The New Silk Road Termini Barking International Station
Mengqiao Zhang SN:14023595 PG 15 2018/2019
CONTENTS Section One Building form, Systems,Planning and Context 1.01 Brief & Introduction 1.02 Condensing Journey 1.03 The Silk Road Souvenir 1.04 Wider Context 1.05 Site Analysis 1.06 Rail Connection to the Site 1.07 Proposal Site Re-configuration 1.08 Building Programme 1.09 Building Design & Concept 1.10 Circulation & Ticketing zone 1.11 Environmental Consideration 1.12 Material Analysis 1.13 Structural Strategy & Scheme 1.14 Construction Method 1.15 Fire Strategy 1.16 Acoustic Performance 1.17 Lighting & Thermal Comfort 1.18 Ventilation & Wind Test 1.19 Health & Safety in Construction
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Section Two/Foucs Building Construction
BARC0013: Design Realisation Mengqiao Zhang 14023595 Design Tutors: Max Dewdney, Susanne Isa DR Tutor: Martin Sagar Module Leaders: Pedro Gil, Dirk Krolikowski
2.01 Construciton Overview 2.02 Structural Foundation 2.03 Excavating Basement 2.04 Tracks and Platforms 2.05 Departure Deck 2.06 Columns & Beams Delivery 2.07 Pre-fabricating Columns & Beams 2.08 Transfer Bridge 2.09 Concourse Departure Front 2.10 Connection to the Roof 2.11 Structure of the Roof 2.12 Pre-fabricating the Roof 2.13 Roof Installing and Maintenance
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Section Three Building Performance 3.01 Enviromental Overview 3.02 Sunlight 3.03 Natrual and Artificial Lighting 3.04 Acoustic 3.05 Water Harvesting System 3.06 Thermal Comfort 3.07 Ventilation
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Section Four Enterpreurilism and delivery 4.01 Planning Context & Wider Picture 4.02 Procurement Route 4.03 Building Delivery 4.04 Consultant & Cost 4.05 Maintenance & Access 4.06 Pre-fabrication, delivery & BIM
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GA General Arrangement Drawings GA GA GA
Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Section AA
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1.01 Brief/Introduction Brief LOST EMPIRES • NEW TRIBES: Anarchitecture of the New Silk Road The project will investigate the New Silk Road; a route that flows both ways from Yiwu, China to Barking, London, and as yet remains incompletely mapped. Barking is a new Hinterlands as the city shifts east.The project should be an architecture which looking at either/and or, the end of the New Silk Road. Barking, London and Yuwi, China, with the possibility of examining points in between.
ONE
Project Introduction P1. The Silk Souvenir & Rapid Curation & The Parallel Encyclopaedia P2. The Termini: Barking International Station
Section 01 Building form, Systems, Planning and Context
1.01 Brief/Introduction 1.02 Condensing Journey 1.03 The Silk Road Souvenir 1.04 Wider Context 1.05 Site Analysis 1.06 Rail Connection to the Site 1.07 Site Re-configurition 1.08 Building Programe 1.09 Building Design/Concept 1.10 Circulation/Ticketing zone 1.11 Environmental Consideration 1.12 Material Analysis 1.13 Structural Strategy/Scheme 1.14 Construction Method 1.15 Fire Strategy 1.16 Acoustic Performance 1.17 Lighting and Thermal Comfort 1.18 Ventilation and Wind Test 1.19 Health and Safety in Construction
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
The project started by the study of the forms of exchanges in different eras, rail connection and signaling system. Barking International Station is a project that revolves around rail connection along the New Silk Road, linking the UK and East.
Initial collage The initial study looked into four different layers of the Silk Road: acient Silk Road/modern Silk Road/Internet silk Road The acient Silk Road trades on the surface of the globe by human being and camels. The technology frees the form of exchange along the new Silk Road. Rail connection becomes one of the key method of exchange. Then the Silk Road has become of symbolic term, auguring the symbolic meaning of the ‘Silk Road’ which seeking stretchable networks between the east and west. The Internet Silk Road allows 'p2p' exchange further even barrier-free. Finally all the exchange and network developed over centeries have such similarity to the neuron system inside the body. Compressing different layers of the Silk Road into a map of plug-in system
Section 01 03
1.02 Condensing Journey
1.03 The Silk Road Souvenir Journey of Euro-China freight train The interest went down to the rail connection. The new EuroChina freight train plan reaches Barking, which imagines the train from China to London can brings Yiwu to the underground of Zone 833. The train goes pass many countries, culture, languages, time zones. The logarithmic scale, which normally is used for mapping universe distances, is applied to be able to map and condense this long and legendary journey into uniform segments based on distance and time zones.
The digram condenses down the Silk Road by applying the logristic scale. It considered the matter of time zones
Signal box and visualising exchange data The study of signal boxes helped with condensing the long road in a single map and filled the gap of logrithmic scale as space shifter, and also leaded to the field of the exchange signals along the road. The main research interest then focused on the understanding how the signals of the Silk Road traffic and exchange are received, translated and transmitted. The ‘Souvenir’ is designed to be a lighting installation, working with a diagrammatic map of the key stations along the Silk Road, using ardurino to translate and visualize the various frequency of exchange and departure and arrival status.
Freight train arrives in Barking DB depot from Yiwu China
Levers in cabin, connected to a signal on the train
Progrmme in Adurino, translating exchange data frequency in lighting
Mapping out the key segments of the road from Yiwu to London and data of exchange
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Section 01
The Souvenir and its component
A diagram is plotted based on lighting representing exchange frequncy/time in Barking/London
Section 01 05
1.04 Wider Context
1.05 Site Analysis
Barking History, demograph and its transportation Barking is a suburban town in East London and the administrative centre of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. It is 10 miles (16.1 km) east of Charing Cross. It was an ancient parish in the county of Essex. Its economic history is characterised by a shift from fishing and farming to market gardening and industrial development south of the River Thames. The railway station opened in 1854 and has been served by the London Underground since 1908. An extensive and fairly lowdensity residential area, the town centre forms a large retail and commercial district, currently a focus for regeneration. The former industrial lands to the south are being redeveloped as Barking Riverside. The town is situated north of the A13 road and east of the River Roding near its confluence with the River Thames in east London. The South Woodford to Barking Relief Road (part of the A406 North Circular Road) runs through the Roding Valley, and access to the town centre is by its junction with the A124, which until the late 1920s was the main route to and from London. Barking station is a local transport hub and is served by the London Underground, London Overground, c2c and London Bus and East London Transit routes.
Location of Brough of Barking and Dagenham Site highlughted in red in brough of Barking and Dagenham
Site and accessibility The site is next to the DB cargo depot where the Yiwu freight train arrive in Barking. The surrounding of the site is currently brown field but under the barking riverside mate plan. The surrounding buildings are mainly factories and they are relatively flat.
Barking town centre zone
The main method of site access is through driving. A existing road goes through the site and links two major access from the city. River Thames is in a distance to the south of the site.
Old photo of Barking Clock wise: Barking riverside power station, Curfew tower, Barking Station, Fishing industry
Barking riverside zone
Site ariel view to show its connection with the depot amd river thames
Barking riverside zone
A13 road
Current Barking context
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Section 01
Wider area of Brough of Barking and Dagenham
Site photo shoots, a squence from along the road
Site photo shoots, a squence from along the road
Section 01 07
1.06 Rail Connection to the Site
1.07 Site Re-configurition
Barking riverside master plan
Re-configurate site
Barking Riverside is the largest brownfield houdevelopment site in east London. It is part of the London Riverside Opportunity Area and has planning permission for up to 10,800 new homes, new schools and local community infrastructure.
Rail track: The site is next to the DB cargo depot which allows the borrowing of tracks from the major train lines. The nature of the slope allows the elevate of the tracks that go into the site to transfer kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy.
Significant investment in transport infrastructure is required to unlock the full development potential of the site. As part of the planning consent for Barking Riverside, a new rail line is specifically required to serve the development's residents and workers.
Road: The road that go cross the site form the boundary of the site. In order to free more space for a piazza frontage, the road is offset towards south, following a similar curve. Landscape: A part of the landscape is dogged out to create a sunken piazza, the entrance of the building and another level of the station. Trees are planted between the site and the existing track lines to avoid pollution from the freight train lines. Trees also planted between the road and the track on the west side of the station to define the site boundary avoids crash from the road. Transmission towers are removed from to the side of the site.
TFL concluded an extension of the London Overground Gospel Oak to Barking service, from its current terminus at Barking to a new station in heart of Barking Riverside.
Rail connection TFL concluded an extenion of the London Overground from its current terminus at Barking to a new staion in heart of Barking Riverside. The proposed site arrangement, which located on the north end of the new development, provided an additional access to the rail service. The East side of the station then become the terminus of the international railway of the Silk Road to China.
10,800 houses, 65,500 sqm. commercial and 2,500 new jobs. Timeline: Start from 2017, fully built 2031.
Western Willimson to deliver Barking Riverside Station
Local rail services and connections
Overview of DB cargo depot where major tracks go through
Cross section of existing site
Diagram of supposed plan of surronding connction, with the new proposed stations
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Section 01
Cross section of proposed site
site boundary
Section 01 09
1.09 Building Design/Concept
1.08 Building Programe
Case Study: International terminal Waterloo
Concept methology
Within a superstructure of glass and steel, the multi-faceted terminus houses all the requirements for international travel, including full security screening, immigration and customs border control. The resulting landmark design heralded the advent of cross-channel rail travel through a suitably contemporary monument to the new railway age.
The New Barking station manifest the opportunity of the rail connection between the UK and China, not only for freight trains but also be able to deliver passengers to experience the legendary journey.
Its sparkling curvaceous skin responds to the dictates of the site and the proportions of Eurostar train carriages, while the translucent glazing gives passengers impressive views out to Westminster and illuminates the concourse throughout the day.
As the terminus of the international route and connection to London TFL system, the main driver of the design looks into how an architecture can condense the long route into a singularity. In order to archive the goal, two methods are applied which by using perspectives in spaces to create different sense of depth and distance from various locations, and 'speeding up' the space by designing spatial parallax and chronophotographie.
Average density 1.0 m2 per pax
In particular, the separate levels for departures and arrivals was an innovative arrangement to give passengers a clearly articulated sense of direction.
Plateform size
Concourse size
Approximate boarding/alighting zone of platform = (70 x 0.93/25) = 2.60 metre
Spatial requirement
Anticlockwise
Anticlockwise
National Gallery Sainsbury wing staircase Robert Venturi
Slither Hosuing Diller Scofidioi + Irenfro
NudeDescending a Staircase Marcel Duchamp
Slow House Diller Scofidioi + Irenfro
Chronophotography Dance Robert Venturi Etienne-Jules Marey
Slow House Diller Scofidioi + Irenfro 1
1. Front Piazza 2. Replaned route and drop off point 3. Concourse 4. Retail/shops 5.Domestic station 6.Transfer bridge 7.Departure deck 8.Arrival 9. Platforms and tracks 10.Servies and plant rooms 11. Toilets
Approximate concourse area = (6000 x 1.8/15) + 1500 = 2200 square metre
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Approximate circulating zone of platform = (400 / 5 x 40) = 2.00 metre Average density 1.8 m2 per pax
Parallax view between two advanatge points travelling in different speed
Average density 1.0 m2 per pax
Building programme layout
Yellow line zone Boarding alighting zone Circulation zone
The occupation of the site is divided into half, with one side as the frontage piazza and the other side as the Barking International station. The building consists of three major spaces, the international depaeture/arrival, domestic station, and the concourse.
High density in service disruption 0.45 m2 per pax
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International train terminal Arrival
Track x 6 Platform x 3
Departure
Security check-in
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Shop
Building
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Domestic train terminal
Shop
Concourse
Track x 2 Platform x 2
Taxi Bus
Concourse
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Entrance
Piazza
As the speed of two types of vehicle travel in different speed, a parallex view is created. A series of of chronophotograpies are captured and placed in the position of the view connection lines. The distorted view combined with the frozen movement formed the picture on the left.
Piazza Road
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Drop off point
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Section 01
Parallax view between two advanatge points travelling in different speed
Section 01 11
1.10 Circulation/Ticketing zone
1.11 Environmental Consideration
Circulation and screening
Environmental strategy on site
As the station is divided into domestic and international parts, the ticketing the security zones operate differently so that its is key to be separated with the non-ticketed zones. Thus the central concourse becomes the 'shuttle' of the two lines. Its very important to identify and differentiate the purpose and usage of different barrier and screening.
The site is relatively free about have environemntal changes within
3d sunpath diagram 12:00
London underground gate
St Pancras station eurostar gate
St Pancras station eurostar security
Roof opennings allows uniform north light and operate steak effect Previling wind flows through the geomtry of the building
Tickecting screening
International train security screening
Ticketed zone Departure circulation Arrival circulation
DB euro cargo hub
Trees filters dust and noice from the neighbour freight train tracks
Sunlight direction Previling wind direction Hot air direction
Barking Climate Data
Noice direction
Max, Min and Average termperature
Sunpath distribution diagram
Average and Max wind speed and gust
Average wind rose diagram Rooftop view of the building
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Section 01
Average rainfall amount and rainy days
Section 01 13
1.13 Structural Strategy/Scheme
1.12 Material Analysis Buidling materiality
Structural scheme overview
The material selection of a project is based on the scale of the project and the local climate. The design language of this building require robust structure to hold up the volume of the canopy and departure deck, which steel is chosen as the key structural material.
Steel beam and V/Y shape columns are the main structural component, however concrete and pile form the base on which the structure and tracks rest on. Steel sizes/length vary throughout the building depending on the weight and height of the roof they need to support, however some key joints are standardized. All the V/Y shapes supports maintain a standard shape apart from the last three (the tallest three) which one column is slightly tilted to support the canterlivered roof. V column become thinner towards the ceiling
In order to deliver a sustainable train station, most of other material choices are based on environmental considerations. Timer as acoustic absorber, pv panel as energy saver etc. Large single piece of glazing and signature V shaped steel column brings the aesthetic to the building.
Ceiling
Accessible roof
Structural column Facade
Laterral load Foundation load Vertical load Wind load Live load
HSS Steel
Timber
Glass
Aluminium
Column grid plan/axono The building is designed around a 20 metre structural grid. Due to the angled geometry of the building, the grid is twisted to form a parallelogram matrix. The steel column and concrete column (lift core) are separate into two systems which support the roof and the departure deck respectively.
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Steel
Timber
Glazing
Aluminium
PV penal
V shaped steel column
Timber panels of red cedar timber on the soffits
Large single pieces of glass
Pre-fabricated aluminium cassettes
Angle adjustable pv penals
Nonhyun Limelight Music Consulting, South Korea / Dia Architecture
Bijlmer ArenA Station Amsterdam, The Netherlands/ Grimshaw Architects
To t t e n h a m C o u r t R o a d station's new entrance, The UK / Stanton Williams Architects
London Bridge Station, The UK/ Grimshaw Architects
Sino-Italian Ecological andEnergy Efficient Building , China/ Mario Cucinella Architects
Section 01
Column grid in plan view
Explored axonometric view to show the priciple structual system
Section 01 15
1.15 Fire Strategy
1.14 Construction Method Construction Sequence
Fire safety for railway station
The site is in good condition and possesses good access right now. The entire area boundaries by the road and track can be used as wider construction site. This freedom will be beneficial to the project as many components are pre-fabricated elements. Being able to store and transport these pieces around site efficiently will help speed up construction.
Fire safety is absolutely crucial for the train station design principle. As the dense circulation flow of passenger will occur, the escape route must be designed properly to navigate people. For such large public building the access of the fire team is crucial to target the origin of the fire. One advantage of the site is that it neighbours with the Barking fire station within 1 mile distance.
Pre-fabrication workshop Wind buffer
Access route
Phase i Site Preparation - Site survey takes place - Site constrainded and secured by wind buffer fencing - Site access road and constrcution layout planned
Site equipment storage Accomodation
i Site
Barking fire station
Phase ii Ground-wroks & Piling - Construction tools and facilities are ready in place - Construction of planned road change done - Excavation of terrain - Buidling up hoist in position - Casting concrete on gound level of tracks and platform - Then excavate below to form the basement level. - Pile/Raft foundation/Columns poured in situ
Escape route Insuit concrete poured to cast ground level then excavate the basement
The major escape route is through the entrance hall where the major emergency staircase is located. It sites within the 18m radius of the two main fire exits of the building. If the fire occurred on platform, passenger should run towards the west end (point 4) . The fire curtain on platforms will separate the fire zones to stop fire spreading.
East side hoist
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Network rail maxium evacuation time:Surface platforms:  8 minutes for non-rafted platforms.  5 minutes for rafted platforms.
ii 3 Phase iii Concourse Construction - Ground level casted on site and walls installed - The support concrete column for the concourse casted - Pre-fabricated light weight concourse decks (two pieces) arrived - They are slided onto the 'track' and meet - staircase casted on site to join two pieces.
West side hoist
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2 Concourse transfer bridge installed
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Sprinkled Ceiling
Fire distinguisher
5 Fire escaping route
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Phase v Roof and Compeletion - Pre-fabricated individual aluminium cassettes and PV penels arriving on site - Roof installing - Interior fit out begins - M&E fit-out and operational checks performed - Site cleaning and facilities removal
Phase vi (below) - Pre-fabricated Steel columns, beams and joint are constantly supplied on both road and rail ways - Scaffolding setted up to join the pre-fabricated objects
Fire curtain
Fire Curtain
Key escaping route and meeting points digram (above) Fire safety points and facilities in the building (below)
Emergency Calling Point
Roof components installed piece by piece
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v Prefabricated steel transforted by rail By road
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Fire curtain Escape meeting points Fire Exit Fire Extinguisher Fire Alarm
Sprinkler
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Phase iv is the most important and intense stage in the construction sequnce, using both rail and road speed up the delivery of steel and minimising the traffic congestion 16
Section 01
FireTrucks Position
Diagram of major fire safety components in the station
Section 01 17
1.16 Acoustic Performance
1.17 Lighting and Thermal Comfort Lighting and thermal control
Acoustic design in railway stations Sound can be a significant problem in train station especially with large canopy of the tracks which can cause loud echo and high reverberation. To reduce the spread of noise, the acoustic baffles ceiling right above the tracks will constantly absorb noice from the train. The aim is to reduce the figure to less then 1 second.
Lighting and thermal qualities are two big topics in environmental design, and they are closely relate to each other. Barking has a typical London weather condition but slightly cool compare with more central zones. So that keep the building in a pleasant temperature is the aim. The heat energy created by the trains is essential to be captured to heat up other areas.
To aviod over heating, all the roof openings are towards north thus all the south facing roof can get max solar energy to the pv panels
Large canopy feature decided the lighting strategy of the station which have canopy overlay each other to create north facing openings and south facing surface to gain solar energy.
Apart from the internal acoustic quality, the external is also key as freight train goes next to the station. Trees will be planted to filter this noise into the station.
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Cantelivered roof to provide solar shading
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North facing roof opennings (openable) can welcome the uniform spectrum of daylight and also adjusted to ventilate the bulding
Cantelivered roof to protect rain going into the semi-open space
The heat energy generated by trains can be used to wram up level above
Trees are sufficient acoustic barrier to filter the noice coming from the track
Section to show how timber baffles reduces the noice and let less sound panetrate to the level above
Thermal and Lighting target
Max, Min and Average termperature Jan 2016 -Jan 2019 Barking
Suspension brust Flooring level
External Average
Suspension rod
i Entrance hall 20 C0
Steel beam
Buffle carrier
Max Min AVE
27 C0 1 C0 12 C0
400 lux
Suspending system Sprinkler
Screw set
Max
120,000 lux (Bright sunny day)
Timber buffles with lighting optional
Timber piepe joint
Min
200 lux
Achieved through solar shading (dim), roof openning, artificail lighting (bright)
22 C0 Achieved through hot air rised from platform level, radiator (warm) solar shading, natural ventilation (cool)
600 lux Achieved through solar shading (dim), roof openning, artificail lighting (bright)
iii Platform level 24 C0 Achieved through mechanical ventilation , evoporative cooling (cool)
300 lux Achieved through artificail lighting (bright)
(extreme thick storm)
Quadrate timber piepe AVE
Detail of the timber buffles' connecting with the ceiling, how sprinklers amd lighting are intergrated in side
Achieved through thermal insulation, radiator (warm) solar shading, natural ventilation (cool)
ii Departure level
20,000 lux
iv Arrival level 22 C0 Achieved through radiator, mechanical ventilation (warm)
22 lux Achieved through artificail lighting (bright)
max
average
min
Beauty of artificial lighting In order to illuminate such an enoumous space, artificial lighting is crucial to work with natural lighting. For exmaple the roof openning where the artificial light along the beam with work with the daylight from the north to create a constant and uniform lighting condition. Travaling up and down is a fantastic experiece in station, so that the aesthtic of the escalotor and staircase requires some language.
Timber buffles installing menue
Timber Buffles suspended acoustic ceiling Timber is naturally good acoustic material, it gives the track level a touch of warm tone of colour as well in contrast with gray colour spectrum elsewhere in the station. The lighting in those strips of timber gives speed towards the other end whihc links to the concept. The eraly study of timber silk loom also rings a belt on the selection of material.
Cross section of a single piece of timber buffle
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Section 01
Example of timber buffles intergrated with lighting
Detail of Heathrow airport terminal 2 ceiling where the roof openning works succesfully with the artificial light on the columns
Example of dynamic lighting strips in escalator, railing and ceiling
Section 01 19
1.19 Health and Safety in Construction
1.18 Ventilation and Wind Test Passive and mechanical ventilation
Health and safety of concrete casting on site
Health and safety overview
The diagram shown that average prevailing wind comes from South West and the average direction of this April is North East. The majority of the spaces is semi-open where natural ventilation can be carried by winds. Whereas the hot gas generated by the train on the platform level needs mechanical extraction. The ventilation pipes can be installed in V shaped columns and liked with roof beam to evacuate the hot air without large extraction tubes as separate pieces.
1. Cement Dust
Health and safety is a responsibility of all parties, however a CDM co-coordinator will be appointed to review the design and highlight key issues and help remove them. Due to the complexity of the project a large number of risks are present and will need to be addressed. The CDM co-coordinator will work with the contractor to plan a targeted effort for on site safety.
Roof side opennings allows arised hot air to go out
Hazard:
Solutions:
Exposure to cement dust can irritate eyes, nose, throat and the upper respiratory system. Skin contact may result in moderate irritation to thickening/cracking of skin to severe skin damage from chemical burns.
1. Rinse eyes with water if they come into contact with cement dust and consult a physician. 2. Use soap and water to wash off dust to avoid skin damage. 3. Wear a P-, N- or R-95 respirator to minimize inhalation of cement dust.
2. Wet Concrete
Natural ventilation carried by SW wind
Hazard:
Solutions:
Exposure to wet concrete can result in skin irritation or even first-, second- or third-degree chemical burns. Compounds such as hexavalent chromium may also be harmful.
Wear alkali-resistant gloves, coveralls with long sleeves and full-length pants, water proof boots and eye protection.
Installing canopy For Installing pre-fabricated canopy pieces and roof cladding, the canopy needs to be accessible. Kalzip fall arrest system will be positioned in such a way that workers will be 'restrained' from reaching a fall risk of failing. By employing this system, it allows workers to be attached on the system using a transfestener which slides smoothly along the stainless steel cable, enabling the workers to operate hand-free.
Health and safety of steel erection 1. Falling
Wind rose diagrams: Anuunal average 2018 and April everage 2019 7t
Mechanical ventilation system hidden in the robust columns and beams to extruct air out from lower levels. 10t 45o
Hazard:
Solutions: Max wind
Average gust
Average wind
Passive and active ventilation diagram
Max and avergae wind speed of Barking from Jan 2018 to Jan 2019
Wind tunnel simulation
1. Schedule work in such a way that employees who work aloft do not work at the same time as those who do work below the steel erection activity 2. Crane operation safty 3. Full falling protection suit.
20t
60o
Loose steel component items that have been placed aloft, or being moved by crane and that can fall and strike employees working below.
75o
30t
80o
Health and safety of glazing installing
Many large landmark building, especially skyscrapers require wind tunnel simulation test. The computer generated diagram is based on wind gusts around the building by air flow patterns.
Kalzip fall arrest system detail drawing
Centre of gravity
Digital simulation tool Flow design catches moment of providing wind flowing through the canopy of the building. The aim of this study is to test the pressure created by different wind speed and how it affect the building. Velocity 30 kmph 25 kmph 20 kmph 15 kmph 10 kmph
Status: Transient Analysis: 2D Max speed: 30.000 Length: 3.562 (m) With: 2.323 (m) Height: 0.242 (m) Voxel size: 0.010 (m)
The correct length of the stainless steel cable is crucial in protecting falling
Hazard: Loose glazing panel that have been placed aloft, or being moved by crane and that can fall and strike employees working below. This has happened often in construction
Example of Shanghai Centre being tested in wind tunnel
Solutions: 1. Do not stand below the crane and the crane controller has to clear the path of arm moving to avoid accident 2. Using the spider actabulum to stablise the window when lifting
Example of the construciton of Reading Station Computer generated flow design image, its estimated a typical North West daytime wind in anytime this year.
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Section 01
Section 01 21
2.01 Construciton Overview
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Tracks and Platforms The tracks of the station are taken over from the main lines into the site. Platform spans over 300 metres, where all the columns and lifts are located, act as an agent to other spaces.
TWO Section 02/Foucs
Departure Deck 50metre by 80metre departure deck will use steel cellular beams systerm to support the largely serviesd flooring. The bottum side of the deck, applied acoustic panels to reduces the noice generated by the trains.
Building Construction 2.01 Construciton Overview 2.02 Structural Foundation 2.03 Excavating Basement 2.04 Tracks and Platforms 2.05 Departure Deck 2.06 Columns & Beams Delivery 2.07 Pre-fabricating Columns & Beams 2.08 Transfer Bridge 2.09 Concourse Departure Front 2.10 Connection to the Roof 2.11 Structure of the Roof 2.12 Pre-fabricating the Roof 2.13 Roof Installing and Maintenance
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Transfer Bridge Links the domestic and the international station, draws idea from the construction of 'bridge' using pre-casted concrete hollow core units
Departure Front The glazing facade where the international departure entre. Using a suspended fitting system
Columns and Beams Column g rid is the most impor tant structure system that support the roof a n d t h e e n t i r e a r c h i t e c t u r e. T h e V shaped columns goes along the platform supporting a huge span.
Roof Roof is the major feature of the whole scheme. The assembly of the roof is found mental. Over 90% of the elements of roof is pre-fabricated and installed on site
A top view of the construction site in process
Section 02 23
2.03 Excavating Basement
2.02 Structural Foundation Order in constructing basement
Structural foundation overview
The tracks and platform sits on the ground level and will normally have a conecte base that is casted on site. But there is a basement level where passegers arrive to. In order to work more sufficiently, the porcess of casting and building platform first and excavate below with termprary columns supporting would be adpted. This method will save time and reduce labour.
The foundation for such an enormous scale train station is crucial. Site survey will be needed to research the soil condition which lead to structural adjustments as well as determining the soil excavation. The rail engineer and structural engineer will co-operate with each other to find the best foundation type to stabiles the building the train tracks and to consider the cost.
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Ground 0 ~ -1 metre
Pad Foundation
Strip Foundation
Raf Foundation
Pile Foundation
Not strong enough for the load of heavy train tracks and large span steel coulmn structure
It is useful for stable ground conditions with loighter loads
It is a more adequate support for the structure. However it is only helpful for supporting lower parts pfthe building etc. Underfloor level
It is ver y strong foundation which be used for the primary structutre supporting large steel V colmuns to hold the departure level and the roof. However it is the most expensive option.
2 metre 1 metre
Excavating the site with excavator
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Phase i 1. ~-6 metre
Soil condition The site soil condition follow the same quality as the barking river isde realm. As the area has a certain level of flood risk, the level above the compact cement is soft earth/clay and less compact gravels. So that pile foundation is the ideal solution. Pil will go down to 10 metres and more to reach cement dence cement level to give extra stability.
i. Excavating the general site foundationfor concrete basment, the South side is 1 metre down into fround and North side is 2 metre
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5.
2.
4.
3
For large scale concrete casting, pouring concrete from a concrete
1. Soft soil layer for vegetation 2. Soft gravel and clay 3. Dencse compact cement
plant is the most efficient way 6. ~-15 metre
Phase ii
ii. The concrete base of platform and tracks are casted on-site with a special footing. The void for service pipes are kept and the deck shape casted ready or attaching to columns
7.
Detail Drawing 1: Lower ground level foundation 1. H12 wall rebar 2. 136mm sheep wool isolation with vapor barrier 3. Water pipe 4. H12 horizontal footing rebar 5. 100mm rigid thermal insulation with water proof membrane, 50mm rigid screed. 500x500 tile foolring 6. H12 pile rebar 7. H12 spread footing's rebar
A render to show how the ground is excavated to build the basement
Phase iii
Raft foundation for basement level
iii. The excavator start to dig out the basement under the casted concrete at the same time the piling and casting fixed columns. Temporary support columns are used to hold the load of concrete above
Basement excavation with pile foundation
The basement is formed when retaining wall and fondations are casted, but the temperary support bars stays until the concrete reaches its best
The excavation will require the removel of 10000cubic metres of soil. Some of this soil will be used to create extended pier and landscape for the Barking riverside project.
24
Section 02
Phase iv
iv. The foundation of the basement then will be casted, as well as the thick columns all need to be installed
Section 02 25
2.05 Departure Deck
2.04 Rail Tracks & Platforms Taking tracks into the station
Framing schematics
The foundation for such an enormous scale train station is crucial. Site survey will be needed to research the soil condition which lead to structural adjustments as well as determining the soil excavation. The rail engineer and structural engineer will cooperate with each other to find the best foundation type to stabiles the building the train tracks and to consider the cost.
The depture deck is a very large flat level with a dimention of 50mx80m to allow international passenger to pass the security check, wait and go down to on board trains. The width of the tracks and platform determined the location of the column grids and allow the span of the beams.
Fabricating cellular beams: the web of a rolled section is cut along the length of the beam in a hexagonal ‘wave’ form. The two pieces are separated, offset and then welded together to achieve a deeper section Building tracks is a very technical process, rail consultant is required to manage how the tracks goes intothe site, turning angle, buffer zone, the turn of the trains, sliding tracks, orders of coming in and out. The piecture above showa process of pouring ballast for sleeper to be installed.
16m
16m
The most appropriate use of cellular beams is for long spans with moderate loadings, such as secondary beams in floor grillages. The regular circular openings in a cellular beam are very efficient for distribution of circular ducts in heavily serviced buildings.
16m
5
4
Typical railway track arrangement
2
Structural option 6
3
6
Span (m) 10 13 16
20
Reinforced concrete flat slab Integrated beams and deep composite slab Integrated beams with precast slabs Composite beams and slab Fabricated beams with web openings Cellular composite beams Composite trusses
6
1
7
8
8
The span between two columns are 16m so that cellular composite beam and steel frame is the ideal choice
The span between two colums are 16m so that cellular composite beam and steel frame is the ideal choice
4 5
3
Detail Drawing 2: Platform and tracks
2
1
1. Reinforced concrete column with H12 steel bar 2. H12 horizontal footing bar with concrete cast insitu 3. Ceiling layers for basement level: - suspended ceiling tracks - plasterboard with vapor barrier - acoustic insulation - ceiling cladding finish 4. Services pipe 5. H12 steel bar section 6. Drainer 7. Doted flooring tiles for disable 8. Railtrack: - Wheel - Gauge - rail pad and sleeper - Ballast - Concrete subgrade
8
Detail Drawing 3: departure deck
7
1. Acoustic panels (detail see section one) 2. 500mm cellular beams channel section UKB 3. 'Elephant ear' special shaped steel work section. 4. Flooring: -100mm steel decking -screed level cast over decking -Tiled finish 5. Detail of the glazed railing footing 6. Perforated ceiling boards for acoustic consideration 7. Multiple series pipes 8. Underfloor heating pipes
Tracks and platform form the predominent dimention for the station and links up and down
26
Section 02
Section 02 27
2.06 Columns & Beams Delivery
2.07 Pre-fabricating Columns & Beams
Columns and beams transportation
Prefabrication
Joining different pieces
Pre-fabrication is more time sufficient and environmental friendly. Many constructions has achieved 80% + amount of prefabricated elements. The delivery and jointing those prefabricated components becomes the new challenge. A good labeling system can make the components sits exactly where should go.
In UK there is a regulation of the size of the road vechicles which includes the lorry. So the dimention of the maximum allowence decided the length of the longest piece of pre-fabricated steel.
Weight: 44 tonnes for lorries with 6 axles; drive axle(s) must
For steel construction is is important to control the temperature of the frame. Maximum design temperatures were -9째C for steel in the cavity and 42째C for fully external steelwork. Minimum was -9째C for the former and -11째C for the latter. The critical steel temperatures in the cavity depended significantly on parameters controlled by the cladding design and its coating.
not exceed 10500kg and have road friendly suspension OR have a maximum axle weight not exceeding 8500kg. 1
Length: 18.75 metres for a road train (a combination of a lorry and a trailer)
Example of enoumous steel joint being prefabricated for Leadenhall uilding megaframe
2
Steel coating
3
4
5
Beams
1aB01
1bB01
1bB02
1cB01
1cB02
1dB01
1dB02
1eB01
1eB02
1fB01
1fB02
1gB02
1gB01
1hB02
1hC01
6 1fC02
1fC01 1eC01 7
15.5 metre lorry with straight pieces
1gB01
1aC01
1bC01
1cC01
1cC02
1dC01
1gC01
1gC02
1eC02
1dC02
1bC02
15.5 metre lorry with banded pieces
Columns
10 metre lorry with joints and small pieces
NO.1
8 NO.2
Detail Drawing 4: column and beam NO.3 NO.4 20 metre freight train trailer
9
Both lorry and rail can bring the steel to site as two ways can speed up the time and aviod time delay if lorry meets bad traffic congestion. In addition, the rail express enabled the possibility of oversea sourcing steel which may be a good choice. A steel consultant willw be employed to work out which method is most cost effecient.
a 8m
b 16m
c 16m
d 20m
1. Bolts for connecting pre-fabricated roof pieces 2. Ventilation pipe top end 3. Ventilation serives pipe hidden in the column 4. Steel column 5. Semi-hollow steel beam with serive pipes through 6. Bird prevention spikes 7. Steel footing 8. Multiple serives pipes 9. Reinforced concrete footing
e 20m
Footings 1abF 1bcF 1cdF
1deF
1efF 1fgF 1ghF
As all the steel pieces are pre-fabricated in the factort and there are so many of them, its is important to lable them so that each column and beam goes to where they suppose to go. The lable system above: 1(first role structure) a (division a) B (beam) 01(the order in division) 1(first role structure) ab (between division a&b) F (column footing)
f 20m
g 20m
h 20m
i 20m
j 8m
The long span of the beam is divided into segaments of 20m, 16m and 6m to quantify and lable individual pieces of steel
28
Section 02
Section 02 29
2.08 Transfer Bridge
2.09 Concourse Departure Front Departure front elevation
Construction method of the concourse The concourse is in a way a trasnfer bridge that connects the international and domestic stations. And it is the only enclosed space in the station. The construciton method that has been chosen follow the idea of 'bridging' that uses pre-fabricated conctrete hollow cores to form the trasnfer bridge piece by piece. The joint in between the two changing level and the connection with the departe deck are casted in situ. conceptually, it sybolically bridges the UK and the New Silk Road.
Opposite site land for keeping arrived pieces Two departure zones
Two connection zones Direction of the 'sliding' of precasted concrete units
Construction detail 6: Joining two pre-fabed elements
The elevation of the departure front is a key feature of this project, its where the very beginning of the journey. The facade is a glazing curtain wall suspended by spider joint and the structure frame is tighten by tension cable. The spider joints are fixed by stainless steel cables that form an arch form, attached to a brazed frame between the entrance overhang and the ceiling structure.
1
1. The top end of the stainless steel cable where vertical and tension cables are jointed on the horizontal cylindrical supporting bar for ceiling. 2. 200x200m Polished stainless steel way spider fitting, attached and compressed by stainless steel cable. 3.12mm laminated safety glass 4. Steel connector for cross bracing between V shaped column and vertical supporting column 5. Forked bracket with pin connector of the compression rod 6. The lower end of the stainless steel cable jointed on the horizontal cylindrical bar overhang on the entrance gate. 7. Section of the cylindrical bar span between two concessive vertical columns. 8. Recessed spot slight 9. Aluminum cladded overhang, bearing the weight of departure sign and some display screens. 10. Detail of the footing or the vertical support within the concrete connection zone. 2
3 Spider fitting
4
5 6
A rendered view to show how the system works
N
7 9
The process of constrcuting trasnfer bridge, the pieces are sliding from south to north side, connecting two part of the station
The facade is angled which follows the angle of the V columns on both side. The vertical supporting columns, are attched on to the V columns and titen by diagonal connection of to give an extra stability.
8
10 4
The use of pre-fabricated concrete hollow core pieces
Joining different pre-fabed pieces There are three key connection zone between differnent flooring types, the key one is how to join the concrete hollow core pieces and steel deck. The solution will be that the end pieces of pre-fab concrete contains steel bars, remain a gap of 1000mm to be casted with concrete in situ.
Construction detail 5: Joining two pre-fabed elements 1. The end steel beam cross section 400mm thick 2. H12 horizontal fotting rebar 3. 500mm precasted concrete hollow core unit 4. 90mm Rigid thermal insulation, screeed layer, tile flooring
Footing in Stanstard Airport by Forster and Partners
2 1
The use of pre-fabricated concrete hollow core pieces
30
Section 02
3
Some vertical support columns are sitting on the overhang structure and some are attached to the concourse floor slab. A designed footing is featured to stop the tilted columns to swing.
Section 02 31
2.10 Connection to the Roof
2.11 Structure of the Canopy
Roof strcture and connection
Roof strcture and connection
Because of the 'wave' shape of the roof canopy, the connection between the glazing curtain walls is difficult to resolve. The solution is to have the entire curtain wall divided into three pieces, frame them with steel work that follows the shape of the three waves, tighten by cross bracing compression rod.
The canopy roof of this project is the absolute key component for this building. It acts in so many displines for differnet purposes. The entire form of the roof is consists of many individual prefabricated parts which are then joined on site. In particular, the opening between two roofs is the most key junction where the vertical rod holds two cantilevered roof piece and stops them from collapsing into sides, on the other side, have openings allows environment into the building for lighting and ventilation purposes.
The junction where cantilivered canopy overlaps to have opening, gains extra support from other two directions, stopping it from side collapsing.
Box detail of interest
Detail drawing 7: pre-fabricated ceiling and connection 1. Cross section of the polygon shape major beam: - 30mm thick semi-hollow (solid fill in lower section with a curved geometry) steel beam 2. Potential service pipes, ventilation out end opening on steel section 3. 60mm x 300mm bolt, nut and washer to fix the pre-fabricated roof component. 4. Recessed LED strip light fitting 5. Roof top formation: -Standing seam aluminum roofing cassette -90mm wool thermal and acoustic insulation -waterproof membrane -Stainless steel strip panels attached on the top of the main steel structure to support the roofing layer - Purlin/clip/cleats welded on the cross beam/cavity 6. Adjustable pv panel bolted on the roof cladding 7. 500mm steel beam with tilted triangular shape towards end 8. 150mm steel rod with multiple tension cables inside to stabiles two pieces roof structure 9. Openable double glazing opening controled by computer 10. Recessed spot light 11. Ceiling panel structure: - Intermittent 100mm long fixing - concealed fixing countersunk to allow for 'slide-in' panel - Cladding sheet soffit can slide-in
The large curtain wall is tilted, parrallelly attached to the neighbouring V columns 6 5
7
3 4 2
8 1 9
11
13
10
Roof openning The opening created by the overlapping by two concessive roofs is a key junction. It has three different design approaches. Load on long span canopy structure is distributed further down
1. Structural: The rod connects the bone of the fabricated roof piece with the central bean increases the stability which is perpendicular direction to the V columns. The opennable window on the other hand, create additional stability by creating an triangular shape between rod, rood bone and itself 2. Ventilation: Evacuate hot air 3. Lighting: North facing uniform day lighting
outdoor
indoor
Lateral load Triangular stability A rendered view to show how the juection of the openning connected
32
Section 02
A rendered view to show how the juection of the openning connected
Heathrow terminal 2 roof obtained a similar principle
Diagram explaining the roof junction relationship
Section 02 33
2.12 Pre-fabricating the Roof
2.13 Roof Installing and Maintenance Canopy edge
Pre-fabrication process
Canopy soffit
Access panel
Lighting, signage, PA,CIS
Ones pre-fabricated roof pieces arrive on site, team then need to install and join them together. It is very important to intergrade lighting, services, drainage and signaling together in a intense period of time. In addition, its is key to consider the access of these hidden parts for later, so that always think out the way back when fixing.
The pre-fabrication process of the roof structure is slightly different to steel beam and columns, they tend to be much more micro and elaborate. The pre-fabrication contractor receives ready made piece from steel and cladding producers and then construct them in an assembly line. The offsite factory normally have a certain route around the factory to process from raw material pieces to assembled product and ready to be delivered to site.
2
1
Stage 1. Reciving raw material compoents from supplier Stage 2. Assmble those sould be done off site Stage3. Moving parts around the factory and finally transport to site.
Roof installing
3
On Site Different types of lighting, sign, sprinkler, cables, services and access on the ceiling of the roof
1. 150mm O Structural rod with tension. It will be delivered with the roof package but they will be installed onsite as the angle adjustable process need to done on site. 2. Double glazed roof opening controlled by central pc. Windows will be delivered with frames so that they need to be on site. 3. 35W adjustable polycrystalline solar module with dimension 540mm x 300mm x 35mm PV panels will be installed onsite once the roof structure is retained. The angel and position of those solar panel sits matters on site sunlight text.
Spot light 80w LED strip light CCTV camera Signage sign Sprinkler 1
IND
Detail drawing 8: Reflected ceiling plan to show where those openable pnales are and their relationship with lighting and sprinkler.
IND sign
2
Lower part of the roof 3
Comparing with the upper part of the roof, lower part of the roof is much easier to be accessed. Both top side and ceiling side can be entered in different ways.
7. Water gutter Installed onsite after the pre-fabricated roofs are connected with the major beam spanning. The gutter will cooperate with the different angle the roofs are fixed towards the beam
The cladding of the ceiling is aluminum cassette where are installed on site. They are highly flexible piece that can be assembled and dissembled easily. Every 3 metres there is a pair of the cladding can be opened for maintenance of the lighting and services.
2 3
4
1
11. Recessed spot light and LED strip light Installed on site, the holes will be left over on the ceiling cladding. Electric cables need to be connected
8 5
4
7
6
Off Site 4. Standing seam aluminum roofing cassette ďźˆwith fall restrain system Partially done in factory as many series and signs need to be attached. Due to the fact that the roof is turning all the time, the aluminum should be elastic so that some degree of deformation needs to be allowed 5. Stainless steel strip panels attached on the top of the main steel structure to support the roofing layer. Complete offsite.
5
6
Electric scissor lift
7
1. Cables for electricity supply of the adjustable solar panels 2. Standing seam roofing cassette 3. Thermal +acoustic insulation 4. Adjustable solar panels 5. Recessed spot light 80w 6. Hinged acess panel 7. Dzus fixings 8. Sprinkler
6. 1350 mm x 300 mm x 10 mm stainless steel beams Complete offsite. Very initial stage of assembling where two main beams are tighten by two layers of them 8. 500mm stainless steel beam with tilted triangular shape towards end The thick steel component is ready made by suppliers. Offsite work start with fixing purlin, clip and cheats onto. 9. Special shaped end finish piece This piece is an aluminum end cladding that solves the awkward joints of a few elements towards the end. Its attached offsite and it is slightly longer to be attached with the neighbouring piece. 10. Intermittent 100mm long fixing & concealed fixing countersunk to allow for 'slide-in' panel Complete offsite. Create tracks for ceiling panels to be attached to. 13. Ceiling cladding finish soffit Partially done offsite. The only pieces need to be done on site are those pieces in between joint and those need to be trimmed to fit certain geometry.
Deatail drawing 9: a section along the beam direction to show the openable aluminium panel for access and maintance
Section 02
Upper part of the roof The tallest point of the canopy roof goes to just over 20 metre which is very high for access. The access will start either from the lower end of the roof or get lifted by hydraulic outrigger. Assamlbing these piece can be very risky.
9
The grillage walkway system is then prefabricated in advance to allow workers to operate at a pitch up to 10 degree. Man safe system is also require in detail design.
10
11 13
Explored aonometric drawing to illustrate a completet off-site made roof
34
Step podium
Man safe system is set every three metres with the steps walkway system
Stepped walkway system on roof of Reading station
Section 02 35
3.01 Overall Energy Strategy
Energy overview A typical annual consumption of energy for a railway station is: 5gwh=5,000,000 kwh
Barking overall is a big brownfield with a great environemntal potential, facing a large scale redevelopment scheme
One of the biggest target of Network Rail for 2019 is to deliver low carbon railway stations. Being in the site of Barking within London, its have a lot of potential in energy sustainability and harvesting. The large amount of rainfall and tide energy from the River Thames. The proejct is targeting energy self sufficient.
Local resources
2018-2019
1
sun days
Although there are not as many sunny days, the sun hours still show a good figure especially during summer
2
Three
sun hours (hr)
Heat energy will provide stack ventilation and solar panels will harvest solar energy
Section 03 Building Performance 2018-2019
3.01 Enviromental Overview 3.02 Sunlight 3.03 Natural and Artificial Lighting 3.04 Acoustic 3.05 Water Harvesting System 3.06 Thermal Comfort 3.07 Ventilation
37 38 39 40 41 42 43
rain amount (mm)
rain days
Both Barking and wider London has a big average amount and rainy days are quite frequent. Rainwater can be harvested by the canopy and stored, recycled and use for flashing and other puposes.
3
The site sits in Barking Riverside area where i s c u r r e n t ly l a r ge b r ow n f i e l d s. Wi t h f ew obstructions, it will provide a steady wind. The constant natural ventilation predominately form south west corner of the site, can largely reduce mechanical ventilation.
7
The constant temperature of the ground provides geothermal resource
The basement integrates with the ground construct a closed loop geo-thermal system to moderate thermal comfort
Energy solutions
4
6 5
1. The canopy rain water harvest and basement rain water storage will save an enormous amount of rain water to be recycled 2. The angled canopy opening allows controlable stack effect ventilation 3. Adjustable solar panels are fixed on various places on of the roof surfaces, the angle of the panel can be twisted to allow maximum area of contact 4. External area around by the road can be built as a small scale solar farm 5. The structural columns will intergrade with geothermal piles to heat and cool the building with low carbon footprint 6. Plant room with central plant for geothermal system and harvested rain water storage
An explored axonometric view od the architetcure to show the energy responce of individual parts
Section 03 37
3.02 Sunlight
3.03 Natural and Artificial Lighting
Sunlight harvest
Natural Lighting
Barking and the bigger context of London generally do not have sufficient sunlight, however the sunny day table suggests that the sunny hour during April and August has been increasing steadily. It means that Barking is receiving more sufficient sunlight during summer.
The major natural lighting come from the canopy opening. All the openings are towards north to avoid direct sunlight and cause overheating in certain time, instead bringing in more uniform northern natural light to lit the space. The light quality varies depending on the time of a day, different season and different weather. So that natural light itself doesn’t seen to be enough in some situations.
Solar panels will be applied to harvest sunlight. The optimum angle of solar panel will tilt between 15.32 degree on 22rd Dec. to 62.14 degree on 20th Jun.
Phtovoltaic Power Potential map, UK
2016-2019
sun hours (hr) sun days It can be seen that the sunny day and hours are increasing in summer pierod
Lighting simulation at 8am on 31st of March
N
Solar panel system Most solar panel system used on roof are between 1kwh to 4kwh units consists of basic unit of 250w panels. Solar panel system size
Number of solar panels
Required roof space
Annaual electricity output
1kw
4
8 sq. metre
850kwh
4kw
16
28 sq. metre
3400kwh
Solar panel energy output per sq.metre per day
Max sun elevation angle = 600
850kwh/365/8 x 224=6.96 kwh/m2/day (aproximately 6 kwh/m2/day in average) Estimate solar panel coverage area on the canopy: 1600m2
Lighting simulation at 12am on 31st of March
Min sun elevation angle = 150
Estimate annual solar ennergy contribution: 6x1600x365 =3.5gwh
Lighting simulation at 4pm on 31st of March
Artificial Lighting Artificial lighting is very important aspect for illuminate train station. It is the key to operate the station in the evening and during the very dim days. It is also important for the artificial light to work with the natural lighting together to form a comfortable visual condition in the station. Silk road lighting tower will be in cooperate into the design.
2
1 3
Rail Industry Standard for Lighting at Stations recommend lux level for a concourse or waiting area to be 500-750lux
A combined solution of applying artificial lighting
Pre-fabricated canopy units contain splar panels of 1kwh systems
Solar panels flow on the curved surface on terrain.
38
Section 03
Pre-fabricated canopy units contain splar panels of 1kwh systems
3
2
1
175W recessed LED downlight
eW Cove EC Powercore
200W LED High Bay Light
Components
New Silk Road light tower
The enclosed land rounded by road is turned into a samll solar farm, and continues the rythem of the canopy.
Section 03 39
3.04 Acoustic
3.05 Water Harvesting System Water harvesting and recycling
Acoustic target
Both Barking and wider London has a big avarage amount of rain dall and rainy days are quite frequnt from the table. So that recyele rain water and grey water can save a huge aoumnt of energy output.
Being an open plan layout with very small proportion of enclosed spaces, with a large canopy throughout the architecture, sound can be a serious issue. Large spaces can cause a lot of sound echo, diffusion and reflection. The biggest noise resource come from the trains on ground level. There are a few solutios to traget this issue.
The large scale canopy is the rainwater collector that the tilted feature allows rain water to go in the gutter located on both side of the central beam. Rain water then travel into the beam and down through the columns and fianlly entres the water treatment plant. Barking average rainfall 25mm
Track
Platform
Suspended timber acoustic baffles and perforated panels. Two different matierals also aesthtically defined the platform and track
Water flows down along the direction metal roof and PV panels
Acoustic material & reverberation time Material can be assigned an absorption coefficient ( μ ) which denotes ratio of energy absorbed by a material to the energy incident upon its surface. This number is between 1 - Full absorption and 0 - full reflection. The most of the building is steel other metal claddings
Steel μ=1.16 at 500hz Structural columns
Acoustic insulation μ=1.26 at 500hz insulation
Glazing μ=0.04 at 500hz insulation
Floor tiles μ=0.04 at 500hz insulation
Perforated panels μ=0.98 at 500hz insulation
Timber μ=0.15 at 500hz insulation
Concrete μ=0.02 at 500hz insulation
Metal soffit μ=0.02 at 500hz insulation
Detail of the where the gutters located
Reverberation time is defined as the length of time required for sound to decay 60 from its initial level. It is hard to calculate a fixed figure for the train station because the transition and movement of people and trains can not be controlled. But a satisfied reverberation time for an unoccupied station should be in a range of 1.2~1.4.
Detail of how grey water servies pipes hidden in the steel beams in floor slab connect with vertical pipe that go into the column.
RT = 0.05V / ESa
Rainwater is collected from the gutter and send down through one side of the V columns
RT = reverberation time V = room volume S = surface area a= absorption coefficient of materials at given frequmcy E = the summation of S times for all room surface
The reverbration time of the platform level: 0.05x (200x5x40) / (2x0.04x80x5)+(0.02x200x40)+(1.08x80x10)+(0.15x80x10)
=1.59s As expected, the result has exceed the 1.2-1.4s margin without extra noice will be created. But the use of timber baffles above the tracks and perforated panels above the platform has bringed down the value significatly. Because the platform level is not a enclosed zone, the figure is difficult to define, but the calculation proofs the use of acoustic solutions.
Railway station ambiance It is impossible to keep the station in constant acoustic level so that a pleasing 'ambiance' level needs to be maintained instead. A lot of methods have been down in the precedents.
Greywater from toilet and cleaning point are coming throgh serive pipes within the departure deck. An basic layout of the water treatment plant, where for a building as a train sttaion it should contain more water tanks for the capacity.
Both ceiling of the platform level and baesment level are insulated with acoustic matierals
40
Section 03
A microphone picks up ambient noise and adjusts the spoken messages perfectly to the noise level
Pianos are located in key concourse area in circualtion flow
Section 03 41
3.07 Ventilation
3.06 Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort for railway station
Natural/Mechanical ventilation
Barking has a typical London weather condition but slightly cool compare with more central zones. The average temperature is around 16 degree aunally. In a general picture, in order to achieve the thermal comfort level between 20C0 to 22C0, heating is a bigger concern then cooling which most of the station is semi-open.
Good air quality is very important for the passengers and railway workers. The semi-open feature of the station allows Southwest direction prevailing wind to flow cross most of the building. However, natural ventilation solely can not satisfy the entire architecture particularly for platform level and basement where dust will be carried into more closed area.
Max, Min and Average termperature Jan 2013 -Jan 2019 Barking
Generally speaking train station requires large extructor to pull air out but in this case, mechanical ventilation system is embedded into the V shape column to avoid extra shape in the architectural language.
max
average
External max: 28C0 Entrance hall 20 C0
min
average: 13C0
Departure level
Platform level
22 C0
24 C0
min: 1C0 Arrival level
Underfloor heating pipes on departure deck level, powered by close-loop geothermal piles
22 C0
Machincal ventilation shares the upper half of the hollow steel beam with drainage pipe to carry air out
Central Plantroom
Cool Air flow Hot Air flow
Heat energy generate by the trains raise to warm up level above
Underfloor heating pipes on departure deck level, powered by close-loop geothermal piles
Closed-loop geothermal heating and cooling In order to minise the carbon footprint of the station, a closed loop geo-thermal heating and cooling system is used. The system will provide a peak heat rejection load of 200kw using 100 thermal piles with 2 pairs of loops in each structural pile. Each thermal pile was installed to a depth 22m.The aim is to save over 50 tones of CO2 per year compared to conventional heating and chillers.
Machincal ventilation is hidden in V shaped columns to aviod using large extructor
Trains work like pistons Train arriving
Energy piles
Borehole heat echanger
Estimate annual energy saving:100,000wh (half peak) x 24 x 365 =0.876 gwh
Underfloor heating pipes on departure deck level, powered by close-loop geothermal piles
Train arriving
Winter
On the platform and tracks level, a lot of air is stocked inside because there is less wind coming from those directions. Beside the mechanical ventilation done inside the V columns, departure deck has many wells to allow air to come up. The energy of this air movement is mainly driven by trains arrive in and depart from the station. Work like the principle of piston, train pushes air in a certain speed in a closed area, the pressure generated by the train then pushes the air up or forward. In a similar way, trains that leave the station pulls the pressure to suck air from above. Thus an air exchange between different levels is achieved while trains coming in and out.
Summer Underfloor heating pipes on departure deck level, powered by close-loop geothermal piles
Installing thermal piles, cables are wraped around the steel bar in reinforced concrete columns
42
Section 03
Underfloor heating pipes on departure deck level, powered by close-loop geothermal piles
Section 03 43
4.01 Local Planning Context and Wider Picture Planning overview The proposal is to create a terminus of the Belt and Road initialtive for passengers to experience the legendary journey to Yiwu China. The station consists of a domestic train station (tude station) and an international terminus, thus a muliple of planning rules have to be adapted. The architecture itself sits in the planning zone of London Brough of Barking and Dagenham concil and line will follow the planning policy of Transport For London. The international line, however touches a wider context of the entire New Silk Road. So that China, the other end of the road, will potentially get involved. As the first passenger terminus of an international line, there will be big challenges but also will be a exmple for the future station series cross the Europe ends. The
terminus station will be realised with a combination of multipul organisation cross coutries
Client/Consultant The project will be potentially funded by a multipal of companies and organisations. This symbolically celebrate the concept of Belt and Road Initiative
The London Plan: Transport Infrastructure A section of Mayor's London Plan is dedicated to developing London's tansportation infrastructure
Four Section 04
--POLICY 6.1
STRATEGIC APPROACH
London Overground: Brking - Gospel Oak line - Electrification and train lengthening London Overground: Extension from Barking to Barking Riversaide ---POLICY 6.4 ENHANCING LONDON’S TRANSPORT CONNECTIVITY h. Improving and expanding London's internatioanl and natioanl transport links for passengers and freight. i. Seeking improve access by public transport to airports, ports and internatioanl rail termini
Relavent planning policy:
Enterpreurilism and delivery
---POLICY CM4: TRANSPORT LINKS Land will be safeguarded for transport infrastructure schemes that could be implemented within the lifetime of the Plan. New transport infrastructure, as identified in the Local Implementation Plan (LIP), will be encouraged.
4.01 Planning Context & Wider Picture 4.02 Procurement Route 4.03 Building Delivery 4.04 Consultant & Cost 4.05 Maintenance & Access 4.06 Pre-fabrication, delivery & BIM
45 46 47 48 49 50
The Council will continue to press for and support the transport infrastructure improvement projects which are critical to delivering the growth set out in the Core Strategy and will improve overall accessibility to, from and within the Borough. These include: • Crossrail Line 1. • Docklands Light Railway (DLR) extension. • Thames Gateway Bridge. • East London Transit. • Barking to Royal Docks Bus Corridor. • Improvements to the c2c service. • Dagenham Dock Transport Interchange. • International Freight/passenger rail connection.
Brough of Barking and Dagenham
Fiancing The rail connection between countries of interest accounts for the vast majority of the investment plan of the Belt and Road initiative. The commute of freight trains between west and China has grown rapidly. At the same time, many of the rail companies in China has involved in financing HS1 and HS2 projects which shows their experience in investing in the UK. The New Silk Road also triggered growth of individual traveller from Silk Road countries, which proved the value of this terminus in Barking.
200
150
100
50
0
Resonsibilities:
Fibreoptic cable
Grid power/ infrastructure
Railway/ infrastructure
2018 Belt and Silk initiative Europe investment distribution chart
As the intergrated body responsible for the capital's transporta system, Tfl's responsible for the implementation of the Mayor's transport strategy and managing the transport services across the capital. Tfl submitted application for a Transport and Works Act Order (TWAO) in March 2016 for Barking Riverside Station. Together with BRE, Tfl will contribute 91m pounds from the busniss plan.
Coal and gas
Highway
6000
There is no dout that Tfl is the best body to be responsible for the domestic part of the station, but the construction of Crossrail resulted a decline in cash balance and buget picture.So that contributing to a new station will be difficult for it. 3000 2500
Capabilities: NetworkRail is a state owned companies that owns and operates the vast majoity of train stations in the UK and both have the experince on constructing international terminus and Eurostar lines.
2000 1500 1000 500
Network Rail is funded partly through a direct grant from the government (£3.8 billion in 2017/18) and partly by train operating companies paying access charges to use the rail network (£1.6 billion in 2017/18). In 2017/18, it spent £3.1 billion on renewals (renewing existing infrastructure back to how it was when new) and £3.2 billion on enhancements, with the rest spent on maintenance and other costs. Thus Networkrail potenrtially can be a funding member of the station.
0
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2011-2018 China-Euro train commute number and growth table
32%
Capabilities: China Railway is a state-owned sole proprietorship enterprise that undertakes railway passenger and cargo transportation services in the People's Republic of China and internationally. The Ministry of Finance acts on behalf of the State Council to perform the duties of shareholders. As of 2017 China Railway ran goods services to 15 European cities, including routes to Madrid and Hamburg and the experimental East Wind service to London from Yiwu to test demand. Containers must be transferred several times, as different, incompatible, rail gauges are used in different regions, and the same rolling stock cannot be used throughout. The studies aprroved that China railway will also contribute large proportion of the station construction as the Belt and Road Initiative, and offer the rail track that have already being used.
Italy Spain
8%
China 9%
UK 22%
Greece
Top 10 researched Silk Road countries for travel
Section 04 45
4.02 Procurement Route/Role of the Architect Procument method overview
4.03 Building Delivery UK
Procument route selection
The appropriate procumbent method is essential to the successful delivery of the project, to be delivered on time, to a high standard and within budget; especially for a project with such scale and complex relationship between nationals, multiple contractors and clients. As there is a potential difficulty in communication between organizations, having liability and risks on less individuals will be a better solution.
Time
Quality
Cost
Procument triangle
The key aspect for a productive project team is to make sure every component of the teams fully understand their role in the entire structure, update and communicate information with each other in a regular basis. In order to achieve that, a design team frame work is dedicated to ensure everyone is doing their role and ensure the project operate on track.
Clients
Construction Management
Deisgn Bid Build The client usually enters into a contract with an architect who creates a 'bid document' which is either made public or is released to a select group of contractors to bid on. Once the best suited contractors is chosen, the cilent and the contractor enter into a new and separate building contract. The contractor then selects subcontractors and suppliers to execute the building process.
Traditional Contract
This method is a variation of the Design/Bid/Build method where an Architect and a contractor are still required. However the Construction Management often acts as an advisor and contractor
As htis porject will be funded by state owned companies from two nations, it would be difficult to go with traditional contract, which may keep delaying the deadlines by going back and forward.
Architect act as an important role in between consultants and engineers to make sure they communicate fluently and also, keeps a close relationship with the client to update and discuss if any amendments to be made.
Architect Consultants, Structural/Rail Enigeers
In addition, As Chinese contractor from China Railway Construction Engineering Group has worked on mega-scale stations in China in very short time, with the fact that the labour price is lower, getting sufficient assistant from them would be very handy.
Quality Surveyor
PROs
PROs
PROs
+ Client can be heavily involved in the design process + The costs are fixed prior to the commencement of construction + Suitable for projects wich are large scale and have a high level of complexity
+ Owner is given advise during design phase about budget and plausibility, reducing risk of construction + Client knows the CM's profit on the project + Construction can start without design being fully completed
+ Project is lead by the design team. Client and design team have sufficient communicaiton + Deisgn process is well looked at throughout. usually result in cost-certainty before construction begin. + Considered to reult ina higher quality finished project
Deisgn, Bid and Build as contract Choosing a procumbent route is decided upon many variables, but the client position on cost, quality and time are often good indicators. For this project, design, bid and build is chosen. It allows flexibility for the design team and contractor, where both sides progress simultaneously. It is a cost and time efficient contract and will more likely to hit the target timing.
Project teams as a whole
China
Contractor Consultants, Structural/Rail Enigeers
Environmental, acoustic, energy, sustainable, drainage, M & E
CONs
CONs
CONs
- Client may not know the cost of the project until bids are made. In the case of bids exceeding the budget, this requires costly redesign - C o n t r a c t o r h a s n o s ay i n materials - Adverse impact on relationship between Architect and contractors
- Often requires high level of communication between client and CM - Architect needs to work out details of design before and during construction - Constrcuition costs may be higher and difficult to predict - Stringent contracts need to fully specify roles, responsibilities and liablilities.
- Protential for a long drawn out design process - Construction process can be delayed by constant interruption by design team - Contractors may price work to win the project rather than accurately price the work to be carried out. - Issues involving the design are often pointed out too late
Consultants
02.2018 Chinese workers build train station in
Supplier
Project teams structure
The Client
Quality Surveyor
Quality
Time
Quality
Time
The diagram illustrates a potential option of the project procurement route with selected companies who are experienced in train station field. It is worth mention that this proposal is based on the case that British architectural practice wins the bid and the contractor works with Chinese contractors.
Quality
Time
Sub-contractors
Design team meating Cost
Architect Consultants
Cost
Cost
A DTM is to keep record of what changes has been made to project and also to ensure architect's. DTM meeting take place regularly to keep the deisgn team up to date and keep to the project scheduale.
Contractor Procument
Structural/Rail Enigeers
Client's responsibility
Design Bid Build Sub-contractors Suppliers
DTM report
Contractors's responsibility
1 Week
2 Week
End of every two weeks
DTM meeting take place one a week on both end architect's office
Every two weeks a joint meeting on both end
End of every two weeks a summary report will be sent to client for review
Architect's role in this meeting is to bring all consultants to the table and make sure everyone is updated with their task and progress; filling a re por t eac h week and submitted a summary report to the client for every two weeks interval.
Construction Management Traditional Lump Sum
Consultants
Role of the Architect
Project gantt chart
The project is based in London and the UK based planner and architects will have more knowledge of local regulations and sequences. However as a part of the Belt and Road Initiative, Chinese Architects, contractors and skilled rail specialist may joint the bid and share different expierence and knowledge in train station
2020
2019
The Client China
The Client UK
Stage 1. Preperation
Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug
Org
Dec
Feb
Apr
Jun
2021 Aug
Org
Dec
Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug
Org
Dec
Contract Document & Revision Bids & Contract Review Bids Grading & Permit
Stage 2. Design
Architect/Practice UK
Stage 3. Construction
Rail Specialist/ Consultant UK
Rail Specialist/ Consultant China
2. If approved, the practice will begin to create a more in-depth set of drawings and strategy to the client to prepare the planning submission. 3. If a Chinese practice wins the bid, the client will give suggestions of UK based practice to work together on the tender, to provide the final planning submission
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Section 04
Brief Preperation & Brief Concept Design Developed Deisgn Technical Design Planning meetings
Bid
RIBA plan of work 7 stages
1. The winner of the bid will submit an initial report include GA drawings and site studies and information on how the how the building will operate (stage 3-4)
Architect/Practice China
Site Work Route Change Reinforcement MEP Foundation Primary Structure Sceondary Structure External Finishes Internal Finishes Piazza Landscaping Punch Out
Stage 4. Completion
Contractor
Inseption Close Out Documents
Stage 5. In Operation Stage 6. Maintain
The Biding process
Piazza in use
Building in use
Inseption Regular Maintainance
Section 04 47
4.04 Consultant and Cost
4.05 Maintenance and Access
Ventilation Consultant Drinage Consultant
Train station maintenance
Equipment for accesing and cleasing mantainence
The good maintenance access to the station benefits its architectural life cycle and operate better. They key elements that need to be accessed for maintenance are rooftop, canopy platform and glazing. This page aims to define the extent of elements and tool for doing so.
1. Extendable pole Brush
Maintenance Consultant
Accessing the topside of the canopy
Structual Engineer Acoustic Consultant Security Consultant
For constructing pv panels and drainage maintenance, the canopy need to be accessible. Kalzip fall arrest system will be positioned in such a way that workers will be 'restrained' from reaching a fall risk of failing. It allows workers to be attached on the system using a transfestener which slides smoothly along the stainless steel cable, enabling the workers to operate hand-free. Fixing points
Lighting Consultant Access point 1 Access point 2 First fixing point Structual Engineer
2. Nifty 210 (Hydraulic Outriggers)
Fire Safety Consultant M&E Consultant Traffic Consultant Walkway
Landscape Architect
Anchor line
Importance of consultants
Project estimate cost
The employ of consultants will be key to ensure work can be completed to the highest standards. Using consultants with good knowledge in their fields will be helpful in constructing some of the more complicated elements.
Price per m2
List of consultant -- Architect/ landscape architect -- Project Managers -- Planning Consultants -- Quality Surveyor -- CDM coordinator -- Structural engineer -- Rail engineer/ rail signaling engineer -- Environmental engineers: acoustic, lighting, ventilation -- Fire safety consultants -- Station security consultants
Manufacture method category Roof: pre-fabricated Although the roof shown a curved surface, it can be assembled by many different standardized components and they will be prefabricated from the factory. There will be some pieces are different due to their position, so they need be adjusted on site to be fixed. The beam is also prefabricated to be jointed on site. Column Grid: pre-fabricated/on site
m2
£ m2
M&E
Cost (k)
Roof surface
6,500
£600
+£400
£3,900.4
Roof structure Depature level Concourse Entrance hall Platform/track Arriving level Landscape Road/bus/taxi
/ 4,000 3,500 3,000 15,000 1,500 4,000 4,000
/ £2,000 £3,000 £2,000 £1,600 £1,000 £400 £200
+£400 +£400 +£400 +£400 +£800 +£400 / /
£8,000 £8,000.4 £10,500.4 £6,000.4 £24,000.8 £15,000.4 £16,000 £8,000
Total Complexity x 15%
The construction method of concourse draws idea from trasnfer bridging of national and international rail lines. The steel structure of the concourse will be pre-fabricated and then slide onto the column grid cast on site. Platform and Tracks: on site The platform and tracks will be the fist part of site construction which will be cast on site with concrete. Then the track lines will be built by rail line contractor. The underground level arriving hall will be dogged after the platform and tracks are constructed to save time.
Limit of users movement
The correct length of the stainless steel cable is crucial in protecting falling
Kalzip head m2 Steel beam/column 3,900 (m) Galzing 3,000 Concrete 21,000 Aluminium cassettes 6,500 Acoustic panel 6,500 PV panel 6,500 Insulation 3,000
£ m2
Labour £ m2
Cost (k)
£200 £400 £200 £400 £300 £300 £100
+£4000 +£5000 +£1000 +£5000 +£3000 +£5000 +£1000
£7,804 £12,005 £42,001 £26,005 £19,503 £19,505 £3,001
Total Complexity x 15% Sub Total
Kalzip fall arrest system detail drawing
£149.304k £272,517,200
Contractor and consultant cost Percentage
Cost (k)
Contractor preliminaries & profit
5%
£13,625.8
Construction contingencies
10%
£27,251.7
15% 15%
£40,877.5 £40,877.5
Construction finishes Consultant fee
Total Total x 15%
£122,632,740 £454,422,431 Kalzip fall arrest system has been used in London bridge station canopy
48
Section 04
12m
£123,213.2
Material cost
The column grid can be divided into two separate systems: steel and concrete. The V shape steel columns are entirely prefabricated as they are uniform shapes. The concrete columns will be cast insitu with the floors instead. Transfer Bridge Concourse: re-fabricated/on site
21m
Diagram of the working dimention of the hydrulic outtrigger
Section 04 49
4.06 Pre-fabrication and BIM Prefabrication of steel works Prefabrication is an offsite construction method that allows different building parts to be assemble at factories, at cases it can be at various locations, and then the completed units will be transported to site where they get assemble and connected into the proposed building. Differences to the traditional construction method, prefabricated construction method does not require extra materials that lead to increased waste, which reduce cost and carbon footprint. Furthermore since the majority of the building process occur in factories, materials can be recycled for other use more frequently, since they do not required to travel to a different building site for other projects. Prefabrication has various advantages such as building cost, construction time and carbon footprint reduction, by implementing factory construction it also reduce risk by having majority of the works to be done under factory-controlled environment. Therefore prefabrication is the preferred construction method and over 90% of this proposal will be rely on off-site assembling.
Images of London Bridge Station, canopy assembling in factory
Images of engineer using BIM on site
GA
Revit modeling of the pre-fabricated roof and how the imdividual components are fixed together
Architect, Curtain wall specialist
Rhino and Grasshopper can be used for the early stages of the design process of the roof form and simple architectural presentation.
Architect, All contractors Structural, M+E engineers etc.
General Arrangement Drawing GA Ground Floor Plan GA First Floor Plan GA Section AA
Revit is the key information collector where the central model of all is collabrated and sharable crosses all sectors.
Exlored axonometric view of all the pre-fabricated components of a single canopy unit
BIM to supplier
Grasshopper script for the canopy
Presentation at planning commitee with concil
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Section 04
Client
Revit family window that control individual pieces element using parametric restrains and data.
Contractors in all sectors
Supplier and prefabrication factory
Building Information Model (BIM) is a new process and methodology allowing the design and construction team across different disciplinary to work collaboratively on a project throughout all stages. This is achieved by having a team of architects, engineers and contractors to complete a virtual model of the building from design to construction, where they share information of their expertise and decision made after considerations, The virtual model acts as a central data base which and the design team will upload consistently during the design process to eventually complete the model before beginning of construction. For such scale piece of large and highly serviced train station, the benefit of having a central model is that it allows the team to analyze and visualize design decisions, to a more cost and timeefficient process by reduce errors significantly. In addition, many standard components are written in BIM as families and directly links with the supplier, especailly for the offsite industry.
1:500 1:500 1:200
GA Plan G
GA First Floor Plan 1:500 0
10
20
50
GA Plan F
GA First Floor Plan 1:500 0
10
20
50
GA Section AA
Bibliography Websites: Section 01: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiwu%E2%80%93London_railway_line https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol5/pp235-248 https://tfl.gov.uk/travel-information/improvements-and-projects/barking-riverside-extension https://uk.dbcargo.com/rail-uk-en/what-we-offer/case_studies/London_Eurohub-1924960 https://cdn.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Station-Capacity-Planning-Guidance.pdf https://grimshaw.global/projects/international-terminal-waterloo/ https://www.worldweatheronline.com/dagenham-weather-averages/barking-dagenham-greater-london/gb.aspx https://drajmarsh.bitbucket.io/sunpath3d.html https://www.durlum.com/int/en/products/metal-ceilings/character-design-ceilings/polylamr-vertical-baffle-system/ https://www.ribaj.com/buildings/terminal-2-heathrow-airport https://www.osha.gov/Publications/concrete_manufacturing.html
Section 02: https://grimshaw.global/projects/reading-station/ https://www.steelconstruction.info/Long-span_beams https://www.gov.uk/guidance/moving-goods-by-road https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/stansted-airport/ https://www.bournegroup.eu/modular/reading-station-2/ https://www.glasscon.com/products/spider-glass-suspended-glass-fins-cable-system/tension-rod-glass-walls-suspended-glazing
Section 03: https://photonenergy.co.uk/new-build-solar-pv/solar-map-of-the-uk https://www.theecoexperts.co.uk/solar-panels/electricity-power-output https://www.conforg.fr/euronoise2015/proceedings/data/articles/000545.pdf https://cleanawater.com.au/information-centre/guide-to-rainwater-harvesting-and-treatment https://www.balfourbeatty.com/media/29588/geothermal-piles-web.pdf
Section 04: https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/info/iIndex.jsp?cat_id=10018 https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/the_london_plan_2016_jan_2017_fix.pdf https://www.lbbd.gov.uk/development-plan http://content.tfl.gov.uk/tfl-business-plan-2019-24.pdf https://www.networkrail.co.uk/industry-commercial-partners/supplying-us/supply-works-services-products/standard-suite-contracts/ https://www.networkrail.co.uk/industry-commercial-partners/supplying-us/supply-works-services-products/buildings-and-architecture-design-guidance/ https://www.ribaplanofwork.com/PlanOfWork.aspx https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinese-workers-productivity-build-nanlong-railway-station-nine-hours-longyan-a8173881.html https://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en_GB/redirect_kalzip https://www.niftylift.com/uk/products/trailer-mounted/nifty-210 https://bim-level2.org/en/manufacturer-or-supplier/
Grasshopper script:
Canopy flow structure
The New Silk Road Termini Barking International Station