MOBILIZING ALTERNATIVE UTILITY DISTRICTS
MAX SCOPPETTONE
MOBILIZING ALTERNATIVE UTILITY DISTRICTS
degree:
2014
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MOBILIZING ALTERNATIVE UTILITY DISTRICTS
i ii iii iv v vi Existing issues in energy vii
INVESTIGATION I : SCALING UTILITY SYSTEMS & LAND USE
INVESTIGATION III : MEDIATING A BORDER & SECONDARY URBAN SYSTEMS
CONCLUSIONS
ILLUSTRATION LIST
01
I INTRODUCTION
ABSTRACT:
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INVESTIGATION 1: SCALING UTILITY SYSTEMS & LAND USE
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METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT DIAGRAM MOBILIZING ALTERNATIVE UTILITY DISTRICTS
LOWERING ENERGY COSTS
ALTERNATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE
BOTTOM-UP TO TOP-DOWN
Can alternative energy systems be coupled with (waste, water, and agriculture) systems in an urban neighborhood in which these cycles are embedded in the city’s agenda and neighborhood economic improvement?
y
catalyst
vs
GRID ENERGY SYSTEM
SIZING ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS
INCENTIVISE STEWARDSHIP
OPPORTUNISIM
DISTRICT ENERGY
(x)
SHARED OWNERSHIP / MAINTENENCE
$
(y) CO-GENERATION
SCALE
SHARING ECONOMIES
INCREASING OWNERSHIP
WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEMNS
SYMBIOTIC SYSTEMIC RELATIONSHIPS
COMMUNITY SUPPORT
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
=
RESOURCE GENERATION
$
INVESTMENT INCENTIVE
MINIMIZING DEPENDENCIES
LOCAL JOB GROWTH
=
LINKING TO RELATED SYSTEMS
and
CITY WATER SYSTEMS
GENERATING SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
CONNECTION TO INSTITUTIONS OR LARGER SYSTEMS
consumer cost comparison vs. b.t.u. = x cost of new infrastructure = y 04
III LEXICON Adaptability: (Dictionary) Capable of adapting or of being adapted. (Group) The adoption of a practice or method that implies growth or change as a response to external forces.
Infrastructure:
BTU or British Thermal Unit: (Dictionary) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
KWh or Kilowatt Hour: (Dictionary)
Capital: (Dictionary) The generation of a resource(s) available for use.
supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
MMBtu: one million BTU’s Infrastructure: supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
Catalyst:
MW or Megawatt: (Dictionary) A measure of electrical energy equivalent to one million watts.
CDC or Community Development Coalition:
Neighborhood:
activities that promote and support community development. CDCs usually serve a geographic location such as a neighborhood or a town. They often focus on serving lower-income residents or struggling neighborhoods.
Preservation: The act of holding in place or protecting from change and transformation.
Civic: Community:
Scale:
Tactical Urbanism:
have a common cultural and historical heritage. resources. Cooperation:
local people with the aim to induce long term changes in towns and cities. Urban Commons:
(Individual) Choosing to commit to or support similar or dissimilar groups. Designer Development: of related specialists and funders.
urban residents. Utility:
Empowerment: Framework:
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IV ANNOTATED PRECEDENTS
Project Type: Units: Financing Structure: Client: Contractor: Developer: Architect: Landscape Architect: Other Consultants: Other Agencies:
06
IV ANNOTATED PRECEDENTS
Project Type: Units: Financing Structure: Client: Contractor: Developer: Architect: Landscape Architect: Other Consultants: Other Agencies:
07
IV ANNOTATED PRECEDENTS
Project Type: Units: Financing Structure: Client: Contractor: Developer: Architect: Landscape Architect: Other Consultants: Other Agencies: Vital Energi
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V SITE SELECTION
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Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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WEST POPLAR NEIGHBORHOOD
NORTHERN LIBERTIES NEIGHBORHOOD
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VI INTERNATIONAL CARBON EMISSIONS 15
POSSIBLE EMISSION SCENARIOS
FIGURE 1 Data for this chart comes from Kiln Project.
FIGURE 2 Data for this chart comes from World Resource Institute.
ELECTRICITY FROM GAS IN USA 2009
ELECTRICITY FROM COAL IN USA 2009
ELECTRICITY FROM WIND IN USA 2009
FIGURE 3,4,5
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USA AIR POLLUTION
TOTAL USA AIR POLLUTION CAUSED FROM COAL-FIRED PLANTS ACID GASES ..............................................77% ARSENIC ....................................................62% ARSENIC ....................................................62% CHROMIUM.................................................22% MERCURY....................................................50%
42.4% 24.9% 19.3% 12.6% ELECTRICITY SUPPLY + FLOW Quadrillion BTU (2013)
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VII QUANTITATIVE ENERGY MODELS
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DISTRICT: METRICS CASE STUDY
A.) EXISTING SYSTEM
a. GRID ENERGY (COALl)
b. GAS AND HOTWATER
Levelized Cost of Energy
Peak Output
environmental impact
$/MW Hr
Watts or BTU
CO2 level
$244- $375
$65-$145
$179 – $230
703-816 MW
600 MW
10,300 – 9,000 BTU
Possible system links ecological or infrastructural
Other Benefits
Residential Utility Bill
Levelized Cost to Build
Description
$/per month
$/kW Hr
328 lb/MMBtu
Negative: Often abutting waterways
no reconstruction beyond maintenance
211 lb/MMBtu
Negative: Often abutting waterways
no reconstruction beyond maintenance
117 lb/MMBtu
Negative: Often abutting waterways
no reconstruction beyond maintenance
infrastructural
lightenes the load on the national grid system, local economies
$/per month
?
SCALE OF OPPERATING (physical size, population being served)
$2,607 - $6,767 $159.89 for 85m2 Apartment (Philadelphia)
$2,027 – $6,067
$580 – $700
B.) DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING
variable
variable
variable
C.) CO-GENERATION
variable
variable
variable
infrastructural
description
$/per month
?
$65-$149
14,500 BTU
variable
ecological and infrastructural
reduces solid waste by 90%, no fossil fuels
$/per month
$2,622 – $3,497
ecological and infrastructural
drastically cuts down carbon emissions, Generally free past a point
$/per month
$2,500 (aprox.)
ecological and drastically cuts down infrastructural and links carbon emissions, no to agriculture fossil fuels
$/per month
$1,697
D.) WASTE TO ENERGY(BIOMASS)
a. SEWER HEAT RECOVERY
$28-$54
19.5 MW
0 lb/mmBtu
b. COMPOST HEAT RECOVERY
n/a
.0586 MW
0 lb/mmBtu
HYPOTHOSIS (SPATIAL EXPERIMENT)
Sources: Lazard Financial Services Company, Quest Canada (Quality urban energy systems of tomorrow), ISIS Sauder School of Business University of British Columbia) 18
URBAN RESOURCE NEEDS
SYSTEM CONNECTIONS
LOCAL OWNERSHIP OR MAINTENCE
LINKED INFRASTRUCTURE (e.g. waste mgmt. and energy production)
CO-GENMERATION (Heating + Electrical)
- Co2
NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE
ECONOMIC MOBILITY (Lower income residents)
ON-SITE STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
Divert 70% of Solid Waste from Landfill
Small Business Development StartUp PHL Grants
Lower BTU’s (126 trillion to 111 trillion)
Reduce Co2 Emissions by 20%
Purchase + Generate 20% of Electricity in Philly from Alternative Energy Sources
ELECTRICAL ACCESS (AFORDABLE)
HEAT ACCESS (AFORDABLE)
FOOD ACCESS (PRODUCTION)
WASTE MANAGEMENT
STORM WATER MANAGEMENT
WASTE-TO-ENERGY (BURNING)
BIO-MASS (BURNING)
METHANE RECOVERY (LANDFILL)
BIO-DIGESTERS (METHANE)
SEWER HEAT RECOVERY
COMPOST HEAT RECOVERY
GEO-THERMAL (BUILT SUBTERRANEAN)
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PRODUCTION (By Co2 emissions)
+ Co2
URBAN DESIGN OBJECTIVES
(Philly 2035 / Greenworks 2015)
CITY MASTERPLAN
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SCALING UTILITY SYSTEMS & LAND USE
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GRASSROOTS ECONOMIES + URBAN COMMONS 38
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3.3 INVESTIGATION III : MEDIATING A BORDER - SECONDARY URBAN SYSTEMS Investigation 3 Conclusions:
conditions of this design development should be the following:
and bike lanes are added– potentially transforming Girard Ave. into a vibrant east-west connection and became the main commercial corridor in Northern Liberties. This new condition would create the opportunity for a secondary corridor along Marshall Street to develop as a food service corridor. facility and the urban farms. Later on this energy distribution might expand east as the tree planting and storm water system opens up the opportunity for the heating loop to expand. At this point the city might see a reason to invest and support the design development. The Philadelphia Department Of Transportation would neighborhood.
could expand and provide for more homes. If this was applied to the residential area between West Poplar an alternative utility district. This would be an entirely new format for “eco-districts” linking all utilities into interdependent cycles.
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4. HEAT/METHANE CAPTURE Treated Stormwater
3. COMPOST STORAGE + TREATMENT
Restaurant/ Bodega
City Water
A. Aerobic Digestion
2. COMPOST TRANSPORTATION
5. DISTRICT HEATING LOOP
CH4
Water Tank
Compost
By Trucks
Heat Inlets
From Grid
Heat Pump
Waste Heat From Generator
To Grid
Vacuume
Manifold
6. ELECTRICAL
CH4
Methane Gas Generator
B. Anerobic Digestion By Carts
Neighborhood compost bin
1. COMPOST
CH4
Condensate Sump
C. Bi-Product
7. Soil
Methane Storage
CH4
CH4
8. Urban Agriculture
Residential Food Waste
Commercial Food Waste
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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DISTRICT: METRICS Levelized Cost of Energy
Peak Output
environmental impact
$/MW Hr
Watts or BTU
CO2 level
$244- $375
703-816 MW
328 lb/MMBtu
Negative: Often abutting waterways
no reconstruction beyond maintenance
a. GRID ENERGY (COALl)
$65-$145
600 MW
211 lb/MMBtu
Negative: Often abutting waterways
no reconstruction beyond maintenance
b. GAS AND HOTWATER
$179 – $230
10,300 – 9,000 BTU
117 lb/MMBtu
Negative: Often abutting waterways
no reconstruction beyond maintenance
infrastructural
lightenes the load on the national grid system, local economies
$/per month
?
CASE STUDY
A.) EXISTING SYSTEM
Possible system links ecological or infrastructural
SCALE OF OPPERATING (physical size, population being served)
Other Benefits
Residential Utility Bill
Levelized Cost to Build
Description
$/per month
$/kW Hr $2,607 - $6,767
$159.89 for 85m2 Apartment (Philadelphia)
$2,027 – $6,067
$580 – $700
B.) DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING
variable
variable
variable
C.) CO-GENERATION
variable
variable
variable
infrastructural
description
$/per month
?
$65-$149
14,500 BTU
variable
ecological and infrastructural
reduces solid waste by 90%, no fossil fuels
$/per month
$2,622 – $3,497
ecological and infrastructural
drastically cuts down carbon emissions, Generally free past a point
$/per month
$2,500 (aprox.)
ecological and drastically cuts down infrastructural and links carbon emissions, no to agriculture fossil fuels
$/per month
$1,697
D.) WASTE TO ENERGY(BIOMASS)
a. SEWER HEAT RECOVERY
$28-$54
19.5 MW
0 lb/mmBtu
b. COMPOST HEAT RECOVERY
n/a
.0586 MW
0 lb/mmBtu
$67-$113
1.8-2 MW
38.99 lb/MMBtu
E.) METHANE GAS GENERATOR
HYPOTHOSIS (SPATIAL EXPERIMENT)
(Based on case studies) ESTIMATED PROJECT COST: $7,264,080.38 Sources: Lazard Financial Services Company, Quest Canada (Quality urban energy systems of tomorrow), ISIS Sauder School of Business University of British Columbia)
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