Unit 2—Development of Europe- KEY I. From Renaissance to Revolution • The Renaissance was a “rebirth” of interest in education, art, and science that started in northern Italy around 1350. A. The Renaissance (p.303-304) 1) Humanism a. Humanist believed in the right of people to learn and think for themselves. b. During the Renaissance, artists and scholars turned from a focus on religion to focusing on humanism. 2) Renaissance Artists a. Like the ancient Greeks and Romans, they appreciated the beauty in human beings and nature. They developed new ways to make their art true to life. b. Leonardo da Vinci
He was a great artist, architect, engineer, and inventor.
Two most famous works are the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.
Da Vinci became famous for how lifelike he made his painting and sculptures. His interest in nature helped him achieve the realism in his art.
Da Vinci also designed flying machines, armored tanks, submarines, and other devices that were far beyond his time. c. Michelangelo
Expressed human emotions in his paintings and sculptures. Sistine Chapel—his most famous work is a mural that he painted on its ceiling which took almost five years to complete.
3) The Printing Press a. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press which allowed Renaissance ideas to spread quickly around Europe. b. Why would writing in other languages than Latin reach a wider audience? Few people could read/write Latin. Writing in other languages, like German, could read a much wider audience. How did the printing press change society? It helped spread ideas quickly (like the Reformation), it increased people’s level of education & literacy, and it made books cheaper and more available to all. B. The Protestant Reformation (p.304-305) 1) The church paid for buildings and armies by selling indulgences. a. Indulgences—documents sold by the church forgiving the owners of past sins 2) Martin Luther a. Luther was German monk who led a movement to change or reform the Catholic Church beginning a split in the Christian church. b. He believed that the Bible should be available to everyone, salvation came through faith alone, and all people that shared this faith were equal.
In 1520, Luther translated the Bible into German and started his own church. C. The Age of Exploration (p.305) 1) In the mid- 1400s, European nations began exploring to find faster routes to the spice trade in Asia. 2) Portugal Takes the Lead a. Prince Henry established a school for sailors and navigators, establishing Portugal as a leader in exploration. b. He encouraged explorers like Dias and Da Gama to find a route around Africa.
3) The New World and Beyond a. Following the lead of Spain and Portugal, the Netherlands, England (UK), and France soon started exploring and trading in the Americas, Asia, and Africa. b. Exploration brought great resources, foreign territories, and new ideas to Europe. c. Columbian Exchange- goods, people, diseases, and ideas were spread throughout the world when Europeans began exploring and settling in the Americas. d. What motivated people to explore? 1. wealth and resources 2. spread religion (Christianity) 3. fame and power e. How did exploration impact or change Europe? Europe became wealthier and more powerful. They also became more competitive with each other and acquired foreign lands (colonies). f. How did exploration impact the colonized territories (the New World)? Natives died (primarily from disease) or had land taken away Many Africans were enslaved New goods were exchanged II. Religions (p. 473-477) A. The three major world religions are Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. 1) Judaism is the oldest of these religions. 2) The term monotheism means belief in one god. B. What are three similarities between these religions? Monotheistic Began in SW Asia (Middle East) Considered Jerusalem a holy city C. What are three differences between these religions? Founders/Leaders: (Jesus, Abraham/Moses, Muhammad) Books: (Bible, Torah, Quran) Holidays: (Christmas, Passover, Ramadan)