A MARS COLONY
Max Neumeister Studio MAD 01.06.2015
An architectural approach for a long-term adaptation through design and a dialog between human nature and architectural solutions.
Table of content
Introduction
-
Current design status Current interieur concepts Design criteria Architectural relevance Research Agenda
6-7 8 9 10-11 12-13 14-15
Predictions for 2050
16-17
18 19 20-21
- Overpopulation - Waterstress - Feeding the world in 2050
Why habitating Mars
22-23
24-25 26-27 28-31
- Why going to space? - Why going to Mars? - Ancient Mars and terraforming
Interplanetary travel
32-33
34-35 36-37
- History of interplanetary travel - Interplanetary travelling techniques and propulsions
The solar system
38-39
40-41 42-43
- Distances and cosmic calendar - Atmospheres
Mars analysis
44-45
46-47 48-49 50-51
- Inner core - Analysis - Marsian soil
Mapping
52-53 Landings Waypoints Heightmap Site proposal - Holden crater - Mawrth vallis - Gale crater
54-55 56-57 58-59 60-61 62-63 64 65
Building strategy
68-69
70 71 72-75 76-79
-
Contour crafting Assembling method Shape studies Proportions and inspiration
Materialism
80-81
82-83 84-85
- Marsian Soil, chemicals and production - Material usage
Design strategies
86-91
Buidling Design
92-93
-
Timeline Assembling strategies Program Sketches Concept tryouts
Architectural concepts References
94 95 96-97 98-100 101-103 104-109 110-113
Introduction
CURRENT DESIGN STATUS
Nasa spaceship/station-interieur
The current design-and technical status focuses mainly on function and survival. The spaces, astronauts and scientists have to live in- and with can be described as an over-engineered environment that has no particular value of aesthetics or communicate any form of
8
an environment focusing on the well-beeing of people. Fact is, that people for up to 6 months have to live in a machine with constant reminders of the danger and their vulnerability. The human scale and the psychologycal factors are still focused on short-term durations
and survival. If space exploration is going to be taken to the next step, long term-duration and adaptation have to be concidered as the new design criteria -and standart.
Exposed positioning Leather sofa?
As the first privately funded organisation “mars one� is proposing a concept and design for its goal to have a colony on mars by 2035. The concept interieur-designs, communitcate an earth-like/pseudo-luxurious
Shopping-mall character Garden furniture
character and could not be identified with mars or the marsian conditions. The Identity and individuality in these approaches is together with a lack of identification with the unique environment missing and must
Concrete? Wooden materials?
shift into the focus. An outside/inside connection is missing completely, as well as a unusual composition and layout of furnishing.
9
Shift in design criteria
Te c h n o l o g y Design criteria Timeline
Efficiency (practical)
Survival
performance
Short term-periodmissions
1970’s-1980’s
10
Safety (substantial)
long term-period missions
1990’s-2010’s
Well-being (convenient) Habitation/colonization First colony on mars
2020’s-2050’s
11
Architectural relevance
As architects we daily face new tasks and challenges, that inspire and expand our understanding of space and aestetics. The initial and traditional task as an architect has always been limited to the boundaries of our planet and physics. In these rapidly changing times, taking the next step in our profession with breaking the boundaries, by re-de-
12
fining and re-inventing the terms of architecture i n a t r a d i t i o n a l m a n n e r. Within our tasks and assignments the relevance of the human scale and its well-beeing is set to a major relevance. My approach in combining design and architecture should lead to a mediation between the threatening exterieur and the habitated interieur of my colony.
The design and the architecture should encourage and stimulate a connection with the habitants and the surrounding unique environment. The goal of reaching a psychological well-beeing, as well as a design-language, through which habitants can exist in a symbiosis with the in -and exterieur in every way.
Design
Architecture
Macrometeroids
-15 to -160 oC
Interieur Mars-colony
Radiation
Duststorms
Mediator between in- and outside
13
Research agenda
With engaging in a task such as building on a different planet with no earth-like conditions an extended research agenda had to be developed. By defining the main research fields and adding necessary subtopics the connections between the different elements was
14
explored. As a premise to my researched it appeared to me that technology and especially the interaction with the design would play a main role in my thesis. With using technology itself as a design and conceptual element new ways and techniques had to be explored and developed.
Tr a d i t i o n a l a n d c o m m o n architectural processes, like site analysis, conceptual sketches as well as design-strategies where used in the process of finding the optimal design and solution for this unusual architectural approach.
C h e m ic a ls
Wa te r
S to r m s
S o il
E n v ir o n m e n t
la y e r s
D e fin itio n
R out i ne
P r i vat e/ publ i c
Fl ow
Movement
Te m p e r a tu r e
D ev. of new t echni ques
I n-out si de
In fo rma tio n
Evol ut i on of pr of essi on
I dent i t y
Gro u p d y n a mic
Gra p h ic s
Co lo u rs
Wa rm/c o ld
Local r esour ces
Mo o d
D ef . space-ar chi t ect Hour per days
Su m m e r, w i n t e r, s p r i n g , f a l l
P r o te c tio n
Si t e
Seasons
L a n d in g
Modul es r ecycl i ng
R e s our ces
H apt i cs
E x p e rime n tin g
S ust ai nabi l i t y
C onst r uct i on
A r ch i t ect u r e
P at t er n
D e s ig n
Mat er i al
Ne w wa y s a n d s tra te g ie s
F ro m in g e n e u r to we ll- b e e in g
Pro c e s s
S ymmet r y R e s e a r c h p o s s ib ilitie s
Gravity
S pace
Me d ia tin g in - o u ts id e
O r gani zat i on
C omposi t i on
Wei ght
Li ght
Ne w d e v e lo p me n t
C omf or t
C ommuni cat i on
No p s e u d o - lu x u r y
Medi a
Ent er t ai nment
Art
V i r t ual re a lity
Cu ltu re
Mat er i al I nt er net S o il Sp e c ie s v a rie ty A r t i f i c i a l l i g h t s p e c tr u m Heat
B o ta n ic s
Pe ts ?
F e r tiliz e r H uman or mar si an?
In d o o r / o u td o o r
Light
Id e n tity
Pro v o c a tio n Hie ra rc h y
Tr a n s p o r ta tio n
Energy
El evat or t o or bi t
So c ia l F a c to rs
Po la riz a tio n
Wa t e r U nder-over st i mul at i on Fuel production
Ma r s Co l o n y
Tech n o l o g y
Life supply
S t r ess
P s y c h o lo g y
Food
Is o la tio n
Bo re d o m
Cla u s tro p h o b ia
D i ver si t y
Oxygen
Mo b ility
Pa n ic /F re n z y F ie ld s
E x p lo r a tio n
Jeal ousy
G r oup dynami c/ combi nat i on De p re s s io n
C o n d itio n s
Research
S a fe ty Var i at i on
Sle e p
C o n d itio n s
Lebbeus Woods
N er vi
N ei l S pi l l er
Astroid harvesting
E co n o m y
S u s ta in a b ility
Mar s one
R achel A r mst r ong
R ef e r e n ces
East er i sl and
R adi at i on
B i ospher e 2
Landsl i des
R is k s
E a rth q u a k e s
C hr i s B agel K as O st er hi us AAA
Vu lc a n ic e ru p tio n s
O t her space odysseys Ma c ro me te ro id s
Budget comparesment
Mar s 500
Sto rms
15
Predictions for 2015
Per day 220.000
2014
1927 2 billion 7.300.512.992 billion people 50% in urban areas 1960 3 billion
1987 5 billion
1999 6 billion
2050
2011 7 billion
overpopulation 2050 10 billion
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9.265.365.485 billion people 70% in urban areas
2/3 of the earth is covered in water
70% freshwater frozen in icecaps and greenland
2.5% is drinkingwater
30% freshwater mostly found underground
waterstress
97.5% is saltwater
>1 available for human consumption More than 2.8 billion people in 48 coutries will face water stress or scarity conditions by 2025. by the middle o the century this will have reached almost 7 billion
19
Under-nutrition - 5 children die every minute from under nutrition - 1 in 4 children children suffers stunting
Food waste -
2015 - 1400kg of food is wasted every second in america This amount could feed 650 people every day 7.2 million tons of food are wasted every year 1/3 of the food we produce is wasted
Overproduction - More food produced than needed - Unsustainable food production - Packaging wastes resources
Agriculture Half of the available land is already used to produce food In the next 50 years we would need to produce as much food, as in the last 10.000 years Food demand in 2050 increase by 70% 70% of water is used for agriculture
Meat production - High production of greenhouse gases - Unsustainable and Ethically wrong handling of animals - Antibiotics used in most mass production facilities
2000 Food production
-
1950 1850
1900
Climate change
20
Feeding the world in 2050
Predictions for our planet in the year 2050 deal with a huge amount of problematic issues mostly caused by humans and a vision of the future that if not rapidly changed, will lead to an problematic situation in terms of survival on earth. As one of the main issues we will
Population increase
face in the near future, food and water can be defined as the most important and essential ones. The oblivious and prodigally behavior we continually treat our resources with, will sooner or later lead to an extinction of our natural food and water supplies. With the addition of a exploding
More resources
More farmland
population increase more and more resources will be needed, which would need more farmland, water and energy. New ways and strategies need to be discovered and alternative solutions to be proposed.
More space
More energy/water
21
Why inhabitating mars
Motivation for upcoming generations. If we can go to the moon we can....
Answer to the question how did life start?
Take only a very small proportion of the world’s recources
Pollution, overpopulation, flooding, global warming, recources fade on earth
research and exploring new methods of survival and medical inventions
Possible answer to our heritage
Creating new industries
Expanding/exploring technology
Fostering a connection with other nations
Space based science offers an environment to foster new materials, better medicine, improved methods to provide clean water, better ways to grow enough food to feed our increasing global population.
Human exploration, driven to explore the unknown, discovering new worlds, pushing the boundaries of scientific and technical limits.
24
Why going to space?
The question of the necessity of going to space is a constant aspect with diverse oppinions and disputes. In many cases people regard, for example the nasa space program, as a waste of money and resources and contend, that money should be better spent on solving
problems on earth. Looking back into our past ,the same might have been brought up, about the exploration and habitation and exploration of america. The research and technological advantages that resulted from space exploration and research
are implented fully in our daily lives without maybe people even knowing. Next to obvious scientific benefits, space exploration is as well dealing with big questions like if we are alone in the universe and how life on earth has started.
25
51% chance that there have been life on ancient mars Diplomatic potential - unity in the same goal Economic value - asteroid harvesting, minerals/metals on mars Easy fuel production from marsian environment - stepping stone to other planets Water 24-hour day Best environment compared to other planets in the solar system 26
Seasons
Why going to mars?
Mars is the most habitable planet in our solar system and only 6-10 months travellling time (depending on propulsion) distant from earth. The chance of finding hints of ancient past life
or even finding life, is a major reason, for scientists to believe that mars needs to be habitated by humans and further explored. With hosting the most life-friendly conditions
and containing massive amounts of water-ice a human self-sustaining settlement is, with the rapid evolution in technology, now more reasonable than e v e r.
27
Now
28
2 billion years ago
3.5 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
Ancient mars and terraforming
4.5 billion years ago mars was a blue planet, with an atmosphere and a possible eco-system just like earth. Theories on how mars lost its water and atmosphere claim, that a possible massive asteroid impact was the reason for the water and the atmosphere to vaporize into space. Still
large quantities of water remain frozen below the surface and can be easily accessed by drilling and mining. On both the north-and southpole of mars polar regions host frozen water hydrogen over the surface, just like on earth. As on earth, water always
indicates life, theories evolved, that mars might have at one point as well has hosted life, and that the start of life on earth might have been triggered by an asteroid impact with frozen cellular life from mars.
29
Te m p e r a t u r e e
Greenhouse gas factory
Earth return ship
Greenhouse gas factory
Greenhouse Habitat
Greenhouse
30
Year zero
100 years
200
Years
- First mission to mars - Addition of small modular habitats - Research material, 3d-printers, supplies
- Creating an atmosphere - Artificial releasing of greenhouse gases warm the planet and would trigger the natural release of co2 and water from the soil
- If enough co2 was released rain would fall and water become liquid - Microbes, algae would grow on the mar sian soil
ture equatorial -60째
Terraforming mars
Te m p e r a t u r e e q u a t o r i a l - 2 0 째
Te m p e r a t u r e e q u a t o r i a l 1 5 째
Habitat Plants growing
Liquid water
600
Te r r a f o r m i n g i s a t h e o r e t ical process, in which the marsian surface, climate and atmosphere would be changed into a more habitable altitute. With releasing greenhouse gases into the marsian atmosphere and densifying it, the planet would slowly heat up and trigger a chain-reaction. The marsian soil hosts m a s s i v e a m o u n t s o f C o 2, which would evaporate and support the terraform-process. While heating up and creating an atmosphere, water would slowly begin to melt and rise from
the frozen soil up to the surface. Plants could be introduced to the environment and produce oxygen and microbes together with bacteria could be habitating the surface. The amount of Co2 would, due to the atmospheric consistency still not allow people to walk on mars without oxygen masks, but would free the possiblity to take a walk in a t-shirt and shorts supplied with an oxygen-tank.
Years
- Plants can start growing - Microbes would produce organic soil and add oxygen to the atmosphere 31
Interplanetary travel
brief history of Interplanetary travel
34
Mars Mariner 9 (1971)
Nasa space probe, launched may 30, 1971. Reached Mars nov. 14th, in the same year First spacecraft to orbit another planet Returned 7329 images of the marsian surface, coverning 85% of the marsian surface Remains in Mars orbit until aproximately 2022 (crashes or burns with entering the marsian atmosphere)
Venera 9 - Venus
Russian venus orbiter/lander Launched june 8 1975 First orbiter to orbit venus, lander the first to return images from the surface from another planet Enceladus water fontaines
Galileo - Jupiter
Launched october 18, 1989. Arrived december 7 1995 First spacecraft to orbit jupiter Measuring the atmosphere, by launching a probe into jupiter Data collected supports the theory of a liquid ocean under europas icy surface foud new evidence, of similar liquid-saltwater layers under the surfaces of ganyemede and callisto (jupiter’s moons)
Cassini/Huygens - Saturn - Launch october 15, 1997. Entering orbit around saturn on july 1, 2004 - c a s s i n i - s a t u r n o r b i t e r, h u y g e n - t i t a n l a n d e r - 2 decades in development testing within other tasks the theory of relativity - Found evidence of a large underground ocean on enceladus (moon of saturn) - enceladus is one of the most likely places in the solar system to host microbial life
Enceladus section
Messenger - mercury -
Launch august 2004, entering orbit march 18, 2011 Collected 100.000 images 100% mapping of mercury Characterization of mercur y’s magnetic field Discovering of water ice on the planets poles Titan - methan/ethan lakes
35
Interplanetary travelling techniques/propulsion
36
Hohmann transfer -
Elliptical orbit maneuvre, forming a tangent to the starting and destination orbit Lowest energy route between two orbits Time to arrive on mars in aprox. 8.5 months
Gravitational slingshot -
Uses the gravity of planets and moons to speed up the spacecraft without using fuel Planets, such as the moon or venus can be used as “slingshots” Velocity changes by up to twice the planet’s velocity
Plasma based propulsion (Vasimr) -
Could enable a 39-day travelling time to mars Fuel can be very easily produced on mars directly (hydrogen) Nuclear power system Electronic power source is used to turn hydrogen into plasma Solar sail
Antimatter -
Most potent fuel known - reaching with just a few miligrams of antimatter a massive energy output Complete conversion of mass to energy (when antimatter meets matter) Atomic bombs can convert only 3% of their mass to energy Difficult to make safe Final exhaust velosity of 70% lightspeed
Solar sails -
Using radiation pressure (sun) Using no fuel. Can be used numerous times Can be driven by firering energy beams onto the sail Can speed up to 3700 km/h after 12 days Antimatter propulsion
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The solar system
Enceladus
Callisto Titan
Uranus
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars
Earth
Venus
Mercury
40 Ganymede
Io
Europa
2.720.000.000 km
1.277.000.000 km
628.000.000 km
78.000.000 km
- km
42.000.000 km
92.000.000 km
4.347.000.000 km
2.720.000.000 km
Jan
feb
0
5
mar
10
apr
15
mai
20
jun
25
jul
30
aug
35
Agriculture, permanent settlements
sep
40
okt
45
nov
50
55
dez
60
Peak of last glacial period
First city in mesopotamia Dynastic china Roman republic, buddha christ birth Columbus arrives in america
Humanity appears in the last 60 seconds of the cosmic calendar
Netoune
Uranus
Solar system - distances
-
Age: 4,6 billion years Eight planets orbit around the sun and form the planetary system Mercur y, venus, earth and mars - the terrestrial planets are mostly composed of rock and metal j u p i t e r, s a t u r n - t h e g a s g i a n t s , c o m p o s e d m o s t l y o f h y d r o g e n a n d h e l i u m u r a n u s a n d n e p t u n e - i c e g i a n t s , c o m p o s e d o f i c e s , s u c h a s w a t e r, a m m o n i a a n d m e t h a n e The sun is the solar systems star and is its most massive component The solar system ends, where interstellar space begins. The boundaries are defined by the suns 41 gravity and the solar winds
atm 10-14
O2
42%
atm 90
atm 1
atm 0,006
atm >1000
atm >1000
atm >100
Co2
N2
Co2
H2
H2
H2
Na 29%
78%
H2 Og
96% 22% 7%
N2 Og
3% 1%
O2
95% 3%
21%
90% He
He
10%
He
96% 3%
Ganymede
Enceladus
Callisto
Titan
Io
Uranus
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars
Earth
Venus
42
Mercury
Europa
tm >1000
atm >1000
H2
H2
80%
83% He
He 19%
Netoune
15%
Uranus
Solar system - atmospheres
C a r b o n d i o x i d e ( C O 2) Argon (Ar) N i t r o g e n ( N 2) O x y g e n ( O 2)
96,0% 2,1% 1,9% 0,145%
Earth
C a r b o n d i o x i d e ( C O 2) Argon (Ar) N i t r o g e n ( N 2) O x y g e n ( O 2)
0,04% 0,93% 78,08% 20,94%
Mars
43
Mars analysis
Crust ~ 50-125 km thick Mantle
Core 3000km diameter with possible inner core
46
Mars section
- Te c t o n i c a n d v u l c a n i c a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t - Marsian crust consists of iron, magnesium, aluminium, calcium and potassium - Earths inner core spinns different from the outer core. That’s why earth has a magnatic field. Mars inner core is mostly solid and lacks therefore a magnetic field. - Evidence found, that mars once had a magnetic field. - Theor y, that a huge impact of a pluto-sized object stopped mars inner core rotation and possible life
47
Dust storms
Frozen water in poles and soil Atmosphere Landmass similar to earth
Largest vulc solar system
T e m p e r a t u r e - 8 7 t o - 5 ËšC
24h 37min le
Active vulcanos
Seasons Dust storms Gravity 0.38 of earth
6,792 km diameter
48
orms
UV light (sun)
Methane
Pho
toc
Carbon Dioxide
hem
istr
y
here 96% Co², N² 2,7%, 0,13 O² Surface organics
vulcano in the ystem
Outgassing
Formaldehyde
+
Methanol
+
Water
Subsurface
Microbes
Methane
Olivine (rock)
min length of day
orms
Mars analysis
-
-
second smallest planet in the solar system after mercury Polar caps earlie-and midsummer Iron oxide dust gives it a red appearance Mainly made of iron and rock, thin atmosphere Polar ice caps on the poles. They consist mostly of water-ice. During winter 30% turns into dry-ice. In summer the frozen ice creates winds up to 400km/h speed. 1.6 million cu bic km of ice, 2km thickness. Rotation period and seasonal cycles similar to earth Mars has two moons, phobos and deimos and is surrounded by a number of astroids Currently five spacecrafts in orbit and two rovers on surface Half the diameter of earth Geological history split into three periods: noachian period - 4.5/3.5 billion years ago f l o d i n g o f w a t e r, v o l c a n i c u p l a n d f o r m e d . h e s p e r i a n p e r i o d - 3 . 5 / 2 . 9 b i l l i o n y e a r s a g o formation of extensive lava plains. Amazonian period - 2.9/3.3 billion years ago olympus mons formed, lava flows. Detection of methane - possible proof for microbic life on mars 49
Marsian soil: Dust, broken regolith
Rocks: 10cm and larger
Water and carbondioxide
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marsian soil
- On earth the term “soil� relates to organic content. - marsian soil refers to fractions of regolith (dust, broken rock) - Scientists define soil, to difference it from rocks. - Rocks refer to 10 cm s c a l e a n d l a r g e r. E v e r y t h i n g e l s e i s d e f i n e d s o i l o n m a r s - Marsian dust is defined by a diameter of less than 30 micrometers - Dust storms pick up very fine grated dust, that remains stay in the atmo sphere and give the sky the reddish colour - the red colours origin lies in rusting iron materials in the soil, once wet and now cold and dr y. - Large amounts of water and carbondioxide are frozen within the regolith - The soil contains vital nutrients like magnesium, soduim, potassium and chloride
Marsian soil section
Scratch of marsian soil reveiling water ice
Water-ice
51
Site
Phoenix landing - Landing date: may 25 2008 - Landing site: green valley, vasitas borealis
Viking 1 landing - landing date: july 20, 1976 - Landing site: western chryse planitia
Pathfinder landing - Landing date: july 4, 1997 - Landing site: ares vallis
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landings
Viking 2 landing - Landing site: Utopia Planitia - Landing date: september 9, 1975
Insight landing - Landing site: elzsium planitia - Landing date: september 20, 2016
Curiosity landing - Landing date: august 6, 2012 - Landing site: aeolis palus (gale crater)
Spirit landing - Landing date: january 4, 2004 - Landing site: crater gusev, aeolis
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Arcadia Planitia
Olympus Mons
Ascraeus Mons
Pavonis Mons
Arsia Mons
56
waypoints
Melas Chasma
Lowell crater
Argyre Planitia
Lyot crater
Elysium Mons
Isidis Planatia
Hellas Planitia
57
21.229m Olympus Mons
18.225m Ascraeus Mons
14.058m Pavonis Mons
17.761m Arsia Mons
58
heightmap
14.028m Hellas Planitia
-8.200m Hellas Planitia
59
2
1
60
site proposals
Holden crater
Mawrth vallis
3
Gale crater
61
Eberswalde crater
Holden crater
Uzboi Vallis
62
1
Holden crater
-
64,3 km in diameter partitially buried by holden crater Potentially habitable environment Highly favorable to the preservation of organic material discovered iron/magnesium smectites (can only be formed by water) Delta formed by liquid, most likely water Surface area of delta 115 km2 Layers of the delta contain clay. Clay forms only in water with a ph close to neutral. This type of environment would support life, and clay can form well-preserved fossils.
-
144,8 km in diameter Outlet channel , created by flowing water Craters rim is cut by gullies Deposits of material transported by water Some of the best-exposed lake deposits Layers contain clay Smaller craters filled with sediment Is believed to once been a lake
-
Dry riverbed potentially formed by liquid water Ending in holden crater waterlevel high enough to overtop the rim of holden crater Rapid flow formed sediments, that are today exposed in the delta aluminium and iron-rich clay
63
- Ancient water outflow channel carved by heavy floods - Holds presence of phyllosilicate minerals - form only when water is available - aluminium and iron-rich clay - Interaction between water and vulcanic substances
64
2
Mawrth vallis
Copenhagen
SjĂŚlland
-
154 km diameter 3,5-3,8 billion years old Aeolis Mons, a mountain in the middle of the crater rises up to 5,5 km high Aeolis palus - the crater floor plain between the northern wall of gale crater and the northern foot of the mountain. Curiosity landing site Clays and sulfates in soil - unique about gale crater Used to be a massive lake over billions of years geographicly very low
50 km
3
Gale crater
65
- Sequence of geological deposits - From the bottom of the mountain upwards, the layers of rock are readable like a book - Base of the crater has the right ingredients and environment to have been able to support life - Rocks preserved and exposed to the surface - Evidence of past water
Aeolis palus
Aeolis Mons
66
3
Gale crater
5,5 km
-
Sequence of geological deposits Sediments have been laid down for about 2 billion years Once completely filled the crater Layers got carried away by wind erosion
67
Building strategy
Contour crafting is an additive fabrication technology, that uses computer controlled processes to build structures by heating and combining chemicals with regloith, glass-products and other elements, that can be found on mars. The construction can be done completely by swarm-behaving robots, that g a t h e r, p r o c e s s a n d c o n s t r u c t shapes, that consist of the processed surrounding materials.
70
-
Robotic automatized process Any free-form can be created Energy source is sunlight regolith, silicate, cement structure G a t h e r, p r o c e s s , c o n s t r u c t , o r g a n i z e
Contour crafting
3D-print base -storaged the processed regolith and transports it through tubes to the 3d printing robots. -equiped with solar-cells to gen erate energy -3d ptinting drones can be pulled i n a n d a t t a c h t h e m s e l f e s o n t o the mother-drone -bigger and stable
Drilling/harvest-robot -harvesting and drilling up the regolith to get to mining-areas harder to reach. -transporting regolith to a base for further processing - c r a b / s p i d e r s h a p e d l e g s m a k e t h e r o b o t v e r y s t a b l e a n d f l e x i ble concerning the rough marsian terrain
3D-print swarm-robot - a b l e t o a t t a c h h o r i z o n t a l l y / v e r tically on structure and functions as the printing-nozzle -up to 6 robots can be working on the same structure -crab/spider design. -> Most efficient movement, flexible and terrain-fitting
Tr a n s p o r t a d d i t i v e - d r o n e - f l y i n g d r o n e f o r t r a n s p o r t i n g and supplying - c a n a t t a c h t o a a s s e m b l y o f m a n y d r o n e s t o c a r r y h e a v i e r things -4 propellers make the drone op timal in stabilization and power - A t t a c h e s t o p a r t s o f t h e s t r u c ture if not in servie to produce wind-energy
Assembling method
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-goal: finding a body/container shape for the drones/robots that is possible to be 3d printed from materials found on mars. -inspiration found in natural appearance from crabs and spiders. -beginning with triagonal shapes, evolving to an organic and self-supporting shape.
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shape studies
73
74
shape studies
75
Proportions and inspiration
-one of my inspirations for the robots was the anatomie and proportional organization of arachnids. -the large body (in my case storage for 3d printing material), the legs (strong and stable standing, as well as terrain-adaptive), tools in the front (that in my case are individually mov ing and coming back to its body)
4,00m
1,85m 1,75m
1,20m 1,00m
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Startup drones sent to Mars 2040
-
Collection of building material Building shelter for drones Tr y o u t 3 d p r i n t i n g t e s t s w i t h l o c a l m a t e r i a l s Setting up energy harvest facilities. Production of themselfes Mining
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78
-the robot-unit can pull-in and release the mini-3d-printing drones and supplies them constantly with energy and 3d-printing materi al from it’s reser voir -the mini-drones are able to print in every 4 dimensions and attach themselfes to the struc ture they’re building with their claws -the mother-unit can be supplied by flying or harvesting drones.
Proportions and inspiration
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Materialism
Glass materials Found on mars:
-magnesium
-calcium
-phenol
-silicon
-urea
-sodium oxide
-sand
Glass
Plastic Found on mars:
-silicon
-aluminium
-chromium
-sodium
-iron
-calcium
-magnesium
-phosphorus
-oxigen
Na
Ca
Ti
K
-titanium
P
Metal
Cr
Found on mars:
-cobalt
-aluminium
-nickel
-iron
-copper
-magnesium
-zinc
-titanium
-niobium
-nickel-iron
-molybdenum
-lithium
-gold
O
S
Fe Si
H
Ni
Cl AI Mg
Cementitious materials Found on mars:
-magnesium
-aluminium
-vulcanic ash
-calcium
-lime-stone
-silicon
-iron
-chromium
-alkali regolith
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Plastic
Plastic chlorine+Nitrogen -every plastic available on earth is possible to be produced from recources on mars. - p o l y e t h y l e n e , p o l y e s t e r, h y d r o c a r b o n p o l y m e r s , F l u o r o p o l y m e r s ( e x t r e m e l y s t r o n g and immune to temperatures, colder than the coldest day on mars.)
Glass materials PLastic+Fiber-reinforcement - E p o x y r e s i n , p o l y e s t e r r e s i n - o r v i n y l e s t e r, o r a t h e r m o p l a s t i c -All fibers consist of different types of glasses, that all contain silica or sil icate, with varying amounts of oxides of calcium, magnesium, and some times boron. All these elements can be found and extracted from the marsian soil
Metal
Cementitious materials Anorthite(calcium oxide abundant mineral) +Glass+water - p y r o x e n e , o l i v i n e , p l a g i o c l a s e f e l d s p a r, i l m e n i t e , a n d s p i n e l -pyroxene and plagioclase feldspars are possible sources for calcium oxide, which is the key ingredient for tahe process of making cement
Metal substraction from soil -marsian surface is covered with rusted iron oxides -to access higher grade ore underground or open-pit mining is required -five different options for making steel from martian iron ore: Carbon method, carbon monoxide method, methane method, hydrogen method, carbonyl method
marsian soil - chemicals and production posibilities
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Material usage
-construction -windows -inflatable elements -outside skin support -compression-elements -Reinforcement 84
-main structural element -isolation -protection
-Construction -Reinforcement -conductor -isolation -protection
-construction -Reinforcement -cylindrical pressure vessels -electrical insulation -braided cables -glue -casting
Metal Metal ores are rocks containing a high amount of a metal or a metal compound. Different metal need to be extracted with different methods. Sodium Calcium Magnesium aluminuim Zinc Iron Tin Copper Silver Gold platinum
Electrolysis
The marsian soil contains plenty of silica (sand, rock, clay) which can be extracted by heating the sand with a mixture of magnesium. The reaction leaves a mixture of magnesium-oxide, mg-silicide and pure silicon. silicon is the basis for most organic plastics. Also, there are methods of making plastic, using carbon-dioxide a n d w a t e r, b o t h a s w e l l a v a i l a b l e o n mars.
Carbon/monoxide
Plastic Various
Glass materials
Cementitious materials The marsian regolith (lime-stone, silica, alumina and iron oxide ) consists of every material, that is needed to produce all sorts of concrete and cement. A really fast hardning cement, for 3d printing can be made by increasing the proportion of tricalcium silicate and finer grinding.
Fiberglass is made from sand, sodium carbonate and limstone. Sand and sodium oxide are contents of the marsian regolith. Dissolving the sodium o x i d e i n w a t e r, w i t h t h e r e l a s e o f oxygen will create sodium carbonate. Calcium, that is in the marsian soil is already a lime and ready to use for production.
85
Design strategies
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Design criteria
Personal space -personal, individual space -customizable space -no shared sleeping quarters -decision if sharing space or not should be able to be made - i s o l a t e d a r e a l o u t s i d e the structure
Fluctuating zones
- c h a t e r i n g a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e exterieur -earth:balcony, porch, terrace etc. -experiencing the exterieur with the protection and the security of the habitat
Receptive environment -emtional obligation with surroundings -sculpting of regolith/dust -landscape shaping
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Spacial contrasts -differation in ‘qualities’ of spaces -space not designed for specific use (not including research production etc.) -adapting activities to space -orthogonal and disciplined space supports customary activities -soothing/organic space: conductive, relaxing, supporting loosen activities -contrast in space-stimulation, incitement experiences -mix of intimate, closed contained space with relatively large open space more effective -mobile elements(rotating, pivot, slide, fold, collapse) -manipulation of interieur-interaction-stimu lation
Lighting conditions -artificial light out-inside - c h a n g e o f c o l o u r, creating a sense of surprise and varia tion to influence monotone days. 90
Protective shielding -regolith->practical material for shielding against cosmic gamma radiation -water encased chambers/veins->shield against solar radiation - i n s t e a d o f p u r e w a t e r, u s e o f a l g a e - > o x i g e n , food, fuel, energy production. ->positive psychological effect
Virtual elements
-Virtual environments->triggering positive psychological factors -brain can be tricked very easily when stimulating all senses -creating experiences not available on mars -gaming -sexual benefits -vaccation without leaving mars
Organic design-language
Presence of other life forms -plants -psychological benefit -comfort -visual distraction -relationship->need to be cared for -symbiosis -air quality/atmosphere improved -animal -reduce stress -company -lower blood pressure -physical contact -boredome/loneliness distraction
-connection to nature -mechanical elements->non stimulating -inflatables->structure coming to life -active choices by the people concerning the environment should be made -clear benefit in structure, stability and fabrication -adaptable, additional, natural,
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Building design
Possible organization
Number of people
Building-scope
Mars-one, nasa, esa, Space-x
Mars-one, nasa, esa, Space-x, china, private investors, Virgin
Mars-one, nasa, esa, Space-x, china, private investors, Virgin, most coutries involved
4-5, every 1 1/2 year 2 more
50-150
200-1000
Living, life-support, small research, functionality
Living, life-support, small research, functionality, small production, small harvest, infrastructure
Living, life-support, research, functionality, production, harves t, infrastruct u r e , s p a c e - e l e v a t o r, i n - o r b i t spacestation, education, entertainment, wide-spread settlement, underground structures, transportation
Timeline 2035
94
2050
2085
Timeline predictions of colonisation
Pre-produced resources
Site preparation
Assembling phase
-
-
-
Building materials Energy Food Robots Fuel Life support systems
Exploring site Underground digging Setting up 3d printers Robotics setup Inflating support structure
Modular structure base Structure printing Interactive skin/facade Te c h n i c a l a s s e m b l y Link with orbital stations
Assembling strategy
95
St rat o sp h ere d o cki n g st at i o n
R est area
Gravi t y n u rsi n g h o me i n o rb i t
Cab in s
C ommo n livin g area
Ki t c he n
livin g
Food
Sp ace- el evat o r
Climate
Botanics
E art h ret u rn veh i cl e Mars pressurized vehicle dock
Animal
Gym
Research
Geology
Transportation
Tech n o l o g y
En tran ce/air- lo ck
Psychology
H a r vestin g E q u ip men t
Ambulator y, medical controls, surger y, appliances
Met al , F u el , Gas, Pl ast i c, wat er, Oxyg en , g l ass, Bamb o o
Medicine
So i l /en vi ro n men t - b ased
B o tan ics
wo rksh o p
Solar
E n erg y
Bamboo Chemistr y L ife su p p o rt system
A tmo sp h eric co n tro l system
Gas sto rag e
Wat e r s t or a ge
Fire d etectio n
o xig en ato r
Architect
Wi n d
I n sect s
Psychology work
Science
Physics
Mathematics
Nuclear
Geology Engineer
Building material
Pro d u ct i o n
Regolith
3d-printing
Food
L ab - g ro wn p ro t ei n
E l ect ro n i cs
Ro b o t i cs
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Med i a/i n t ern et
co mmu n i cat i o n
Co ckp i t , co n t ro l ro o m, co mmu n i cat i o n
Quality m oni t or i ng
Water rec ov e r y s y s t e m
Airlocks
Vi rt u al real i t y ro o m
Tech n ical ro o m , en erg y so u rce, ad van ced life su p p o rt
Food s t or a ge , c ol d s t or e r oom s
Waste
laborator y
S an itar y
St or a ge
Mensa
lau n d r y
Atmospheric
E n erg y
Pl an t s
program
liv in g
G r een
R esear ch
P r oduc t i on
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98
Process sketching/concept finding
99
100
P o s s ib le a d d itio n a l buildings Pos s ible a dditiona l buildings
G re e n residential - mo r e p ossi bi l i t i es f or vari at i ons i n lig h tin g - o u tsid e areas of t he habi t at can be s e e n fro m in s id e - s p a c e s have di f f erenct charact ers - q u a litat i ve di f f erences - c o u n teri nt ui t i ve approchi ng space - v a r ia tion and st i mul at i on - a n imation f or non-programmed act iv itie s - d iffer e nt way of engagni ng space - s o ft su rf aces, organi c f orms - mo r e c onnect i on t o nat ure - g r een a reas ort hogonal and expanda b le w ith o u t lim it - c o n s tant vi sual connect i on t o nat ure - n a tu r a l l i ght i ng - c h a n g e i n scal e - mo r e in di vi dual space - me tab o l i sm i n desi gn and archi t ect u re - c o mb in at i on of part wi t h cent ral i t y, o rth o g o n a l s tru c tu re s a n d o r g a n ic s hapes - c a n p ar tl y be devel oped as a dome s tru c tu re - c o mb in at i on of pri vat e and semi -pr iv a te s p a c e
Green-Farm Research
L iv in g
Gre e n- Fa rm
Re s e a rc h - n o sin gl e cent ral i t y - e x p a n s ions are more compl i cat ed - c r o ssin g areas f or get t i ng t o a pl ace - n o easy acces t o ever y pl ace - p r o b le m of t ransport at i on f rom l i vi ng to re s e a rc h /p ro d u c tio n - n o d ir ect i nt eract i on wi t h t he ext erie u r
C o m mon area
Produc tion L iv in g
G r e e n resi dent i al
G re e n re s id e n tia l
A b s tra c te d ro w h o u s e p rin c ip le
Pos s ible a dditiona l buildings
101
-green areas, resi dent i al an d p ro d u c tio n a l living
livi ng - ha bita ts - s e mi- priv a te a re a - wa s hing - s a nita r y
l i vi ng
- b o tani cs - g e o logy - g e n e ral - a tmo sphere - h a b ita t - ma teri al s - b io logy
Green
G re e n
l i vi ng
liv in g
Com m on area
G re e n
living
-gym -freetim e-activitie s -food -kitchen -technology -com m on-spac e -virtual reality s pa c e
Green
-Centrality -each living unit ha s the s a me dis ta nc e from e a c h othe r a nd im portant infrastruc tura l e le me nts -green areas in be twe e n e v e r y z one -possible danger z one s furthe r a wa y from c e ntre -dom e-structural de s ign pla us ible -connection dire c t from furthe r a wa y a re a s to c e ntre a nd liv ing quarters -easiely addition of liv ing e le me nts
living - me tal -enegy - fo o d - w ate r - b u ildi ng-mat eri al - c lo th e s - tech nol ogy
P ro d u c tio n
102
Research
Production
-shopping center- de s ign/c onc e pt -non stim ulating e nv ironme nt -no qualitative diffe re nta tion -personal space only in liv ing qua rte r -no personal conne c tion to building -com m on area too fa r a wa y from liv ing -forced to the m i ddle -section points -expansion from only one c e nte r, dis ta nc e inc re a s e s -m etropolic-urban- mode l
- g re e n a re a s , re s id e n tia l a n d p ro d u c tio n a l -m etal -enegy -food -water -building-m aterial -clothes -technology
-bot ani cs -geol ogy -general -at mosphere -habi t at -mat eri al s -bi ol ogy
Production
- g r een areas, resi dent i al and prod u c tio n a l
Research Possible additional buildings
P ossi bl e addi t i onal b u ild in g s Com m on area
L iv in g
- more pos s ibilitie s for v a ria tions in lighting - outs ide a re a s of the ha bita t c a n be s e e n from ins ide - s pa c e s ha v e diffe re nc t c ha ra c te rs - qua lita tiv e diffe re nc e s - s pa c e not de s igne d for s pe c ific us e - c ounte rintuitiv e a pproc hing s pa c e - v a ria tion a nd s timula tion - s nima tion for non- progra mme d a c tiv itie s - diffe re nt wa y of e nga gning s pa c e - s oft s urfa c e s , orga nic forms - more c onne c tion to na ture - gre e n a re a s flowing through s truc ture - infla ta ble s e x pa nd the gre e n a re a s a nd c re a te tra ns itiona l z one s - bigge r c onne c tion from ins ide to outs ide - na tura l lighting - mobile e le me nts (infla ta ble s , rota tion, s lide , fold, c olla ps e ) - c ha nge in s c a le - bluring the bounda r y be twe e n out- a nd ins ide - tra ns pe re nc y - more indiv idua l s pa c e - me ta bolis m in de s ign a nd a rc hite c ture
-habi ta ts -semi-p riv a te a re a -wash in g -sani ta r y
P o s s ib le a d d itio n a l b u ild in gs
-gym -freetim e-activities -food -kitchen -technology -com m on-space -virtual reality space
- no c e ntra lity - fre e s ha pe d s truc ture - might s e e m c onfus ing or nois y - not e a s ily a dditiona l - e x pa ns ions a re more c omplic a te d - c ros s ing a re a s for ge tting to a pla c e - no e a s y a c c e s to e v e r y pla c e - no dome s truc ture
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Architectural concepts
Construction of structure
Inflating structure As a conceptual approach to construct the colony, working with 3d printing (drones) and inflatables proved to be be most efficient and productive method. With the starting point of already existing mars colonies assembled the method of my proposal can be used as an addition to existing structures. The inflat-
106
ables could be inflated from the airlock of a colony and extended by adding multiple more elements to it. When finished with inflating the elements the already existing drones can 3d on top of the structure and apply a protective shield made of the marsian regolith.
The method of adding an inflatable element to an already existing one would be taking place by inflating the additional element inside the already exising, connecting the outside membranes at an intersection and turning the 2nd element throught the opening upside down.
Inflated element
2nd inflated element with membrane intersection and conncetion assembling
Deflating 2nd element
Tu r n i n g 2 n d e l e m e n t i n s i d e out and attatched to 1st
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Protective shielding
-use of Metallic particles in the environment -practical material for shielding -available around the building -shielding against cosmic radiation and microateroids -water enclosed chambers/veins -use of algae as shield on the inside -algae would act as a aestethic, energy-, oxigen and food-producing element
Method
-self building-shielding facade -by electrifying parts of the outside structure metallic particles would be able to organize themselfes on the surface. With changing the electrical charge from + to - the material could shift position and protect the inflatables. -non organic material coating the facade and steady growing -inside veins on floor and walls of tubes that contain algaes -positive psychological effect -aestethic value -production of resources -stimulation
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+
-
-
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
-
-
+
-
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P ag e 8 h t t p : / / ww w. esa. i nt /spacei ni m age s/Imag es/2 0 0 6 /1 2 /Meal_at_th e_g alley_in _th e_ Z v e z d a _ S e r v i c e _ M o d u l e h t t p : / / ww w. avi at i onspect at or. com/imag e/latest- aviatio n - imag es?p ag e= 2 0 5 h t t p : / / o pposi t el ock. ki nj a. com /l ap to lo p n ik- ju st- cu rio u s- 1 5 4 2 0 6 0 8 8 4 P ag e 9 h t t p : / / ww w. gi zm ag. com /m ars-on e- arch itectu re- versteeg /3 1 2 2 8 / P ag e 1 0 h t t p : / / e n. wi ki pedi a. org/w i ki /M oo n _lan d in g _co n sp iracy_th eo ries h t t p : / / e n. wi ki pedi a. org/w i ki /Spa ce_Sh u ttle P ag e 1 1 h t t p : / / s urreal t i m epress. com /201 4 /0 2 /0 7 /review- o b livio n / P ag e 1 8-19 h t t p : / / s ol ar vi ew s. com /eng/eart h.h tm P ag e 2 7 h t t p : / / ww w. reddi t . com /r/pi cs/co mmen ts/1 vxmo q /p ictu re_fro m_th e_cu rio sity_ro v e r_ o f _ t h e _ s u rf a c e / P ag e 3 0-31 h t t p : / / n gm . nat i onal geographi c. c o m/b ig - id ea/0 7 /mars P ag e 3 4 h t t p s: / /vi m eo. com /108650530 P ag e 3 5 h t t p : / / n ssdc. gsf c. nasa. gov/pl anetar y/mars/marin er.h tml h t t p : / / d e. wi ki pedi a. org/w i ki /Ven era_9 h t t p : / / ww w. esa. i nt /ger/ESA_i n_yo u r_co u n tr y/Au stria/Cassin i- Hu yg en s_n aeh ert_ s i c h _ d e r_ S a t u rn - Uml a u f b a h n h t t p : / / messenger. j huapl . edu/t he_missio n /artistimp ressio n /artists_imp ressio n .ht ml h t t p : / / ww w. space. com /18632-galileo - sp acecraft.h tml P ag e 3 6 h t t p : / / i o 9. com /how -t he-sol ar-sail- mig h t- o n e- d ay- fu el- in terp lan etar y- tr- 1 5 3 5 9 37 8 1 1 P ag e 3 7 h t t p : / / n ew s. sof t pedi a. com /new s/VASIMR- Ro cket- Mo to r- Sets- E fficien cy- Reco rd -1 6 8 9 7 3 . s h t ml h t t p : / / ww w. i carusi nt erst el l ar. org/vacu u m- to - an timatter- ro cket- in terstellar- exp lore r- s y s t e m- v a ri e s - a n - i n t e rs t e l l a r- re n-
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Image references
d e z v o u s - a n d - re t u rn - a rc h i t e c t u re / h t t p : //s t a r wa rs . wi k i a . c o m/wi k i /Do o k u ’s _ s o l a r_ s a i l e r Page 49 h t t p : //e n . wi k i p e d i a . o rg /wi k i /M a rt i a n _ p o l a r_ i c e _ c a p s Page 51 h t t p : //www. t e l e g ra p h . c o . u k /n e ws /wo rl d n e ws /n o rt h a me ri c a / 2 1 6 8 2 5 4 / N A S A s -P h o e n i x -L a n d e r-f i n d s -i c e -o n -M a r s . h t m l Page 62-63 h t t p : //ma rs . n a s a . g o v /ms l /mu l t i me d i a /i ma g e s / Page 64-65 h t t p : //ma rs . n a s a . g o v /ms l /mu l t i me d i a /i ma g e s / h t t p : //b l o g . a p o a p s y s . c o m/2 0 1 4 /1 2 /1 2 /mo d e l i n g - g a l e - c r a t e r / Page 66 h t t p : //b l o g . a p o a p s y s . c o m/2 0 1 4 /1 2 /1 2 /mo d e l i n g - g a l e - c r a t e r / h t t p : //re d p l a n e t . a s u . e d u /? p = 2 3 7 6 Page 67 h t t p : //www. d b - p ro d s . n e t /b l o g /2 0 1 2 /1 0 /1 3 /l e - mo n t - s h a r p -e t -a o l i s -m o n s -c a r t e -p o s t a l e -h a u t e -r e s o l u t i o n -p a r-c u r i o s i t y / Page 70 h t t p : //3 d p ri n t i n g . c o m/n e ws /n a v y - f u n d s - p ro j e c t - 3 d - p ri nt i n g -b u i l d i n g s / Page 89 h t t p : //www. i n t e ri o rh o l i c . c o m/n e ws /h u s h - p o d - p ro v i d e s -p r i v a c y -i n -p u b l i c -s p a c e s / h t t p s : //v i me o . c o m/5 2 6 5 6 5 0 0 h t t p : //l e wo a n d we . b l o g s p o t . d k /s e a rc h ? u p d a t e d - ma x = 2 0 12 -0 2 -2 4 T 1 5 : 0 0 : 0 0 % 2 B 0 1 : 0 0 &m a x -r e s u l t s = 5 0 Page 90 h t t p : //k o l o k y u m. c o m/l o g i n h t t p : //www. a rc h d a i l y. c o m/3 3 5 8 8 7 /3 - d - p ri n t i n g - p ro t o h ou s e -1 -0 -a n d -p r o t o h o u s e -2 -0 -s o f t k i l l -d e s i g n / 5 1 2 9 8 0 8 9 b 3 f c 4 b6 5 c 7 0 0 0 0 b 3 _ 3 - d - p ri n t i n g - p ro t o h o u s e - 1 - 0 - a n d - p ro t o h o u s e -2 -0 -s o f t k i l l -d e s i g n _ s o f t k i l l _ r e n d e r _ i n t e r i o r 0 2 -j p g / Page 91 h t t p : //www. g i z ma g . c o m/ma rs - o n e - a rc h i t e c t u re - v e rs t e e g/ 3 1 2 2 8 / h t t p : //a l e x a n d e ra l v a ra d o . we e b l y. c o m/b l o g /s u n s h i n e - ma c e
A r ch i t ect ural desi gn - P r o t o c el l archi t ect ure - E xp er i m ent al green st rat egi es - N eo p lasm at i c desi gn - M at er i al com put at i on - A r ch i t ect ures of t he near f ut ure - Ver si oni ng - H i g h d ef i ni t i on - D r aw i ng archi t ect ure - S p ace archi t ect ure - D i g i t al ci t i es A d esi gn m anual - I ndust ri al bu ild in g s - ju erg en ad am, kath arin a h au sman n , fra n k j u e t t e r D esi g n ing t he ecoci t y i n t he sky - th e seo u l wo rksh o p - d r. jin - h o p ark To w ar d s a new ki nd of bui l di ng - kaas o o sterh u is H yp er bodi es - t owards an e-m otive arch itectu re - kaas o o sterh u is P u r e h a rdcore i cons - a m ani f esto o n p u re fo rm in arch itectu re - cru z g arcia an d n a t h a l i e f ra n k o ws k i S p ecu l a t i ve ever yt hi ng, desi gn, fictio n , an d so cial d reamin g P sych o logy of archi t ect ural des ig n - o emer akin
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