

0

The national figure

This is very low, placing the area in the bottom 20% of districts nationally.

The national figure

This again is low, placing the area in the bottom 40% of districts nationally.

Warrington

Chesterfield

Chester

21 mins

11.18% 13.03%

Net commuting reflects the relative levels of work being taken by residents in the area: a higher score implies that more workers are coming into the area to work and a lower score implies that more residents are travelling outside the area to work.

Travel time to work

Work travel by foot/cycle

The proportion of residents who travel to work within Macclesfield by foot or bicycle.

Macclesfield’s Net Commuting Score is very high, with the area ranking in the top 20% of districts.

Work travel by car

70.96% The national average for the proportion of people who travel to work by car.

61.18% The national figure

Macclesfield’s travel to work time for residents is average, with the area ranking in the middle 20% of districts nationally.

The average travel to work time of 21.00 minutes compares with a Cheshire & Warrington average of 19.57 minutes and a national average of 20.32 minutes.

Crewe

Macclesfield is higher placing it in the top 20% of districts nationally.

source: makeitmacclesfield.co.uk, www.nwriu.co.uk

source: makeitmacclesfield.co.uk, nationalrail.co.uk

Stoke-on-Trent

I 081

Spider-Macc.

Public Transport Networks.

Local connectivity

The spider chart shows Macclesfield’s connectivity rating against the national median. Data for every district in Great Britain is converted into a percentile score, with the top ranking area scoring 100 and the bottom zero. Macclesfield scores around the national median.

Macclesfield’s regional train connections

Manchester Wilmslow

Stockport

100

Work travel by public transport

75

Net Commuting

4.46%

50

126.84

The proportion of residents who travel to work within Macclesfield by public transport.

25

14.81%

0

The national figure

This is very low, placing the area in the bottom 20% of districts nationally.

The national figure

This again is low, placing the area in the bottom 40% of districts nationally.

Warrington

Chesterfield

Chester

21 mins

11.18% 13.03%

Net commuting reflects the relative levels of work being taken by residents in the area: a higher score implies that more workers are coming into the area to work and a lower score implies that more residents are travelling outside the area to work.

Travel time to work

Work travel by foot/cycle

The proportion of residents who travel to work within Macclesfield by foot or bicycle.

Macclesfield’s Net Commuting Score is very high, with the area ranking in the top 20% of districts.

Work travel by car

70.96% The national average for the proportion of people who travel to work by car.

61.18% The national figure

Macclesfield’s travel to work time for residents is average, with the area ranking in the middle 20% of districts nationally.

The average travel to work time of 21.00 minutes compares with a Cheshire & Warrington average of 19.57 minutes and a national average of 20.32 minutes.

Crewe

Macclesfield is higher placing it in the top 20% of districts nationally.

source: makeitmacclesfield.co.uk, www.nwriu.co.uk

source: makeitmacclesfield.co.uk, nationalrail.co.uk

Stoke-on-Trent

I 081

Manchester

Good for Business.

Commuter Volumes.

Local and national networks and commuter links

Based on surrounding townships From the north, the main access to the town is the A523 (The Silk Road) from Manchester, Hazel Grove and Poynton.

high use moderate use light use

At various points around the town centre, some of these roads combine, such as the A537 / A523 on the Silk Road section, giving rise to traffic congestion, especially at peak times.

The main west– east road is the A537 Knutsford to Buxton Road.

The diagram shows the commuter volumes based on the residency area of the employees travelling to Macclesfield for work purposes. Macclesfield attracts its labour force from outside the district but the majority is from within Macclesfield itself, primarily from Congleton, Vale Royal, Manchester and Stockport.

The catchment area for attracting employees is greater for the managerial occupational group, extending as far as South Lakeland in Cumbria.

Macclesfield’s workforce primarily commutes out of the district to districts with contiguous boundaries. The districts of Congleton, Vale Royal and Stockport are the main destinations for most occupational groups. Macclesfield does benefit slightly from a positive balance of "in" commuters entering the local authority area from workers who live outside of the Northwest region.

The A538 provides access to Prestbury, Wilmslow and Manchester Airport, with the B5470 being the only other east bound route from the town, heading to Whaley Bridge and Chapel-en-le-Frith.

Knutsford

Buxton

From the south, access from Congleton and the Potteries is from the A536, and via the A523 from Leek.

Congleton

1.Macclesfield 2.Congleton 3.Vale Royal 4.Stockport 5.Manchester 6.Tameside 7.Salford 8.Crewe and Nantwich 9.Chester 10.Trafford 11.Warrington 12.Halton 13.Halton

Leek

source: cheshireeast.gov.uk - Cheshire East Ward Profiles

14.Ellesmere Port and Neston 15.Wirral 16.Liverpool 17.St Helens 18.Wigan 19.Bolton 20.Bury 21.Rochdale 22.Oldham 23.West Lancashire 24.Preston

source: nwriu.co.uk, 2011 UK census data

I 083

Manchester

Good for Business.

Commuter Volumes.

Local and national networks and commuter links

Based on surrounding townships From the north, the main access to the town is the A523 (The Silk Road) from Manchester, Hazel Grove and Poynton.

high use moderate use light use

At various points around the town centre, some of these roads combine, such as the A537 / A523 on the Silk Road section, giving rise to traffic congestion, especially at peak times.

The main west– east road is the A537 Knutsford to Buxton Road.

The diagram shows the commuter volumes based on the residency area of the employees travelling to Macclesfield for work purposes. Macclesfield attracts its labour force from outside the district but the majority is from within Macclesfield itself, primarily from Congleton, Vale Royal, Manchester and Stockport.

The catchment area for attracting employees is greater for the managerial occupational group, extending as far as South Lakeland in Cumbria.

Macclesfield’s workforce primarily commutes out of the district to districts with contiguous boundaries. The districts of Congleton, Vale Royal and Stockport are the main destinations for most occupational groups. Macclesfield does benefit slightly from a positive balance of "in" commuters entering the local authority area from workers who live outside of the Northwest region.

The A538 provides access to Prestbury, Wilmslow and Manchester Airport, with the B5470 being the only other east bound route from the town, heading to Whaley Bridge and Chapel-en-le-Frith.

Knutsford

Buxton

From the south, access from Congleton and the Potteries is from the A536, and via the A523 from Leek.

Congleton

1.Macclesfield 2.Congleton 3.Vale Royal 4.Stockport 5.Manchester 6.Tameside 7.Salford 8.Crewe and Nantwich 9.Chester 10.Trafford 11.Warrington 12.Halton 13.Halton

Leek

source: cheshireeast.gov.uk - Cheshire East Ward Profiles

14.Ellesmere Port and Neston 15.Wirral 16.Liverpool 17.St Helens 18.Wigan 19.Bolton 20.Bury 21.Rochdale 22.Oldham 23.West Lancashire 24.Preston

source: nwriu.co.uk, 2011 UK census data

I 083

Getting from A - B.

392 Macclesfield - Stockport

Macclesfield bus services

393 Macclesfield Stockport

60 Macclesfield - Ashbourne (Stockport/Leek Sundays)

Stops and passenger links

10, 10A, 11 Macclesfield Bollington/Kerridge

130 Macclesfield Biddulph

4 Macclesfield Upton Priory

64 Macclesfield Glossop

19, 19X Macclesfield Prestbury

130 Macclesfield Manchester 27, 27A, 27B Macclesfield - Knutsford

60 Macclesfield - Disley

5/6 Macclesfield - Weston - Upton/ Upton-Weston

58 Macclesfield Buxton 1 Macclesfield Forrest Cottage 9 Macclesfield Moss Rose

2, 2A Macclesfield Weston Circular

99 Macclesfield - Biddulph

38 Macclesfield Crewe

14 Macclesfield Langley

source: cheshireeast.gov.uk - Cheshire East Ward Profiles I 085

Getting from A - B.

392 Macclesfield - Stockport

Macclesfield bus services

393 Macclesfield Stockport

60 Macclesfield - Ashbourne (Stockport/Leek Sundays)

Stops and passenger links

10, 10A, 11 Macclesfield Bollington/Kerridge

130 Macclesfield Biddulph

4 Macclesfield Upton Priory

64 Macclesfield Glossop

19, 19X Macclesfield Prestbury

130 Macclesfield Manchester 27, 27A, 27B Macclesfield - Knutsford

60 Macclesfield - Disley

5/6 Macclesfield - Weston - Upton/ Upton-Weston

58 Macclesfield Buxton 1 Macclesfield Forrest Cottage 9 Macclesfield Moss Rose

2, 2A Macclesfield Weston Circular

99 Macclesfield - Biddulph

38 Macclesfield Crewe

14 Macclesfield Langley

source: cheshireeast.gov.uk - Cheshire East Ward Profiles I 085

8.0

Mobilities I 087

8.0

Mobilities I 087

Commuters.

source: Macclesfield Snapshot Report, cheshireeast.gov.uk

Car World.

Car ownership per household

Preferred Commuter Transport

source: Macclesfield Snapshot Report, cheshireeast.gov.uk, images: auto-types.com

I 089

Commuters.

source: Macclesfield Snapshot Report, cheshireeast.gov.uk

Car World.

Car ownership per household

Preferred Commuter Transport

source: Macclesfield Snapshot Report, cheshireeast.gov.uk, images: auto-types.com

I 089

Park your Car.

How far in How long.

Macclesfield car parks

Hibel Road

Jordangate MSCP Whalley Hayes

Town Hall

The S

ilk Ro

ad

Churchill Way

Christ Church

Grosvenor MSCP

40% of car Parking spaces are vacant during the week, therefore there is 26,000m2 of free space

Exchange Street

Popular car parks Duke Street

Time (in minutes) taken to walk/cycle using the Town Hall as a node.

Struggling car parks Pickford Street Park Green source: cheshireeast.gov.uk/transport_and_travel/car_parks_and_parking

source: Macclesfield Snapshot Report, cheshireeast.gov.uk I 091

Park your Car.

How far in How long.

Macclesfield car parks

Hibel Road

Jordangate MSCP Whalley Hayes

Town Hall

The S

ilk Ro

ad

Churchill Way

Christ Church

Grosvenor MSCP

40% of car Parking spaces are vacant during the week, therefore there is 26,000m2 of free space

Exchange Street

Popular car parks Duke Street

Time (in minutes) taken to walk/cycle using the Town Hall as a node.

Struggling car parks Pickford Street Park Green source: cheshireeast.gov.uk/transport_and_travel/car_parks_and_parking

source: Macclesfield Snapshot Report, cheshireeast.gov.uk I 091

Travel By Train.

Travel time by train (in mins.)

source: nationalrail.co.uk I 093

Travel By Train.

Travel time by train (in mins.)

source: nationalrail.co.uk I 093

Time for the Bus.

Maximum travel time by bus (in minutes)

Bus routes (from left to right) 130 - Manchester-Macclesfield 38 - Macclesfield-Crewe 10, 10A - North Macclesfield, Tytherington, Bollington 1,14 - Moss Estate, Langley, Weston 2, 2A, 3, 4, 5, 6 - West Macclesfield source: cheshireeast.gov.uk I 095

Time for the Bus.

Maximum travel time by bus (in minutes)

Bus routes (from left to right) 130 - Manchester-Macclesfield 38 - Macclesfield-Crewe 10, 10A - North Macclesfield, Tytherington, Bollington 1,14 - Moss Estate, Langley, Weston 2, 2A, 3, 4, 5, 6 - West Macclesfield source: cheshireeast.gov.uk I 095

The Wheels on the Bus.

A video exploration of Macclesfield’s transport network

content & images author’s own I 097

The Wheels on the Bus.

A video exploration of Macclesfield’s transport network

content & images author’s own I 097

QR Code for video (scan with smartphone for link)

Map of Route (red dot = train station) content & images author’s own I 099

QR Code for video (scan with smartphone for link)

Map of Route (red dot = train station) content & images author’s own I 099

9.0

Density I 101

9.0

Density I 101

Feel the squeeze.

Population density of Macclesfield and its surrounding areas

Area = 1560 hec.

Population = 51,739 39.6 pph Manchester

36.6 pph Northwich

0.03

45.0 pph

Stockport

Warrington Macclesfield

Chester

hec per person

Congleton

40.3 pph

31.1 pph 38.5 pph 36.3 pph

Newcastle-under-Lyme

38.8 pph * pph = people per hectare source: itraveluk.co.uk/maps/england

I 103

Feel the squeeze.

Population density of Macclesfield and its surrounding areas

Area = 1560 hec.

Population = 51,739 39.6 pph Manchester

36.6 pph Northwich

0.03

45.0 pph

Stockport

Warrington Macclesfield

Chester

hec per person

Congleton

40.3 pph

31.1 pph 38.5 pph 36.3 pph

Newcastle-under-Lyme

38.8 pph * pph = people per hectare source: itraveluk.co.uk/maps/england

I 103

Feeling old?

Age density in Macclesfield

0 - 10

10 - 20

20 - 30

30 - 40

40 - 50

50 - 60

60 +

<10 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s >60 source: www.caci.co.uk/acorn2009/newpclookup.asp

I 105

Feeling old?

Age density in Macclesfield

0 - 10

10 - 20

20 - 30

30 - 40

40 - 50

50 - 60

60 +

<10 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s >60 source: www.caci.co.uk/acorn2009/newpclookup.asp

I 105

Multiplying Macc.

Population growth in Macclesfield

Population growth is determined by four factors; births, deaths, immigration and emigration. In other words, the population growth of a period can be calculated in two parts, natural growth of population (births and deaths) and mechanical growth of population (immigrants and emigrants).

Mechanical growth of population is mainly affected by social factors, eg. the decrease in population in 1861, over the preceding 10 years was due to a depression in the silk industry.

The population of Macclesfield has been steadily growing, and will continue to do so, as people continue to live longer.

source: oldtowns.co.uk/Cheshire/macclesfield, visionofbritain.org.uk, visitoruk.com/timeline

I 107

Multiplying Macc.

Population growth in Macclesfield

Population growth is determined by four factors; births, deaths, immigration and emigration. In other words, the population growth of a period can be calculated in two parts, natural growth of population (births and deaths) and mechanical growth of population (immigrants and emigrants).

Mechanical growth of population is mainly affected by social factors, eg. the decrease in population in 1861, over the preceding 10 years was due to a depression in the silk industry.

The population of Macclesfield has been steadily growing, and will continue to do so, as people continue to live longer.

source: oldtowns.co.uk/Cheshire/macclesfield, visionofbritain.org.uk, visitoruk.com/timeline

I 107

10.0

Social Statistics I 109

10.0

Social Statistics I 109

How do you splash your cash?

Spending in Macclesfield & its wards

Postcodes (running clockwise) Prestbury

SK10 : 4AP, 4QA, 4QH, 4AX, 4HP, 4AL, 4JH, 4BZ, 4EZ, 4US

Broken Cross & Upton West & Ivy

SK10 : 3QS, 3JZ, 3HQ, 3DG, 3JA, 3LS, 3LG, 3NQ, 3QF, 3JN

Gawsworth

SK11 : 9LQ, 9PD, 9QZ, 9RT, 9RN, 9LB, 9RF, 9RU, 9ER, 9LF

Macc South

SK11 : 7QD, 7TD, 7XN, 7RU, 7PG, 7RS, 7UG, 7SY, 7RB, 7TR

Macc Central

SK11 : 6NY, 8AP, 8GB, 8HF / SK10: 1EE / SK11 : 7AA, 6QN, 6UG, 6EX, 6LL

Sutton

SK11 : 0HL, 7EA, 0NN, 0EG, 0DG, 0AG, OEE / SK10 : 5UE, 5XE / SK11 : 0DS

Macc East

SK10 :1JL / SK11 : 7BB, 7DP, 7ES / SK10 : 1RE / SK11 : 7WB / SK10 : 1QR, 1RD / SK11: 7DG, 7EW

Hurdsfield

SK10 : 2BN, 2NR, 2PN, 2PY, 2BY, 2PQ, 2RT, 2BD, 2AY, 2BZ

Bollington

SK10 : 5BJ, 5EZ, 5JX, 5EA, 5LJ, 5JN, 5NX, 5LZ, 5RS, 5SS

Tytherington

SK10 : 2HB, 2WB, 3AT, 3BA, 2EF, 2JB, 2TZ, 2TH, 2QN, 2JG

SK11 : 8NF, 8PS, 8TU, 8SY, 8ST, 8LJ, 8LW, 7YS, 8LP, 8TF

Bollington Prestbury Tytherington Hurdsfield Broken Cross & Upton Macc Central Macc East Gawsworth

West & Ivy Macc South

Sutton

source:cartoplus.co.uk/macclesfield, Property Week - Macclesfield considers loosening its green belt

I 111

How do you splash your cash?

Spending in Macclesfield & its wards

Postcodes (running clockwise) Prestbury

SK10 : 4AP, 4QA, 4QH, 4AX, 4HP, 4AL, 4JH, 4BZ, 4EZ, 4US

Broken Cross & Upton West & Ivy

SK10 : 3QS, 3JZ, 3HQ, 3DG, 3JA, 3LS, 3LG, 3NQ, 3QF, 3JN

Gawsworth

SK11 : 9LQ, 9PD, 9QZ, 9RT, 9RN, 9LB, 9RF, 9RU, 9ER, 9LF

Macc South

SK11 : 7QD, 7TD, 7XN, 7RU, 7PG, 7RS, 7UG, 7SY, 7RB, 7TR

Macc Central

SK11 : 6NY, 8AP, 8GB, 8HF / SK10: 1EE / SK11 : 7AA, 6QN, 6UG, 6EX, 6LL

Sutton

SK11 : 0HL, 7EA, 0NN, 0EG, 0DG, 0AG, OEE / SK10 : 5UE, 5XE / SK11 : 0DS

Macc East

SK10 :1JL / SK11 : 7BB, 7DP, 7ES / SK10 : 1RE / SK11 : 7WB / SK10 : 1QR, 1RD / SK11: 7DG, 7EW

Hurdsfield

SK10 : 2BN, 2NR, 2PN, 2PY, 2BY, 2PQ, 2RT, 2BD, 2AY, 2BZ

Bollington

SK10 : 5BJ, 5EZ, 5JX, 5EA, 5LJ, 5JN, 5NX, 5LZ, 5RS, 5SS

Tytherington

SK10 : 2HB, 2WB, 3AT, 3BA, 2EF, 2JB, 2TZ, 2TH, 2QN, 2JG

SK11 : 8NF, 8PS, 8TU, 8SY, 8ST, 8LJ, 8LW, 7YS, 8LP, 8TF

Bollington Prestbury Tytherington Hurdsfield Broken Cross & Upton Macc Central Macc East Gawsworth

West & Ivy Macc South

Sutton

source:cartoplus.co.uk/macclesfield, Property Week - Macclesfield considers loosening its green belt

I 111

Space-scape.

Red Tops Vs Blue Tops.

source: magnusuk.com, manchester-offices.co.uk, hallams.com, jonesassociates.uk.com, greenham.com, mellerbraggins.com, janhill.co.uk, paramount-investments.co.uk

source: www.caci.co.uk/acorn2009/newpclookup.asp (lifestyle information)

Leisure zones and new space opportunities

Newspaper readership in Macclesfield

I 113

Space-scape.

Red Tops Vs Blue Tops.

source: magnusuk.com, manchester-offices.co.uk, hallams.com, jonesassociates.uk.com, greenham.com, mellerbraggins.com, janhill.co.uk, paramount-investments.co.uk

source: www.caci.co.uk/acorn2009/newpclookup.asp (lifestyle information)

Leisure zones and new space opportunities

Newspaper readership in Macclesfield

I 113

Macc Crime Behind Bars.

Crime by area

52

BOLLINGTON

crimes per 1,000 population

BROKEN CROSS & UPTON

cheshire east avg

GAWSWORTH

273

crimes per 1,000 population

61%

of people from cheshire east have confidence in cheshire constabulary

cheshire east worst MACC CENTRAL

MACC EAST

27

HURDSFIELD

crimes per 1,000 population

MACC SOUTH

AVG INCOME = £39,400 POP DENSITY = 24.4 (PER HECTARE) PREDOMINATE MOSAIC = D (SUCCESSFUL PROFESSIONALS)

153

TYTHERINGTON

crimes per 1,000 population

WEST & IVY

PRESTBURY

Macc Central = crime hotspot

SUTTON

burglary

0

Macc Tytherington = safe

robbery

types of crime committed

vehicle

violent

other

AVG INCOME = £30,150 POP DENSITY = 45.3 (PER HECTARE) PREDOMINATE MOSAIC = I (LOWER INCOME WORKERS)

Macc Sutton = safe AVG INCOME = £39,400 POP DENSITY = 0.4 (PER HECTARE) PREDOMINATE MOSAIC = D (SUCCESSFUL PROFESSIONALS)

27

crimes per 1,000 population

150

crime rate per 1,000 population source: Cheshire East Ward Profiles I 115

Macc Crime Behind Bars.

Crime by area

52

BOLLINGTON

crimes per 1,000 population

BROKEN CROSS & UPTON

cheshire east avg

GAWSWORTH

273

crimes per 1,000 population

61%

of people from cheshire east have confidence in cheshire constabulary

cheshire east worst MACC CENTRAL

MACC EAST

27

HURDSFIELD

crimes per 1,000 population

MACC SOUTH

AVG INCOME = £39,400 POP DENSITY = 24.4 (PER HECTARE) PREDOMINATE MOSAIC = D (SUCCESSFUL PROFESSIONALS)

153

TYTHERINGTON

crimes per 1,000 population

WEST & IVY

PRESTBURY

Macc Central = crime hotspot

SUTTON

burglary

0

Macc Tytherington = safe

robbery

types of crime committed

vehicle

violent

other

AVG INCOME = £30,150 POP DENSITY = 45.3 (PER HECTARE) PREDOMINATE MOSAIC = I (LOWER INCOME WORKERS)

Macc Sutton = safe AVG INCOME = £39,400 POP DENSITY = 0.4 (PER HECTARE) PREDOMINATE MOSAIC = D (SUCCESSFUL PROFESSIONALS)

27

crimes per 1,000 population

150

crime rate per 1,000 population source: Cheshire East Ward Profiles I 115

Similar Interests.

Many Colours of Macclesfield.

Maxonian hobbies and interests

The rich diversity of Macclesfield and its wards

Number One Interests of the Macclesfield Wards

Country of Birth (Outer) UK

n Sutto

1

1. Prestbury 2. Broken Cross & Upton 3. West & Ivy 4. Gawsworth 5. Macclesfield South 6. Macclesfield Central 7. Sutton 8. Macclesfield East 9. Hurdsfield 10. Bollington 11. Tytherington

Bollin gton

Western Europe Eastern Europe

Br ok en

10

Pr es tbu r

11

Asia N.America

ton Up

9

2

Africa

s& os Cr

y

S.America Aus, NZ, Oceania

3

8

orth Gawsw

5 7

4

Ethnicity (Middle)

West & Ivy

6

White Mixed Asian Black Other

gton erin h t Ty

Mac cles fiel d C en tra l

Religion (Inner) Christian Buddhist Hindu

Cinema

Cookery

DIY

Eating Out Environment/ Excercise/ Wildlife Sport

Football Supporter

Foreign Travel

Gambling

Veg Products

Hurdsfield

Charity/ Volunteer Work

So uth

Angling

Ma c c l es fiel d

Top 25 Hobbies and Interests across Macclesfield

ast ld E sfie cle ac M

Self Improvement/ Education

Jewish Muslim Sikh Other None

Gardening

Golf

Healthy Eating

Hiking

Home Computing

source: www.caci.co.uk/acorn2009/newpclookup.asp (lifestyle information)

Organic Foods

Pets

Books

Records/ Tapes/CDs

Wine

TV

Vitamins & Minerals

Outer circles represent greater majorities Inner circles represent smaller majorities source: cheshireeast.gov.uk local area partnership files

I 117

Similar Interests.

Many Colours of Macclesfield.

Maxonian hobbies and interests

The rich diversity of Macclesfield and its wards

Number One Interests of the Macclesfield Wards

Country of Birth (Outer) UK

n Sutto

1

1. Prestbury 2. Broken Cross & Upton 3. West & Ivy 4. Gawsworth 5. Macclesfield South 6. Macclesfield Central 7. Sutton 8. Macclesfield East 9. Hurdsfield 10. Bollington 11. Tytherington

Bollin gton

Western Europe Eastern Europe

Br ok en

10

Pr es tbu r

11

Asia N.America

ton Up

9

2

Africa

s& os Cr

y

S.America Aus, NZ, Oceania

3

8

orth Gawsw

5 7

4

Ethnicity (Middle)

West & Ivy

6

White Mixed Asian Black Other

gton erin h t Ty

Mac cles fiel d C en tra l

Religion (Inner) Christian Buddhist Hindu

Cinema

Cookery

DIY

Eating Out Environment/ Excercise/ Wildlife Sport

Football Supporter

Foreign Travel

Gambling

Veg Products

Hurdsfield

Charity/ Volunteer Work

So uth

Angling

Ma c c l es fiel d

Top 25 Hobbies and Interests across Macclesfield

ast ld E sfie cle ac M

Self Improvement/ Education

Jewish Muslim Sikh Other None

Gardening

Golf

Healthy Eating

Hiking

Home Computing

source: www.caci.co.uk/acorn2009/newpclookup.asp (lifestyle information)

Organic Foods

Pets

Books

Records/ Tapes/CDs

Wine

TV

Vitamins & Minerals

Outer circles represent greater majorities Inner circles represent smaller majorities source: cheshireeast.gov.uk local area partnership files

I 117

A Mixed Bag.

Demographics, population & uneven distribution

A C D E F I J

Residents of isolated rural community Wealthy people living in the most sought after neighbourhoods Successful professionals living in suburban or semi-rural homes Middle income families living in moderate suburban semi’s Couples with young children in comfortable modern housing Lower income workers in urban terraces in often diverse areas Owner occupiers in older style housing in existing industrial areas

F 8,490

1

D 8,840

Population

C 4,370

F 8,070

Population

J 4,400

Population

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

57.0%

64.8%

62.3%

57.8%

63.8%

69.7%

60.4%

65.9%

62.7%

64.9%

63.6%

25.6%

14.5%

19.0%

27.8%

16.7%

13.9%

23.0%

17.6%

18.4%

17.7%

17.3%

16.7%

20.5%

18.6%

14.3%

19.6%

16.2%

16.4%

15.7%

18.0%

17.3%

18.9%

£52,500

£40,100

£27,400

£34,400

£29,600

£31,500

£39,900

£34,200

£24,600

£36,500

£39,400

Population

I 8620

1

Population 6

E 7,960

2

3

10 11

Population

2

Average Income

9

J 4,140

Higher/Lower than Cheshire East Average (£32,600)

8

1

£52,500

Highest Average Income

Population

Children 10

Population Working Age

11

3

9

2

Pension Age

3

6

4

5 4

A 3,700

Population

I 8,270

Population

D 3,960

Population 7

1. Prestbury 2. Broken Cross & Upton 3. West & Ivy 4. Gawsworth 5. Macclesfield South 6. Macclesfield Central 7. Sutton 8. Macclesfield East 9. Hurdsfield 10. Bollington 11. Tytherington 10

8 5 7

19.6%

Highest Pensioner Demographic

69.7%

19.6%

Highest Children Demographic

Highest Worker Demographic

50 people per hectare

source: Cheshire East Ward Profiles I 119

A Mixed Bag.

Demographics, population & uneven distribution

A C D E F I J

Residents of isolated rural community Wealthy people living in the most sought after neighbourhoods Successful professionals living in suburban or semi-rural homes Middle income families living in moderate suburban semi’s Couples with young children in comfortable modern housing Lower income workers in urban terraces in often diverse areas Owner occupiers in older style housing in existing industrial areas

F 8,490

1

D 8,840

Population

C 4,370

F 8,070

Population

J 4,400

Population

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

57.0%

64.8%

62.3%

57.8%

63.8%

69.7%

60.4%

65.9%

62.7%

64.9%

63.6%

25.6%

14.5%

19.0%

27.8%

16.7%

13.9%

23.0%

17.6%

18.4%

17.7%

17.3%

16.7%

20.5%

18.6%

14.3%

19.6%

16.2%

16.4%

15.7%

18.0%

17.3%

18.9%

£52,500

£40,100

£27,400

£34,400

£29,600

£31,500

£39,900

£34,200

£24,600

£36,500

£39,400

Population

I 8620

1

Population 6

E 7,960

2

3

10 11

Population

2

Average Income

9

J 4,140

Higher/Lower than Cheshire East Average (£32,600)

8

1

£52,500

Highest Average Income

Population

Children 10

Population Working Age

11

3

9

2

Pension Age

3

6

4

5 4

A 3,700

Population

I 8,270

Population

D 3,960

Population 7

1. Prestbury 2. Broken Cross & Upton 3. West & Ivy 4. Gawsworth 5. Macclesfield South 6. Macclesfield Central 7. Sutton 8. Macclesfield East 9. Hurdsfield 10. Bollington 11. Tytherington 10

8 5 7

19.6%

Highest Pensioner Demographic

69.7%

19.6%

Highest Children Demographic

Highest Worker Demographic

50 people per hectare

source: Cheshire East Ward Profiles I 119

11.0

Energy I 121

11.0

Energy I 121

The Future and Now. Energy from 2010 to 2030

The below image shows the CO2 trajectory of building related emissions to 2030. These reductions are due to energy efficiency improvements including changes to building regulations and decarbonisation of the national electricity grid. Nationally CO2 emissions between 2010 and 2030 are expected to decrease by 50%, in Cheshire East this is to be projected to be 52% in the lead scenario.

source: Cheshire East climate change & sustainable energy planning research; Technical report September 2011

I 123

The Future and Now. Energy from 2010 to 2030

The below image shows the CO2 trajectory of building related emissions to 2030. These reductions are due to energy efficiency improvements including changes to building regulations and decarbonisation of the national electricity grid. Nationally CO2 emissions between 2010 and 2030 are expected to decrease by 50%, in Cheshire East this is to be projected to be 52% in the lead scenario.

source: Cheshire East climate change & sustainable energy planning research; Technical report September 2011

I 123

Sustainable Energy Locations.

Low-carbon energy sources in and around Cheshire

PHOTOVOLTAICS - versatile technology; urban or rural areas; requires south facing roofs / facades / ground; needs available space; low maintenance; fair energy payback; security prone

WIND - cost-effective; UK has windy climate; range of sizes to suit location; clean energy; relatively low environmental impacts; no carbon emissions in operation; maintenance issues

GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP - versatile scales; no direct CO2 emissions; retrofitted to existing networks; low temperature operation; low maintenance; no local pollution; performance dependent on geology / hydrogeology of site

AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP - limited CO2 reduction benefit; some noise impacts; less efficient than ground heat pumps; maintenance / management requirements

hire

hes

nd

ith

dw

Low

b

car

gy

ner

e on

ce our

s

HYDROPOWER - reliable; long life-span technology; some maintenance requirements, no fuel costs; cost effective; visual and noise impacts; potential impacts on river ecology / navigation; location restrictions BIOMASS - versatile; used at different scales / applications; good value; cheaper than fossil fuels; significantly less CO2 emissions; competing land usages; cultivation and harvesting; fuel transportation / storage high; air quality

source: Cheshire East climate change & sustainable energy planning research; Technical report September 2011

E

es

ccl

a in M

a field

C ast

ENERGY FROM WASTE and ANAEROBIC DIGESTION direct fossil fuel replacement; minimises storage of silage / waste; heat generation buildings; income from energy generation / gas sales; energy security; district heating/ cooling or horticultural greenhouses; significantly reduces emissions; needs access to fuel source, quantity / consistent quality; cost; infrastructure requirements; reduces landfill / methane gas

I 125

Sustainable Energy Locations.

Low-carbon energy sources in and around Cheshire

PHOTOVOLTAICS - versatile technology; urban or rural areas; requires south facing roofs / facades / ground; needs available space; low maintenance; fair energy payback; security prone

WIND - cost-effective; UK has windy climate; range of sizes to suit location; clean energy; relatively low environmental impacts; no carbon emissions in operation; maintenance issues

GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP - versatile scales; no direct CO2 emissions; retrofitted to existing networks; low temperature operation; low maintenance; no local pollution; performance dependent on geology / hydrogeology of site

AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP - limited CO2 reduction benefit; some noise impacts; less efficient than ground heat pumps; maintenance / management requirements

hire

hes

nd

ith

dw

Low

b

car

gy

ner

e on

ce our

s

HYDROPOWER - reliable; long life-span technology; some maintenance requirements, no fuel costs; cost effective; visual and noise impacts; potential impacts on river ecology / navigation; location restrictions BIOMASS - versatile; used at different scales / applications; good value; cheaper than fossil fuels; significantly less CO2 emissions; competing land usages; cultivation and harvesting; fuel transportation / storage high; air quality

source: Cheshire East climate change & sustainable energy planning research; Technical report September 2011

E

es

ccl

a in M

a field

C ast

ENERGY FROM WASTE and ANAEROBIC DIGESTION direct fossil fuel replacement; minimises storage of silage / waste; heat generation buildings; income from energy generation / gas sales; energy security; district heating/ cooling or horticultural greenhouses; significantly reduces emissions; needs access to fuel source, quantity / consistent quality; cost; infrastructure requirements; reduces landfill / methane gas

I 125

Catch some Rays.

A solar powered future for homes

Macclesfieldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aim is by 2030 to have 885 GWh of solar power produced every year. The example below shows an estimate of how much power could be produced if every residential dwelling (with a MPAN*) had solar panels covering their roof. Size of roof and orientation have been taken into consideration.

- Orientation of homes has been taken from an estimation of 50% south facing and 25% for each east and west facing. source: British Census 2001, Electricity consumption statistics 2005 - 2009, calculator.solarguide.co.uk

I 127

Catch some Rays.

A solar powered future for homes

Macclesfieldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aim is by 2030 to have 885 GWh of solar power produced every year. The example below shows an estimate of how much power could be produced if every residential dwelling (with a MPAN*) had solar panels covering their roof. Size of roof and orientation have been taken into consideration.

- Orientation of homes has been taken from an estimation of 50% south facing and 25% for each east and west facing. source: British Census 2001, Electricity consumption statistics 2005 - 2009, calculator.solarguide.co.uk

I 127

Feel the Breeze.

source: Electricity consumption statistics 2005 - 2009

Location of Potential Wind Farms.

source: DECC windspeed database I 129

Feel the Breeze.

source: Electricity consumption statistics 2005 - 2009

Location of Potential Wind Farms.

source: DECC windspeed database I 129

The Windy City.

Average wind speeds in Macclesfield

source: DECC windspeed database

Wind Speeds across Macc.

10m, 25m & 45m above ground level

source: DECC windspeed database I 131

The Windy City.

Average wind speeds in Macclesfield

source: DECC windspeed database

Wind Speeds across Macc.

10m, 25m & 45m above ground level

source: DECC windspeed database I 131

Plant Biomass.

Potential biomass and energy crop resources within East Cheshire

Heat Pumps.

Animal biomass represents a significant opportunity specific to Cheshire East due to the large amount of dairy farming that takes place within the borough.

Potential biomass and energy crop resources within East Cheshire

Below shows the percentage of the types of properties that could be powered by ground and air source heat pumps in 2010:

Plant biomass is predicted to become a significant feedstock with the expectation that solid and gaseous biomass will deliver over a third of 73 of future renewable heat incentive installations to 2030.

source: Cheshire East climate change & sustainable energy planning research; Technical report September 2011

source: Cheshire East climate change & sustainable energy planning research; Technical report September 2011

I 133

Plant Biomass.

Potential biomass and energy crop resources within East Cheshire

Heat Pumps.

Animal biomass represents a significant opportunity specific to Cheshire East due to the large amount of dairy farming that takes place within the borough.

Potential biomass and energy crop resources within East Cheshire

Below shows the percentage of the types of properties that could be powered by ground and air source heat pumps in 2010:

Plant biomass is predicted to become a significant feedstock with the expectation that solid and gaseous biomass will deliver over a third of 73 of future renewable heat incentive installations to 2030.

source: Cheshire East climate change & sustainable energy planning research; Technical report September 2011

source: Cheshire East climate change & sustainable energy planning research; Technical report September 2011

I 133

Walk, Bus... Drive?

Hydropower.

source: 2001 UK Census - ons.gov.uk

source: Cheshire East climate change & sustainable energy planning research; Technical report September 2011

How people from Macclesfield get to work & the effect on the environment

Hydrology opportunities within the East Cheshire tributary network

I 135

Walk, Bus... Drive?

Hydropower.

source: 2001 UK Census - ons.gov.uk

source: Cheshire East climate change & sustainable energy planning research; Technical report September 2011

How people from Macclesfield get to work & the effect on the environment

Hydrology opportunities within the East Cheshire tributary network

I 135

Throw-away Energy.

Energy sources from urban waste material

source: Cheshire East climate change & sustainable energy planning research; Technical report September 2011

I 137

Throw-away Energy.

Energy sources from urban waste material

source: Cheshire East climate change & sustainable energy planning research; Technical report September 2011

I 137

12.0

Water I 139

12.0

Water I 139

Man-made Water.

The history of the Macclesfield canal

source: The Building of the Macclesfield Canal. Cousin, G., 1999, The Macclesfield Canal - The Early Working Years. Cousin, G., 1999

I 141

Man-made Water.

The history of the Macclesfield canal

source: The Building of the Macclesfield Canal. Cousin, G., 1999, The Macclesfield Canal - The Early Working Years. Cousin, G., 1999

I 141

Following the Canal.

source: maps.google.com, wikipedia.com

I 143

Following the Canal.

source: maps.google.com, wikipedia.com

I 143

The River Bollin.

Fish Species of the River Bollin

River Bollin Flooding Map

There are no significant areas of strategic concern with regard to surface water flooding in the Macclesfield area.

However even if the sites located in Flood Zone 1 are not considered to be at significant risk to fluvial or tidal flooding, other sources of flood risk, such as overland flow routes or groundwater, will still need to be considered by potential developers.

The River Bollin has previously been highlighted as potentially important for the re-establishment of indigenous populations.

Salmon, sea trout, lamprey and eels are all expected to have flourished within this river historically. Although salmon are known to have succeeded in spawning in the River Goyt, the journey to the Bollin is made arduous by several obstructions.

source: Manchester Ship Canal - Strategic Review of Fish Populations September 2007, Bollin at Old Mill Lane, environment-agency.gov.uk, Cheshire County Council: Strategic Flood Risk Assessment

I 145

The River Bollin.

Fish Species of the River Bollin

River Bollin Flooding Map

There are no significant areas of strategic concern with regard to surface water flooding in the Macclesfield area.

However even if the sites located in Flood Zone 1 are not considered to be at significant risk to fluvial or tidal flooding, other sources of flood risk, such as overland flow routes or groundwater, will still need to be considered by potential developers.

The River Bollin has previously been highlighted as potentially important for the re-establishment of indigenous populations.

Salmon, sea trout, lamprey and eels are all expected to have flourished within this river historically. Although salmon are known to have succeeded in spawning in the River Goyt, the journey to the Bollin is made arduous by several obstructions.

source: Manchester Ship Canal - Strategic Review of Fish Populations September 2007, Bollin at Old Mill Lane, environment-agency.gov.uk, Cheshire County Council: Strategic Flood Risk Assessment

I 145

How is the water used?

Water usage in the UK

Water Usage of Domestic Supplies in Macclesfield

Water Use in Macclesfield

Average household water use for washing and drinking in the UK is about 150 litres per person per day.

source: USwitch.com, sustainable-blewbury.org.uk, water.org.uk

I 147

How is the water used?

Water usage in the UK

Water Usage of Domestic Supplies in Macclesfield

Water Use in Macclesfield

Average household water use for washing and drinking in the UK is about 150 litres per person per day.

source: USwitch.com, sustainable-blewbury.org.uk, water.org.uk

I 147

Input / Output.

Water fluxes in & out of Macclesfield

source: water.org.uk, archive.defra.gov.uk

I 149

Input / Output.

Water fluxes in & out of Macclesfield

source: water.org.uk, archive.defra.gov.uk

I 149

13.0

Climate Change I 151

13.0

Climate Change I 151

An Abundance of Excess Energy.

How much solar energy is available to the planet?

6% is reflected by atmosphere

Of all the sunlight that passes through the atmosphere annually, 51% is available at the Earth’s surface to do work. This energy is used to heat the Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere, melt and evaporate water, and run photosynthesis in plants.

19% is absorbed by atmosphere and clouds

55% reaches the Earth’s surface

51% is absorbed by the Earth’s surface

The modification of solar radiation by atmospheric and surface processes for the whole Earth over a period of one year.

20% is reflected by clouds Reflectivity of the surface is often described by the term surface albedo. The Earth’s average albedo, reflectance from both the atmosphere and the surface, is about 30%. source: physicalgeography.net

4% is reflected back into space

I 153

An Abundance of Excess Energy.

How much solar energy is available to the planet?

6% is reflected by atmosphere

Of all the sunlight that passes through the atmosphere annually, 51% is available at the Earth’s surface to do work. This energy is used to heat the Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere, melt and evaporate water, and run photosynthesis in plants.

19% is absorbed by atmosphere and clouds

55% reaches the Earth’s surface

51% is absorbed by the Earth’s surface

The modification of solar radiation by atmospheric and surface processes for the whole Earth over a period of one year.

20% is reflected by clouds Reflectivity of the surface is often described by the term surface albedo. The Earth’s average albedo, reflectance from both the atmosphere and the surface, is about 30%. source: physicalgeography.net

4% is reflected back into space

I 153

But how much reaches Macclesfield?

Solar radiation now and in the future.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Annual Averages

100%

90%

Complete Cloud Cover

2030

2080

70%

2050

80%

Average High Cover

Today

100%

Mean 60%

Average Low Cover 0%

50%

Clear Sky

40%

Direct Normal Radiation

30%

Avg. Daily Total (Wh/m )

2

1000

Diffuse Radiation

Avg. Daily Total (Wh/m )

2000 2

3000

4000

5000

1000

2000

3000

20 5 0 2030

Today

10°C 9°C 9°C 7°C

10°C 9°C 8 °C 7°C

Jun

Ju l

14°C 14°C 11°C 11°C

15°C 14°C 13°C 12°C

Aug

15°C 14°C 13°C 12°C

Sep

15°C 13°C 13°C 11°C

Oct

14°C 11°C 13°C 10°C

Nov

13°C 10°C 12°C 9°C

Dec

11°C 10°C 11°C 8°C

source: Prometheus, location:3900390, UK (53.4°, -2.2°) & data extrapolation via Climate Consultant & Ecotect Weather Analysis Tool

12.5°C

ature Temper Ground 2080

Jan

10°C 10°C 8°C 7°C

11°C 12°C 9°C 9°C

May

12°C 13°C 10°C 10°C

11.9°C

Feb

Apr

9.4°C

Mar

10.8°C

With warmer weather and decreased cloud cover comes an increase in solar radiation. In turn this will warm Macclesfield, increasing ground temperatures and creating a warmer climate.

Increased radiation is good for solar renewable energy but just how comfortable will a warmer Macclesfield be?

I 155

But how much reaches Macclesfield?

Solar radiation now and in the future.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Annual Averages

100%

90%

Complete Cloud Cover

2030

2080

70%

2050

80%

Average High Cover

Today

100%

Mean 60%

Average Low Cover 0%

50%

Clear Sky

40%

Direct Normal Radiation

30%

Avg. Daily Total (Wh/m )

2

1000

Diffuse Radiation

Avg. Daily Total (Wh/m )

2000 2

3000

4000

5000

1000

2000

3000

20 5 0 2030

Today

10°C 9°C 9°C 7°C

10°C 9°C 8 °C 7°C

Jun

Ju l

14°C 14°C 11°C 11°C

15°C 14°C 13°C 12°C

Aug

15°C 14°C 13°C 12°C

Sep

15°C 13°C 13°C 11°C

Oct

14°C 11°C 13°C 10°C

Nov

13°C 10°C 12°C 9°C

Dec

11°C 10°C 11°C 8°C

source: Prometheus, location:3900390, UK (53.4°, -2.2°) & data extrapolation via Climate Consultant & Ecotect Weather Analysis Tool

12.5°C

ature Temper Ground 2080

Jan

10°C 10°C 8°C 7°C

11°C 12°C 9°C 9°C

May

12°C 13°C 10°C 10°C

11.9°C

Feb

Apr

9.4°C

Mar

10.8°C

With warmer weather and decreased cloud cover comes an increase in solar radiation. In turn this will warm Macclesfield, increasing ground temperatures and creating a warmer climate.

Increased radiation is good for solar renewable energy but just how comfortable will a warmer Macclesfield be?

I 155

Comfortable?

Macclesfield will become warmer...

Jan

Average High

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

30

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

27°C

20

Mean Average Low

Yearly Averages

Jan T E M P

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

30

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

29°C

20

10

10

0

0

Jan T E M P

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

30

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

30°C

Jan T E M P

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

30

20

20

10

10

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

36°C

T E M P

0

0

2050

2030

Today

Dec

2080

40

Temperature of Hottest Day

Annual Averages 35

Human Thermal comfort can be defined primarily by dry bulb temperature and humidity, although different sources have slightly different definitions. The comfort zone shown here is given using the California Energy Code Comfort Model, 2008

Recorded High Temperature 30

Average High Temperature

25

Mean Temperature

20

Average Low Temperature

15

Design Low Temperature

10

2050

5

0

2080

Recorded Low Temperature

2030

Design High Temperature

-5

Today

Comfort Zone

Monthly Averages -10

Jan

Feb

Mar

source: Prometheus, location: 3900390, UK (53.4°, -2.2°), with data extrapolation via Climate Consultant & Ecotect Analysis Weather Tool

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec I 157

Comfortable?

Macclesfield will become warmer...

Jan

Average High

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

30

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

27°C

20

Mean Average Low

Yearly Averages

Jan T E M P

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

30

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

29°C

20

10

10

0

0

Jan T E M P

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

30

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

30°C

Jan T E M P

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

30

20

20

10

10

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

36°C

T E M P

0

0

2050

2030

Today

Dec

2080

40

Temperature of Hottest Day

Annual Averages 35

Human Thermal comfort can be defined primarily by dry bulb temperature and humidity, although different sources have slightly different definitions. The comfort zone shown here is given using the California Energy Code Comfort Model, 2008

Recorded High Temperature 30

Average High Temperature

25

Mean Temperature

20

Average Low Temperature

15

Design Low Temperature

10

2050

5

0

2080

Recorded Low Temperature

2030

Design High Temperature

-5

Today

Comfort Zone

Monthly Averages -10

Jan

Feb

Mar

source: Prometheus, location: 3900390, UK (53.4°, -2.2°), with data extrapolation via Climate Consultant & Ecotect Analysis Weather Tool

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec I 157

From Hot & Dry to Warm & Wet. Rainfall - now until 2080

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

0mm

10

20

Ann

30

u a l R a i n f a ll

40

50

m

m 750

7

70

mm

833

2050

80

mm 782

90

2080

100

2080

Feb

Today’s Dry Periods

Mar

Mar

Apr

120

130

source: Prometheus, location: 3900390, UK (53.4°, -2.2°), with data extrapolation via Ecotect Analysis Weather Tool

Dry Days Today

May

2050

In the future it will be generally wetter between November-February and much drier through the summer months. Combine this with the increasing temperatures and Macclesfield will eventually shift towards a hotter, wetter, tropical climate. However, despite the annual increase in rainfall, the future will see more dry days and longer dry periods. So when it does rain it will rain more intensely increasing flooding potential...

Jan

Jan Feb

110

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Total Dry Days

157 days

Dry Days 2080

2030

2030

60

m 53m

Today

Today

Apr May

2080 Dry Periods

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Total Dry Days

187 days

Longest Dry Run

Longest Dry Run

14 days

18 days I 159

From Hot & Dry to Warm & Wet. Rainfall - now until 2080

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

0mm

10

20

Ann

30

u a l R a i n f a ll

40

50

m

m 750

7

70

mm

833

2050

80

mm 782

90

2080

100

2080

Feb

Today’s Dry Periods

Mar

Mar

Apr

120

130

source: Prometheus, location: 3900390, UK (53.4°, -2.2°), with data extrapolation via Ecotect Analysis Weather Tool

Dry Days Today

May

2050

In the future it will be generally wetter between November-February and much drier through the summer months. Combine this with the increasing temperatures and Macclesfield will eventually shift towards a hotter, wetter, tropical climate. However, despite the annual increase in rainfall, the future will see more dry days and longer dry periods. So when it does rain it will rain more intensely increasing flooding potential...

Jan

Jan Feb

110

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Total Dry Days

157 days

Dry Days 2080

2030

2030

60

m 53m

Today

Today

Apr May

2080 Dry Periods

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Total Dry Days

187 days

Longest Dry Run

Longest Dry Run

14 days

18 days I 159

Floods of Potential.

Mapping rainfall intensity and flooding potential Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

05 07 08 11 26 28

01 13 14 27 28 29

12 15 16 17 21 22 26

02 13 14 17 18 22 23 27 28 30 31

04 05 08 16 17 20

02 08 17 22 27

03 04 06 07 09 12 13 21 22

05 06 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 30

03 07 14 15 17 18 28 29 31

5 hours

64mm 100mm

64%

January will be wetter, with slighltly less hours of intense rainfall which will represent less of the overall monthly rainfall (so generally wetter)

4 hours

The rain that falls in these 13 hours (1.9% of the month) represents:

22mm 40mm

55%

The rain that falls in these 19 hours (2.6% of the month) represents:

35mm 78mm

45%

The rain that falls in these 11 hours (1.5% of the month) represents:

64%

The rain that falls in these 11 hours (1.5% of the month) represents:

21mm 28mm

75%

The rain that falls in these 13 hours (1.8% of the month) represents:

24mm 47mm

51%

The rain that falls in these 30 hours (4.0% of the month) represents:

87mm 116mm

75%

The rain that falls in these 9 hours (1.2% of the month) represents:

33mm 43mm

77%

May will be nearly twice as wet over the month, with similarly intense rainfall hours

April will be similarly wet across the month, with slighlty more hours of intense rainfall of similar intensity

March will be nearly half as wet, with much less overall rainfall, as well as half as many intense rainfall hours but these outbursts will represent more of the monthly rainfall

February will be twice as wet across the month, with over twice as many intense rainfall hours that will represent a much higher proportion of the overall monthly rainfall

21mm 33mm

The rain that falls in these 16 hours (2.2% of the month) represents:

27mm 46mm

59%

September will be slightly drier, have less overall rainfall, fewer intense rainfall hours but when it does rain it will be similarly intense

June will be slightly drier, with less overall rainfall, but more intense rainfall hours of higher intensity

The rain that falls in these 21 hours (2.8% of the month) represents:

63%

The rain that falls in these 20 hours (2.8% of the month) represents:

61%

Total intense rainfall represents:

of annual rainfall falls in

2.4%

49mm 81mm

60%

The rain that falls in these 19 hours (2.6% of the month) represents:

November will be slightly drier, with less overall rainfall and similarly intense rainfall hours, but when it does rain it will be more intense

34mm 61mm

56%

December will be much wetter, with more overall rainfall, more intense rainfall hours but with similarly intense outbursts

of the year

August will be much wetter, with much more overall rainfall and over twice as many intense rainfall hours.

3 hours

44mm 77mm

9+mm hour

The rain that falls in these 30 hours (4.0% of 7 hours the month) represents:

6 hours

NOW

Mar 01 06 07 08 09 21 22 23 24 25 28

8-9mm hour

8 hours

Feb 06 07 10 11 19 20

7-8mm hour

Percentage of total monthly rainfall

Jan 03 04 05 07 08 09 10 11 19 20 24 28

6-7mm hour

2 hours

5-6mm hour

1 hour

4-5mm hour

1 hour

3-4mm hour

2 hours

61%

Total intense rainfall represents:

5 hours

of annual rainfall falls in

October will be much drier, with less overall rainfall, less hours of intense rainfall, but when it does rain it will be much more intense

July will be much drier, have much more overall rainfall, but slightly less hours of intense rainfall

2.8%

of the year

2-3mm hour

4 hours

1-2mm hour

2080

3 hours

6 hours

Percentage of total monthly rainfall

7 hours

The rain that falls in these 28 hours (3.8% of the month) represents:

54mm 110mm

49%

The rain that falls in these 31 hours (4.5% of the month) represents:

58mm 84mm

69%

8 hours 2 4 5 11 12 13 19 21 22 27 28 10 11 15 16 17 19 20 22 23 27 28

Jan

Feb

The rain that falls in these 10 hours (1.3% of the month) represents:

18mm 36mm

50%

The rain that falls in these 13 hours (1.8% of the month) represents:

16 20 21 23

Mar

source: Prometheus, location: 3900390, UK (53.4째, -2.2째), with data extrapolation via Ecotect Analysis Weather Tool

3

6

22mm 34mm

65% 7

19

Apr

21

The rain that falls in these 13 hours (1.7% of the month) represents:

23mm 53mm

43%

The rain that falls in these 17 hours (2.4% of the month) represents:

31mm 44mm

70%

The rain that falls in these 26 hours (3.5% of the month) represents:

70mm 93mm

75%

The rain that falls in these 21 hours (2.8% of the month) represents:

39mm 59mm

66%

The rain that falls in these 13 hours (1.8% of the month) represents:

24mm 35mm

69%

The rain that falls in these 16 hours (2.2% of the month) represents:

28mm 56mm

50%

The rain that falls in these 26 hours (3.6% of the month) represents:

53mm 77mm

69%

The rain that falls in these 32 hours (4.3% of the month) represents:

60mm 101mm

59%

4 6 8 13 27 28 31

01 03 04 05 13 14 15 17 23

10 12 18 19 21 22 24 25 26 27 30

08 16 17 20 21 22 31

05 06 08 09 25 26

11 12 13 17 30

01 10 15 16 20 24 29 30

08 09 10 11 12 13 14 17 18

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec I 161

Floods of Potential.

Mapping rainfall intensity and flooding potential Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

05 07 08 11 26 28

01 13 14 27 28 29

12 15 16 17 21 22 26

02 13 14 17 18 22 23 27 28 30 31

04 05 08 16 17 20

02 08 17 22 27

03 04 06 07 09 12 13 21 22

05 06 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 30

03 07 14 15 17 18 28 29 31

5 hours

64mm 100mm

64%

January will be wetter, with slighltly less hours of intense rainfall which will represent less of the overall monthly rainfall (so generally wetter)

4 hours

The rain that falls in these 13 hours (1.9% of the month) represents:

22mm 40mm

55%

The rain that falls in these 19 hours (2.6% of the month) represents:

35mm 78mm

45%

The rain that falls in these 11 hours (1.5% of the month) represents:

64%

The rain that falls in these 11 hours (1.5% of the month) represents:

21mm 28mm

75%

The rain that falls in these 13 hours (1.8% of the month) represents:

24mm 47mm

51%

The rain that falls in these 30 hours (4.0% of the month) represents:

87mm 116mm

75%

The rain that falls in these 9 hours (1.2% of the month) represents:

33mm 43mm

77%

May will be nearly twice as wet over the month, with similarly intense rainfall hours

April will be similarly wet across the month, with slighlty more hours of intense rainfall of similar intensity

March will be nearly half as wet, with much less overall rainfall, as well as half as many intense rainfall hours but these outbursts will represent more of the monthly rainfall

February will be twice as wet across the month, with over twice as many intense rainfall hours that will represent a much higher proportion of the overall monthly rainfall

21mm 33mm

The rain that falls in these 16 hours (2.2% of the month) represents:

27mm 46mm

59%

September will be slightly drier, have less overall rainfall, fewer intense rainfall hours but when it does rain it will be similarly intense

June will be slightly drier, with less overall rainfall, but more intense rainfall hours of higher intensity

The rain that falls in these 21 hours (2.8% of the month) represents:

63%

The rain that falls in these 20 hours (2.8% of the month) represents:

61%

Total intense rainfall represents:

of annual rainfall falls in

2.4%

49mm 81mm

60%

The rain that falls in these 19 hours (2.6% of the month) represents:

November will be slightly drier, with less overall rainfall and similarly intense rainfall hours, but when it does rain it will be more intense

34mm 61mm

56%

December will be much wetter, with more overall rainfall, more intense rainfall hours but with similarly intense outbursts

of the year

August will be much wetter, with much more overall rainfall and over twice as many intense rainfall hours.

3 hours

44mm 77mm

9+mm hour

The rain that falls in these 30 hours (4.0% of 7 hours the month) represents:

6 hours

NOW

Mar 01 06 07 08 09 21 22 23 24 25 28

8-9mm hour

8 hours

Feb 06 07 10 11 19 20

7-8mm hour

Percentage of total monthly rainfall

Jan 03 04 05 07 08 09 10 11 19 20 24 28

6-7mm hour

2 hours

5-6mm hour

1 hour

4-5mm hour

1 hour

3-4mm hour

2 hours

61%

Total intense rainfall represents:

5 hours

of annual rainfall falls in

October will be much drier, with less overall rainfall, less hours of intense rainfall, but when it does rain it will be much more intense

July will be much drier, have much more overall rainfall, but slightly less hours of intense rainfall

2.8%

of the year

2-3mm hour

4 hours

1-2mm hour

2080

3 hours

6 hours

Percentage of total monthly rainfall

7 hours

The rain that falls in these 28 hours (3.8% of the month) represents:

54mm 110mm

49%

The rain that falls in these 31 hours (4.5% of the month) represents:

58mm 84mm

69%

8 hours 2 4 5 11 12 13 19 21 22 27 28 10 11 15 16 17 19 20 22 23 27 28

Jan

Feb

The rain that falls in these 10 hours (1.3% of the month) represents:

18mm 36mm

50%

The rain that falls in these 13 hours (1.8% of the month) represents:

16 20 21 23

Mar

source: Prometheus, location: 3900390, UK (53.4째, -2.2째), with data extrapolation via Ecotect Analysis Weather Tool

3

6

22mm 34mm

65% 7

19

Apr

21

The rain that falls in these 13 hours (1.7% of the month) represents:

23mm 53mm

43%

The rain that falls in these 17 hours (2.4% of the month) represents:

31mm 44mm

70%

The rain that falls in these 26 hours (3.5% of the month) represents:

70mm 93mm

75%

The rain that falls in these 21 hours (2.8% of the month) represents:

39mm 59mm

66%

The rain that falls in these 13 hours (1.8% of the month) represents:

24mm 35mm

69%

The rain that falls in these 16 hours (2.2% of the month) represents:

28mm 56mm

50%

The rain that falls in these 26 hours (3.6% of the month) represents:

53mm 77mm

69%

The rain that falls in these 32 hours (4.3% of the month) represents:

60mm 101mm

59%

4 6 8 13 27 28 31

01 03 04 05 13 14 15 17 23

10 12 18 19 21 22 24 25 26 27 30

08 16 17 20 21 22 31

05 06 08 09 25 26

11 12 13 17 30

01 10 15 16 20 24 29 30

08 09 10 11 12 13 14 17 18

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec I 161

The Windy Revolution.

177

NW W

NW W

206

236

265

54

W

W

<27

W SW

W

295+

W

NW W

W SW

W

E

S SSE

SSW 147

N

N

N

N NW W

W

W

SSE

SSW

118

SSE

S 88

82

109

SSW

E

W SW

W SW

S

W

E

59

137

E

<29

287+

SEE

258

2080

S

h rs 1 64

NEE

SSW

191

219

246

274+

<3 1

63

94

1 26

1 58

1 89

221

252

284 31 6+

30 kph

Average high wind speed

20 kph

15 kph 2030

Mean wind speed

25 kph

Average low wind speed Recorded low wind speed

10 kph

2050 2080

Recorded high wind speed

Today

Wind will generally reduce across the year in future Macclesfield, with strong north-east winds dissipating in particular. However wind speed on a month-by-month basis retains similar averages, but does show stronger winds in the winter months that correlate to higher frequency of strong wind from the south on the charts above.

229

S

200

h rs

E

172

E

143

S

114

20kph

0 .9 % 1 .0 %

S

2050

S

N

40kph

10kph

SEE

SEE

86

S

57

W

10kph

E

E SEE

<28

S

Total Annual Wind Frequency (hours), Speed and Direction

2030 h rs

NNE

50kph

30kph

20kph

10kph

S

N

40kph

NEE

20kph

10kph

W NN

30kph

NEE

NEE

20kph

Today

W

30kph

30kph

h rs

N

40kph

NNE

50kph

E

E

W

W NN

N

SSE

N

40kph

NNE

50kph

E

W

W NN

NNE

50kph

N

S

W NN

N

E

Changing wind patterns from now until 2080

5 kph Monthly Average Wind Speeds

Jan source: Prometheus, location: 3900390, UK (53.4째, -2.2째), with data extrapolation via Climate Consultant & Ecotect Analysis Weather Tool

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec I 163

The Windy Revolution.

177

NW W

NW W

206

236

265

54

W

W

<27

W SW

W

295+

W

NW W

W SW

W

E

S SSE

SSW 147

N

N

N

N NW W

W

W

SSE

SSW

118

SSE

S 88

82

109

SSW

E

W SW

W SW

S

W

E

59

137

E

<29

287+

SEE

258

2080

S

h rs 1 64

NEE

SSW

191

219

246

274+

<3 1

63

94

1 26

1 58

1 89

221

252

284 31 6+

30 kph

Average high wind speed

20 kph

15 kph 2030

Mean wind speed

25 kph

Average low wind speed Recorded low wind speed

10 kph

2050 2080

Recorded high wind speed

Today

Wind will generally reduce across the year in future Macclesfield, with strong north-east winds dissipating in particular. However wind speed on a month-by-month basis retains similar averages, but does show stronger winds in the winter months that correlate to higher frequency of strong wind from the south on the charts above.

229

S

200

h rs

E

172

E

143

S

114

20kph

0 .9 % 1 .0 %

S

2050

S

N

40kph

10kph

SEE

SEE

86

S

57

W

10kph

E

E SEE

<28

S

Total Annual Wind Frequency (hours), Speed and Direction

2030 h rs

NNE

50kph

30kph

20kph

10kph

S

N

40kph

NEE

20kph

10kph

W NN

30kph

NEE

NEE

20kph

Today

W

30kph

30kph

h rs

N

40kph

NNE

50kph

E

E

W

W NN

N

SSE

N

40kph

NNE

50kph

E

W

W NN

NNE

50kph

N

S

W NN

N

E

Changing wind patterns from now until 2080

5 kph Monthly Average Wind Speeds

Jan source: Prometheus, location: 3900390, UK (53.4째, -2.2째), with data extrapolation via Climate Consultant & Ecotect Analysis Weather Tool

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec I 163

Macclesfield 2080.

Sunnier, warmer climate with increased solar radiation leading to rises in both ground and artmospheric temperatures

A more extreme, warmer, wetter, tropical climate

Changing wind patterns, differing wind speeds and directions

Wetter, but more intense rainfall with extended dry periods between and increased flooding potential

All data that has gone into this section of the book is based upon a1b 50 percentile TRY climate change predictions. In other words moderate climate change predictions - with a 50% chance (10% would mean one in every 10 years is likely to be worse) that the climate will be better or worse than described.

Macclesfield

2080

re Mo

the north-e from a ind

fr o

m th e s o

ut

h

sw

n wi

s Le

ds

Increased flooding

st

warme Increased,

r ground temperatures

potential

Warme r,

drier c lima

source: Prometheus, location: 3900390, UK (53.4째, -2.2째), with data extrapolation via Climate Consultant & Ecotect Analysis Weather Tool

te

I 165

Macclesfield 2080.

Sunnier, warmer climate with increased solar radiation leading to rises in both ground and artmospheric temperatures

A more extreme, warmer, wetter, tropical climate

Changing wind patterns, differing wind speeds and directions

Wetter, but more intense rainfall with extended dry periods between and increased flooding potential

All data that has gone into this section of the book is based upon a1b 50 percentile TRY climate change predictions. In other words moderate climate change predictions - with a 50% chance (10% would mean one in every 10 years is likely to be worse) that the climate will be better or worse than described.

Macclesfield

2080

re Mo

the north-e from a ind

fr o

m th e s o

ut

h

sw

n wi

s Le

ds

Increased flooding

st

warme Increased,

r ground temperatures

potential

Warme r,

drier c lima

source: Prometheus, location: 3900390, UK (53.4째, -2.2째), with data extrapolation via Climate Consultant & Ecotect Analysis Weather Tool

te

I 165

Research Sources...cont. uk/home/news/press-releases/indicators2010-11/water-uk---sustainability-report-2010-11.pdf> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

13.0 Climate Change

An Abundance of Excess Energy. 152-153

Pidwirny, M. (2010). Understanding Physical Geography, 1st Ed. [online] Available via: <http://www. physicalgeography.net/understanding/contents.html> [Accessed December 2011].

But how much reaches Macclesfield? 154-155 Comfortable? 156-157 From Hot & Dry to Warm & Wet. 158-159 Floods of Potential. 160-161 The Windy Revolution. 162-163 Macclesfield 2080. 164-165

Prometheus Future Weather Files, location: 3900390, UK (53.4째, -2.2째), M. Eames, T. Kershaw and D. Coley Building Serv. Eng. Res. Technol., 32 127-142 (2011) [online] Available via: <http://emps.exeter.ac.uk/research/ energy-environment/cee/projects/prometheus/downloads> [Accessed 26 November 2011] Programs used for data extrapolation: Autodesk Ecotect Analysis Weather Tool. Available online from Autodesk via http://www.autodesk.co.uk/adsk/ servlet/pc/index?id=15055760&siteID=452932 Climate Consultant 5.2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1467. Available to download online (January 2012) via http://www.energy-design-tools.aud.ucla. edu/

14.0 Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements. 168-169

We would like to thank David McCandless & the Information is Beautiful team for inspiring the content and presentation of this book. Our acknowledgement page is a specific nod to that inspiration.

I 179

14.0 Acknowledgements I 167

Acknowledgements.

History Geology Biodiversity Jess Gillespie

Andrew Burrell

Typologies

Tom Harrison

Material Flows

Matteo Lattanzio

Networks

Bradley Spencer

Matteo Lattanzio

Tim Robinson

Mobilities

Social statistics

Imran Zulfqar

01

Andrew Burrell Jess Gillespie

Vicky Mcqueen

Luci Berry

Density

James Norton

Seb Russel

Energy

Mark Smith

Water Imran Zulfqar

Tim Robinson

Climate change

Advisers Vicky Mcqueen

Salih Gulercan

Seb Russel

Salih Gulercan

Luci Berry Josh Greenfield Matthew Riley

Tom Harrison Greg Keeffe

Des Fagan

Antish Luximon Matthew Riley

Josh Greenfield

Bradley Spencer

Mark Smith

Antish Luximon MANY THANKS TO: Bradley Spencer & Tim Robinson for compiling, organising and editing this book. Additional support from Mark Smith & Matt Riley.

James Norton www.crashtest.org.uk I 169

Acknowledgements.

History Geology Biodiversity Jess Gillespie

Andrew Burrell

Typologies

Tom Harrison

Material Flows

Matteo Lattanzio

Networks

Bradley Spencer

Matteo Lattanzio

Tim Robinson

Mobilities

Social statistics

Imran Zulfqar

01

Andrew Burrell Jess Gillespie

Vicky Mcqueen

Luci Berry

Density

James Norton

Seb Russel

Energy

Mark Smith

Water Imran Zulfqar

Tim Robinson

Climate change

Advisers Vicky Mcqueen

Salih Gulercan

Seb Russel

Salih Gulercan

Luci Berry Josh Greenfield Matthew Riley

Tom Harrison Greg Keeffe

Des Fagan

Antish Luximon Matthew Riley

Josh Greenfield

Bradley Spencer

Mark Smith

Antish Luximon MANY THANKS TO: Bradley Spencer & Tim Robinson for compiling, organising and editing this book. Additional support from Mark Smith & Matt Riley.

James Norton www.crashtest.org.uk I 169

Research Sources.

1.0 Foreword

Contribution from Greg Keeffe, Professor of Sustainable Architecture, Leeds Metropolitan University, www.gregkeeffe.co.uk

2.0 History

Triassic period: Basic Information: Wikipedia, n.d. Triassic. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic_ period> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Late Triassic Map. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/6/62/LateTriassicGlobal.jpg> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

Jurassic period: Basic Information: Wikipedia, n.d. Jurassic. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_ period> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Late Jurassic Map. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/7/76/LateJurassicGlobal.jpg> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

A Colourful History. 012 - 015 ...Makes a Rainbow. 016

English Heritage and Cheshire County Council, 2003. Cheshire Historic Towns Survey: Macclesfield Archaeological Assessment, [online] Cheshire County Council Environmental Planning Dept., [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/residents/leisure, parks_and_events/history_and_heritage/ archaeology/archaeology_planning_advisory/historic_towns_survey/historic_towns_survey_reports/historic_ towns_east_cheshire.aspx#Macclesfield> [Accessed December 2011]. *Edina Digimap Ancient Roam Service, JISC National Data Centre based at the University of Edinburgh. Available online via http://edina.ac.uk/digimap. Information about the service can be found at http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ docs/Ancient_Roam_Quick_Reference_Guide.html [Accessed 04 January 2012].

A History Worth Protecting. 017

British Listed Buildings Online, BritiishListedBuildings.co.uk. [online] Available at: <http://www.britishlistedbuildings. co.uk/england/cheshire/macclesfield> [Accessed December 2011].

Cretaceous period: Basic Information: Wikipedia, n.d. Cretaceous. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Cretaceous_period> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Late Cretaceous Map. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/1/12/LateCretaceousGlobal.jpg> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

Paleogene period: Basic Information: Wikipedia, n.d. Paleogene. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Paleogene_period> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Paleogene Map. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/ Paleogene-EoceneGlobal.jpg> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

English Heritage, 2011. Heritage at Risk Register. [online] Holborn, London: English Heritage. Available at: <http:// www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/har-2011-registers/> [Accessed 28 November 2011].

Neogene period: Basic Information: Wikipedia, n.d. Neogene. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Neogene_period> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

From Quiet Settlement to Boom & Bust. 018 - 025

World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Neogene/Miocene Map. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/6/6b/Neogene-MioceneGlobal.jpg> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

From Silt to Silk. 026-027 The Rise of the Smoke. 028-029

Present Age: World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Present Day Earth Topography. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/2/24/AYool_topography_15min.png> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

Davies, C. S., 1961. A History of Macclesfield. Manchester: The University Press, University of Manchester.

Macclesfield Silk Heritage Centre & Tour December 2011, Park Lane, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK11 6TJ.

3.0 Geology/Geomorphology

Macclesfield from the dawn of time. 032-035

Natural England, Geodiversity, Englandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Geology, Counties, Cheshire: The form and landscape of Cheshire, a low, flat plain with a series of small prominent sandstone ridges, is reflective of its geology. [online] Available at: <http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID5.aspx> [Accessed 10 January 2011].

Additional Information for each period sourced via Wikipedia/Wikimedia: Carboniferous period: Basic Information: Wikipedia, n.d. Carboniferous. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Carboniferous_period> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Late Carboniferous Map. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/0/04/LateCarboniferousGlobal.jpg> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

Permian period: Basic Information: Wikipedia, n.d. Permian. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian_ period> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Late Permian Map. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/8/80/LatePermianGlobal.jpg> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

The Ground Beneath. 036-037

British Geological Survey, National Environment Research Council, 2012. OpenGeoscience - Free data!: Web Browser Maps, Geology of Britain. [online] Available at: <http://bgs.ac.uk/opengeoscience/home. html?Accordion2=1#maps> [Accessed 05 January 2012].

4.0 Biodiversity

100 Years makes a difference. 040-041

Cheshire East Council, n.d. Allotment Sites in the Macclesfield Area. [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast. gov.uk/leisure,_culture_and_tourism/parks_and_open_spaces/allotment_sites/allotments_in_macclesfield.aspx> [Accessed 10 December 2011]. *Allotments located through Google Maps Available at: <http://maps.google.co.uk> [Accessed 10 December 2011]

Holy Cow. 042-043

University of Portsmouth et al, 2009. A Vision of Britain Through Time: Macclesfield, Cheshire. [online] Available at: <http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/place_page.jsp?p_id=803&st=MACCLESFIELD> [Accessed 29 November 2011].

Food for thought. 044-045

Food4Macc, 2011. Food4Macc.org. [online] Available at: <http://www.maccinfo.com/Food4Macc/> [Accessed

I 171

Research Sources.

1.0 Foreword

Contribution from Greg Keeffe, Professor of Sustainable Architecture, Leeds Metropolitan University, www.gregkeeffe.co.uk

2.0 History

Triassic period: Basic Information: Wikipedia, n.d. Triassic. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic_ period> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Late Triassic Map. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/6/62/LateTriassicGlobal.jpg> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

Jurassic period: Basic Information: Wikipedia, n.d. Jurassic. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_ period> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Late Jurassic Map. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/7/76/LateJurassicGlobal.jpg> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

A Colourful History. 012 - 015 ...Makes a Rainbow. 016

English Heritage and Cheshire County Council, 2003. Cheshire Historic Towns Survey: Macclesfield Archaeological Assessment, [online] Cheshire County Council Environmental Planning Dept., [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/residents/leisure, parks_and_events/history_and_heritage/ archaeology/archaeology_planning_advisory/historic_towns_survey/historic_towns_survey_reports/historic_ towns_east_cheshire.aspx#Macclesfield> [Accessed December 2011]. *Edina Digimap Ancient Roam Service, JISC National Data Centre based at the University of Edinburgh. Available online via http://edina.ac.uk/digimap. Information about the service can be found at http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ docs/Ancient_Roam_Quick_Reference_Guide.html [Accessed 04 January 2012].

A History Worth Protecting. 017

British Listed Buildings Online, BritiishListedBuildings.co.uk. [online] Available at: <http://www.britishlistedbuildings. co.uk/england/cheshire/macclesfield> [Accessed December 2011].

Cretaceous period: Basic Information: Wikipedia, n.d. Cretaceous. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Cretaceous_period> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Late Cretaceous Map. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/1/12/LateCretaceousGlobal.jpg> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

Paleogene period: Basic Information: Wikipedia, n.d. Paleogene. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Paleogene_period> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Paleogene Map. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/ Paleogene-EoceneGlobal.jpg> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

English Heritage, 2011. Heritage at Risk Register. [online] Holborn, London: English Heritage. Available at: <http:// www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/har-2011-registers/> [Accessed 28 November 2011].

Neogene period: Basic Information: Wikipedia, n.d. Neogene. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Neogene_period> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

From Quiet Settlement to Boom & Bust. 018 - 025

World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Neogene/Miocene Map. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/6/6b/Neogene-MioceneGlobal.jpg> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

From Silt to Silk. 026-027 The Rise of the Smoke. 028-029

Present Age: World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Present Day Earth Topography. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/2/24/AYool_topography_15min.png> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

Davies, C. S., 1961. A History of Macclesfield. Manchester: The University Press, University of Manchester.

Macclesfield Silk Heritage Centre & Tour December 2011, Park Lane, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK11 6TJ.

3.0 Geology/Geomorphology

Macclesfield from the dawn of time. 032-035

Natural England, Geodiversity, Englandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Geology, Counties, Cheshire: The form and landscape of Cheshire, a low, flat plain with a series of small prominent sandstone ridges, is reflective of its geology. [online] Available at: <http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID5.aspx> [Accessed 10 January 2011].

Additional Information for each period sourced via Wikipedia/Wikimedia: Carboniferous period: Basic Information: Wikipedia, n.d. Carboniferous. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Carboniferous_period> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Late Carboniferous Map. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/0/04/LateCarboniferousGlobal.jpg> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

Permian period: Basic Information: Wikipedia, n.d. Permian. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian_ period> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

World Map: Wikimedia, n.d. Late Permian Map. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/8/80/LatePermianGlobal.jpg> [Accessed 02 December 2011].

The Ground Beneath. 036-037

British Geological Survey, National Environment Research Council, 2012. OpenGeoscience - Free data!: Web Browser Maps, Geology of Britain. [online] Available at: <http://bgs.ac.uk/opengeoscience/home. html?Accordion2=1#maps> [Accessed 05 January 2012].

4.0 Biodiversity

100 Years makes a difference. 040-041

Cheshire East Council, n.d. Allotment Sites in the Macclesfield Area. [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast. gov.uk/leisure,_culture_and_tourism/parks_and_open_spaces/allotment_sites/allotments_in_macclesfield.aspx> [Accessed 10 December 2011]. *Allotments located through Google Maps Available at: <http://maps.google.co.uk> [Accessed 10 December 2011]

Holy Cow. 042-043

University of Portsmouth et al, 2009. A Vision of Britain Through Time: Macclesfield, Cheshire. [online] Available at: <http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/place_page.jsp?p_id=803&st=MACCLESFIELD> [Accessed 29 November 2011].

Food for thought. 044-045

Food4Macc, 2011. Food4Macc.org. [online] Available at: <http://www.maccinfo.com/Food4Macc/> [Accessed

I 171

Research Sources...cont.

02 December 2011]. *Supermarkets located through Google Maps Available at: <http://maps.google.co.uk> [Accessed 02 December 2011]

How will your Garden Grow? 046-047

Local Food Alliance, 2011. Local Food Alliance: Fruit and Vegetable Seasonal Chart. [online] Available at: <http:// www.localfoodalliance.co.uk/8_63_Seasonal-Chart.html> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

National Trust, 2011. Farm Shops. [online] Available at: <http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/shop/farm-shops> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

2012 Eat Seasonably, 2012. Grow Your Own. [online] Available at: <http://eatseasonably.co.uk> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

Where have all the animals gone? 048-049

English Heritage and Cheshire County Council, 2003. Cheshire Historic Towns Survey: Macclesfield Archaeological Assessment, [online] Cheshire County Council Environmental Planning Dept., [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/residents/leisure, parks_and_events/history_and_heritage/ archaeology/archaeology_planning_advisory/historic_towns_survey/historic_towns_survey_reports/historic_ towns_east_cheshire.aspx#Macclesfield> [Accessed December 2011].

Macc Animals. 050

Cheshire East Council, 2006. Borough of Macclesfield, Biodiversity Audit Non-Technical Summary 2006. [online] Cheshire East Council. Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/environment_and_planning/planning/ heritage_natural_environment/nature_conservation/biodiversity.aspx> [Accessed 10 December 2011].

Protect the Weak. 051

DEFRA, 2005. Key Facts about Wildlife: Scarce and Threatened Native Species 2005. [online] Available at: <http:// archive.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/wildlife/kf/wdkf02.htm> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

Bird Migration Cheshire. 052-053

6.0

Material Flows

Material Flow - A Brief History. 068-069

Davies, C. S., 1961. A History of Macclesfield. Manchester: The University Press, University of Manchester.

English Heritage and Cheshire County Council, 2003. Cheshire Historic Towns Survey: Macclesfield Archaeological Assessment, [online] Cheshire County Council Environmental Planning Dept., [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/residents/leisure, parks_and_events/history_and_heritage/ archaeology/archaeology_planning_advisory/historic_towns_survey/historic_towns_survey_reports/historic_ towns_east_cheshire.aspx#Macclesfield> [Accessed December 2011].

Macclesfield Silk Heritage Centre & Tour December 2011, Park Lane, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK11 6TJ. Boddington, T., 2012. The Macclesfield Canal. [online] The Macclesfield Canal. Available at: <http://www. macclesfieldcanal.org.uk> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

Pennine Waterways, n.d. History of the Macclesfield Canal. [online] Pennine Waterways. Available at: <http://www. penninewaterways.co.uk/macclesfield/mac2.htm> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

Crawbar Ltd, n.d. The History of Macclesfield. [online] Information-Britain.co.uk. Available at: <http://www. information-britain.co.uk/history/town/Macclesfield33> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

Dot’s Fibre to Fabric, n.d. Dot’s Fibre to Fabric. [online] Dot’s Fibre to Fabric. Available at: <http://fibre2fabric. blogspot.com/2008/05/thrown-silk-and-macclesfield-silk.html> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

The Waste Footprint. 070 It’s All Piling Up. 071

DEFRA, 2011. Local authority collected waste management. [online] DEFRA. Available at: <http://www.defra.gov. uk/statistics/environment/waste/wrfg12-methodmun/> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

DEFRA, 2011. Local authority collected waste generation, UK. [online] DEFRA. Available at: <http://www.defra.gov. uk/statistics/environment/waste/wrfg19-munwaste> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

DEFRA, 2011. UK waste data. [online] DEFRA. Available at: <http://www.defra.gov.uk/statistics/environment/waste/ wrfg01-annsector> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

DEFRA, 2011. Household waste and recycling in the UK. [online] DEFRA. Available at: <http://www.defra.gov.uk/ statistics/environment/waste/wrfg04-hhwastrecyc> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

Waste of Space. 072-073

British Trust for Ornothology, Developing bird indicators. Figure 1. UK Biodiversity Indicator: populations of wild birds, 1970 to 2009.. [online] Available at: <http://www.bto.org/science/monitoring/developing-bird-indicators> [Accessed 05 January 2012].

Northwest Regional Development Agency, 2009. Northwest Places, Macclesfield. Regional Intelligence Unit: NWDA Research Team. [online] Available at: <www.nwriu.co.uk/PDF/Macclesfield_-_Oct_2009.pdf> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

Cheshire and Wirral Ornithological Society, 2009. Cheshire and Wirral Bird Report 2009:Early and Late Dates for Migrants 2009. Cheshire. pp.132-133

Cheshire Local Government Association, 1999. Northwest Waste Composition Report. [online] Cheshire Local Government: UK. Available at: <www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/PDF/En-Was-CompStudy1999.pdf> [Accessed 10 January 2012].

5.0 Typologies

Allocating the share. 056-057 Home Sweet Home. 058-059 Protected Spaces. 060-061 Bored...? 062-063

DEFRA, 2006-10. Local Authority collected waste for England – annual statistics (2005-2010). [online] DEFRA. Available at: <http://www.defra.gov.uk/statistics/environment/waste/wrfg23-wrmsannual> [Accessed 28 December 2011].

Cheshire East Council, 2010. Macclesfield Snapshot Report. [online] Cheshire East Council. Available at: <http:// www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/environment_and_planning/planning/spatial_planning/cheshire_east_local_plan/ place_shaping_consultation/snapshot_reports.aspx> [Accessed 28 November 2011].

UPM, 2011. UPM Integrated Recycling. UPM: UK. [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/ waste_and_recycling/bin_collections/silver_recycling_bin/what_happens_to_my_recycling.aspx> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

*Allocating the Share. 056-057 Home Sweet Home. 058-059

Wastes Work Ltd., 2009. Cheshire Waste Composition Study; Final Report. Wastes Work Ltd: Shropshire. [online] Available at: <www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/PDF/En-Was-WasteComp20082009.pdf> [Accessed 10 December 2011].

*Home Sweet Home images from Google Maps Streetview: Available at: <http://maps.google.co.uk> [Accessed 13 December 2011]

Space of Waste. 073-074

Pope, A., 1996. Ladders. 3rd Ed. Princeton Architectural Press.

DEFRA, 2011. Household waste recycling, by material – England. [online] Available at: <http://www.defra.gov.uk/ statistics/environment/waste/wrfg15-hhmaterial> [Accessed 22 December 2011].

I 173

Research Sources...cont.

02 December 2011]. *Supermarkets located through Google Maps Available at: <http://maps.google.co.uk> [Accessed 02 December 2011]

How will your Garden Grow? 046-047

Local Food Alliance, 2011. Local Food Alliance: Fruit and Vegetable Seasonal Chart. [online] Available at: <http:// www.localfoodalliance.co.uk/8_63_Seasonal-Chart.html> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

National Trust, 2011. Farm Shops. [online] Available at: <http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/shop/farm-shops> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

2012 Eat Seasonably, 2012. Grow Your Own. [online] Available at: <http://eatseasonably.co.uk> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

Where have all the animals gone? 048-049

English Heritage and Cheshire County Council, 2003. Cheshire Historic Towns Survey: Macclesfield Archaeological Assessment, [online] Cheshire County Council Environmental Planning Dept., [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/residents/leisure, parks_and_events/history_and_heritage/ archaeology/archaeology_planning_advisory/historic_towns_survey/historic_towns_survey_reports/historic_ towns_east_cheshire.aspx#Macclesfield> [Accessed December 2011].

Macc Animals. 050

Cheshire East Council, 2006. Borough of Macclesfield, Biodiversity Audit Non-Technical Summary 2006. [online] Cheshire East Council. Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/environment_and_planning/planning/ heritage_natural_environment/nature_conservation/biodiversity.aspx> [Accessed 10 December 2011].

Protect the Weak. 051

DEFRA, 2005. Key Facts about Wildlife: Scarce and Threatened Native Species 2005. [online] Available at: <http:// archive.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/wildlife/kf/wdkf02.htm> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

Bird Migration Cheshire. 052-053

6.0

Material Flows

Material Flow - A Brief History. 068-069

Davies, C. S., 1961. A History of Macclesfield. Manchester: The University Press, University of Manchester.

English Heritage and Cheshire County Council, 2003. Cheshire Historic Towns Survey: Macclesfield Archaeological Assessment, [online] Cheshire County Council Environmental Planning Dept., [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/residents/leisure, parks_and_events/history_and_heritage/ archaeology/archaeology_planning_advisory/historic_towns_survey/historic_towns_survey_reports/historic_ towns_east_cheshire.aspx#Macclesfield> [Accessed December 2011].

Macclesfield Silk Heritage Centre & Tour December 2011, Park Lane, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK11 6TJ. Boddington, T., 2012. The Macclesfield Canal. [online] The Macclesfield Canal. Available at: <http://www. macclesfieldcanal.org.uk> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

Pennine Waterways, n.d. History of the Macclesfield Canal. [online] Pennine Waterways. Available at: <http://www. penninewaterways.co.uk/macclesfield/mac2.htm> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

Crawbar Ltd, n.d. The History of Macclesfield. [online] Information-Britain.co.uk. Available at: <http://www. information-britain.co.uk/history/town/Macclesfield33> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

Dot’s Fibre to Fabric, n.d. Dot’s Fibre to Fabric. [online] Dot’s Fibre to Fabric. Available at: <http://fibre2fabric. blogspot.com/2008/05/thrown-silk-and-macclesfield-silk.html> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

The Waste Footprint. 070 It’s All Piling Up. 071

DEFRA, 2011. Local authority collected waste management. [online] DEFRA. Available at: <http://www.defra.gov. uk/statistics/environment/waste/wrfg12-methodmun/> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

DEFRA, 2011. Local authority collected waste generation, UK. [online] DEFRA. Available at: <http://www.defra.gov. uk/statistics/environment/waste/wrfg19-munwaste> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

DEFRA, 2011. UK waste data. [online] DEFRA. Available at: <http://www.defra.gov.uk/statistics/environment/waste/ wrfg01-annsector> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

DEFRA, 2011. Household waste and recycling in the UK. [online] DEFRA. Available at: <http://www.defra.gov.uk/ statistics/environment/waste/wrfg04-hhwastrecyc> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

Waste of Space. 072-073

British Trust for Ornothology, Developing bird indicators. Figure 1. UK Biodiversity Indicator: populations of wild birds, 1970 to 2009.. [online] Available at: <http://www.bto.org/science/monitoring/developing-bird-indicators> [Accessed 05 January 2012].

Northwest Regional Development Agency, 2009. Northwest Places, Macclesfield. Regional Intelligence Unit: NWDA Research Team. [online] Available at: <www.nwriu.co.uk/PDF/Macclesfield_-_Oct_2009.pdf> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

Cheshire and Wirral Ornithological Society, 2009. Cheshire and Wirral Bird Report 2009:Early and Late Dates for Migrants 2009. Cheshire. pp.132-133

Cheshire Local Government Association, 1999. Northwest Waste Composition Report. [online] Cheshire Local Government: UK. Available at: <www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/PDF/En-Was-CompStudy1999.pdf> [Accessed 10 January 2012].

5.0 Typologies

Allocating the share. 056-057 Home Sweet Home. 058-059 Protected Spaces. 060-061 Bored...? 062-063

DEFRA, 2006-10. Local Authority collected waste for England – annual statistics (2005-2010). [online] DEFRA. Available at: <http://www.defra.gov.uk/statistics/environment/waste/wrfg23-wrmsannual> [Accessed 28 December 2011].

Cheshire East Council, 2010. Macclesfield Snapshot Report. [online] Cheshire East Council. Available at: <http:// www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/environment_and_planning/planning/spatial_planning/cheshire_east_local_plan/ place_shaping_consultation/snapshot_reports.aspx> [Accessed 28 November 2011].

UPM, 2011. UPM Integrated Recycling. UPM: UK. [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/ waste_and_recycling/bin_collections/silver_recycling_bin/what_happens_to_my_recycling.aspx> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

*Allocating the Share. 056-057 Home Sweet Home. 058-059

Wastes Work Ltd., 2009. Cheshire Waste Composition Study; Final Report. Wastes Work Ltd: Shropshire. [online] Available at: <www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/PDF/En-Was-WasteComp20082009.pdf> [Accessed 10 December 2011].

*Home Sweet Home images from Google Maps Streetview: Available at: <http://maps.google.co.uk> [Accessed 13 December 2011]

Space of Waste. 073-074

Pope, A., 1996. Ladders. 3rd Ed. Princeton Architectural Press.

DEFRA, 2011. Household waste recycling, by material – England. [online] Available at: <http://www.defra.gov.uk/ statistics/environment/waste/wrfg15-hhmaterial> [Accessed 22 December 2011].

I 173

Research Sources...cont.

National Rail, Maps of the National Rail Network. [online] Available at: <http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/passenger_ services/maps> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

Time for the Bus. 094-095

DEFRA, 2011. EU Waste Framework Directive. [online] Available at: <http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/ legislation/eu-framework-directive> [Accessed 22 December 2011].

Cheshire East Council, 2011. Bus Service Timetables and Journey Planning. [online] Available at: <http://www. cheshireeast.gov.uk/transport_and_travel/public_transport/bus/bus_service_timetables.aspx> [Accessed 10 December 2011].

7.0 Networks

The Wheels on the Bus. 096-099

Scoring High on the World Stage. 078-079 Spider-Macc. 080

Make it Macclesfield, Macclesfield Transport & Travel. [online] Available at: <http://www.makeitmacclesfield.co.uk/ transport-and-travel> [Accessed 15 November 2011].

Northwest Regional Development Agency, 2009. Northwest Places, Macclesfield. Regional Intelligence Unit: NWDA Research Team. [online] Available at: <www.nwriu.co.uk/PDF/Macclesfield_-_Oct_2009.pdf> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

Local Futures, 2009. District Profile: A Transport and Connectivity Profile of Macclesfield. [online] Available at: <http://www.nwriu.co.uk/PDF/Transport_and_Connectivity_Profile_Macclesfield.pdf> [Accessed 05 November 2011].

Public Transport Networks. 081

Content and images authors own.

9.0 Density

Feel the squeeze. 102-103

itravel.co.uk, 2011. England Counties Map. [online] Available at: <http://www.itraveluk.co.uk/maps/england> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

Feeling old? 104-105

CACI Ltd, 2011. Acorn Postcode Lookup. [online] Available at: <http://www.caci.co.uk/acorn2009/newpclookup. asp> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

Multiplying Macc. 106-107

Make it Macclesfield, Macclesfield Transport & Travel. [online] Available at: <http://www.makeitmacclesfield.co.uk/ transport-and-travel> [Accessed 15 November 2011].

Old Town Books and Maps, n.d. Macclesfield in 1839. [online] Available at: <www.oldtowns.co.uk/Cheshire/ macclesfield.htm> [Accessed 08 December 2011].

National Rail, Macclesfield Station and Local Area. [online] Available at: <http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/ mac/localarea.html> [Accessed 15 November 2011].

University of Portsmouth et al, 2009. A Vision of Britain Through Time: Macclesfield, Cheshire. [online] Available at: <http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/place_page.jsp?p_id=803&st=MACCLESFIELD> [Accessed 29 November 2011].

Commuter Volumes. 083

Regional Intelligence Unit, 2009. Northwest Places: Macclesfield. [online] Available at: <http://www.nwriu.co.uk/ PDF/Macclesfield_-_Oct_2009.pdf> [Accessed 05 November 2011]. *see also British Census Data 2001 (www.ons.gov.uk)

Good for Business. 082 Getting from A - B. 084-085

Cheshire East Council, 2011. Cheshire East Ward Profiles. [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/ community_and_living/research_and_consultation/ward_profiles.aspx> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

8.0 Mobilities

Commuters. 088 Car World. 089 Park your Car. 090

Cheshire East Council, 2010. Macclesfield Snapshot Report. [online] Cheshire East Council. Available at: <http:// www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/environment_and_planning/planning/spatial_planning/cheshire_east_local_plan/ place_shaping_consultation/snapshot_reports.aspx> [Accessed 28 November 2011]. *Car World vehicle image sourced from Auto-Types.com, Available at: < http://www.auto-types.com/images/_ autonews/2010-Range-Rover-HSE-side_79.jpg> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

How far in How Long. 091

Googler, Dave, 2010. Hi kruszcontrol. How are walking and bicycle times calculated?, [online] 28/05/2010.

Available at: <https://groups.google.com/a/googleproductforums.com/forum/#!category-topic/maps/navigationand-directions/PHwS75mwUiY> [Accessed 28 November 2011].

Travel by Train. 092-093

National Rail, Macclesfield Station and Local Area. [online] Available at: <http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/ mac/localarea.html> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

VisitorUK.com, 2012. Macclesfield, Cheshire & The Wirral: Timeline History of Macclesfield. [online] Available at: <http://www.visitoruk.com/timeline.php?id=3176&f=Macclesfield> [Accessed 10 December 2011].

10.0 Social Statistics

How do you Splash your Cash. 110-111

Borough of Macclesfield, 2004. Borough of Macclesfield: Local Plan. [online] Borough of Macclesfield. Available at: <http://www.cartoplus.co.uk/macclesfield> [Accessed 06 December 2011].

Unger, P., 2011. Macclesfield considers loosening its green belt. [online] Property Week. Available at: <http:// www.propertyweek.com/news/macclesfield-considers-loosening-its-green-belt/5016806.article#> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Space-Scape. 112

Canning Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Neill, 2011. Property Search. [online] Canning Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Neill: Manchester Office Experts. Available at: <http:// www.manchester-offices.co.uk/manchester-offices?d=e.g.Didsbury&chklocations%5B0%5D=15&space=Any&si ze=Any> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Magnus Ltd., 2011. Offices to rent in Macclesfield. [online] Magnus: The Office Provider. Available at: <http://www. magnusuk.com/property-search/macclesfield.htm> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Hallams Property Consultants, 2011. Properties. [online] Hallams Property Consultants. Available at: <http://www. hallams.com/properties.php> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Jones Associates, 2011. Home Page (link to various property searches). [online] Jones Associates Letting and Management. Available at: <http://jonesassociates.uk.com> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Greenham Commercial Ltd., 2011. Macclesfield Search Results. [online] JGreenham Commercial Ltd. Chartered Surveyors. Available at: <http://www.greenhamcommercial.co.uk/index.php?id=property_results&location=4&pro

I 175

Research Sources...cont.

National Rail, Maps of the National Rail Network. [online] Available at: <http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/passenger_ services/maps> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

Time for the Bus. 094-095

DEFRA, 2011. EU Waste Framework Directive. [online] Available at: <http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/ legislation/eu-framework-directive> [Accessed 22 December 2011].

Cheshire East Council, 2011. Bus Service Timetables and Journey Planning. [online] Available at: <http://www. cheshireeast.gov.uk/transport_and_travel/public_transport/bus/bus_service_timetables.aspx> [Accessed 10 December 2011].

7.0 Networks

The Wheels on the Bus. 096-099

Scoring High on the World Stage. 078-079 Spider-Macc. 080

Make it Macclesfield, Macclesfield Transport & Travel. [online] Available at: <http://www.makeitmacclesfield.co.uk/ transport-and-travel> [Accessed 15 November 2011].

Northwest Regional Development Agency, 2009. Northwest Places, Macclesfield. Regional Intelligence Unit: NWDA Research Team. [online] Available at: <www.nwriu.co.uk/PDF/Macclesfield_-_Oct_2009.pdf> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

Local Futures, 2009. District Profile: A Transport and Connectivity Profile of Macclesfield. [online] Available at: <http://www.nwriu.co.uk/PDF/Transport_and_Connectivity_Profile_Macclesfield.pdf> [Accessed 05 November 2011].

Public Transport Networks. 081

Content and images authors own.

9.0 Density

Feel the squeeze. 102-103

itravel.co.uk, 2011. England Counties Map. [online] Available at: <http://www.itraveluk.co.uk/maps/england> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

Feeling old? 104-105

CACI Ltd, 2011. Acorn Postcode Lookup. [online] Available at: <http://www.caci.co.uk/acorn2009/newpclookup. asp> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

Multiplying Macc. 106-107

Make it Macclesfield, Macclesfield Transport & Travel. [online] Available at: <http://www.makeitmacclesfield.co.uk/ transport-and-travel> [Accessed 15 November 2011].

Old Town Books and Maps, n.d. Macclesfield in 1839. [online] Available at: <www.oldtowns.co.uk/Cheshire/ macclesfield.htm> [Accessed 08 December 2011].

National Rail, Macclesfield Station and Local Area. [online] Available at: <http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/ mac/localarea.html> [Accessed 15 November 2011].

University of Portsmouth et al, 2009. A Vision of Britain Through Time: Macclesfield, Cheshire. [online] Available at: <http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/place_page.jsp?p_id=803&st=MACCLESFIELD> [Accessed 29 November 2011].

Commuter Volumes. 083

Regional Intelligence Unit, 2009. Northwest Places: Macclesfield. [online] Available at: <http://www.nwriu.co.uk/ PDF/Macclesfield_-_Oct_2009.pdf> [Accessed 05 November 2011]. *see also British Census Data 2001 (www.ons.gov.uk)

Good for Business. 082 Getting from A - B. 084-085

Cheshire East Council, 2011. Cheshire East Ward Profiles. [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/ community_and_living/research_and_consultation/ward_profiles.aspx> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

8.0 Mobilities

Commuters. 088 Car World. 089 Park your Car. 090

Cheshire East Council, 2010. Macclesfield Snapshot Report. [online] Cheshire East Council. Available at: <http:// www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/environment_and_planning/planning/spatial_planning/cheshire_east_local_plan/ place_shaping_consultation/snapshot_reports.aspx> [Accessed 28 November 2011]. *Car World vehicle image sourced from Auto-Types.com, Available at: < http://www.auto-types.com/images/_ autonews/2010-Range-Rover-HSE-side_79.jpg> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

How far in How Long. 091

Googler, Dave, 2010. Hi kruszcontrol. How are walking and bicycle times calculated?, [online] 28/05/2010.

Available at: <https://groups.google.com/a/googleproductforums.com/forum/#!category-topic/maps/navigationand-directions/PHwS75mwUiY> [Accessed 28 November 2011].

Travel by Train. 092-093

National Rail, Macclesfield Station and Local Area. [online] Available at: <http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/ mac/localarea.html> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

VisitorUK.com, 2012. Macclesfield, Cheshire & The Wirral: Timeline History of Macclesfield. [online] Available at: <http://www.visitoruk.com/timeline.php?id=3176&f=Macclesfield> [Accessed 10 December 2011].

10.0 Social Statistics

How do you Splash your Cash. 110-111

Borough of Macclesfield, 2004. Borough of Macclesfield: Local Plan. [online] Borough of Macclesfield. Available at: <http://www.cartoplus.co.uk/macclesfield> [Accessed 06 December 2011].

Unger, P., 2011. Macclesfield considers loosening its green belt. [online] Property Week. Available at: <http:// www.propertyweek.com/news/macclesfield-considers-loosening-its-green-belt/5016806.article#> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Space-Scape. 112

Canning Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Neill, 2011. Property Search. [online] Canning Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Neill: Manchester Office Experts. Available at: <http:// www.manchester-offices.co.uk/manchester-offices?d=e.g.Didsbury&chklocations%5B0%5D=15&space=Any&si ze=Any> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Magnus Ltd., 2011. Offices to rent in Macclesfield. [online] Magnus: The Office Provider. Available at: <http://www. magnusuk.com/property-search/macclesfield.htm> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Hallams Property Consultants, 2011. Properties. [online] Hallams Property Consultants. Available at: <http://www. hallams.com/properties.php> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Jones Associates, 2011. Home Page (link to various property searches). [online] Jones Associates Letting and Management. Available at: <http://jonesassociates.uk.com> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Greenham Commercial Ltd., 2011. Macclesfield Search Results. [online] JGreenham Commercial Ltd. Chartered Surveyors. Available at: <http://www.greenhamcommercial.co.uk/index.php?id=property_results&location=4&pro

I 175

Research Sources...cont.

Location of Potential Wind Farms. 129 The Windy City. 130 Wind Speeds across Macc.

pertytype=showall&submit=Search, mellerbraggins.com, janhill.co.uk, paramount-investments.co.uk> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

131

Department of Energy & Climate Change, n.d. Windspeed Database and Retrieval Programme. [online] DECC. Available at: <http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/meeting_energy/wind/windsp_databas/windsp_databas. aspx> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

Meller Braggins, 2011. Home Page (link to Macclesfield to let/for sale domestic property searches). [online] Meller Braggins. Available at: <http://mellerbraggins.com> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Walk, Bus...Drive? 134

The Janhill Group, 2011. Home Page (link to Macclesfield to let/for sale various property searches). [online] Janhill: The Property Company. Available at: <http://janhill.co.uk> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Paramount Investments, 2011. Macclesfield Search Results. [online] Paramount Investment & Development Properties Available at: <http://www.paramountinvestments.co.uk/quicksearch.php?searchtab=quicksearch&s earch=1&page=1&orderBy=&propertyAddress=Macclesfield&propertyPostcode=> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Red Tops Vs Blue Tops. 113

CACI Ltd, 2011. Acorn Postcode Lookup. [online] Available at: <http://www.caci.co.uk/acorn2009/newpclookup. asp> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

Macc Crime Behind Bars. 114-115 A Mixed Bag. 118-119

12.0 Water

Man-made Water. 140-141

Cousin, G.,1999. The Building of the Macclesfield Canal., Journal of the Railway & Canal Historical Society, Vol.33 Pt. 2 No. 173, July 1999, pp.63-76, [online]. Available at: <http://macclesfieldcanal.org.uk/history/build.htm> [10 January 2011].

Cousin, G.,1999. The Macclesfield Canal - The Early Working Years., Journal of the Railway & Canal Historical Society, Vol.33 Pt. 8 No. 179, July 2001, pp.553-573 [online]. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Macclesfield_Canal> [12 January 2011].

Cheshire East Council, 2011. Cheshire East Ward Profiles. [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/ community_and_living/research_and_consultation/ward_profiles.aspx> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

Following the Canal. 142-143

Similar Interests. 116

Wikipedia, n.d. Macclesfield Canal. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macclesfield_ Canal> [Accessed 28 November 2011].

CACI Ltd, 2011. Acorn Postcode Lookup. [online] Available at: <http://www.caci.co.uk/acorn2009/newpclookup. asp> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

The Many Colours of Macclesfield. 117

Cheshire East Council, 2009. Local Area Partnership Profiles. [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast.gov. uk/community_and_living/research_and_consultation/cheshire_east_area_profiles/local_area_partnership_profile. aspx> [Accessed 16 December 2011].

11.0 Energy

British Census Data 2001 (www.ons.gov.uk)

The Future and Now. 122-123 Sustainable Energy Locations. 124-125 Plant Biomass. 132 Heat Pumps. 133 Hydropower. 135 Throw-away Energy. 136-137

LDA Design Consulting LLP, 2011. Cheshire East climate change & sustainable energy planning research; Technical report, September 2011. [online] LDA Design Consulting LLP for Cheshire East Council. Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/environment_and_planning/planning/spatial_planning/research_and_evidence/ climate_change.aspx> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Catch some Rays. 126-127

Department of Energy and Climate Change, 2005-11. Electricity consumption statistics 2005-2009. [online] DECC. Available at: <http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/energy_stats/regional/regional.aspx> [Accessed 28 November 2011]. *see also British Census Data 2001 (www.ons.gov.uk) Solarguide.co.uk, n.d. Solar PV (Photovoltaic) Feed-In Tariff Calculator. [online] Available at: <http://www. solarguide.co.uk/solar-pv-calculator> [04 December 2011].

Google Maps: Available at: <http://maps.google.co.uk> [Accessed 12 January 2011]

The River Bollin. 144-145

APEM Ltd, 2007. Manchester Ship Canal Strategic Revies of Fish Populations Final Report. [online] APEM Ltd for United Utilities. Available at: <http://www.apemltd.co.uk/DocStore/FileLibrary/PDFs/Manchester%20Ship%20 Canal%20-%20Strategic%20Review%20of%20Fish%20Populations.pdf> [Accessed 6 December 2011].

Environment Agency, 2011. Bollin at Old Mill Lane. [online] Environment Agency. Available at: <http://www. environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/riverlevels/riverstation.aspx?StationId=5102&RegionId=4&Are aId=12&CatchmentId=64> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

Cheshire County Council, 2007. Cheshire County Council: Strategic Flood Risk Assessment. [online] Cheshire Counnty Council. Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/environment_and_planning/planning/spatial_ planning/research_and_evidence/strategic_flood_risk_assmnt/cheshire_sfra.aspx> [Accessed 6 December 2011].

How is the Water Used? 146-147

USwitch, n.d. How much water do you use? [online] USwitch. Available at: <http://www.uswitch.com/water/howmuch-water-use> [Accessed 28 November 2011].

Sustainable Blewbury, 2011. Waste and Recycling. [online] Sustainable Blewbury. Available at: <http://www. sustainable-blewbury.org.uk/recycling.htm> [Accessed 28 November 2011].

Water UK, 2011. Sustainability Indicators 2010-2011. [online] Water UK. Available at: <http://www.water.org. uk/home/news/press-releases/indicators2010-11/water-uk---sustainability-report-2010-11.pdf> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

Input/Output. 148-149

Feel the Breeze. 128

Department of Energy and Climate Change, 2005-11. Electricity consumption statistics 2005-2009. [online] DECC. Available at: <http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/energy_stats/regional/regional.aspx> [Accessed 28 November 2011].

DEFRA 2008. Future Water: The Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water strategy for England. [online] DEFRA. Available at: <http:// archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

Water UK, 2011. Sustainability Indicators 2010-2011. [online] Water UK. Available at: <http://www.water.org.

I 177

Research Sources...cont.

Location of Potential Wind Farms. 129 The Windy City. 130 Wind Speeds across Macc.

pertytype=showall&submit=Search, mellerbraggins.com, janhill.co.uk, paramount-investments.co.uk> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

131

Department of Energy & Climate Change, n.d. Windspeed Database and Retrieval Programme. [online] DECC. Available at: <http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/meeting_energy/wind/windsp_databas/windsp_databas. aspx> [Accessed 15 December 2011].

Meller Braggins, 2011. Home Page (link to Macclesfield to let/for sale domestic property searches). [online] Meller Braggins. Available at: <http://mellerbraggins.com> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Walk, Bus...Drive? 134

The Janhill Group, 2011. Home Page (link to Macclesfield to let/for sale various property searches). [online] Janhill: The Property Company. Available at: <http://janhill.co.uk> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Paramount Investments, 2011. Macclesfield Search Results. [online] Paramount Investment & Development Properties Available at: <http://www.paramountinvestments.co.uk/quicksearch.php?searchtab=quicksearch&s earch=1&page=1&orderBy=&propertyAddress=Macclesfield&propertyPostcode=> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Red Tops Vs Blue Tops. 113

CACI Ltd, 2011. Acorn Postcode Lookup. [online] Available at: <http://www.caci.co.uk/acorn2009/newpclookup. asp> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

Macc Crime Behind Bars. 114-115 A Mixed Bag. 118-119

12.0 Water

Man-made Water. 140-141

Cousin, G.,1999. The Building of the Macclesfield Canal., Journal of the Railway & Canal Historical Society, Vol.33 Pt. 2 No. 173, July 1999, pp.63-76, [online]. Available at: <http://macclesfieldcanal.org.uk/history/build.htm> [10 January 2011].

Cousin, G.,1999. The Macclesfield Canal - The Early Working Years., Journal of the Railway & Canal Historical Society, Vol.33 Pt. 8 No. 179, July 2001, pp.553-573 [online]. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Macclesfield_Canal> [12 January 2011].

Cheshire East Council, 2011. Cheshire East Ward Profiles. [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/ community_and_living/research_and_consultation/ward_profiles.aspx> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

Following the Canal. 142-143

Similar Interests. 116

Wikipedia, n.d. Macclesfield Canal. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macclesfield_ Canal> [Accessed 28 November 2011].

CACI Ltd, 2011. Acorn Postcode Lookup. [online] Available at: <http://www.caci.co.uk/acorn2009/newpclookup. asp> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

The Many Colours of Macclesfield. 117

Cheshire East Council, 2009. Local Area Partnership Profiles. [online] Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast.gov. uk/community_and_living/research_and_consultation/cheshire_east_area_profiles/local_area_partnership_profile. aspx> [Accessed 16 December 2011].

11.0 Energy

British Census Data 2001 (www.ons.gov.uk)

The Future and Now. 122-123 Sustainable Energy Locations. 124-125 Plant Biomass. 132 Heat Pumps. 133 Hydropower. 135 Throw-away Energy. 136-137

LDA Design Consulting LLP, 2011. Cheshire East climate change & sustainable energy planning research; Technical report, September 2011. [online] LDA Design Consulting LLP for Cheshire East Council. Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/environment_and_planning/planning/spatial_planning/research_and_evidence/ climate_change.aspx> [Accessed 30 November 2011].

Catch some Rays. 126-127

Department of Energy and Climate Change, 2005-11. Electricity consumption statistics 2005-2009. [online] DECC. Available at: <http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/energy_stats/regional/regional.aspx> [Accessed 28 November 2011]. *see also British Census Data 2001 (www.ons.gov.uk) Solarguide.co.uk, n.d. Solar PV (Photovoltaic) Feed-In Tariff Calculator. [online] Available at: <http://www. solarguide.co.uk/solar-pv-calculator> [04 December 2011].

Google Maps: Available at: <http://maps.google.co.uk> [Accessed 12 January 2011]

The River Bollin. 144-145

APEM Ltd, 2007. Manchester Ship Canal Strategic Revies of Fish Populations Final Report. [online] APEM Ltd for United Utilities. Available at: <http://www.apemltd.co.uk/DocStore/FileLibrary/PDFs/Manchester%20Ship%20 Canal%20-%20Strategic%20Review%20of%20Fish%20Populations.pdf> [Accessed 6 December 2011].

Environment Agency, 2011. Bollin at Old Mill Lane. [online] Environment Agency. Available at: <http://www. environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/riverlevels/riverstation.aspx?StationId=5102&RegionId=4&Are aId=12&CatchmentId=64> [Accessed 05 December 2011].

Cheshire County Council, 2007. Cheshire County Council: Strategic Flood Risk Assessment. [online] Cheshire Counnty Council. Available at: <http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/environment_and_planning/planning/spatial_ planning/research_and_evidence/strategic_flood_risk_assmnt/cheshire_sfra.aspx> [Accessed 6 December 2011].

How is the Water Used? 146-147

USwitch, n.d. How much water do you use? [online] USwitch. Available at: <http://www.uswitch.com/water/howmuch-water-use> [Accessed 28 November 2011].

Sustainable Blewbury, 2011. Waste and Recycling. [online] Sustainable Blewbury. Available at: <http://www. sustainable-blewbury.org.uk/recycling.htm> [Accessed 28 November 2011].

Water UK, 2011. Sustainability Indicators 2010-2011. [online] Water UK. Available at: <http://www.water.org. uk/home/news/press-releases/indicators2010-11/water-uk---sustainability-report-2010-11.pdf> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

Input/Output. 148-149

Feel the Breeze. 128

Department of Energy and Climate Change, 2005-11. Electricity consumption statistics 2005-2009. [online] DECC. Available at: <http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/energy_stats/regional/regional.aspx> [Accessed 28 November 2011].

DEFRA 2008. Future Water: The Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water strategy for England. [online] DEFRA. Available at: <http:// archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/strategy/pdf/future-water.pdf> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

Water UK, 2011. Sustainability Indicators 2010-2011. [online] Water UK. Available at: <http://www.water.org.

I 177

Research Sources...cont. uk/home/news/press-releases/indicators2010-11/water-uk---sustainability-report-2010-11.pdf> [Accessed 20 December 2011].

13.0 Climate Change

An Abundance of Excess Energy. 152-153

Pidwirny, M. (2010). Understanding Physical Geography, 1st Ed. [online] Available via: <http://www. physicalgeography.net/understanding/contents.html> [Accessed December 2011].

But how much reaches Macclesfield? 154-155 Comfortable? 156-157 From Hot & Dry to Warm & Wet. 158-159 Floods of Potential. 160-161 The Windy Revolution. 162-163 Macclesfield 2080. 164-165

Prometheus Future Weather Files, location: 3900390, UK (53.4째, -2.2째), M. Eames, T. Kershaw and D. Coley Building Serv. Eng. Res. Technol., 32 127-142 (2011) [online] Available via: <http://emps.exeter.ac.uk/research/ energy-environment/cee/projects/prometheus/downloads> [Accessed 26 November 2011] Programs used for data extrapolation: Autodesk Ecotect Analysis Weather Tool. Available online from Autodesk via http://www.autodesk.co.uk/adsk/ servlet/pc/index?id=15055760&siteID=452932 Climate Consultant 5.2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1467. Available to download online (January 2012) via http://www.energy-design-tools.aud.ucla. edu/

14.0 Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements. 168-169

We would like to thank David McCandless & the Information is Beautiful team for inspiring the content and presentation of this book. Our acknowledgement page is a specific nod to that inspiration.

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14.0 Acknowledgements I 167

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