Layer Upon Layer Whakapapa by Jude Roberts

LAYER UPON LAYER Whakapapa

Published by Wotz Wot Ltd, 3 Moore Street, Cambridge, New Zealand. This book is copyright. Except for the purposes of fair reviewing, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any forms or means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Infringers of copyright render themselves liable for prosecution.

ISBN 0-9582759-5-5 First published 2006 Written by Jude Roberts Research by Scribe Ltd Edited by Maria Love Cover Images: Awhitia Rapata & Tikamaiwhea McTanish 2002 Artwork: Jayne Matenga-Kohu Printed in New Zealand by ZOOM! Digital Print & Design www.24zoom.com ÂŠWotz Wot Ltd 2006

Contents Whakapapa The Beginning of Whakapapa Whanaungatanga Wh채nau Hap체 Iwi Manaakitanga Use of Whakapapa The Search for Whakapapa The Future - You are the Tupuna of Tomorrow Tracing My Whakapapa Flow Charts Tracing Whakapapa On-line Resources Glossary Bibliography

4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 17 30 32 36 38 39

Whakapapa Whakapapa takes up the role of legitimating the spiritual and political obligations afforded to each individual through birth. It provides them with the right to participate in hapü affairs, opens doors to the assets of the iwi, gives right to be buried in the local urupä, allows succession to land interests of parents and to claim membership within the hapü. In short, whakapapa is belonging. Without it an individual is outside looking in. The literal meaning of whakapapa is to lie flat, to place in layers one upon another .

Everything in the universe has a whakapapa; people, animals, mountains, lakes and rivers the environment. Understanding whakapapa from this perspective is fundamental to understanding how Mäori view the world and their relationship to others. Everything and everybody has a genealogical link that inter-connects and inter-relates to each other.

The Beginning of Whakapapa Creation can be described in terms of whakapapa through four structures. These are: 1. The cosmic whakapapa, which describes the creation of the universe by Io, the supreme god. 2. The whakapapa of the gods and goddesses; which talks about the creation; for some tribes this is Ranginui (Sky Father) and Papatüänuku (Earth Mother). 3. The whakapapa of mortal beings, Tänenuiärangi and Hineahuone are one example of the first man and woman on earth. 4. The whakapapa since the migrational travels from Hawaikï to Aotearoa, or the genealogy of people in Aotearoa.

Whanaungatanga Whanaungatanga embraces whakapapa and focuses upon relationships. These can include extended links to those who have developed close familial, friendship or reciprocal relationship with the whänau. Whanaungatanga speaks to the inter-relatedness and oneness of all things. It reinforces both the commitment and responsibilities whänau members have to each other. Today, whanaungatanga is sometimes seen as a process of getting to know each other (whakawhanaungatanga). Each person introduces themselves to a wider group via their whanaunga their ancestral mountains, rivers, sea, waterways, land, marae, hapü, iwi, tüpuna and waka; the great ships that brought their ancestors to Aotearoa.

Whanaunga

Ngä whänau; you and I cousin are one multiplied.

Whanaungatanga

The understanding of how I am connected to you.

Whakawhanaungatanga

My ability to draw towards me and direct back to you our connections to your whänau, my whänau, our hapü and iwi.

WhAnau Whanau: The act of birthing, a unit of Maori society into which an individual is born and a cluster of families and individuals descended from a recent ancestor. Traditionally, whänau described 3 or 4 generations living in a group of housing (käinga). Authority came under the direction of the koroua and kuia (kaumatua). Politically the whänau decided the day-to-day matters with kaumatua undertaking the roles of spokes-people to wider forums (hapü). Economically, the whänau provided its own workforce to produce and gather food, hunt and fish, and share their wealth and resources collectively.

Our whakapapa is like a chain, each person an important link connecting us together. We are part of this living chain; the link that connects the past to the future. (Unknown)

Whanau The act of giving birth. Acknowledgement that the child belongs to family wider than that of the mother and father. Whanau The children whom my mother birthed; my brothers and my sisters - parents of my nieces and nephews. Whanau Those whom my grandmother birthed; my aunts and uncles and their children - my cousins. And before my grandmother; her wh채ea. Her brothers, sisters and their children. My kuia and my koroua. Whanau The children I have birthed, my whanau. In time they will give birth to their children. My mokopuna, the reflection of my lines and the lines of those ahead of me.

HapU Hapu: The state of pregnancy birthing from common ancestors. The hapü was the basic political unit within Mäori society. It consisted of a number of whänau who had expanded to a point where they could claim and maintain territorial control of a specific area of land mass (hapü türangawaewae). Hapü also required leadership. This was usually a person of mana derived both from whakapapa as well as deeds. The hapü would then carry the name of this rangatira by using prefixes that denote descended from . Examples of this include: Ngäti-, Äti-, Ngäi-, Aitanga-, Whänau-, Uri-1. Hapü could enter into alliances with others, either via marriage or common ancestors, to protect their honour, resources and peoples. These related hapü generally stayed on good terms and co-operated however at times, some were known to fall out and fight.

These examples can also be applied to iwi (naming of).

Hapu

To be pregnant.

Hapu

The inter-connectedness with my great-grandparents and their children 3rd, 4th, 5th and sometimes 6th generations before.

Whenua The placenta that will feed and nourish my unborn child. Whenua My connection to Papatüänuku, earth mother, she who gives life to all. Whenua This is where Hine-ahu-one was hidden and discovered by Täne. She that was birthed from Papatüänuku so that humankind could begin.

Iwi Iwi: Literally bone, used as a metaphor to describe strength of structure. Iwi, describes kinship to and from a single ancestor or literally from their bones. This ancestor is then used as a point of reference from which these hapĂź and whĂ¤nau descend through their various branches of whakapapa. The iwi were independent units, the largest politico-economic grouping. They were governed by Ariki Â&#x2013; the eldest born in a whakapapa line of senior descent (chiefs). Iwi had defined boundaries, recounted in oral histories, whakapapa and landmarks. These were recognised across other tribal sectors however boundaries were often a source of debate or conflict.

Iwi

Bone.

Koiwi

Bone will always call and connect to its own kind. DNA can now identify blood and bone connections at multi generational levels.

Bone

Has always connected me to great captains, explorers, warriors and weavers; healers, teachers and those that ploughed the land.

My bones

And my ancestors bones provide structure for the wh채nau that I have come from and to whom I will give birth to.

Manaakitanga Underpinning all relationships is the tikanga or practice of manaakitanga. The word itself tells us to aki or urge forward our mana so that it is visible, influential and far reaching. The practices associated with manaakitanga involve the presence of aroha and matemateaone (affection). Manaaki Whanau is honouring and celebrating the reason and purpose of your birth, the birth of those you are connected to and the role of those that gave birth. Manaaki Whanau is a descriptive of optimum health necessary for the sustainability of people. If the house or home of family is not cared for, then nothing will grow or flourish.

Ko te whanau ko au Ko au ko te whanau I am the whAnau and the whAnau is me

Use of Whakapapa In the past, a person s ability to recite whakapapa was an art form that showed great skill and intelligence. Kaumätua speaking on a marae or inside the wharenui often used a wooden stick called a räkau whakapapa to help them recite their genealogy. The räkau has knots carved into it representing each tüpuna line and era. This custom is still practiced today within many whänau wänanga and ceremonial on the marae. Through oral recital, whakapapa has been passed down intergenerational for many years and is therefore seen as a tapu taonga (sacred gift). Each layer of tüpuna reminds the listener that these are the bones that have given structure to those that live today. These tüpuna are therefore still a part of the whänau, hapü clusters; they are viewed as being alive and participating in tribal growth via their mokopuna. For this reason, some families believe that whakapapa should not be written. Therefore when doing a search it is important to discuss this and how you may want to use whakapapa knowledge in the future.

The Search for Whakapapa The following pages offer some suggestions on where and how you can find information that may assist you in your whakapapa research. Talking with Family Members Parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles are the most valuable sources of information. Sit down and talk with them. Listen to their stories; it is amazing what they can remember. Keep an ear open for dates, names (especially maiden names) and iwi or hap체 connections. Photographs Ask about pictures and photographs of people on the wall or in family albums. They may provide further links in your whakapapa research. Whanau Whakapapa Documents In early colonial times, some M채ori wh채nau began to document whakapapa on paper. More recently, people have started to store this information on computer. It may be a matter of asking family members if such documentation is available and tracing its source.

Last Names In pre-European times, last names or surnames were rare. Most tüpuna carried a singular name although later this changed to a variety names that recognised whakapapa links e.g. Te Wherowhero Te Wherowhero Tawhiao Te Wherowhero Tawhiao Mahuta; those who descended from the line of Te Wherowhero. Once missionaries arrived, many were baptised with names from the Bible or transliterations of such. These names were easier for Pakëhä to pronounce. Other examples of names chosen include: § § § §

Nicknames given to them by locals e.g. whalers or traders. Mäori of European descent that used their fathers name and a Mäori translation i.e. Edwards and Eruera. Local place names. Use of ancestors name as the last name.

Surnames and Iwi Recognition Some last names are distinctive to specific hapü or iwi. Understanding this can help the researcher to narrow their search. Examples of such are: § Patuone Ngä Puhi § Turner Ngäti Maniapoto § Mitchell Te Arawa Your Name If you have a Mäori given name, chances are it is from whakapapa lineage. Ask about the stories of your name and write these down for future reference.

Marae If you know your family marae (may include more than one), take a visit there. Someone may be able to help you or they will know someone who is an expert in this area. Other information you may wish to follow up on whilst you are there include: §

Urupä at the marae. Headstones hold a wealth of information.

Stories of the meeting house. If there are carvings, tukutuku panels or paintings, ask about the stories connected to each piece? This may not be able to be done on just one visit, but it is a great way to reconnect to extended whänau.

Were missionary or native schools around the marae? This will help you further track names via church and school records.

Hapü and marae wänanga. Find out if your marae has regular gatherings, these are great places to learn about who your people are and why they settled in this particular area.

Iwi Trust Boards and Runanga Most Iwi Trust Boards and Runanga retain a tribal register. They also have websites that allow you to both register and to ask questions. Once you know which iwi you descend from, check out the search engines and get on line. Maori Land Courts A major purpose of the Mäori Land Court is to maintain a record of owners of Mäori land. The courts have been doing this since 1865. Mäori Land Court information can include such things as: § § § § § § §

Whakapapa, relationships Appeals and evidence to incorrect whakapapa documentation Lists of hapü around or prior to 1900 Urupä sites Land titles investigated, 1870-1890s Owner registrations, 1870-1990s Deaths and places of death

It is important when doing a search to have a list of the various names your t체puna, grandparents or parents may have used. There may be costs involved, so check these out before you start. For further information on area centres and services, check out their website www.courts.govt.nz/maorilandcourt. The national address is as follows: M채ori Land Court PO Box 180 Wellington WTN 6015 Ph: (04) 918 8943 Fax: (04) 918 8942

Adult Adoptions If you were adopted, or were placed in foster care as a child, you have a right to find out about your parents. Once you turn 20 years of age, you can write to the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages to get a copy of your original birth certificate. This may show the details of one or both of your parents. When you write, you must give details of: § § § § § §

Your full name Your place of birth Your date of birth The full name(s) of your adoptive parents Your current address; and The fee needed to obtain the birth certificate.

For more information, ring Child, Youth and Family Services or visit theirwebsite www.cyf.govt.nz.

Birth, Death & Marriage Records These records are only useful for Mäori searches of births after 1913 (registration was not enforced initially); and limited for marriages until 1952 when the collection of records were amalgamated. In 1962 Mäori birth and death record collections were also amalgamated. During the period of separate recording, different information was collated for those of half or more Mäori blood. Example of birth and death information includes: Births § § § §

Date and place of birth First names of child and sex First names and residence of parents Tribe (iwi) and degree of Mäori blood of each parent

Deaths § Date and place of death § Full name, residence, and tribe (iwi) of deceased § Sex and age § Name of husband or wife § Number and sex of living children § Causes of death § Names of parents deceased their place of residence, tribe (iwi) and degree of Mäori blood. 23

To find a particular entry for Mäori and Päkehä registrations, the information required includes: § § § §

The event (birth, death or marriage) Year of event Surname of the person concerned The first names

There are costs for searches. To find out this and any further information contact: Registrar General Births, Deaths and Marriages Department of Internal Affairs PO Box 10526 LOWER HUTT Wellington Ph: 0800 225 252 www.bdm.govt.nz

Schools Missionary schools were established as early as 1820, Native schools in 1867 and compulsory schooling in 1877. As M채ori births were not registered until 1913, difficulties in obtaining Birth Certificates can occur. In the absence of such, it is sometimes possible to get approximate ages/birth dates from school records. The names of more than 350 of these schools, from 1879 to 1969, can be found with the NZ Society of Genealogists Inc (NZSG). For further information, and costs of search services, contact: NZSG Family Research Centre 159 Queens Road PO Box 14036 Panmure Auckland 1134 Ph: 09 570 4248 (24 hour answer phone) nzsg-contact@genealogy.org.nz NZSG M채ori Interest Group The M채ori Interest Group publishes a quarterly newsletter called Te Reo and has a website that is full of interesting tips on tracing whakapapa, www.rcyachts.net/maori.

Libraries Libraries hold a wealth of information. They are largely free to join, and easily accessible. Most are well stocked with archived information that can assist you in whakapapa and tribal research. Kahiti and the NZ Gazette (1902 1956), published records of Whängai Tamaiti the adoption of a child of Mäori descent. Information included; the adoptee name, adopting parents, residence and the names of the child s birth parents. Libraries in major centres (e.g. Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington and Christchurch) hold records of these documents, some on microfiche. Contact your local library to do an enquiry on what stocks are available at the centre closest to you. Electoral Rolls are great for tracking where people were or are living. Again libraries hold these, including microfiche files in main centres. Also, look up your nearest Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Family History Centres to read the Electoral Rolls for NZ from 1865.

News papers are also a great source of information. Again, check out the libraries microfiche supplies. The Wellington City Library provides online access to Niupepa M채ori: M채ori Newspaper Digital collection. To view these and other great links visit: www.wcl.govt.nz/mygateway/maori.html. Most libraries and museums have photographic collections that are indexed, with subject matter identified. Again, ask and remember fees for this and other searches may be required. Finally ask your librarian about links to local genealogist and historic societies. You may also find that these groups have already supplied a lot of information to the library on local family histories and events.

Books Whilst in the library, have a look at the many tribal publications that are now available. These books hold whakapapa and stories of cultural importance. Some examples are: § § §

Te Arawa by DM Stafford Tuwharetoa by John Grace Ngä Iwi o Tainui by Pei Te Hurunui Jones & Bruce Briggs

Better still, start your own collection. Ask at your local bookstores or go on-line to find out what is available. Church Archives Some church registers have been indexed by the NZ Society of Genealogists and are available at public libraries (again check). This type of information can cover Mäori births, baptisms and burials. Otherwise search the internet or contact local churches to find out where this type of information is stored. Some examples of websites are: § § §

Anglican Church www.anglican.org.nz Catholic Church www.millhill.co.nz or www.nzcatholic.org.nz Methodist Church www.methodist.org.nz

Internet The growth and storage of Mäori information on internet has increased extensively over the past few years. A number of significant sites have been mentioned to date. Others that will support your whakapapa search are listed later in this book. They include: § § §

Waitangi Tribunal Reports Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Series (1769-1960); and The Encyclopaedia of New Zealand

The Future

You are the Tupuna of Tomorrow Consider recording an oral and or visual history of you and your family now. Sit down with family members and record their stories onto tape, videotape or CD. In the future, your recordings will become a valuable living resource to pass on to future generations. Some things you could include that would add value to genealogical material are: § What was happening in Aotearoa when you were born and growing up? § What type of education did you have? § Where did you live and why? § What types of jobs did your parents have and what type of work have you done? § Who had the most influence on your life and why? § Did you play sports? What type of other recreational pursuits did or do you enjoy? § Are there any illness in the family, what are they and how have you dealt with them?

Each and every one of us is a chapter in the never-ending story that is whakapapa. One day in the future, your grandchildren will be telling your stories to their mokopuna. What will they be? What will your picture look like? Your whakapapa is taonga (treasure). Treat it with respect and it will enrich your life, and the life of those who come after you.

E taku mรถkai, he wa poto noa koe i waenganui i te wa kua hipa ki te tu mai. You are but a speck in the moment of time situated between two entities, the past and the future. Make use of that time so that you may use this moment wisely and for the benefit of your people. Waereti Rolleston-Tait

Names associated to my whänau.

Talk to whänau members.

Check for whänau whakapapa already documented.

Tracing Whakapapa Getting Started.

My name.

Marae photo s hui, wänanga, urupä headstones. Stories from family photographs.

Native School Rolls nzsg-contact@genelogy.org.nz Births, Deaths, Marriages www.bdm.govt.nz

Adult Adoptions www.cyf.govt.nz

M채ori Interest Groups www.rcyacts.net/maori

Tracing Whakapapa Doing Searches.

Church Archives

Tribal Biographies Internet Libraries Electrol Rolls, Newspapers, Kahiti & NZ Gazette, Photographic Collections, Contacts for local genealogist & historic societies. 33

M채ori Land Courts www.courts.govt.nz/ maorilandcourt

Start Your Whakapapa Chart Grandmother

Mother

Grandfather

Grandmother

Father

Grandfather 34

Kuia Koroua

There are many ways to write down your whakapapa. Here is sample to start your journey.

Kuia Koroua

Kuia Koroua 35

Tracing Whakapapa On-Line Resources www.maaori.com The whakapapa section of this website overviews the meaning of the word and provides links to other sites that are helpful in researching information. It also includes whakapapa samples from East Coast Tribes (North Island). www.nzhistory.net.nz/handsonhistory/genealogy-links Genealogical Links provides both general links for family tree tracing, as well as specialized links for whakapapa research. www.wcl.govt.nz/maori Wellington City Libraries website provides great links to tribal research, whakapapa (general) and publications that may further assist its reader. ww.tearawa.co.nz Te Rarawa website (northern tribe) is a great example of a growing amount of tribal authorities who are now offering registration on line. This website also provides general information of whakapapa research. www.dnzb.govt.nz The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Series (1769-1960) website is great for a specific tupuna search or people associated. It provides a wealth of information on social historical eraÂ&#x2019;s including that of MĂ¤ori. 36

www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz This website provides downloads on a variety of Waitangi Reports and Findings. Each holds a wealth of tribal history and whakapapa. New reports are posted regularly. www.nzgenealogy.rootschat.net/cemetery This website shows New Zealand Cemeteries who provide headstone information on line. www.maori.org.nz A great website for marae directories, whakapapa research and a whole host of other exciting information. www.teara.govt.nz The Encyclopaedia of New Zealand on-line is amazing and offers a wide range of information including a whole M채ori section. Check out the various iwi history sections and see who some of the key tribal leaders were.

Glossary Aotearoa Aroha Hineahuone Käinga Kaumätua Köiwi Koroua Kuia Mana Mokopuna Papatüänuku Räkau Täne Taonga Tapu Tukutuku Tüpuna/tupuna Türangawaewae Whäea Wänanga Whängai Whenua Urupä

Land of the Long White Cloud (indigenous name for New Zealand) Love First woman from which humankind descends Home Elders Bones Elder man Elder woman Integrity/prestige Grandchild Earth Mother Tree/stick Guardian of forests, thought, reason & intellect Treasure Spiritual restrictions/sacred Lattice woven panels that sit between carved posts inside the meeting house Ancestors/ ancestor A place where one has rights of residence (belongs) Mother, aunt Tribal schools of learning (traditional) Foster/ adopt/ given child Land/placenta/afterbirth/country Burial grounds

Bibliography Ministry of Justice (2001). He Hinätore ki te Ao Mäori A Glimpse into the Mäori World. Barlow, C.(1991). Tikanga Whakaaro Key Concepts in Mäori Culture. Auckland University Press. Ka ai, Tania M., Moorefeild, John C., Reilly, Michael P.J., Mosley Sharon (2004). Ki Te Whaiao An Introduction to Mäori Culture and Society. Pearson Education New Zealand Ltd. Royal, Te Ahukaramü Charles (1992). Te Haurapa An Introduction to Researching Tribal Histories and Traditions. Bridget Books Ltd in association with Historical Branch of Internal Affairs, Wellington. Taylor, Alicia (2002). For My Mokopuna Journal. Go Tuatara Bi-lingual Educational Resources, Cambridge New Zealand. www.gotuatara.co.nz. Website: www.geocities.com Non-Traditional Mäori Resources.

This book is dedicated to our new whanaunga Rome Taylor Randall Taituha. May your life and lines add to the deep well of tupuna knowledge, laid down before you, layer upon layer. 15/06/06